2019.07.22

早稲田大学 2019年度一般入試政治経済学部

英 五口

二三日

（間 題）

2019年度

(2019 H31131111)

注意事項

1. 試験開始の指示があるまで、問題冊子および解答用紙には手を触れないことc

2‘ 問題は 2～11ページに記載されている。試験中に問題冊子の印刷不鮮明、ページの落T・到し了及び、解答

用紙の汚損等に気付いた場合は、手を挙げて監督員に知らせること。

3. 解答はすべて、HBの黒鉛筆またはHBのシャープペンシルで記入すること0

4. マーク解答用紙記入lこの注意

( 1) 印刷されている受験番号が、自分の受験番号と一致していることを確認したうえで、氏名欄に氏名を

記入するとと。

(2) マーク欄にははっき りとマークすること。また、訂正する場合は、消しゴムで丁家に、消し残しがな

いようによく消すこと。

マークする時！＠良い 0 悪い 心悪い

ギ二一九7計時［己主し二一己記悪いや悪しi

ら 記述解答用紙記入上のi主意

(1) 記述解答用紙の所定概（ 2カ所）に、氏名および受験番号を正確に丁寧に記入すること。

(2）所定欄以外に受験番号 －氏名を記入した解答用紙は採点の対象外となる場合がある。

(3) 受験番号の記入にあたっては、次の数字見本にしたがい、読みやすいように、正確に丁家に記入する

こと。

数字 見 本 jojI j2j3j4jsJ6l寸釘可

(4）受験番号は右詰めで記入し、余肉が生じる場合でも受験番号の前に 「Ojを記入しないことc

｜万｜千｜ 百｜十｜ー｜（例） 3s2sffi'=> I I 3 I 8 I 2 b

6守 的存答はすべて所定の燐答欄に記入するとと。所定欄以外に何かを記入した解答用紙は採点の対象外とな

る場合があるG

7. 試験終了の指示が出たら、すぐに解答をやめ、筆記用具を置き解答用紙を袋返しにすること。

8. いかなる場合でも、解答用紙は必ず提出すること。

9. 試験終了後、問題削子は持ち帰ること。

1

I Read this article and answer the questions below.

※この問題は、著作権の関係により掲載ができません。

一一一 2 一一一

※この問題は、著作権の関係により掲載ができません。

Adα.pted fトomSαm Chα:pple-Sokol, "Culinαry Diplomαcy: Ereαking Ereαd to Win Heαrtsαnd Minds,"

The Hαgue Journal of Diplomacy 8 (2013)

Choose the most suitable answer from those below to complete the following sentence.

SoutheasもAsiancountries star回dcampaigns for culinary diplomacy because

( a ) diplomats in Southeast Asian countries tended to know a great deal about their national

cuisine目

( b) food was urgently needed in the very places where they most wanted to broaden their cultural

influence.

( C ) i七fittedin with their diplomatic principle of not entering into the usual relations with other

countries.

( d ) it was believed that this would help improve their position in the world, given their relatively

weak economic and military power.

( e ) it was felt that since their military was strong enough, they should now concentrate on

strengthening their cultural prestige abroad.

2 Choose the most suitable answer from those below to complete the following sentence.

The writer suggests that the Thai programs of culinary diplomacy

(a) aim at adopting food-culture practices from around the world.

( b) discourage Thai citizens from looking for work oversea，弓．

( c ) improve the country，日 imagebut risk damaging its economy.

(cl) produce economic as well as cultural and political benefits.

( e ) require the purchase of national brands from other countries.

3

3 Choose the most suitable order of sentences 企omthose below to fill in blank space ( A) .

(a) A kimchi institute was also established in order to create new types of this well-known dish.

( b) In April 2009, for example, the Korean government announced a US$44-million program called

“Korean Cuisin巴 tothe World," with a goal of making Korean food one of the five most

popular ethnic cuisines in the world.

( c ) The program included the goal of increasing the number of Korean restaurants abroad, as well

as setting up cooking programs at international cooking schools such as Le Cordon Bleu and

the Culinary Institute of America, and the promotion of talented Korean chefs.

4 Use the six words below to fill in blank space ( B) in the best way. Indicate your choices for the

second, fourth, and sixth positions.

( a ) a ( b ) left ( C ) life ( d) new

( e ) seek ( f ) to

5 Choose the most suitable combination of answers合omthose below to fill in blank spaces ( C) and

( D).

( a ) amateur experienced

( b) international-retired

( c ) local -government

( d ) military professional

( e) o伍cial-citizen

6 Choose the most suitable answer 仕omthose below to complete th巴 followingsentence.

The campaign promoted by the government of Taiwan was intended to

( a ) demonstrate the similarities between the culture of Taiwan and that of Thailand.

( b) ensure that the United Nations would protect Taiwan in a regional crisis.

( c ) improve Taiwan's international prestige in relation to mainland China.

( d ) seek membership for Taiwan in the United Nations at the earliest opportunity.

( e ) strengthen Taiwan’s image as the mass-production workshop of the world.

7 Choose the most suitable answer fromも.hosebelow to fill in blank space （巨）in the best way.

( a ) announce their presence on the world stage

( b ) build up their military power to protect their borders

( c ) distribute food to people around the world sufferi昭 fromhunger

( d ) further emphasize the value of hard power over soft power

( e ) restore their reputation as powerful countries

一一－ 4一一一

II Read this article and answer the questions below.

※この問題は、著作権の関係により掲載ができません。

5

※この問題は、著作権の関係により掲載ができません。

Adα：pted from "Secretsαnd Agents," The Economist (July 23, 2016)

1 Choose the most suitable answer from those below to complete the following sentence.

The writer suggests thaもineconomics as an academic discipline in the 1960s, scholars did not

( a ) assume that people offering jobs knew a great deal about the productivity of their workers.

( b ) believe that employers paid for the true value of what their workers produced.

( c ) pay much attention to the importance of information in understanding economic activity.

( d ) study state laws that had left blacks and the young with less work.

( e ) use the sort of textbooks that taught their students about the labor market.

2 Choose the most suitable answer from those below to complete the following sentence.

One r巴asongiven for the rejection of Akerlofs paper was that

( a ) Akerlof had not yet started working at a university町

( b ) all of the editors found the content too dif五cultto understand.

( c ) it reached conclusions that very few economists would support.

( d ) the journals did not want to publish a paper that had previously been published.

( e) the research was not important enough to be considered for a Nobel Prize.

3 Choose the most suitable answer from those below to comple臼 thefollowing sentence.

The writer suggests that car buyers might find it hard to tell the difference between a peach and a

lemon because

( a ) a lemon is so much cheaper than a peach.

( b ) both good and bad cars encourage trade to flourish.

( c ) cars can be made to appear much better than they really are‘

( d ) peaches sometimes have problems that remain undisclosed.

( e) the us巴d-carmarket includes only cars that do not function well.

4 Choose the most suitable order of sentence白 fromthose below to fill in blank space ( A ) .

( a ) But dealers who know for sure they have a peach will reject such an offer.

( b) They might be willing to pay, say, $750 for a car they perceive as having an even chance of

being a lemon or a peach.

( c ) To account for the risk that a car is a lemon, buyers cut their offers.

自一・・ 6 一一一

5

6

7

8

Use the seven words below to fill in blank space ( B) in the best way. Indicate your choices for the

second, fourth, and sixth positions.

(a) as (b) have

（ε） the ( f) they

( C )

( g)

price

would

( d ) same

Choose the most suitable combination of answers from those below to fill in blank spaces ( C) and

( D).

( a )

( b )

( C )

( d )

( e )

argument -laughable

observation manageable

opinion -believable

position -suitable

question -understandable

Choose the most suitable answer from those below to complete the following sentence目

The reason for the failure of the new rule to make a fairer labor market was that

( a )

( b )

( C )

( d )

( e )

a worker’s experience came to be seen as the most important part of a job application.

firms had to rely on signals that were less favorable than credit scores to disadvantaged

group邑，

job applicants’credit scores began to play an increasingly important role in the labor market.

people who failed to pay their debts were seen as less likely to be good employees.

the value of education was not su伍cientlyrecognized by firms looking for new workers.

Choose the most suitable answer 企omthose below to fill in blank space ( E ) .

( a ) Gradually

( b ) Hopefully

( c ) Obviously

( d ) Similarly

( e ) Thankfully

7

ill Read this article and answer the questions below.

“This is an eighteenth-, nineteenth-century problem. We really shouldn't be talking in theseもerms.I don't know why we’re still doing it，＇’ complains Gina Rippon, professor of cognitive neuroimaging一usingmachines to produce images of brain activity at Aston Unive1sity, in Birmingham目 Sheis one of a small but growing number of scientists, psychologisもs,and gender experts scattered across the globe who are challenging claims that brains show significant sex differences.

Rippon became interested in sex and gender when she was teaching courses on women and mental health at the University of Warwick, where she spent twenty-five years. More women than men tend to suffer from depression or have eating disorders, and sh巴 foundもhat,time and again, their illnesses were being explained in course readings in terms of something innate, ratherもhansomething that developed through social relations. She was convinced that there w巴resocial reasons for such mental problems. This sparked an interest in how biological explanaもionsare used and misused, particularly when it comes to women.

When she arrived at Aston University in 2000 and s国rtedworking in neuroimaging，呂hedecided to take a look at how the latest powerful imaging techniques were being used in research on women. Technologies like electroencephalography had already been used for almost a century to study electrical 呂ignalsfrom the brain. But duri珂 the 1990s, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 一a t巴chniquethat allows changes in brain activity to be tracked by measuring which areas see more blood flow-utterly transformed the field. There was an explosion of new studies, many of which came with eye-catchingly colorful pictures of the brain.

Despite the promise of this new technology, the picture日 itpainted weren’t always pretty. Especially for women，“I did a review in 2008 of where we were going with the emerging brain-imaging story and gender differences, and I was shocked，” says Rippon. Studies saw sex differences in the brain when it came to almost everything. Examples included mental tasks, listening to someone read, responding to psychological stress, experiencing emotion, eating chocolate, looking at erotic photos, and even smelling. One claimed that the brains of homosexual men ( A ) the brains of straight women than with those of straight men.“I just got drawn into it because I thought this is shocking, that it is being used in exactly the same way as people in the past saying women shouldn't go to university because it will mess up their reproductive systems," she tells me.

Rippon wasn’t the only one raising her eyebrows at some of these brain studies. MRI produces pictures that are problematic. They can ea日ilybe affected by noise and false positives. In terms of image quality, the best resolution it can reach is a cubic millimeter or so, and with many machines it’s considerably less. This may sound like a tiny volume, but is in fact vast when it comes to an organ as dense as the brain. Just one cubic millimeter can contain around a hundred thousand nerve cells, and a billion connections. Given these limitations, some in the scientific community ( B ) that they might be reading too much into brain scans.

All over the world, what started as quiet criticism increased in volume. In 2005, Craig Bennett, then a五rst-yeargraduate student at Dartmouth College, in New Hampshire, carried out an equipment test that happened to reveal how it might be possible to read just about anything into a brain scan‘As a joke, he and a colleague tried to find the most unusual objects they could fit inside an MRI machine, to help prepare it before their serious scientific work began. ( C ) The deαd五sh’sbrain.

Amusing though the salmon experiment was, it highlighted what some saw as a far more serious problem in neuroscience. Eight years after Bennett’s fish trick, the journal Nαture Reviews Neuroscience published an analysis of neuroscience studies and reached the damaging conclusion that questionable research practices were leadingもounreliable results目“Ithas been claimed and demonstrated that many (and possibly most) of the conclusions drawn from biomedical research are probably false," the article began.

The authors explained that one of the big complications is that scientists are under enormous pressure to publish their work, and journals tend to publish results that appear statistically signi五cant.If there’s no big effect, a journal is less likely to be interested，“As a consequence, researchers have strong incentives to engage in research practices that make their findings publishable quickly, even if those practices reduce the likelihood that the findings reflect a true effect，＇’ they continued. In other words, scientists were being pressured to do bad research, including using small samples of people or exaggerating real effects, so they could seem to have interesting re日ults.

Paul Matthews, the head of brain sciences at Imperial College London, admits that in the early days of MRI, many researchers-himself included-were caught out by unintentionally bad interpretations of data. "The errors that have been made have been fundamental statistical errors. We’ve all made them," he says.“I'm more careful about it now, but I’ve made them, too. It's a very embarrassing thing. It’s born of this strong drive to get results仕omwhatever work one’s compl巴tedbecause one can’t do any more. Most people, if not the overwhelming m勾ority,don’t intend to cheat.京在iatthey tend to do is get excited because of exploration and they misstate the degree to which they’re exploring the data or the meaningfulness of出eoutcomes.”

8

The problem has at least been recognized. Even so, Rippon believes that 呂ex-differenceresearch continues to suffer 合ombad research because it remains such a hot topic. For scientists and journals, an interesting study on sex difference can equal instant global publicity目

The vast majority of experiments and studies show no sex difference, she says. But they’r巴 notthe ones that get published，“I describe七hisas an iceberg. You get the bit above the water, which is the smallest but most visible part, because it’s easy to get studies published in this area. But then there’s this huge amount under the water where people haven’t found any differences." People end up seeing only the tip of the iceberg the studie邑 that邑eemto con五rmsex differences.

Adα'Pted fトomAngelαSαini, Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong and the New Reseαrch Thαt's Rewriting the Starツ

※下記lζ出典を明記しております。

Choose the most suitable answer from those below to complete the following sentence. Rippon was first attracted to research on sex and gender because she ( a ) found conflicting views on sex differ巴ncesamong the呂tudentsat her university. ( b ) had many students who asked her if depression and eating disorders were common among men. ( c ) no longer found that her beliefs about sex differences explained ongoing problems. ( d ) realized that what she found in teaching materials did not agree with what she believed. ( e ) was asked by her university to create new cour昌eson women and mental health.

2 Use six of the seven words below to白11in blank space (A) in the best way. Indicate your choices for the second, fourth, and sixth positions. ( a ) common ( b ) had ( c ) in ( d ) more ( e ) much ( f ) were ( g ) with

3 Choose th巴 mostsuitable answer from thos巴 belowto fill in blank space ( B ）目( a ) asked to be informed ( b ) began to be concerned ( c ) failed to be persuaded ( d ) tried to be optimistic ( e ) wanted to be sure

4 Choose the most suitable order of sentences 合omthose below to fill in blank space ( C）目(a) A few years later, when Bennett was looking for evidence of false positives in brain imaging,

he dug out this old scan of the salmon. ( b ) Proving the critics right and showing how even the best technologies can mislead, it showed

three small red areas of activity close together in the middle of the fish’s brain. ( c) They started with a pumpkin and ended with a dead, eighteen-inch-long, mature Atlantic

salmon wrapped in plastic.

5 Choose the most suitable answer fromもhosebelow to complete the following sentence目

According to the analysis published by Nαture Reviews Neuroscience, neuroscientists have difficulty getting the results of their research published because ( a ) journals tend to r句ectpapers that do not have significant findings. ( b ) neuroscience is more complicated than most other areas of research. ( c ) the pressures scientists are under are too big to be ignored. ( d ) their conclusions are often seen as being too dramatic. ( e ) too many experiments have been conducted using small samples of people.

6 Choose the most suitable answer from those below to complete the following sentence. According to Mat七hews,errors in the interpretation of data (a) are more often than not intentional in his field of research. ( b ) cannot be detected if statistical methods are employed. ( c ) may occur when researchers are desperate for results目

( d ) need not result in embarrassment if they are accidental. ( c ) tend to decrease in number when scientists are highly motivated.

7 Choose the most suitable answer 仕omthose below to complete the following呂entence.Rippon uses the image ofねliceberg印 arguethat ( a ) large samples have to be used to make experiments reliable. ( b ) many journals are eager to publish research in neuroscience. ( c ) the best research is based on the most solid foundation. ( d ) the more careful the research, the more likely it is to be published. ( e) very few research results actually show sex differences.

※Web公帽にあたり、著作権者の要請により出典追記しております。

9一一一 Inf，巴「io「byAngela Saini Copy「ight c 2017 by Angela Saini Reprinted with permission from Beacon Press, Boston Massachusetts

N Read this dialogue and answer the questions below.

Ship’s officer: Excuse me, Captain目 Thereseems to be a ship directly ahead of us.

Captain: Contact them on the radio and request they move out of our path.

Ship’s officer: This is the aircraft carrier Valiαnt requesting that you change your course 3° to the

south to avoid running into us.

Radio voice: Recommend you change your course 15° to the south to avoid running into us!

Captain: ( A ) I'll speak to them directly. This is the captain. Alter your course 3°

immediately. You are directly in our path.

Radio voice: Sorry, but we are unable to do that. I say again, change YOUR course to avoid a

collision.

Captain: Now look here, this is a direct order. You will divert your course AT ONCE!

Radio voice: Terribly sorry, Captain, but we really do suggest that you agree to our request and

move 15° to the south.

Captain: That’s it! ( B ) you are talking to? This is the captain of the newest aircraft

carrier in the navy, accompanied by three destroyers, three cruisers, and several support

vessels. I demand that you move immediately, or I will take whatever action is

necessary to ( C ) . MOVE NOW!

Radio voice: Nice to meet you, Captain. This is the radio operator of the oldest lighthouse on the

south coast. Hello ... ?

1 Choose the most邑uitableanswer from those below to fill in blank space (A).

(a) How time flies!

( b ) Look over here!

( c ) Please take care!

( d ) This is ridiculous!

( e) What an opportunity!

2 Use the six words below to fill in blank space ( B) in the best way. Indicate your choices for the

second, fourth, and sixth positions.

( a ) any ( b ) do

( e ) who ( f ) you

( c) have ( d) idea

3 Use the six words below to fill in blank space ( C) in the best way. Indicate your choices for the

second, fourth, and sixth positions.

( a ) ensure ( b ) of ( c) safety ( d) ship

( e) the C0

・唱

Ah

ι1む）

F？A

（

4 Choose the most suitable answer from those below to complete the following sentence.

The person speaking to the captain on the radio is

(a) a仕aidthat the captain will become even angrier.

( b ) feeling guilty about not following the captain’s orders.

( c) havi時 somefun by teasing the captain.

( d ) unaware that the captain i呂田 chargeof an aircraft carrier.

( e ) worried about the possibility of losing his job.

10

V Read the statement below and write a paragraph giving at least two reasons why

you agree or disagree with it. Write your answer in English in the space

provided on your written answer sheet.

(It is suggested thαt you spend no more thαn 15 minutes on this section.)

“Every university student in Japan should be required to study abroad for at least one

semester.”

[END OF TEST]

一一一 11一一一

英記 述解

注

( 1)

( 2)

<2019 H31131111> <2019 H3113llll>

三五日口

答用紙

受

験

番

号

H

はす

百T 口 一卜 交ト互

香ー

千 十

氏

名

（注意） 所定欄以外に受験番号・氏名

を記入しではならない。記入

した解符用紙は採点の対象外

となる場合がある。

氏

名,I,)、

frfr定の楠以外に番号・氏名を書いてはならないc

また，解答欄以外には何も書いてはならなし、

解答はすべてHBの黒鉛筆またはHBのシャーブ

ペンシルを使用すること。

（注意） 所定欄以外に受験喬サ・氏名

を記入してはならない。記入

した解答用紙は採点の対象外

となる場合があるむ

英 苦五ロロ

採 点 ＋閤（この欄に書き入れてはならない）

V

V