www.grantadesign.com

Eco Data for Materials Engineers

Prof. Mike Ashby, Kim Marshall, Steve Warde

May 2014

Granta Design—innovating since 1994

Authoritative materials reference data

Materials information management

Materials decision support tools

Materials applications for CAD, CAE, PLM…

Example customers

Airbus

Airbus Helicopters

Airbus Defence & Space

AWE

ASCO Industries

Baker Hughes

Boeing

Bombardier Aerospace

Bosch

Chengdu Aircraft

Honeywell

Huntsman

Hutchinson

IHI

Jaguar Land Rover

Lab 126 (Kindle)

LL Products

Lockheed Martin

MASCO

MBDA Group

MTU

NASA

Northrop Grumman

Novo Nordisk

NPL

Philips Technologie

Parker Aerospace

Perkins Engines

Pratt & Whitney

PSA Peugeot Citroën

Raytheon

Rheinmetall (KSPG Auto)

Rhodia

Rolls-Royce

RUAG Space

Suzlon

Sulzer

Thales

Thyssen Krupp Steels

TRW Automotive

United Technologies Corp

Vestas

Consortia & Projects Material Data Management Consortium

EMIT Consortium

Special Interest Groups

Constellium

DePuy

Donaldson

Doosan Babcock

Embraer

Emerson Electric

ESA

Ethicon Surgical Care

GE

Hamilton Sundstrand

EMIT Consortium

Collaboration aims to embed eco design and product stewardship into everyday workflows.

1. Eco auditing in design

2. Analyze & reduce regulatory risk

Eco data: Nature, sources, precision and traceability• Professor Mike Ashby

Data on environmental legislation and critical materials• Kim Marshall

Product Risk data – a quick tour• MaterialUniverse with eco data• Restricted Substances Data • Critical Materials Data • ecoinvent Key Materials Indicators

Q&A

Today’s focus – Eco data

www.grantadesign.com

Eco-data:Nature, sources, precision, traceability

MFA, May 2014

Material life cycle

Combust Landfill

Eco data

Energy• Electric power• Oil• Nuclear• Renewable

End of life• Recycle energy, CO2• Recycle fraction• Heat of combustion

Material production• Embodied energy• CO2, eq (GWP)• NOx, SOx• Water

Geophysical data• Abundance• World production• Minimum ore grade• Producing nations

Process data• Energy, CO2, eq,• Water

Data sourcesGeophysical

data• USGS

Material andProcess(84 in all)

• EcoInvent• Delft University – IdeMat• Plastics Europe (Bousted)• ICE (University of Bath)• BUWAL• MEEUP, VHK (EU data)• ELDC Life Cycle Inventory• Argonne National Lab• Rocky Mountain Institute• National Environmental Agencies• Government and NGA sponsored research papers• Company Sustainability reports …… (more)

Use energy • Standard sources for CO2 etc for electricity mix, fuels

End of life • EcoInvent, ICE …..

Reading eco-data

Uncertainties• Inconsistent system boundaries

• Difficulties in measuring key quantities

• Real differences between producers

xx

xxx x

x

Precision

Atomic properties• Atomic weight• Vibration spectra…

< ± 0.1%

Intrinsic properties• Density• Modulus• Specific heat ….

± 1% or better

Extrinsic properties• Strength• Fracture toughness …

± 5%

Eco properties• Embodied energies• Carbon footprints

Absolute ± 20%Relative ± 10%

Impact factors• Human toxicity• Eutrification• Acidification

> ± 50%Dat

a Pr

ecis

ion

Reading eco-data

Embodied energy, Aluminum = 2 1 5 MJ/kg

Believable DebatableMeaningless

Significant differences

PVC58

PS86

PC 108

PP 80

PE 81

PUR87

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Embo

died

ene

rgy,

MJ/

kg

± 20%

What do we do with the data?

Treatment of data

• Check system boundaries and assumptions

• Calculate mean

• Record provenance

• Missing data – implement estimation methods

Quality classification

1. Multiple sources with cross checks and provenance

2. Single source with provenance

3. Single source, unsupported

4. No data - estimates

Data estimation

Estimates: alloys, polymer blends• Large set of material-class specific algorithms

BOUNDS for sanity checks (examples):Upper bound: economic

Lower bound: thermodynamic

• Embodied energy > Free energy of formation of oxide, sulfide ….

Embodied energy

• Material price > cost of energy used to make it …..Invert the reasoning gives upper bound

• Combine embodied energies / GWP of components with processing energies and tuned mark-up factors

• Mark-up factors calibrated by comparisons with quality data

Eco Traceability

• User has access to citations, values and links to reference records

• More detailed information maintained internally (Granta confidential)

• Part of reference list

Reference data for Product Risk

Granta aims to enable a rational and well-informed response to eco risks and challenges.

This must be underpinned by the right data…

• MaterialUniverse with Eco Data Material and process engineering and eco properties

• Restricted Substances Regulation/compliance risks (e.g. REACh)

• Critical Materials Supply risks (e.g. price volatility, conflict minerals)

• ‘ecoinvent’ Key Materials Indicators Reference eco data compiled by the Swiss Centre for Life

Cycle Inventories

Drivers for managing restricted substances

Cost

Tin Whisker Growth on Pure Tin

Regulatory compliance

Environmental risk

Security of supply

Marketing / Market share / Customer requirements

Brand image

The importance of early intervention

Granta focuses on earlier intervention

Conventional response to

environmental objectives

REACH Driving SubstitutionYears from the start of the REACH process

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Phase of the REACH Process

Pressure

Proposed

Candidate

Recommended

Annex XIV

Sunset

A

A: Pressure groups lobby for particular substances: substance starts to feel regulatory and/or supply chain pressure. E.g. SIN List, ETUC.

BC

DE

F

B: List of proposed ‘Candidate List substances’ is issued. Substance manufacturers may decide to withdraw from market .

C: Substances added to Candidate List. Legal obligations apply if any of these substances are present in products > 0.1 wt% (Article 33, Article 7).

D: Recommendation for substances to move from Candidate List to Annex XIV list.Users need to lobby hard for continued use of the substance.

E: Substances on Annex XIV list. Users must apply for authorisation to continue use. This will be application specific and for a defined sunset period (usually < 4 years).

F: End of Sunset period for substance. Substance cannot be placed on market within EU.

~ 3000

161

151

38

22

0

E.g. DEHP 7.5 years from Annex XV Dossier to Sunset

Date (30/06/2008 21/02/2015)

Consists of:

• Nearly 7,000 records, each describing a specific restricted substance.

• The details of over 80 pieces of national and internationallegislation, regulations, and industry standards that regulate the use of such substances. New legislation is continually added and existing legislation is monitored and updated.

• Compiled and maintained by Granta Design, guided by the EMIT Consortium.

Restricted Substance Data Module

Critical Materials & Conflict Minerals

Scarcity Political

Sources of Supply Disruption

Sup

ply

Ris

k

Economic importance

Critical Materials & Conflict Minerals

Critical raw materials for the EU – July 2010

96+% of supply from China, Brazil or Africa

Critical Materials Data Module

• A reference source that enables you to identify and understand supply risk for the materials used in your organization based on factors such as: Sourcing and geopolitical risk Abundance risk Monopoly of supply Environmental country risk Conflict mineral risk Price volatility risk

• Provides supply risk data for 65 key elements

• Elements are linked to the materials in which they can be found, enabling you to identify at-risk materials

ecoinvent Key Materials Indicators

Environmental data supplied by worlds’ leading life cycle inventory database provider, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories.

High-quality generic datasets are based on industrial data

Compiled by internationally renowned research institutes and LCA consultants.

Focus: Materials and processes

Indicators covered• Cumulative energy demand (Embodied energy)• Global warming potential (Carbon footprint in CO2-equiv)• Water consumption • Abiotic depletion potential (resource consumption)

Product Risk data in action

Demonstration

Extensive property and process reference data enables

Design for low carbon footprint and energy efficiency, Assessment of critical materials supply risks Track restricted substances legislation and its impact on

substances, materials, and coatings.

For more information see:http://www.grantadesign.com/products/data/eco.htm

Summary

Interested in the Granta technology?• Software tools and/or data (engineering, economic, eco…)

Contact us to discuss your requirements• www.grantadesign.com/contact/• info@grantadesign.com

Current offers (expiring in June) include:• Extended access for new data added to existing licenses• ‘Bundle pricing’ for MaterialUniverse + Critical Materials +

Restricted Substances + ecoinvent Key Materials Indicators

Next steps