earth observing systems spot 4 terra. digital image processing and analysis – xinjiang university...

Earth Observing Systems

SPOT 4

Terra

Digital Image Processing and Analysis – Xinjiang University

Satellite Observing SystemsSatellite Observing Systems

• Two main remote sensing missions– Earth resources– Weather and Atmosphere

• Two main orbit types– Polar orbiting– Geosynchronous


• Two main remote sensing missions– Earth resources

• All are in near-polar orbits, 700 – 900 km alt.

– Weather and Atmosphere• Use both orbit types

– Near-polar (700 – 900 km altitude)– Geosynchronous (35,900 km altitude)



• Two main orbit types– Polar (near polar) – Geosynchronous

GOMS(Russian Federation)

METEOSAT(EUMETSAT)

GMS(Japan)

GOES East(USA)

GOES West(USA)

Near-polar(700 – 900 km)

Geosynchronous (35,900 km)


• Current ER-EOS Satellites:Current ER-EOS Satellites:– Landsat 5 & (7) (NASA)

– TERRA (NASA)

– EO-1 (NASA)

– AQUA (NASA)

– IKONOS (Space Imaging Corp., USA)

– QUICKBIRD (DigitalGlobe Corp., USA)

– SPOT (SPOT Image Corp., France)

– ERS (ESA)

– ENVISAT (ESA)

– ADEOS (Japan)

– IRS (India)

– RADARSAT (RSI, Ltd., Canada)

– JERS (Japan)



ER - EOS OrbitsER - EOS Orbits• The orbital inclination and altitude

Near-polarorbit


ER - EOS OrbitsER - EOS Orbits• The sensor swath width (Landsat example)


ER - EOS OrbitsER - EOS Orbits• The repeat cycle and coverage pattern

(Landsat example)

Landsat 5 & 7 each have a 16-day repeat cycle

For Landsat 5 & 7, the adjacent scene to the west is acquired 7 days later


ER - EOS OrbitsER - EOS Orbits• Sun-synchronous orbitSun-synchronous orbit (Landsat example)

The mean sun time at each individual point in the orbit will remain fixed.

All points at a given latitude on each orbital pass will have the same mean sun time.


ER - EOS OrbitsER - EOS Orbits• Sun-synchronous orbits

– Do NOT control seasonal sun-elevation differences


Digital (electronic) SensorsDigital (electronic) Sensors• Spatial resolutionSpatial resolution is based on

• Detector element size

• Flight altitude

• Lens focal length


Digital (electronic) SensorsDigital (electronic) Sensors• Radiometric resolutionRadiometric resolution refers to the

number of discrete levels of light that the sensor can detect• Number of bits = exponent of 2Number of bits = exponent of 2

8-bit = 28-bit = 288 = 256 levels = 256 levels 11-bit = 211-bit = 21111 = 2048 levels = 2048 levels 12-bit = 212-bit = 21212 = 4096 levels = 4096 levels 14-bit = 214-bit = 21414 = 16384 levels = 16384 levels 16-bit = 216-bit = 21616 = 65536 levels = 65536 levels


Landsat: NASA Six spacecraft to date, in three versions

Landsat 1 – 3 Landsat 4 – 5 Landsat 7

All whiskbroom sensors


Landsat-5: NASAMission Date: March 1, 1984 to present

Mission Type: Earth resource-land

Orbit Type: Near-polar, sun-synchronous

Repeat cycle: 16 days

Payload: MSS - Multispectral Scanner & TM: Thematic Mapper

Resolution: 75m 30m (except Band 6)

Swath: 185km 185km

Bands (m): 1) 0.50 – 0.60 1) 0.45 – 0.522) 0.60 – 0.70 2) 0.52 – 0.60 3) 0.70 – 0.83 3) 0.63 – 0.69

4) 0.8 – 1.1 4) 0.76 – 0. 905) 1.55 – 1.756) 10.4 – 12.5 (120 m resolution)7) 2.08 – 2.35


Landsat-6: NASAMission Date: October 5, 1993

Mission Type: Earth resource-land

Orbit Type: Near-polar, sun-synchronous

Repeat cycle: 16 days

Payload: ETM – Enhanced Thematic Mapper

– Satellite failed to orbit due to malfunction Satellite failed to orbit due to malfunction with the final rocket motorwith the final rocket motor

Oops!


Landsat-7: NASAMission Date: April 15, 1999 to present (SLC broke May 31, 2003SLC broke May 31, 2003)

Mission Type: Earth resource-landOrbit Type: Near-polar, sun-synchronousRepeat cycle: 16 daysPayload: Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)Resolution: 30m (except Bands 6 and 8)Swath: 185km Bands (m): 1) 0.45 – 0.53 blue-green

2) 0.52 – 0.60 green 3) 0.63 – 0.69 red

4) 0.76 – 0. 90 NIR5) 1.55 – 1.75 SWIR 16) 10.4 – 12.5 (60 m) TIR7) 2.08 – 2.35 SWIR 28) 0.50 – 0.90 (15 m) Green - NIR


Landsat 5 & 7 Payload – TM & ETM+ sensors – spectral resolution

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0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

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0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4

Wavelength(um)

Green Vegetation

Senescent vegetation

Bare soil

Band 2

Band 3Band 4

Band 5 Band 7

Band 1

Landsat 5 TM

Landsat 7 ETM+

Band 8 (ETM+ only)


The Worldwide Reference System (WRS)

Landsat 5 & 7


Landsat 7 Payload – ETM+ sensor – spatial resolution

Landsat ETM+ 15m


Spatial resolution

Landsat 5 & 7

30 m

30 m

UPLA bldg.

Comm. Arts bldg.

Wilson


Five spacecraft to date, in three versions SPOT 1 – 3 SPOT 4 SPOT 5

All pushbroom sensors

SPOT: SPOT Image Corp (France)


Mission Dates: SPOT 1: Feb 22,1986 – present (on-orbit spare)

SPOT 2: Jan 22, 1990 – presentSPOT 3: Sep 26,1993 – Nov 14, 1997

Mission Type: Earth resource-landOrbit Type: Near-polar, sun-synchronousRepeat cycle: 26 days (single spacecraft, nadir only)

Swath: 60 km

Payload: Two identical HRVHRV imagersResolution: 20 m multispectral (XS) & 10 m panchromatic (P)

Bands (m):b1) 0.50 - 0.59 greenb2) 0.61 - 0.68 redb3) 0.79 - 0.89 NIR P) 0.51 - 0.73 pan

SPOT 1 - 3


Mission Date: Mar 24,1998 – presentMission Type: Earth resource-landOrbit Type: Near-polar, sun-synchronousRepeat cycle: 26 days (single spacecraft, nadir only)Swath width: 60 km Payload (1 of 2): Two identical HRVIRHRVIR imagersResolution: 20 m multispectral (Xi) & 10 m monospectral (M)

Bands (m):b1) 0.50 - 0.59 (green) 0.61 - 0.68 (red)

b2) 0.61 - 0.68*(red)

b3) 0.79 - 0.89 (NIR)

b4) 1.58 - 1.75 (SWIR)

* 10 x 10 m red band (monospectral) is averaged 2 x 2 to create a 20 m red-band for the multispectral

data set

SPOT 4


Payload (2 of 2): Vegetation 1Vegetation 1Resolution: 1000 mSwath width: 2,250 kmBands (m):B0) 0.43 to 0.47 blue

B2) 0.61 - 0.68 redB3) 0.78 - 0.89 NIR SWIR) 1.58 - 1.75 SWIR

SPOT 4


Mission Date: May 4,2002 – presentMission Type: Earth resource-landOrbit Type: Near-polar, sun-synchronousRepeat cycle: 26 days (single spacecraft, nadir only)Swath width: 60 km Payload (1 of 2): Two identical HRGHRG imagersResolution: 10 & 20 m multispectral 2.5 & 5 m panchromatic

Bands (m):b1) 0.50 - 0.59 (green) [10m] P) 0.48 - 0.71 [5m]

b2) 0.61 - 0.68 (red) [10m]

b3) 0.79 - 0.89 (NIR) [10m]

b4) 1.58 - 1.75 (SWIR) [20 m]

SPOT 5


Payload (2 of 2): Vegetation 2Vegetation 2Resolution: 1000 mSwath width: 2,250 kmBands (m):B0) 0.43 to 0.47 blue

B2) 0.61 - 0.68 redB3) 0.78 - 0.89 NIR SWIR) 1.58 - 1.75 SWIR

SPOT 5


Pushbroom CCD arrays

SPOT Imagers


Pointable imagers The two HR imaging instruments on each SPOT satellite are programmable for independent image acquisition, increasing the total number of imaging opportunities.

It is possible to change the view direction of one instrument without affecting the quality of the images acquired at the same time by the other instrument.

SPOT Imagers


A Base/Height (B/H) ratio of 1.0 can be

obtained for a viewing angle of 24 degrees to

the East and to the West.

For a stereopair comprising a vertical

view and one acquired at 27 degrees, a B/H of

0.5 is obtained.

Stereo Acquisition


Three satellites working together

Above 40° latitude, any point on earth

can be imaged every every dayday. At the equator,

on any given day, only a small strip

about 250 km wide is not accessible (out of

the 2,800 km separating two

consecutive SPOT tracks) .

SPOT Constellation


Terra Satellite• Since 1988, teams have been funded to

develop both hardware and algorithms of then EOS-AM satellite, which later was renamed as Terra. This name implies that the major applications are terrestrial. The follow-on mission was subsequently renamed from EOS-PM to Aqua, implying the applications are primarily on “water.”

http://terra.nasa.gov

http://eos-am.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html


Terra: NASA Mission Date: December 18, 1999 to present

Mission/orbit type: Earth resource-land / sun-synchronousOrbit parameters: Altitude = 705 km, 98o inclination,

10:30 a.m. descending node crossingRepeat cycle: 16 day (platform overpass)Payload: ASTER, CERES, MISR, MODIS, MOPITTResolution: Variable by instrument: 15 m – 1000 mSwath: Variable by instrument: 60 km – 2330 kmBands: Variable by instrument


Terra: NASADimensions: 5.9 x 1.7 x 2.0 m

Total mass: 5,190 kg

Payload mass: 1,172 kg

Total power: 2.4 kW avg;

3.0 kW peak

Payload power: 1.2 kW avg;

1.7 kW peak

“the size of a

small school bus”

ASTER

MODIS

Earth View


Terra: NASA


Terra: NASAASTER

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer obtains high-resolution (15 to 90 square meters per pixel) images of the Earth in 14 different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from visible to thermal infrared. The only high spatial resolution instrument on the Terra Platform. Will does not collect data continuously; it collects an average of 8 minutes of data (investigator requested) per orbit. All three ASTER telescopes (VNIR, SWIR, and TIR) are

pointable in the crosstrack direction. VNIR produces stereoscopic images which can be processed into detailed terrain height models.


Terra: NASAASTER -- VNIR

Spectral Range Band 1: 0.52 - 0.60 µm Nadir looking Band 2: 0.63 - 0.69 µm Nadir looking

Band 3: 0.76 - 0.86 µm Nadir looking Band 3: 0.76 - 0.86 µm Backward lookingGround Resolution 15 m

Cross-track Pointing (km) ±318

Quantization (bits) 8


Terra: NASAASTER -- SWIR

Spectral Range Band 4: 1.600 - 1.700 µmBand 5: 2.145 - 2.185 µm Band 6: 2.185 - 2.225 µm Band 7: 2.235 - 2.285 µm Band 8: 2.295 - 2.365 µm Band 9: 2.360 - 2.430 µm

Ground Resolution 30m




Terra: NASAASTER -- TIR

Spectral Range Band 10: 8.125 -8.475 µmBand 11: 8.475 - 8.825 µm Band 12: 8.925 - 9.275 µmBand 13: 10.25 - 10.95 µmBand 14: 10.95 - 11.65 µm

Ground Resolution 90m




Terra: NASAWashington, D.C. was imaged by ASTER on June 1, 2000 in this 14 by 13.7 km sub-scene.

The 15 m spatial resolution allows us to see individual buildings


Terra: NASAThis full-scene (60 by 60 km), ASTER - VNIR image of the Saline Valley area, California, was acquired March 30, 2000. Vegetation appears red, snow and dry salt lakes are white, and exposed rocks are brown, gray, yellow and blue. Rock colors mainly reflect the presence of iron minerals,

and variations in albedo.

VNIR


Terra: NASA

SWIR

This ASTER image displays short-wavelength infrared bands 4, 6, and 8 as RGB. In this wavelength region, clay, carbonate, and sulfate minerals have diagnostic absorption features, resulting in distinct colors on the image.

For example, limestone is yellow-green, and purple areas are kaolinite-rich.


Terra: NASA

TIR

This ASTER image displays thermal infrared bands 13, 12 and 10 as RGB. In this wavelength region, variations in quartz content appear as more or less red; carbonate rocks are green, and mafic volcanic rocks are purple.


Terra: NASAThis color-coded, suspended-

sediment image was created from ASTER band 1 by blacking out the

land, and assigning colors to the relative brightnesses in the water.

High values are colored white, then red, yellow, green, blue. Brighter values in Band 1 indicate higher

sediment load in the water.

The highest values are in Suisun and San Pablo Bays, and along the

coast of the San Francisco Peninsula. The Pacific Ocean and

San Francisco Bay water are relatively clear.


Terra: NASAThe color-coded, water-temperature

image was created from one of ASTER’s thermal IR bands by

blacking out the land, and assigning colors to the relative temperature

values: White is warmest, followed by yellow, orange, red, and blue as the coldest.

Cold water flows from the Sacramento River and enters

Suisun Bay in the northeast corner. The water warms up in San Pablo

Bay, enters San Francisco Bay, and some flows out through the Golden

Gate into the Pacific.


Terra: NASA• This ASTER image of the recent eruption (July - August, 2001 ) of Mt. Etna was acquired on July 29.

• Advancing lava flows on the southern flank of Mt. Etna threaten the town of Nicolosi.

• Also visible are glowing summit craters above the main lava flows, and a small fissure eruption.

• The bright puffy clouds were formed from water vapor released during the eruption.

• The image covers an area of 24 x 30 km.


Terra: NASA


Terra: NASAMODIS

A 2,330-km-wide viewing swath.

It can image every point on earth within every 1-2 days (weather permitting).

Provides high radiometric sensitivity (12 bits) in 36 spectral bands ranging in wavelength from 0.4 µm to 14.4 µm.

Two bands are imaged at a resolution of 250 m at nadir, five bands are imaged at a resolution of 500 m and the remaining 29 bands are imaged at a resolution of 1,000 m.


Terra: NASAMODIS

The Scan Mirror Assembly uses a continuously rotating (20.3 rpm, cross track) , double-sided scan mirror

to scan ±55 degrees.

The optical system consists of a two-mirror, off-axis telescope which directs energy to four refractive objective assemblies, one for each of the VIS, NIR, SWIR and TIR spectral regions.

The system includes four on-board calibrators as well as a view to space (for thermal calibration).


Terra: NASAMODIS


Terra: NASAMODIS bands:

Primary Use Band Bandwidth Pixel Size

Land/Cloud/Aerosols

Boundaries 1 620 – 670 nm 250 m

2 841 – 876 nm 250 m

Land/Cloud/Aerosols

Properties 3 459 – 479 nm 500 m

4 545 – 565 nm 500 m

5 1230 – 1250 nm 500 m

6 1628 – 1652 nm 500 m

7 2105 – 2155 nm 500 m




Ocean Color / Phytoplankton /

Biogeochemistry 8 405 – 420 nm 1000 m

9 438 – 448 nm 1000 m

10 483 – 493 nm 1000 m

11 526 – 536 nm 1000 m

12 546 – 556 nm 1000 m

13 662 – 672 nm 1000 m

14 673 – 683 nm 1000 m

15 743 – 753 nm 1000 m

16 862 – 877 nm 1000 m




Atmospheric Water Vapor 17 890 – 920 nm 1000 m

18 931 – 941 nm 1000 m

19 915 – 965 nm 1000 m

Surface/Cloud Temperature 20 3.660 - 3.840 µm 1000 m

21 3.929 - 3.989 µm 1000 m

22 3.929 - 3.989 µm 1000 m

23 4.020 - 4.080 µm 1000 m

Atmospheric Temperature 24 4.433 - 4.498 µm 1000 m

25 4.482 - 4.549 µm 1000 m




Cirrus Clouds Water Vapor 26 1.360 - 1.390 µm 1000 m

27 6.535 - 6.895 µm 1000 m

28 7.175 - 7.475 µm 1000 m

Cloud Properties 29 8.400 - 8.700 µm 1000 m

Ozone 30 9.580 - 9.880 µm 1000 m




Surface/Cloud Temperature 31 10.780 - 11.280 µm 1000 m

32 11.770 - 12.270 µm 1000 m

Cloud Top Altitude 33 13.185 - 13.485 µm 1000 m

34 13.485 - 13.785 µm 1000 m

35 13.785 - 14.085 µm 1000 m

36 14.085 - 14.385 µm 1000 m


Terra: MODIS


Terra: MODIS

MODIS image showing the large plume of smoke streaming southward from the remnants of the burning World Trade Towers in downtown Manhattan (September 11, 2001).

From MODIS direct broadcast data received at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Terra: MODIS http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Terra: MODIS http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/atbd/modistables.html


Launched on Saturday morning (2:55 a.m., PDT), May 4, 2002Orbit: 705km

http://aqua.nasa.gov/

AQUA

Aqua carries six state-of-the-art instruments in a near-polar low-Earth orbit. The six instruments are the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A), the Humidity Sounder for Brazil (HSB), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E), the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES).

AIRS - atmospheric Infrared SounderInfrared Spectral Coverage Radiometric Calibration ± 3% absolute error

3.74 - 4.61 µm Power / Mass 256 W / 166 kg

6.20 - 8.22 µm Lifetime 5 years

8.80 - 15.4 µm

Spectral Response Visible Spectral Coverage

0.41 - 0.44 µm

Spectral Resolution >1200 nominal 0.58 - 0.68 µm

Spectral Sampling /2 0.71 - 0.92 µm

Integrated Response (95%)±1 0.49 - 0.94 µm

Wavelength Stability 0.05 24 hours

Wavelength Knowledge. 0.01

Spatial Coverage Spatial Coverage

Scan Angle ±49.5° around nadir Scan Angle ±49.5° around nadir

IFOV 1.1° IFOV. 0.185°

Measurement Simultaneity.>(9% SNR @ Albedo = 0.4 >100 Polarization <5%

Sensitivity (NEDT) 0.14 K at 4.2 µm0.20 K from 3.7 - 13.6 µm0.35 K from 13.6 - 15.4 µm


AMSR-E: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS

AMSR-E PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICSCENTERFREQUENCIES (GHz) 6.925 10.65 18.7 23.8 36.5 89.0BANDWIDTH (MHz) 350 100 200 400 1000 3000SENSITIVITY (K) 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.1SPATIAL RES. (km) 56 38 21 24 12 5.4IFOV(km x km) 74x43 51x30 27x16 31x18 14x8 6x 4SAMPLING RATE(kmxkm) 10x10 10x10 10x10 10x10 10x10 5x5INTEGRATION T. (msec) 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 1.3BEAM EFFICIENCY(%) 95.3 95.0 96.3 96.4 95.3 96.0BEAMWIDTH (degrees) 2.2 1.4 0.8 0.90 0.4 0.18

AMSU- Meteorological Satellite SensorsAMSU Facts

Heritage Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU)Swath 1650 km Spatial Resolution 40 km horizontal at nadir Mass 100 kg Duty Cycle 100% Power 125 Watts Data Rate 3.2 kbps Thermal Control By Heater, central thermal bus,radiator Thermal Operating Range 0 to 20°C Field of View (FOV) ±49.5° Instrument Instantaneous FOV 3.3° Pointing Requirements (Platform + Instrument, 3σ) Control 720 arcsecKnowledge 360 arcsec Stability 360 arcsec/sec Jitter 360 arcsec/sec Physical Size 65.5 x 29.9 x 59.2 cm (A1)

54.6 x 64.9 x 69.7 cm (A2)

HSB – Humidity Sounder for BrazilHeritage Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B

(AMSU-B)Swath1 650 kmSpatial Resolution 13.5 km horizontal at nadir Mass 66 kg Duty Cycle 100%Power 85 W (average), 154 W (peak)Data Rate 4.2 kbpsThermal Control By Radiator Thermal Operating Range 0-40° C Field of View (FOV) ±49.5° cross track from nadir

(+90° to -49.5° for calibration) Instrument Instantaneous FOV 1.1°Pointing Requirements (platform + instrument, 3σ) Control 3600 arcsecKnowledge 360 arcsecStability 74 arcsec/secJitter TBDPhysical Size 73 x 69 x 47 cm


Advanced Earth Observation Satellite – II

Sensors include: AMSR – Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer GLI – Global ImagerILAS-II – Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer -IISeaWinds – SeaWinds ScatterometerPOLDER – Polarization and Directionality of Earth’s Reflectance

ADEOS-II

http://eos.nasda.go.jp/ADEOS2/shosai_amsr_e.htm

http://eos.nasda.go.jp/ADEOS2/shosai_gli_e.htm

http://eos.nasda.go.jp/ADEOS2/shosai_ilas2_e.htm

http://eos.nasda.go.jp/ADEOS2/shosai_seawinds_e.htm

http://eos.nasda.go.jp/ADEOS2/shosai_polder_e.htm


ENVISAT

DORIS

Sensors on ENVISAR• ASAR

– Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar • DORIS

– Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite • GOMOS

– Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars • LRR

– Laser Retroreflector • MERIS

– MEdium Resolution Image Spectrometer Instrument • MIPAS

– Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding• MWR

– MicroWave Radiometer • RA-2

– Radar Altimeter 2


High Spatial Resolution Satellites

• In the early 90s, there was a need to acquire high spatial resolution images.

• Space Imaging was the first company that launched a IKONOS satellite. After a successful business, DigitalGlobe launched Quickbird. More story here!


IKONOS: SpaceImaging Mission Date: September 24th 1999 – present

Mission/orbit type: Earth resource-land / sun-synchronousRepeat cycle: 1.5 – 2.9 days depending on resolution Payload: Quad-linear photodiode array Resolution: 4m (MS) and 1m (PAN)

Swath: 11 kmBands (m): PAN .45 —.90 MS 1 (blue) .45 —.53

2 (green) .52 —.613 (red) .64 —.724 (NIR) .77 —.88


IKONOS: SpaceImaging

1 meterPAN


IKONOS: SpaceImagingAltitude: 681 kmInclination: 98.1o

Overpass time: 10:30 am (descending node) Repeat cycle: 1.5 - 2.9 days

• Agile spacecraft supporting both in-track and cross-both in-track and cross-track pointingtrack pointing.

• The sensor can be inclined to acquire imagery up to 700 km either side of the track700 km either side of the track

• The satellite can revisit (with different sensor angles and resolutions) any area on the earth on average every 1.5 days (data resolution up to 2 every 1.5 days (data resolution up to 2 meters).meters). An average 2.9 day revisit can be average 2.9 day revisit can be achieved for 1-meter resolution data in an area that achieved for 1-meter resolution data in an area that covers up to 300 km either side of the track.covers up to 300 km either side of the track.


IKONOS: SpaceImagingThis one-meter

resolution (sharpened 4 meter) satellite

image of the

Pentagon was collected at

11:46 a.m. EDT on

Sept. 12, 2001

SpaceImaging.com


IKONOS: SpaceImagingRadiometric resolution:Radiometric resolution: 11-bit quantization

11 bit 8 bit

11 bit 8 bit


IKONOS: SpaceImagingPayload: Kodak quad-linear photodiode array

10m focal-lengthoptical

telescope assembly


IKONOS: SpaceImagingPayload: Kodak quad-linear photodiode array

– The panchromatic image sensor array consists of a linear charged couple device (CCD) containing 13,500 pixels13,500 pixels, each 12 m-square.

– The multispectral detector is a quad-linear photodiode array with a total of 3375 pixels3375 pixels, each pixel 48 m-square.


IKONOS: SpaceImagingProducts:

– Nominal single image: 11 km x 11 km

• Image strips: 11km x 100 km up to 11 km x 1000 km• Image mosaics: up to 10,000 km2 • Multiple mosaics: Up to two 10,000 km2 contiguous

areas in a single pass within a region• In-track, stereo-imagery capability of 22km x 130km

perpendicular to the ground track


QuickBird: DigitalGlobeMission Date: October 18, 2001 –

present

Mission/orbit type: Earth resource-land / sun-synchronous

Orbit Altitude: 450 km

Repeat cycle: Average 1 – 3.5 days


QuickBird: DigitalGlobe Payload: Ball High-resolution Camera 60 (BHRC 60)

Resolution: 2.44 m (MS) and 0.61m (PAN)

Swath: 16.5 km within a 544 km operational strip

Agile Spacecraft: Agile spacecraft, ±30° nominal fore-and-aft and side-to-side pointing

Bands (m): PAN .45 —.90 MS 1 (blue) .45 —.522 (green) .52 —.603 (red) .63 —.694 (NIR) .76 —.89


QuickBird: DigitalGlobeQuantization:11 bits

Imaging modes (at nadir):

Snapshot: Snapshot: 16.5 km x 16.5 km16.5 km x 16.5 km

Area: Typically, 32 km x 32 kmStrip: 17 km x 225 kmStereo: Typically, 15 km x 15 km


QuickBird: DigitalGlobe

Washington, D.C. area

Snapshot: 17 km x 17 km

Pan, 61 cm pixels


QuickBird: DigitalGlobe61-cm PAN close-up of the Royal Grand Palace, Bangkok, Thailand


QuickBird: DigitalGlobe2.44 m pan-sharpened, true-color close-up of the Washington Monument

earth observing systems spot 4 terra. digital image processing and analysis – xinjiang university...

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