dwelling types examples of dwellings rural settlements settlement patterns
TRANSCRIPT
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Dwelling TypesExamples of Dwellings
Rural SettlementsSettlement Patterns
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Shelter ranks high on list of human needs• Dwellings serve several functions• Houses reveal characteristics of region and
culture• Layout and function of houses provides a
glimpse of social values and economic needs
• Materials used reflect local availability & purpose
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Dispersed Settlement•Houses lie far apart
Nucleated Settlement•Houses are grouped together in tiny
clusters (hamlets)•Larger clusters (villages)
Arrangement of houses in villages takes on different forms
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Early ancestors- lived in bands of dozen to 50 to 60 people
Early humans lived in holes covered w/ branches and leaves in temporary campsites
deBlij- unlikely first humans lived in caves because many humans lived where no shelter was available
Functional Differentiation:• As society developed, communal dwelling gave way to
individual dwelling• Communities became larger & more organized• Buildings for food storage and livestock became necessary• Functional differentiation began in buildings
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Human communities existed as far back as 100,000 years ago
Migrating people protected selves against elements
Buildings reflect adaptations required of environmental changes
Nomadic people had light-weight, tent-like shelters- Igloos for Inuit people
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Unchanged-TraditionalTraditional
Modified-TraditionalModern
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Unchanged-Traditional – layout, construction, appearance have not been significantly altered by external influences
Modified-Traditional – new building materials used, no change to original structure or layout
Modernized-Traditional – materials and layout have been changed (floor plan, multiple bathrooms, two-car garage, …)
Modern – reflects advanced technology, practicality, comfort, affluence, technology makes up for lack of style, suburbanization (most common in US)
Building Materials • Typically reflect what is locally available • Wood, brick, stone, wattle (tightly woven sticks &
poles plastered w/ mud), grass and brush
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Uygur yurt in Xinjiang Province, China
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Masai manyatta, Kenya
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Stone house, Nepal
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Sod farm house, Iceland
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Uros reed dwelling, Lake Titicaca, Peru
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Traditional housing, Nias Island, off the west coast of Sumatera, Indonesia
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Stone and cement house, Armenia
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Adobe-style construction, Santa Fe, NM
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Solar-powered T.V. hut, Niger
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Fred Kniffen studied three principal housing types (New England, Middle Atlantic & “Tidewater South” of the Lower Chesapeake); diffused South & West
Ranch house – evolved in California in 1920s; diffused eastward (first through Sunbelt, then to other regions); designed for balmy climate & outdoor living (cultural symbol)
Maladaptive diffusion – negative • Ranch house diffused to areas with greater
extremes in temperature (north); image over practicality
• New England style diffused into Hawaii
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Ranch House
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Buildings of the Lower St. Lawrence
Hearth of North America
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Norman Cottage
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Quebec cottage
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Montreal house
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Buildings ofNew England
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Saltbox house
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Upright-and-wing house
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Georgian-style NE large house
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Buildings of theMiddle Atlantic
States
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Four-over four house
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Traditional or classic “I” house, w/ 2 rooms per floor separated by central hallways
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Buildings of the“Tidewater South”
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Charleston single house
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Hamlet = smallest What constitutes a village?
• Canada – up to 1,000 residents; US – 2,500; Japan – up to 30,000 (pop. numbers are not standard)
• Functional differentiation: hamlet – offers very few services (gas station, store,…); village – may offer several dozen services
Traditionally- villagers either farmed surrounding land or provided services to those who did
Japan- houses tightly packed, only narrow passageway remains
W. Europeans built on dikes- look more linear Over ½ of world’s population live in villages and rural
areas
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Linear: e.g. low-lying areas in W. Eur. located on levees (Strassendorfs- ‘street villages’)
Clustered: Japan – need to allocate every available foot of land for farming
Round: Africa & parts of Europe – central cattle corral
Grid: US – township-and-range system adopted after Amer. Rev.- Rectangular Survey System• Basic unit is one square mile• Similar system used in Canada
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Size and structure of rural regions depend on space, environment, and social norms (and laws) • Primogeniture – larger plots of land (N. Eur, Americas,
S. Afr, Aus & N.Z.) – all land passes to eldest son• Land divided among heirs – smaller (S. Eur, Asia,
Africa) • Township-and-Range system – U.S.; Northwest
Ordinance (1787) – rectangular survey system (dispersed settlers more evenly)
Functional differentiation of buildings is greater in Western cultures – rural areas in core regions vary greatly w/ more isolated, poverty-stricken areas along the periphery