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19. The Sanusi of Cyrenaica.

Author(s): E. E. Evans-PritchardSource: Man, Vol. 47 (Feb., 1947), p. 28Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and IrelandStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2792224 .

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Nos. 18-21 MAN February, 947font ressortir, entre autres, l'existence chez les Mo'd'un type sanguin special que caracterise sa faibleteneur en groupe 0. Ulterieurement, et pendantl'occupation japonaise, l'Institut anthropologique dela Faculte de Medecine d'Hanoi a ete le centre derecherches nombreuses dont la plupart ont eterassemblees dans trois volumes qui constituentrespectivement les tomes 7, 8 et 9 des Travaux de cetInstitut (1943 et 1944). Il serait trop long d'enenumerer le contenu.

Je mentionnerai encore qu'a cote de l'anthropologie

physique, 1'ethnographie et la prehistoire n'ont pasete negligees en France durant la guerre. Pour lapremiere de ces sciences, de nornbreux travaux ontete publies, en particulier ceux de M. Griaule et de seseleves sur les Noirs du Soudan; pour la seconde, M.Vaufrey a fait et fait faire en France une seried'enquetes, tandis qu'au Portugal, puis en Afrique duSud, M. I'Abbe Breuil a effectue, de 1942 a 1945, desrecherches sur le terrain qui ont apporte sur I'anti-quite de 1'Homme dans ces regions des resultats detout premier ordre.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTEThe Sanusi of Cyrenaica. Summary of a communicationI9 by Dr. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, 15 June, 1946, to aSpecial Joint Meeting of the Royal AnthropologicalInstitute with the International African InstituteThe history of the Sanusiya order was traced from itsbeginnings in Arabia and its settlement a century agoamong the Bedouin of Cyrenaica, through its spread inNorth Africa and the Sudan, to its clash with Europeancolonial imperialism, French, Italian, and British. TheItalian conquest and colonization of Cyrenaica wasdescribed from the Italo-Turkish war of 1911-1912 to thethird British occupation in 1942.The paper was discussed by Mr. Paxton, Dr. Hillelson,Dr. Fortes, Mr. Braunholtz, Mr. Swanzy, and Dr. TracyPhilipps. Dr. Evans-Pritchard replied.Devastation. A communication by Sir John Myres'2^O B.E., F.B.A., to the Royal AnthropologicalInsti-tute.: 24 September, 1946This address was a counterpart to the author'sessays on 'Nomadism' (J.R.A.I., lxxi, 1941) and'Mediterranean Culture ' (Frazer Lecture, 1943). Itexamined all modes of life which result from the exploita-tion, and consequent exhaustion, of natural resources,including extinction of plants and animals, peoples, andcultures. Is there a criterion of value and rightnes8 inthese matters ? Does the end justify the means ? Andis 'Man's Place in Nature' the proper concern ofanthropology ?The address is printed in full in Volume LXXIII ofthe Journal and is also obtainable separately from theRoyal Anthropological Institute, price 2s. 6d.Australian Native Policy in New Guinea. Summaryof a communication by Dr. Lucy P. Mair to theRoyal Anthropological In8titute, 1 October, 1946Australia's Pacific Territories comprise the east-ern half of the island of New Guinea with the BismarckArchipelago, the two northernmost of the SolomonIslands, and a great number of small islands. Papua wasdeclared a British Protectorate in 1884, and Australiaassumed full responsibility for its administration in 1906.The Mandated Territory (formerly German New Guinea)was occupied by Australia in 1914 and became an Austra-lian mandate in 1921. The enumerated native popula-tion is about a million, of whom about two-thirds are inthe mandated area. Owing partly to difficulties ofcommunication and partly to shortage of administrativestaff, a large part of this area is still not effectively

controlled by the Government, and there are regions stillunexplored.The economic basis of both territories is large-scaleenterprise employing native labour. The mandatedterritory produces copra and gold; Papua producescopra, rubber, and a little gold. The greater part of thelabour supply is brought from a distance and is engagedon long-term contract. In Papua the total labour forcein 1940 was 12,000. The normal period of contract was18 months, and about 30 per cent. of the labourers wereengaged on a short-term basis without a contract. Inthe mandated territory the number in employment rosefrom 30,000 to 40,000 between 1933 and 1939. Thisrapid increase was made possible only by constantlytapping new sources. Here the contract on first engage-ment had to be for three years, and it could be renewedfor a further three years. The proportion of adult malesaway in employment in 1940 was 22 per cent.In neither territory was any serious attempt made todevelop any responsibility for local government amongthe natives. This is admittedly a difficult problemowing to the small size of the native political unit and theabsence of any recognized line of succession to leadership.Native administration was based on benevolent coercion;village sanitation, the planting of coconuts, and otherdevelopments considered desirable were introduced byregulations carrying penalties for breach. Each terri-tory had various native officials, but they were in effectmerely agents of the administrative officer, responsiblefor reporting crimes and for seeing that his orders werecarried out in his absence. A small beginning had beenmade with the appointment of native councils withpurely deliberative functions, and Papua had attemptedto train native court assessors.Social services were rudimentary. Education inPapua was in the hands of missions, which received asmall grant in aid calculated in proportion to the numberof children passing examinations conducted by theGovernment. In the mandated territory missions wereresponsible, without subsidy or control, for villageschools, while the Government maintained a few schoolsteaching English, and an agricultural training schooltaking 40 students a year. In both territories medicalservices reached mainly the native labourer, though eachhad a system of giving natives elementary training formedical work in the villages. In Papua native medicalorderlies made patrols in the course of which they gaveinjections for yaws and might have cases of serious illnesssent to hospital. The mandated territory system was topost a native with elementary first-aid training and a

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