ecuadorians in the united states, 1980 - 2008

8/6/2019 Ecuadorians in the United States, 1980 - 2008

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Ecuadorians in the United Stat19802008

Laird W. Bergad

DirectorCenter for Latin American, Caribbean

& Latino Studies

in conjunction with the National Secretafor Immigrant Affairs - Ecuador

raduate Centerty University of New York65 Fifth Avenueoom 5419ew York, New York 10016

12-817-8438

[email protected]

tp://web.gc.cuny.edu/lastudies

Latino Data Project - Report 40 - December 20

4-15 Queens Plaza NorthGround Floor)C, New York 11101

8-803-3086/718-803-3097

tp://www.senami.gov.ec


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The Center for Latin American, Caribbean and Latino Studies is a research insti-tute that works for the advancement of the study of Latin America, the Caribbean, andLatinos in the United States in the doctoral programs at the CUNY Graduate Center.One of its major priorities is to provide funding and research opportunities to Latinostudents at the Ph.D. level.

For additional information you may contact the Center at 212-817-8438 or by e-mail at [email protected].

Staff:

Laird W. Bergad, Distinguished Professor, Latin American and Puerto Rican Studies,Lehman College, Ph.D. Program in History, Executive Director, CLACLS

Teresita Levy. Assistant Professor, Latin American and Puerto Rican Studies,Lehman College, Associate Director

Carolina Barrera-Tobn, Administrative Director

Victoria Stone-Cadena, Director of Special Projects

Laura Limonic, Director of Quantitative Research

Marcela Gonzlez, Research Associate

The National Secretariat for Immigrant Affairs of Ecuador (SENAMI) was created in2007 in order to focus on the countrys large migrant population abroad, and to serve

foreign migrants residing on Ecuadorian soil. As part of this effort, SENAMI has set upa network of agencies in different cities around the world to provide vital services toEcuadorian migrants. The Casas Ecuatorianas cooperate with embassies and consu-lates to bring the governments programs and projects to Ecuadorians abroad, with theultimate goal of protecting the rights of migrants living abroad and helping them im-prove their quality of life. The Casas Ecuatorianas are also spaces which helpstrengthen national identity and the links among Ecuadorians abroad, and Ecuadoriansabroad and their home. Casa Ecuatoriana NY offers many services, including but notlimited to: free legal counsel on migration-related issues; information about theWelcome Home Plan; free ESL, computer, and GED classes; events to promote Ecua-dorian culture; comprehensive assistance to those in vulnerable situations; and re-search and events on migratory policy.


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Table of ContentsFigures...4Tables..5

Population....6Income.16Poverty.21Education.23EmploymentandUnemployment.27

EnglishLanguageAbilities.32Citizenship.35Race..35MarriagePatterns...40OccupationalStructures.42BirthRatesandFertility43

HealthInsuranceCoverage..46Remittances.47Summary..49MethodologicalNote.51

Latino Data Project Report 40 December 2010

Ecuadorians in the United States, 19802008 3


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Figures

1. EcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStates,1950-2008..62. EstimatesofEcuadorianMigrationtotheUnitedStatesbyDecade,1950-2008.73. BirthplaceofEcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStates,1980-2008....8

4.EstimatesofWhenForeign-BornEcuadorianswereNaturalizedbyDecadeasof2008...85. PercentageofEcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStatesLivinginNewYorkandNewJersey, 19802008.....106. PercentageofEcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStatesLivinginNewYork,NewJersey, Florida,California,Connecticut,andIllinois,19802008...117. PercentageofEcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStatesLivinginNewYorkCity, 19802008.128. PercentageofEcuadorianPopulationofNewYorkandNewJerseyStatesLiving InNewYorkCity,19802008...129. SexDistributionofEcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStatesbyNativity,19802008....1310.AgePyramidEcuadorianDomestic-BornPopulation,2008.....1411.AgePyramidEcuadorianForeign-BornPopulation,2008......1512.AgePyramidTotalEcuadorianPopulation,2008....1513.MedianHouseholdIncomeAmongEcuadorians,1980-2008...1614.MedianHouseholdIncomeofEcuadoriansComparedwithotherRace/EthnicGroupsand LargestLatinoNationalSubgroups,2008..1715.MedianHouseholdIncomeAmongEcuadoriansbyNativity,19802008...1816.MedianHouseholdIncomeAmongEcuadoriansbySex,1980-2008..........1817.PercentageofEcuadorianHouseholdsEarningLessthan$20,000,Morethan$75,000, Morethan$100,000,1980-2008(ininflationadjusted2008dollars)..1918.PercentageofTotalHouseholdIncomeControlledbyEcuadorianHouseholdsEarningMore than$75,000,andmorethan$100,000,1980-2008(ininflationadjusted2008dollars).....2019.PercentageofEcuadorianslivinginPovertycomparedwithotherRace/EthnicGroups andLargestLatinoNationalSubgroups,2008...2120.PercentageofEcuadoriansLivinginPovertybyNativity,1980-2008.22

21.PercentageofEcuadoriansLivinginPovertybySex,1980-2008..2222.PercentageofEcuadorianswhohadnotGraduatedHighSchool,orAchievedaB.A. DegreeofHigherforPopulation25YearsofAgeandOlderComparedwithMajor Race/EthnicGroupsandLargestLatinoNationalSubgroups,2008.....2423.PercentageofEcuadorianswhodidnotGraduateHighSchoolorAchievedaB.A.Degree orHigherbySex,Population25YearsofAgeorOlder,1980-2008.....2524.PercentageofEcuadorianswhodidnotGraduateHighSchoolorAchievedaB.A.Degree orHigherbyNativityandSexforPopulation25YearsofAgeandOlder,1980-2008.....2625.MedianHouseholdIncomebyEducationalAttainmentLevelAmongEcuadoriansinthe UnitedStates,2008....2726.EmploymentandUnemploymentamongEcuadorians,1980-2008,PopulationAges1660......2827.PercentageofEcuadoriansEmployed,1980-2008PopulationAges16-60bySex...29

28.PercentageofEcuadoriansNotintheLaborForce,1980-2008PopulationAges16-60 BySex......2929.PercentageofEcuadoriansUnemployed,1980-2008PopulationAges16-60bySex...3030.EmploymentRatesforEcuadoriansbySexandNativity,1980-2008Population

Ages16-60...3031.EmploymentRatesamongEcuadoriansintheUnitedStatescomparedwithRace/Ethnic GroupsandLargestLatinoNationalSubgroups,2008(PopulationAges1660)......31




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32.UnemploymentRatesamongEcuadoriansintheUnitedStatescomparedwithRace/Ethnic GroupsandLargestLatinoNationalSubgroups,2008(PopulationAges16-60)....3133.NotinLaborForceRatesamongEcuadoriansintheUnitedStatescomparedwithRace EthnicGroupsandLargestLatinoNationalSubgroups,2008(PopulationAges16-60).....3234.EnglishLanguageAbilitiesamongEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,1980-2008.3335.EnglishLanguageAbilitiesamongForeign-BornEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,

1980-2008..3336.EnglishLanguageAbilitiesamongDomestic-BornEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates, 1980-2008..3437.LanguageSpokenatHomebyEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,1980-2008..3438.PercentageofEcuadorianswhoSpokeSpanishatHomeintheUnitedStatesbyNativity...3539.CitizenshipStatusforEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,1980-2008...3640.RacialSelfDeclarationsamongEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,19802008...3741.EcuadoriansintheUnitedStateswhoSelfDeclaredasWhitebyNativity,1980-2008....3742.EcuadoriansintheUnitedStateswhoSelfDeclaredas"SomeOtherRace"byNativity 19802008..3843.MedianHouseholdIncomebyRaceAmongEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,2008.................3844.PercentageofEcuadoriansLivinginPovertybyRace,2008..39

45.PercentageofEcuadoriansAges25andOverwithaB.A.DegreeorHigherbyRace,2008....3946.PercentageofEcuadorianHouseholdHeadsMarriedtoOtherEcuadoriansbySex, 19802008...4047.PercentageofEcuadorianHouseholdHeadsMarriedtoLatinoswhowerenot LatinosbySex,19802008..4148.PercentageofEcuadorianHouseholdHeadsMarriedtoLatinosincludingEcuadorians BySex,19802008....4149.PercentageofEcuadorianHouseholdHeadsMarriedtoNon-HispanicWhites BySex,19082008....4250.CrudeBirthRatesbyLatinoNationalitiesandMajorRace/EthnicGroups,2008..4551.FertilityRatesbyLatinoNationalitiesandMajorRace/EthnicGroups,2008...4552.PercentageofEcuadorianswithvarioustypesofHealthInsurance,2008....4653.RemittancesfromtheU.S.2005-2008(inmillionsofU.S.dollars)..4754.CountryOriginsofRemittancestoEcuador,2008(inpercentagesoftotalremittances..4855.RemittancestoEcuadorasPercentageofEcuadorGDP,2003-2009..4856.RelationshipofRemittanceSenderstoEcuadorianFamilies,2007..49Tables

1. EcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStatesbyNativity,19802008.....82. NumberofEcuadoriansGrantedCitizenshipandPermanentResidencyintheUnited States,20002009.........93. EcuadorianPopulationbyLargestStatesofSettlement,1980-2008....114. HouseholdIncomeStructureAmongEcuadorianHouseholds,1980-2008...205. DetailedEducationalAttainmentLevelsforEcuadorians25YearsofAgeandOlderby

Sex,2008...236. DetailedEducationalAttainmentLevelsforEcuadorians25YearsofAgeandOlderby Nativity,2008..277. OccupationalStructureamongEcuadoriansAges16andOverbySexandNativity,200844




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PopulationTheEcuadorianpopulationoftheUnitedStatesincreasedquitedramaticallyafter1970whenthe

U.S.CensusBureauestimatedthattherewereslightlyover35,000EcuadorianslivingintheU.S.In2008thispopulationhadrisentoover600,000.1(Seefigure1).MigrationfromEcuadorincreased

ineachdecadeafter1950andtherearenoindicationsthatmigrationhasslowedorwilldiminishinthefuture.MoreEcuadorianmigrantsarrivedbetween2000and2008thaninanypreviousdecade.(Seefigure2).



1UnlessotherwisenotedalldatainthisreportwerederivedfromtheU.S.CensusBureau,PublicUseMicrodataSam-plesforthenationalcensusesof1900,through2000andtheAmericanCommunitySurvey2008asorganizedandmadeavailablebyStevenRuggles,J.TrentAlexander,KatieGenadek,RonaldGoeken,MatthewB.Schroeder,andMatthewSobek. IntegratedPublicUseMicrodataSeries:Version5.0[Machine-readabledatabase].Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesota, 2010, found at the internet sitehttp://usa.ipums.org/usa/. All datawasanalyzedusingSPSS,StatisticalPackagefortheSocialSciences.AfterthisreportwaswrittentheCensusBureaureleaseddatafor2009whichindicatedthattherewereover690,000EcuadoriansresidentintheU.S.

1,726 10,271

35,252

110,164

196,874

392,054

609,762

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2008

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Thousands

Figure1EcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStates,1950-2008

Note:TherearenodataonEcuadorianspriorto1950.


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TheabsoluteandrelativenumbersofEcuadorianswhowerebornintheUnitedStatesincreasedsteadilyafter1980,althoughongoingmigrationfromEcuadormeantthattheEcuadorian-bornper-

centageofallEcuadoriansremaineddominant,onlydecliningmarginallybetween1980and2008.In1980about81%ofthetotalEcuadorianpopulationwasborninEcuador;by2008thishadfallentoabout69%.(Seefigure3andtable1).SincetherearenoindicationsofawaningofmigrationfromEcuador,anditmaybeanticipatedthatthenumberofEcuadorianmigrantswillcontinuetoincreasein the future, itis likely that theoverwhelmingdemographicpredominanceofthe foreign-bornwillcontinueamongtheEcuadorianpopulationoftheU.S.despiteimpressivegrowthofthedomestic-born.Between 1950 and 2008 foreign-born Ecuadorians constantly sought citizenship in the U.S.

throughnaturalization.Dataindicatethatafter2000thisprocessintensified,perhapsbecauseoftheexplicitlyanti-immigrantpoliticalsentimentswhichhavelamentablysweptthenation,especiallyaftertheeconomicdownturnof2006-2008.AbouthalfofthetotalnumberofnaturalizedEcuadoriansaf-ter1950receivedU.S.citizenshipbetween2000and2008.(Seefigure4).Additionallydataareavailablebetween2000and2009onthenumberofEcuadoriansseeking

permanentresidencyintheU.S.aswellasthoseseekingcitizenship.Thesedataindicatethatnear-ly108,000foreign-bornEcuadoriansacquiredacovetedgreencardandthatover75,000acquiredU.S.citizenshipafter2000.(Seefigure4andtable2).Thismeansthatabout44%oftheEcuadorianforeign-bornpopulationlivingintheU.S.in2008(418,117seetable1),eitherbecamepermanentresidentsorcitizensoftheU.S.inonlyeightyears.



6,481

29,004

42,470

67,225

131,443

141,389

1950-5

9

1960-6

9

1970-7

9

1980-8

9

1990-9

9

2000-0

8

0

50

100

150

Thousands

Figure2EstimatesofEcuadorianMigrationtotheUnitedStatesbyDecade,1950-2008


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81.3%

72.4%74.4%

68.6%

18.7%

27.6%25.6%

31.4%

1980

1990

2000

2008

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

BorninU.S. BorninEcuador

Figure3BirthplaceofEcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStates,1980-2008

Note:Discrepenciesinthetotalpopulationindicatedinthistable

(190,899)andthetotalEcuadorianpopulationindicatedinFigure1(196,874)arebecauseofthefactthattherewere'missingvalues'forthenativityof5,975Ecuadoriansinthe1990data.

TheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityestimatedthattherewereabout110,000undocumentedEcuadoriansresidingintheUnitedStatesin2000and170,000in2009.SeeU.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity,OfficeofImmigrationStatistics,MichaelHoefer,NancyRytina,andBryan

C.Baker,"EstimatesoftheUnauthorizedImmigrantPopulationResidingintheUnitedStates:January2009."

DomesticBorn

%ofTotal

ForeignBorn

%ofTotal Total

1980 20,455 18.7% 89,109 81.3% 109,5641990 52,599 27.6% 138,300 72.4% 190,8992000 100,278 25.6% 291,776 74.4% 392,0542008 191,645 31.4% 418,117 68.6% 609,762

Table1EcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStates

byNativity,1980-2008


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0.6%2.8%

5.9%8.7%

31.8%

50.0%

195

0-5

9

196

0-6

9

197

0-7

9

198

0-8

9

199

0-9

9

2000-

2008

Decade

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

Note:Atotalof156,111Ecuadorianswereestimatedtohavebeennaturalizedby2008.

Figure4EstimatesofWhenForeign-BornEcuadorianswereNaturalizedbyDecadeasof2008

(inpercentages)

PermanentResidency Citizenship

2000 7,624 9,4542001 9,654 6,5472002 10,524 6,3922003 7,022 5,0612004 8,366 5,6162005 11,528 7,0912006 17,624 8,321

2007 12,011 7,2292008 11,541 11,9082009 12,083 7,609

Total 107,977 75,228

Table2NumberofEcuadoriansGranted

CitizenshipandPermanentResidencyintheUnitedStates,2000-2009

Source:DepartmentofHomelandSecurity,OfficeofImmigrationStatistics,"2009YearbookofImmigrationStatistics"August2010.


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TheEcuadorianpopulationoftheU.S.washeavilyconcentratedinthestatesofNewYorkand

NewJerseybetween1980and2008.About60%ofallEcuadorianswereconcentratedinthesetwostatesacrossthistimeperiod.(Seefigure5).In1980CaliforniawasthethirdlargeststateofEcua-doriansettlementwithabout16%ofthetotalpopulationlivingthere.Butthischangedsignificantlyby2008whenthepercentageofallEcuadorianslivinginCaliforniafelltoabout6%.Florida,howev-

er,experiencedsubstantialpopulationgrowthandbecamethethirdlargeststatewhereEcuadorianslivedat10%ofthetotalpopulation.(Seetable3andfigure6).NewYorkCityhadthegreatestconcentrationofEcuadoriansintheU.S.In198043%ofthetotal

populationlivedintheCity,andalthoughthisfellto33%in2008,NewYorkCitywasstillaplaceofheavyEcuadorianpopulationconcentration.(Seefigure7).Additionally,by2008about55%ofallEcuadorianslivinginthestatesofNewYorkandNewJerseylivedintheCity,althoughthiswasadeclinefromthe71%of1980. Thisindicates thattherewasaprocessofsuburbanizationamongEcuadorianslivingintheNewYorkmetropolitanarea,althoughtherewasstillheavyconcentrationintheCityitself.(Seefigure8).



60.4% 60.0%62.2%

60.5%

1980 1990 2000 2008

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

Figure5PercentageofEcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStates

LivinginNewYorkandNewJersey,1980-2008


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Population%ofTotal Population

%ofTotal Population

%ofTotal Population

%ofTotal

NewYork 52,350 47.5% 91,709 46.6% 176,770 45.1% 259,494 42.6%NewJersey 14,192 12.9% 26,488 13.5% 67,126 17.1% 109,155 17.9%Florida 5,588 5.1% 15,932 8.1% 39,477 10.1% 61,226 10.0%California 17,874 16.2% 29,002 14.7% 33,893 8.6% 36,170 5.9%Connecticut 1,320 1.2% 3,458 1.8% 9,152 2.3% 25,975 4.3%Illinois 6,308 5.7% 9,249 4.7% 18,678 4.8% 21,819 3.6%Pennsylvania 480 0.4% 1,211 0.6% 4,230 1.1% 13,399 2.2%Texas 1,583 1.4% 3,467 1.8% 6,082 1.6% 12,816 2.1%NorthCarolina 480 0.4% 771 0.4% 2,559 0.7% 10,633 1.7%Minnesota 200 0.2% 134 0.1% 3,266 0.8% 8,200 1.3%Virginia 1,568 1.4% 3,126 1.6% 3,768 1.0% 7,145 1.2%

Arizona 441 0.4% 298 0.2% 1,298 0.3% 5,808 1.0%Maryland 1,600 1.5% 2,636 1.3% 3,778 1.0% 5,806 1.0%Others 6,180 5.6% 9,393 4.8% 21,977 5.6% 32,116 5.3%

Total 110,164 100.0% 196,874 100.0% 392,054 100.0% 609,762 100.0%

Table3EcuadorianPopulationbyLargestStatesofSettlement,1980-2008

(inorderoflargestconcentrationsin2008)

1980 1990 2000 2008

42.6%

17.9%

10.0%

5.9%

4.3%

3.6%

45.1%

17.1%

10.1%

8.6%

2.3%

4.8%

46.6%

13.5%

8.1%

14.7%

1.8%

4.7%

47.5%

12.9%

5.1%

16.2%

1.2%

5.7%

NewYork

NewJersey

Florida

California

Connecticut

Illinois

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure6PercentageofEcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStatesLivingin

NewYork,NewJersey,Florida,California,ConnecticutandIllinois,1980-2008


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71.1%

68.4%

59.9%

54.9%

1980 1990 2000 2008

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

Figure8PercentageofEcuadorianPopulationofNewYorkandNewJerseyStates

LivinginNewYorkCity,1980-2008

47,33080,862

146,200202,411

43.0% 41.1%

37.3%

33.2%

1980 1990 2000 2008

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

Figure7PercentageofEcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStates

LivinginNewYorkCity,1980-2008

47,33080,862

146,200202,411


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The sex distribution of Ecuadorianswas fairly equitable between 1980 and 2008, especiallyamongimmigrantstotheU.S.Therewasnearparityintheratioofmalestofemalesamongdomes-tic-bornEcuadoriansin2008withmalesatabout53%.About52%ofallforeign-bornEcuadorianslivingintheU.S.werefemales,48%weremalesin2008.Thiswashardlychangedfromtheratiosexistingamongtheforeignbornin1980.ThisindicatesthatmigrationfromEcuadorwasfairlybal-ancedbysexandthesedataalsosuggestthatfamilymigrationmayhavebeenanimportantpartofthemigratoryprocess.(Seefigure9).

52.9%

47.1%

48.3%

51.7%

50.2%

49.8%

51.9%

48.1%

50.0%

50.0%

48.5%

51.5%

51.7%

48.3%

48.5%

51.5%

DomesticBornMales

DomesticBornFemales

ForeignBornMales

ForeignBornFemales

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure9SexDistributionofEcuadorianPopulationoftheUnitedStatesbyNativity,1980-2008


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TheagestructureofEcuadoriansbornintheU.S.demonstratetheclassicpatternsofapopula-

tionwithafairlyhighbirthrate.Thiswascharacterizedbyaheavyconcentrationofchildrenundertheageof20.About69%ofalldomestic-bornEcuadorianswere19yearsofageandunderin2008.(Seefigure10).Theforeign-bornEcuadorianpopulationhadaheavyconcentrationofpeople,bothmalesandfemales,intheworking-agecategories.Closeto64%ofallforeign-bornEcuadoriansliv-

ingintheU.S.in2008werebetween20and49yearsofage.(Seefigure11).Becauseofthefactthatnearlythree-quartersofallEcuadoriansintheU.S.wereforeign-bornin2008,therewasaclus-teringofthetotalEcuadorianpopulationintheworkingagecategoriesasindicatedinfigure12.



0.2

0.0

0.1

0.5

1.5

4.9

5.6

10.2

22.2

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.8

1.7

7.5

8.1

13.2

23.1

80-89

70-79

60-69

50-59

40-49

30-39

20-29

10-19

0-9

Males Females

Figure10AgePyramidEcuadorianDomestic-BornPopulation,2008

(inpercentagesoftotalpopulation)

Males=104,852 Females=86,793

SexRatio=121malesper100females


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0.1

1.8

2.4

4.9

6.2

10.6

9.6

7.6

3.9

0.7

0.6

1.6

3.1

6.1

11.5

13.9

10.5

3.6

1.3

90-99

80-89

70-79

60-69

50-59

40-49

30-39

20-29

10-19

0-9

Males Females

Figure11AgePyramidEcuadorianForeign-BornPopulation,2008


0.0





0.1

1.3

1.7

3.4

4.4

7.8

8.1

0.7

5.9

7.5

0.4

1.1

2.2

4.4

8.4

11.9

9.7

6.6

8.1

90-99

80-89

70-79

60-69

50-59

40-49

30-39

20-29

0-10

0-9

Males Females

Figure12AgePyramidTotalEcuadorianPopulation,2008


0.0


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IncomeThemedianhouseholdincomesofEcuadoriansintheUnitedStatesincreasedsteadilybetween

1980and2008(ininflation-adjusteddollars),althoughgrowthwasslowerbetween2000and2008whichmayhavebeenlinkedtotheU.S.economicdownturnafter2006.However,Ecuadorianmedi-

anhousehold income in2008was among the highest among themostnumerousLatinonationalsubgroupsintheU.S.andwasonlysurpassedbyAsians,non-Hispanicwhites,Colombians,andPe-ruvians.(Seefigures13and14).



$61,511$60,760$57,097

$44,570

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

Thousands

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure13

MedianHouseholdIncomeAmongEcuadorians,1980-2008(ininflationadjusted2008dollars)


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Although foreign-bornEcuadoriansearnedslightlygreatermedian household incomes in1980

and1990thanthedomesticborn,therewasamajorshiftby2000thatcontinuedto2008.Domestic-bornEcuadorianhouseholdsearnedsubstantiallymorein2008,medianincomesof$67,723,com-paredwiththeforeign-born,$59,372.(Seefigure15).Thiswasclearlylinkedtothefactthatdomes-tic-bornEcuadorianshadsignificantlyhighereducationalattainmentlevelsin2008thantheforeign-born,whichwillbedetailedlaterinthisreport.Therewasnot,however,verymuchofadifference inmedianhouseholdincomesbysex. Alt-

houghmales earned higher household incomes than females, the difference was marginal in allyearsbetween1980and2008.InlargepartthismayhavebeenlinkedtothefactthatEcuadorianwomen, foreign ordomesticborn,hadvery similar college graduation ratescomparedwithmen.(Seefigure16).



$85,137

$69,250

$63,140

$62,478

$61,511

$60,085

$52,956

$50,919

$50,919

$48,883

$45,420

$44,402

Asians

NHWhites

Colombians

Peruvians

EcuadoriansCubans

Salvadorans

PuertoRicans

Guatemalans

Mexicans

Dominicans

NHBlacks

$0 $10 $20 $30 $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90

Thousands

Figure14MedianHouseholdIncomeofEcuadoriansComparedwithotherRace/EthnicGroups

andLargestLatinoNationalSubgroups,2008


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$44,944

$57,865 $59,458 $59,372

$43,060

$55,604

$64,480

$67,723

1980 1990 2000 2008

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

Thousands

DomesticBorn ForeignBorn

Figure15MedianHouseholdIncomeAmongEcuadoriansbyNativity,1980-2008

(ininflationadjusted2008dollars)

$43,886

$55,420$58,776 $60,085

$45,485

$59,903$62,000 $62,936

1980 1990 2000 2008

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

Thousands

Male Female

Figure16MedianHouseholdIncomeAmongEcuadoriansbySex,1980-2008



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ThereisevidenceofincreasingprosperityamongEcuadorianhouseholdsintheU.S.First,thepercentageofhouseholdsinthepoorestsocioeconomicstrata,thoseearningunder$20,000annu-ally,declinedfrom15%to10%ofallhouseholdsbetween1980and2008.Second,thepercentageofallEcuadorianhouseholdsearningover$75,000yearlyrosefrom18%in1980tonearly39%in2008. Finally, at the highest income-earning levels, Ecuadorian households earning more than

$100,000annuallyincreasedfrom7%ofallhouseholdsin1980to24%in2008.(Seefigure17).Aswas the case with other race/ethnic groups and Latino national subgroups in the United

States,therewasanincreasingconcentrationofincomeamongthewealthiestEcuadorianhouse-holdsbetween1980and2008.Householdsearningmorethan$75,000controlledabout38%ofallincomederivedbyallEcuadorianhouseholdsin1980,butthisincreasedto66%ofallincomein2008. Ecuadorianhouseholdsearningmorethan$100,000controlled19%ofall income in1980and50%in2008.Again,thisprogressiveconcentrationofwealthwasnotuniquetoEcuadorians,butageneralizedphenomenonwithinU.S.society.(Seefigure18andtable4forcompletedata).

9.9%

38.5%

23.6%

10.6%

38.3%

22.9%

12.9%

34.1%

19.4%

15.5%

18.4%

7.1%

Lessthan$20,000 Morethan$75,000 Morethan$100,000

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure17PercentageofEcuadorianHouseholdsEarningLessthan$20,000,Morethan$75,000,

Morethan$100,000,1980-2008(ininflationadjusted2008dollars)


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66.3%

49.5%

66.2%

48.2%

60.4%

41.5%38.1%

19.1%

Morethan$75,000 Morethan$100,000

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure18PercentageofTotalHouseholdIncomeControlledbyEcuadorianHouseholdsEarningMorethan$75,000,

andmorethan$100,000,1980-2008(ininflationadjusted2008dollars)

%ofIncome

%ofHouseholds

%ofIncome

%ofHouseholds

%ofIncome

%ofHouseholds

%ofIncome Househ

essthan10,000 0.6% 5.0% 0.4% 4.2% 0.3% 3.6% 0.2% 2

0,000-19,999 3.2% 10.5% 1.9% 8.6% 1.4% 6.9% 1.5% 70,000-29,999 5.9% 12.1% 3.3% 8.9% 3.0% 8.9% 3.0% 9

0,000-39,999 11.1% 15.9% 5.1% 9.9% 5.0% 10.6% 4.4% 90,000-49,999 13.2% 14.8% 6.9% 10.4% 6.1% 10.0% 5.7% 9

0,000-74,999 28.0% 23.3% 21.9% 23.9% 18.0% 21.6% 18.9% 23

5,000-99,999 19.0% 11.3% 18.9% 14.7% 18.0% 15.4% 16.8% 1400,000-199,999 19.1% 7.1% 33.8% 17.5% 35.5% 20.0% 35.9% 2000,000+ - - 7.7% 1.9% 12.7% 2.9% 13.6% 3

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100

Table4HouseholdIncomeStructureAmongEcuadorianHouseholds,1980-2008


1980 1990 2000 2008


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Poverty2TheEcuadorianpopulationoftheUnitedStatesnotonlyhadrelativelyhighmedianhousehold

incomes,butincomparativeperspectiveEcuadoriansalsohadfairlylowpovertyrateswhencom-paredwithotherracial/ethnicgroupsandLatinonationalsubgroupsintheU.S.Thepovertyratewas

about 15% of the total Ecuadorian population in 2008. Only Colombians, Asians, non-Hispanicwhites,andPeruvianshadlowerpovertyrates.(Seefigure19).Thesepovertyratesdeclinedgraduallybetween1980and2008forbothforeignanddomestic-

bornEcuadoriansandbysex.TheoverallpovertyrateforallEcuadoriansin1980was18%andin2008itwas15%.(Seefigure20).Ecuadorianwomenhadslightlyhigherpovertyrates(16%)thanEcuadorianmen(14%)in2008,althoughthisrepresentedadeclineforbothsexesfrom1980.Thesedataarefoundinfigure21.



27.5%

24.9%

24.2%

23.5%

21.4%

16.6%

15.1%

15.0%

11.9%

11.0%

10.3%

10.3%

NHBlacks

PuertoRicans

Dominicans

Mexicans

Guatemalans

Salvadorans

Cubans

Ecuadorians

Colombians

Asians

NHWhites

Peruvians

Figure19PercentageofEcuadorianslivinginPovertycomparedwithotherRace/EthnicGroups

andLargestLatinoNationalSubgroups,2008

2PovertyforindividualsiscalculatedbytheU.S.CensusBureauusingamathematicalmodelwhichincorporatesincomeandfamilysize,ratherthananabsoluteincomelevel.


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14.4%

16.1%15.0%

17.5%

15.2%

16.9%

14.8%

19.7%

16.2%17.1%

21.2%

17.9%

ForeignBorn DomesticBorn Total

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure20PercentageofEcuadoriansLivinginPovertybyNativity,1980-2008

14.2%

15.8%15.0%

15.4%

18.4%

16.9%

13.8%

18.4%

16.1%16.8%

19.0%17.9%

Males Females Total

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure21PercentageofEcuadoriansLivinginPovertybySex,1980-2008


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EducationEcuadorianadultslivingintheU.S.,whetherdomesticorforeign-born,maleorfemale,hadfairly

impressivelevelsofeducationalattainmentin2008incomparativeperspectiveandtherehadbeenconstantimprovementssince1980.AmongallEcuadorians25yearsofageandolder,about44%

hadnotgraduatedhighschoolin1980,butthisdroppedto27%by2008.Overthesameperiodoftimethecollegegraduationrateincreasedfrom10%ofalladultEcuadoriansin1980to22%in2008whichwasahighercollegegraduationratethanfoundamongmostLatinonationalsubgroupswiththeexceptionofPeruvians,Colombians,andCubans.(Seefigure22).Amongdomestic-bornEcuadorianmenandwomenthecollegegraduationratewashigherthan

amonganyotherracialandethnicgroupintheUnitedStates. In2008animpressive43%ofdo-mestic-bornEcuadorianwomen25yearsofageandolderhadgraduatedfromcollegewithB.A.de-greesandthecorrespondingfigurefordomestic-bornmaleswas31%.Clearly,acquiringacollegeeducationisamajorpriorityamongtheEcuadorianpopulationoftheUnitedStates.Thesedataaresummarizedinfigures23and24.AswasthecaseamongallotherdemographicgroupsintheUnitedStates,medianhousehold

incomewascloselytiedtoeducationalattainmentlevels.IthasbeenpointedoutthatEcuadorianshadrelativelyhighmedianhouseholdincomesintheU.S.andthisisclearlybecauseofimprovingeducationalattainmentlevelswhichhavebeenachievedbyEcuadoriansbetween1980and2008.(Seefigure25for2008dataandtables5and6forcompletedata).

Male % Female % Total %

DidNotGraduateHighSchool 64,222 31.2% 55,457 29.7% 119,679 30.5%HighSchoolGraduate 59,519 28.9% 54,599 29.2% 114,118 29.1%SomeCollegeNoDegree 33,122 16.1% 31,967 17.1% 65,089 16.6%AssociatesDegree 10,618 5.2% 10,240 5.5% 20,858 5.3%B.A. 29,390 14.3% 22,776 12.2% 52,166 13.3%M.A. 5,678 2.8% 8,498 4.5% 14,176 3.6%ProfessionalDegree 2,396 1.2% 2,822 1.5% 5,218 1.3%Ph.D 648 0.3% 586 0.3% 1,234 0.3%

Total 205,593 100.0% 186,945 100.0% 392,538 100.0%

Note:DiscrepanciesinthetotalpercentageofEcuadorianswithaB.A.degreeorgreaterandforthosewhodidnotgraduatehighschoolwithdataindicatedinFigure23arebecauseofmissingvaluesforsexinthe2008ACSdatabase..

Table5DetailedEducationalAttainmentLevelsforEcuadorians25Years

ofAgeandOlderbySex,2008


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51.1%

51.0%

43.5%

35.1%

27.1%

25.3%

22.7%

20.4%14.9%

14.0%

10.8%

9.9%

Guatemalans

Salvadorans

Mexicans

Dominicans

EcuadoriansPuertoRicans

Cubans

NHBlacks

Colombians

Asians

Peruvians

NHWhites

50.9%

33.7%

31.9%

30.7%

27.4%

21.9%

18.6%

18.1%

16.9%

10.6%

10.4%

9.5%

Asians

Colombians

Peruvians

NHWhites

Cubans

EcuadoriansPuertoRicans

NHBlacks

Dominicans

Guatemalans

Mexicans

Salvadorans

DidnotGraduateHighSchool

B.A.DegreeorHigher

Figure22

PercentageofEcuadorianswhodidnotGraduateHighSchoolorAchieved

aB.A.DegreeorHigherforPopulation25YearsofAgeandOlderComparedwithMajorRace/EthnicGroupsandLargestLatinoNationalSubgroups,2008


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27.8% 26.5% 27.1%

37.4%34.6% 36.0%

37.0% 38.4% 37.7%40.4%

46.5%43.6%

Males Females Total

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

Figure23PercentageofEcuadorianswhodidnotGraduateHighSchoolorAchievedaB.A.Degree

orHigherbySex,Population25YearsofAgeorOlder,1980-2008

21.3% 22.5% 21.9%

14.2%15.0% 14.6%14.4%

10.9%12.5%

14.4%

6.1%

10.0%

Males Females Total

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008


B.A.DegreeorHigher


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30.6%28.6%

10.1% 10.2%

39.5%

37.1%

11.4%

8.5%

37.8%39.8%

18.2%

12.6%

41.0%

46.3%

17.2%

31.6%

Foreign-BornMalesForeign-BornFemales

Domestic-BornMalesDomestic-BornFemales

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

Figure24PercentageofEcuadorianswhodidnotGraduateHighSchoolorAchievedaB.A.DegreeorHigherbyNativityandSexforPopulation25YearsofAgeandOlder,1980-2008

19.8% 19.8%

30.7%

43.1%

13.0% 12.9%

28.2%

37.4%

13.7%

9.6%

28.9%

33.3%

13.9%

6.1%

34.5%

15.8%

Foreign-BornMalesForeign-BornFemales

Domestic-BornMalesDomestic-BornFemales

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008


B.A.DegreeorHigher


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DomesticBorn %

ForeignBorn % Total %

DidNotGraduateHighSchool 5,667 12.4% 114,012 32.9% 119,679 30.5%

HighSchoolGraduate 9,133 20.0% 104,985 30.3% 114,118 29.1%SomeCollegeNoDegree 10,068 22.0% 55,021 15.9% 65,089 16.6%

AssociatesDegree 5,788 12.6% 15,070 4.3% 20,858 5.3%B.A. 11,143 24.3% 41,023 11.8% 52,166 13.3%

M.A. 2,816 6.2% 11,360 3.3% 14,176 3.6%ProfessionalDegree 894 2.0% 4,324 1.2% 5,218 1.3%

Ph.D. 267 0.6% 967 0.3% 1,234 0.3%

Total 45,776 100.0% 346,762 100.0% 392,538 100.0%

Note:DiscrepanciesinthetotalpercentageofEcuadorianswithaB.A.degreeorgreaterandforthosewhodidnotgraduatehighschoolwithdataindicatedinFigure23are

becauseofmissingvaluesfornativityinthe2008ACSdatabase.

Table6DetailedEducationalAttainmentLevelsforEcuadorians25Years

ofAgeandOlderbyNativity,2008

$55,248$58,252

$61,511

$68,945

$76,379

$87,072

$79,434

$84,832

$0

$20

$40

$60

$80

$100

Thousands

Figure25MedianHouseholdIncomebyEducationalAttainmentLevelAmong

EcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,2008

Didnot

graduate

highschool

Some

college

nodegree

Associates

degree

Highschool

graduate

B.A.

degree

or

higher

M.A.

degree

Profess-

ional

degree

Ph.D.

degree


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Ecuadorians in the United States, 19802008 28Employment and UnemploymentEcuadoriansin theU.S.between16and60yearsofagehadvery lowunemploymentratesin

20085.2%whichwasaslightdeclinefrom5.5%in1980.Unemploymentratesonlymeasureindividualswhoare activelyseekingwork.Twootherusefulmeasuresof labormarket conditionsshouldbeexamined:theemploymentrateandthenot-in-the-laborforcerate,whichmeansthose

whowerenotactivelyseekingemploymentforwhateverreason.TheemploymentrateforallEcua-doriansaged1660was65%in1980andincreasedto75%in2008.Overthesameperiodthenotinthelaborforceratefellfrom29%to20%.(Seefigure26).ClearlyEcuadoriansintheU.S.becamemoreprogressively integrated into thework forceasmore immigrantsarrivedafter1980withtheobjectiveofseekingemployment.Thereweresomedifferencesinlabormarketconditionsbynativityandsex.Foreign-bornEcua-

dorianmalesbetweenages1660hadmuchhigheremploymentratesthandomestic-bornmeninthesameagecategoriesinallyearsbetween1980and2008.Thisisconsistentwiththeobserva-tionthatmigrantscametotheU.S.withtheobjectiveofseekingemployment.By200887%ofallmenofworkingagesborninEcuadorwereworkingcomparedwith70%amongU.S.-bornEcuadori-anmales.Thedifferentialamongwomenwasnotasgreat:some66%ofEcuadorian-bornwomen

wereemployed in2008comparedwith68%ofEcuadorianwomenbetweenages16and60whowerebornintheU.S..In2008Ecuadorianemploymentrateswereveryhigh(74.9%)incomparativeperspectivewhen

measuredagainstallotherrace/ethnicgroupsintheUnitedStatesandamongthemajorLatinona-tional subgroupsin thenation.OnlySalvadorans(76.6%)andPeruvians(76.7%)hadhigherem-ploymentrates.TheEcuadorianpopulationalsohadlowunemploymentandnotinthelaborforcerates.(Alloftheseemploymentdataarepresentedinfigures26through33).

74.9%

5.2%

19.9%

61.8%

5.9%

32.3%

70.5%

7.1%

22.3%

65.4%

5.5%

29.1%

Employed Unemployed NotinLaborForce

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure26EmploymentandUnemploymentamongEcuadorians,1980-2008

PopulationAges16-60


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40.7%

32.0%

39.4%

28.3%

16.7%

12.5%

25.9%

11.7%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Males Females

Figure28PercentageofEcuadoriansNotintheLaborForce,1980-2008

PopulationAges16-60bySex

54.3%

60.6%

54.1%

66.1%

77.2%

80.6%

68.8%

83.5%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Males Females

Figure27PercentageofEcuadoriansEmployed,1980-2008



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5.0%

7.4%

6.5%

5.6%

6.1%

6.9%

5.2%4.9%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Males Females

Figure29PercentageofEcuadoriansUnemployed,1980-2008


54.4%

60.2%

60.2%

65.6%

52.6%

62.7%

62.7%

68.0%

78.3%

83.8%

69.1%

87.1%

49.3%

60.0%

66.7%

70.0%

1980

1990

2000

2008

Domestic-BornMales

Foreign-BornMales

Domestic-BornFemales Foreign-BornFemales

Figure30EmploymentRatesforEcuadoriansbySexandNativity,1980-2008

PopulationAges16-60


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76.7%

76.6%

74.9%

74.8%

74.3%

74.0%

72.2%

71.6%

68.8%

67.6%

64.5%

63.1%

Peruvians

Salvadorans

EcuadoriansNHWhites

Colombians

Guatemalans

Cubans

Asians

Mexicans

Dominicans

PuertoRicans

NHBlacks

Figure31EmploymentRatesamongEcuadoriansintheUnitedStatescomparedwith

Race/EthnicGroupsandLargestLatinoNationalSubgroups,2008(PopulationAges16-60)

8.6%

7.2%

7.1%

5.6%

5.5%

5.5%

5.4%

5.2%

5.2%

4.6%

4.3%

3.9%

NHBlacks

Dominicans

PuertoRicans

Guatemalans

Cubans

Mexicans

Colombians

Salvadorans

EcuadoriansPeruvians

NHWhites

Asians

Figure32UnemploymentRatesamongEcuadoriansintheUnitedStatescomparedwith



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English Language AbilitiesWhetherforeignordomestic-born,EcuadoriansdemonstratedverycompetentEnglishlanguage

abilities,andthisisconsistentwiththehigheducationalattainmentlevelsfoundamongtheEcuadori-anpopulationoftheU.S.Evenin1980,some67%ofallEcuadoriansintheU.S.reportedspeakingEnglishexclusively,verywell,orwell.Thisroseslightlyto70%in2008.(Seefigure34).AstobeexpectednearlyallEcuadoriansbornand raised intheU.S.hadnearlycompleteEnglishcompe-tence.ButitisimpressivethattherewereveryhighratesofEnglishlanguageproficiencyamongfor-eign-bornEcuadoriansaswell.In1980about63%ofallforeign-bornEcuadoriansreportedgoodEnglish-languageabilities,andthiswasaboutthesamein2008at61%.(Seefigure35and36).Yet,bilingualismwasan importantpartofEcuadorianculture in theU.S.asthedominant lan-

guagespokenathomewasSpanish,althoughtherewereexpecteddifferencesbetweenthedomes-ticandforeignborn. In200891%ofallEcuadoriansspokeSpanishathome.Theratewas95%amongtheforeign-born.Itisimportanttonotethegrowthofadomestic-bornEcuadoriancultureintheU.S.between1980and2008withchanginglinguisticpreferences.In1980about86%ofalldo-mestic-bornEcuadoriansspokeSpanishathome,astheyinalllikelihoodlivedwiththeirSpanish-speakingparents.By2008however,thisfigurehadfallento78%.Thus,althoughSpanishwasstillthedominantlanguagespokenathomeevenbydomestic-bornEcuadorians,therewasanincreas-ingtendencytospeakEnglishathomeamongdomestic-bornEcuadorians.Thesedataaresumma-rizedinfigures37and38.



28.4%

28.3%

25.7%

25.1%

24.5%

22.3%

21.0%

20.5%

20.3%

19.9%

18.7%

18.3%

PuertoRicans

NHBlacks

Mexicans

Dominicans

Asians

Cubans

NHWhites

Guatemalans

Colombians

EcuadoriansPeruvians

Salvadorans

Figure33NotintheLaborForceRatesamongEcuadoriansintheUnitedStatescomparedwith



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66.9%

71.3%68.7% 70.1%

33.1%

28.7%31.3% 29.9%

1980 1990 2000 2008

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

Figure34EnglishLanguageAbilitiesamongEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,1980-2008

PopulationAges5andOlder

SpeaksEnglishExclusively,VeryWell,orWell

DoesnotSpeakEnglishorDoesnotSpeakWell

62.8% 65.0%61.1% 61.4%

37.2%35.0%

38.9% 38.6%

1980 1990 2000 2008

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

Figure35EnglishLanguageAbilitiesamongForeign-BornEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,1980-20





34/52



95.4%92.1% 92.2% 91.0%

4.9%7.9% 7.7% 8.4%

1980 1990 2000 2008

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

English Spanish

Figure37LanguageSpokenatHomebyEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,1980-2008


93.1% 95.0%97.0% 96.5%

6.9% 5.0% 3.0% 3.5%

1980 1990 2000 2008

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

Figure36EnglishLanguageAbilitiesamongDomestic-BornEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,

1980-2008PopulationAges5andOlder




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Citizenship

Becauseofnaturalizationamongforeign-bornEcuadorians,thecitizenshiprateincreasedsignifi-cantlybetween1980and2008.In1980about62%ofallEcuadoriansintheU.S.werenotcitizensandonly19%werenaturalized.By2008nearly63%oftheEcuadorianpopulationwerecitizensoftheU.S.About34%weredomestic-bornand29%werenaturalized.(Seefigure39).RaceTheissueofraceisacomplexoneforLatinAmericanandCaribbean-originpopulationsinthe

UnitedStatesbecauseofdifferentracialconceptualizationscomparedwiththeblack/whitedualismwhichhaslongbeenpresentintheUnitedStates.Thisisverydifferentfromthecomplexpatternsofracemixture inthe region inwhichthereareamultiplicityof racialclassifications, rather than thesimplistictwo-poleconceptprevalentintheU.S.Theissueisfurthercomplicatedbythewayinwhichdata are gathered on race by the U.S. Census Bureau, which fundamentally is based on self-declarationratherthanactualskincolororanyotherobjectivecriteria.Racialself-declarationsmayhavelittletodowithactualracialrealities,butratherpeoplesperceptionsofthemselves.Theseis-suesarefurthercomplicatedbyerroneousnotionsthatthetermHispanicorLatinorepresentsarace,whichtheydonot.Nevertheless,sincetheCensusBureaudoesmeasureraceitisusefultoreportitsfindingsevenifthesearemoreanexpressionofhowpeopleconceiveofthemselves,ra-therthananobjectiveobservationofskincolororrace.



96.8% 95.6% 95.1% 95.4%86.2%

79.5% 81.5% 77.6%

1980 1990 2000 2008

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%


Figure38PercentageofEcuadorianswhoSpokeSpanishatHomeintheUnitedStates

byNativity,1980-2008(PopulationAges5andOlder)


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Ecuadorianshaveconsistentlyconsideredthemselvestobewhiteratherthansomeotherrace

orblack,althoughtherehavebeenvariancesfromthisnormin1990and2000.However,itiscon-spicuousthatin198063%ofEcuadoriansdeclaredthemselvestobewhite,62%in2008.In198036%selfdeclaredtobeofsomeotherrace.By2008thisstoodat39%,notmuchofadifference.VeryfewEcuadoriansdeclaredthemselvestobeblack,orofAfricandescent.(Seefigure40).Therewasalmostnodifferentiationbetweenforeign-bornEcuadoriansandthosebornintheU.S.

in2008when62%ofbothcategories.Thissameparitywasevidentindeclarationsofsomeotherrace. Some37%ofbothforeignanddomesticbornEcuadoriansconsideredthemselvestobeofsomeotherracein2008.(Seefigures41and42forthesedata).Yet racedoesseem tomatter,althoughmarginally,whensocioeconomic indicators are exam-

ined.Thosewhoselfdeclaredaswhitehadhighermedianhouseholdincomesthantheotherracialcategories,althoughnotoverwhelminglyso.(Seefigure43).Yet,aboutthesamepercentageofEc-uadorianslivedinpovertywhethertheyselfdeclaredaswhite(14%)orsomeotherrace(13%).(Seefigure44).AdditionallyaslightlyhigherpercentageofwhiteEcuadoriansgraduatedcollegein2008(24%)thanEcuadoriansofsomeotherrace(19%).3(Seefigure45).



34.1%

28.7%

37.3%

27.5%25.2%

47.3%

29.2%

18.3%

52.4%

19.1% 18.9%

62.0%

U.S.CitizenbyBirth NaturalizedCitizen NotaCitizen

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure39CitizenshipStatusforEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,1980-2008

3ThedataonEcuadorianblacksarepresentedinfigures43through45,butitmustbekeptinmindthattheyarenotreliablebecauseoftheverysmallsamplesizesincesofewEcuadoriansselfdeclaredasblack.


37/52



0.7% 1.6% 0.8% 1.0%

36.4%

46.6%

51.7%

37.3%

62.9%

51.8%47.5%

61.8%

1980 1990 2000 2008

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

White SOR Black

Figure40RacialSelf-DeclarationsamongEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,1980-2008

Note:SORmeans"SomeOtherRace"

61.7%

49.6%47.3%

61.9%

68.7%

57.6%

47.9%

61.6%

1980 1990 2000 2008

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%


Figure41EcuadoriansintheUnitedStateswhoSelfDeclaredasWhitebyNativity,1980-2008


38/52



37.6%

48.7%

51.8%

37.3%

30.4%

40.8%

51.2%

37.2%

1980 1990 2000 2008

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%


Figure42EcuadoriansintheUnitedStateswhoSelfDeclaredas"SomeOtherRace"byNativity

1980-2008

$60,956$60,085$62,733

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

Thousands

White SomeotherRace Black

Figure43MedianHouseholdIncomebyRaceAmongEcuadoriansintheUnitedStates,2008

Note:ThesamplesizeforEcuadorianswhodeclaredthemselvestobe'black'isverysmallmaking

thedatanotstatisticallyreliable.


39/52



21.4%

12.8%

14.1%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%


Figure44PercentageofEcuadoriansLivinginPovertybyRace,2008



14.3%

19.4%

23.5%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%


Figure45PercentageofEcuadoriansAges25andOverwitha

B.A.DegreeorHigherbyRace,2008




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Marriage PatternsIntheirmarriagepatternsEcuadorianhouseholdheadspreferredtomarryotherEcuadoriansor

otherLatinosratherthannon-Hispanicwhitesorblacks.Yet,therewereimportantdifferencesbysex.In200869%ofallEcuadorianmalehouseholdheadsweremarriedtootherEcuadorianswhile

48%ofEcuadorianfemalehouseholdheadsmarriedotherEcuadorians.WithrespecttomarryingotherLatinostherewerealsosignificantdifferencesbysex.In2008about19%ofEcuadorianmalehouseholdheadsweremarried tonon-Ecuadorian Latinoswhile28%of female householdheadsmarriedLatinosofothernationalsubgroups. Thus,a totalof88%ofEcuadorianmalehouseholdheadsmarriedeitherotherEcuadoriansorLatinos,whileforwomenthecorrespondingfigurewas76%/Themajordifferentialwaswithrespecttomarriagepatternsbysextonon-Hispanicwhites.In2008only11%ofEcuadorianmalehouseholdheadsweremarriedtonon-Hispanicwhitescomparedwith22%ofEcuadorianfemalehouseholdheads.Thesedataaresummarizedinfigures46through49.



69.0%

47.9%

63.5%

72.3%

65.1%

71.4%

59.9%

51.2%

59.2%

65.1%

46.9%

64.3%

Males Females Total

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure46PercentageofEcuadorianHouseholdHeadsMarriedtoOtherEcuadoriansbySex

1980-2008


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18.7%

27.9%

21.1%

17.0%

21.7%

17.6%

25.5% 25.2% 25.5%

21.2%

36.7%

21.8%

Males Females Total

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure47PercentageofEcuadorianHouseholdHeadsMarriedtoLatinoswhowerenot

EcuadoriansbySex,1980-2008

87.7%

75.8%

84.6%89.3%

86.8%89.0%

85.4%

76.4%

84.7%86.2% 83.7%86.1%

Males Females Total

0.0%

40.0%

80.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure48PercentageofEcuadorianHouseholdHeadsMarriedtoLatinos

includingEcuadoriansbySex,1980-2008


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Occupational Structures4

In 2008 Ecuadorians were heavily concentrated in service, sales, and office occupations, asnearly50%oftheemployedpopulation16yearsofageandolderwerefoundintheseoccupationalcategories.Another19%oftheEcuadorianworkforcewasemployedinproduction,transportation,andmaterialmovingoccupations,and17%wasfoundinmanagerialandprofessionaloccupationalcategories.However, thereweresignificantdifferencesbysexand nativity. Thefirstpointwhichmustbestressedisthatbecausedomestic-bornEcuadoriansweresorelativelyyoung,asindicatedinthefirstsectionofthisreportonpopulation,thebulkoftheEcuadorianworkforce16yearsofageandoverwasforeignborn.5About84%oftheEcuadorianlaborforcewasborninEcuador,withonly16%born in theUnitedStates. Sincedomestic-bornEcuadorianshadgreatereducationalattain-mentlevelsthantheirforeign-borncompatriots,therewasarelativelygreaterconcentrationinskilledandprofessionaloccupations.Thesedataareverydenseandthemostexpedientwayofconsideringtheseistoexamineeachnativitybysexseparately.



11.2%

21.6%

13.9%

9.8%

11.8%

10.0%

13.7%

22.0%

14.4%

12.4%

16.3%

12.5%

Males Females Total

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

1980 1990 2000 2008

Figure49PercentageofEcuadorianHouseholdHeadsMarriedtoNon-HispanicWhites

bySex,1980-2008

4TheU.S.CensusBureaucollectsavarietyofverydetaileddataonoccupationalstructures.However,italsocollapsesthesedataintosixbroadoccupationalcategoriesincludingmilitaryservicewhichthisreportwillnotfocusupon.5Therewere319,834foreign-bornEcuadorianworkersinthelaborforcein2008comparedto61,438domestic-bornworkers.


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Foreign-Born and Domestic-Born MalesForeign-bornEcuadorianmaleswereconcentratedinproduction,construction,andserviceoccu-

pations.Whilenearlyone-quarterofEcuadorian-bornmenwereworkinginconstruction,only10%ofdomestic-bornmalesworkedinconstruction-relatedindustries.Asimilardistortedratioexistedinproductionandtransportationindustries.Nearly25%ofEcuadorian-bornmenwerefoundinthese

occupationalcategoriescomparedwithonly9%ofdomestic-bornmales.Thereweresimilarpercent-agesofforeign-bornmalesworkinginserviceoccupations(24%)comparedwith23%ofU.S.-bornmen.Ontheotherhand,andreflectingahigherlevelofeducationalattainment,30%ofdomestic-born

Ecuadorianmalesworkedinmanagementandprofessionaloccupationscomparedto13%ofEcua-dor-bornmen.Theotherdistortedoccupationalcategorywassalesandofficerelatedoccupations.About28%ofdomestic-bornmaleswereemployedinthissectorcomparedwith14%oftheforeign-born.Itisclearthatdomestic-bornEcuadorianmalesworkedinmoreskilledwhitecollaroccupa-tionsthanmenborninEcuador.Foreign-Born and Domestic-Born FemalesSimilarpatternsofextremedifferentiationinoccupationalcategoriesisevidentwhenexaminingEcuadorianwomen.Nearly45%ofallU.S.bornEcuadorianfemalesworkedinsalesandservice

occupationswithaheavyconcentrationinofficeoccupations(29%).Thiscompareswith29%offor-eign-bornwomenwhohadjobsinthissamesector.Reflectingtheirgenerallyhighereducationalattainmentlevelsdomestic-bornEcuadorianwomen

werealsoheavilyconcentratedinmanagementandprofessionaloccupations34%ofthetotalla-borforce.Thiscomparedwith17%offoreign-bornwomenwhohadjobsinthesesectors.Foreign-bornEcuadorianwomenwereheavilyconcentratedinserviceoccupationswhere35%

workedcomparedwith18%ofU.S.bornwomen.Therewerealso18%oftheforeign-bornfemalelaborforcewithjobsintheproductionandtransportationandtransportationsector,comparedwithonly3.6%ofthedomestic-born.ThissuggeststhatasignificantnumberofEcuadorianbornwomenworkedinfactorieswhereasdomestic-bornEcuadorianfemaleshadonlyasmallpercentagewithfactoryjobs.(Forfulldataseetable7). Birth Rates and FertilityIn2008EcuadoriansintheUnitedStatesexhibitedacrudebirthrateof16livebirthsper1,000

people.Thiswasafairlylowcrudebirthrateincomparativeperspective.AmongLatinosonlyPuertoRicans(crudebirthrateof16)andCubans(crudebirthrateof11)hadthesameorlowercrudebirthrates.Non-Hispanicwhitesalsohada lowerrateat13 livebirthsper1,000totalpopulation.ThiscomparestoacrudebirthrateinEcuadorestimatedtohavebeen21.5livebirthsper1,000totalpopulationin2008.6MexicansandSalvadoranshadthehighestcrudebirthratesat22livebirthsper1,000totalpopulation.(Seefigure50).ThesedatasuggestthatEcuadorianwomenintheUnitedStatesareusingcontraceptivemeth-

ods to a greater extent thanmost of theother Latino nationalsubgroups, aswell as race/ethnicgroups. Italsosuggests thatcontraceptiveusageamongEcuadorianwomenlivingin theU.S. isgreaterthaninEcuador.ThissameconclusionisevidentwhenexaminingthefertilityrateamongEc-uadorianwomencomparedwithotherrace/ethnicgroupsintheU.S.(Seefigure51).



6Seehttp://www.indexmundi.com/ecuador/birth_rate.html


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Foreign-BornMales

Domestic-BornMales

Foreign-Born

Females

Domestic-Born

Females

anagement, professional, and related occupations 13.2% 30.2% 16.6% 33.5%Management,business,andfinancialoperationsoccupations 7.2% 13.1% 5.8% 11.1%Professionalandrelatedoccupations 6.1% 16.8% 10.7% 22.5%

ervice Occupations 23.7% 22.9% 35.2% 18.0%ales and Office Occupations 13.5% 28.1% 29.4% 44.9%Salesandrelatedoccupations 7.2% 13.1% 12.3% 16.0%

Officeandadministrativesupportoccupations 6.4% 14.8% 17.1% 28.9%onstruction, Extraction and Maintenance 24.7% 9.5% 1.3% 0.0%Constructionandextractionoccupations 19.7% 6.2% 0.9% 0.0%Installation,maintenance,andrepairoccupations 5.0% 3.2% 0.5% 0.0%oduction, transportation, and material moving occupations 24.8% 9.0% 17.5% 3.6%Productionoccupations 9.8% 2.1% 11.0% 1.2%Transportationandmaterialmovingoccupations 14.9% 6.8% 6.6% 2.4%litary Occupations 0.1% 1.0% 0.0% 0.0%

TotalForeignBorn

TotalDomestic

BornTotalMales

TotalFemales

TEcua

anagement, professional, and related occupations 31.6% 14.6% 16.0% 19.3% 17Management,business,andfinancialoperationsoccupations 12.3% 6.6% 8.1% 6.7%Professionalandrelatedoccupations 19.1% 8.0% 7.8% 12.6%

ervice Occupations 20.9% 28.5% 23.6% 32.5% 27ales and Office Occupations 35.0% 20.2% 15.9% 31.8% 22Salesandrelatedoccupations 14.3% 9.3% 8.1% 12.9% 1Officeandadministrativesupportoccupations 20.5% 10.8% 7.7% 19.0% 1

onstruction, Extraction and Maintenance 5.6% 15.0% 22.3% 1.1% 13Constructionandextractionoccupations 3.7% 11.8% 17.5% 0.7% 1Installation,maintenance,andrepairoccupations 1.9% 3.1% 4.7% 0.4%oduction, transportation, and material moving occupations 6.8% 21.7% 22.2% 15.3% 19Productionoccupations 1.7% 10.3% 8.5% 9.4%Transportationandmaterialmovingoccupations 5.0% 11.4% 13.6% 5.9% 1litary Occupations 0.6% 0.1% 0.3% 0.0% 0

Table7OccupationalStructureamongEcuadoriansAges16andOverbySexandNativity,2008

(inpercentagesoftotal)


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22

22

20

20

18

18

18

17

16

16

13

11

Salvadorans

Mexicans

Dominicans

AllLatinos

Colombians

Peruvians

Asians

NHBlacks

Ecuadorians

PuertoRicans

NHWhites

Cubans

Figure50CrudeBirthRatesbyLatinoNationalitiesandMajorRace/EthnicGroups,2008

Note:Thecrudebirthrateisequaltothenumberoflivebirthsinayeardividedbythetotalpopulation.

Thisnumberisthenmultipliedby1,000toarriveattheactualcrudebirthrate.

97

90

89

77

76

73

73

72

70

69

64

55

Mexicans

Salvadorans

AllLatinos

Dominicans

Peruvians

Asians

Ecuadorians

NHBlacks

PuertoRicans

Colombians

NHWhites

Cubans

Figure51FertilityRatesbyLatinoNationalitiesandMajorRace/EthnicGroups,2008

Note:Thefertilityrateisequaltothenumberoflivebirthsinayearper1,000womenages15-44.


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Health Insurance CoverageAbout71%ofallEcuadorianslivingintheUnitedStatesin2008hadsomekindofhealthinsur-

ance.Closeto52%hadprivatehealth insurancecoverage,while23%hadpublichealthinsurance.Alittleover7%ofallEcuadoriansreceivedhealthinsurancethroughMedicare.Additionally,about

45% ofallEcuadorianshadsomekind ofhealth insurance through theiremployers,whichcouldhavebeenprivateorpublicallyfinanced,oracombinationofboth.(Seefigure52).



70.6%

51.6%

44.9%

23.0%

7.1%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

Figure52PercentageofEcuadorianswithvarioustypesofHealthInsurance,2008

%

ofall

Ecuadorians

withhealth

insurance

%

ofEcuadorians

withprivatehealth

insurance

%

ofEcuadorians

withhealth

insurance

throughemployerorunion

%

ofEcuadorians

withpublic

health

insurance

%

ofEcuadorians

with

health

insurancethroughMedicare


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RemittancesDataonremittancestoEcuadorfromallcountriesprovidedbytheInteramericanDevelopment

Bank (IDB)between2005and 2008suggest agradual increase inyearlyoverall remittancesbe-tween2005and2007andthenaslightdeclinein2008to$1,322milliondollars.About47%ofall

remittances originated in the United States while41% came fromSpain. These remittancesac-countedforapeakofabout7.3%ofEcuadorianGDP(GrossDomesticProduct)in2007butthisfellto5.5%in2009,thelastyearwhendataareavailable.Inanexaminationoftherelationshipofremit-terstofamilymembersinEcuador,theIDBfoundthat62%ofallremitterswerechildrenwhoweresendingfundstotheirparents.Thesedataaresummarizedinfigures53through56.



$1,322

$1,574

$1,339$1,247

2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure53RemittancesfromtheU.S.2005-2008

(inmillionsofU.S.dollars)

Source:CenterforLatinAmericanMonetaryStudies,InteramericanDevelopmentBank,

'ProgramforImprovingCentralBankReportingandProceduresonRemittances,Ecuador'


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4.7%

7.5%

41.0%

46.8%

U.S. Spain Italy Others

Figure54CountryOriginsofRemittancestoEcuador,2008

(inpercentagesoftotalremittances)



5.7% 5.6%

6.6%

7.1%7.3%

5.4% 5.5%

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Figure55RemittancestoEcuadorasPercentageofEcuadorGDP,2003-2009




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Summary The Ecuadorian population of the U.S. increased dramatically between 1980 and 2008 fromabout70,000toover550,000people.

MigrationincreasedineachdecadeandthereisnoreasontobelievethatmigrationfromEcua-dorwilldecreaseinthenearfuture.

Becauseofthiscontinuedmigrationtheforeign-bornsectoroftheEcuadorianpopulationhasnotdiminishedproportionally,despitetheincreaseintheU.S.-bornpopulationofEcuadorianorigininabsolutenumbers.

ThepercentageofEcuadorianslivinginNewYork,NewJersey,andConnecticuthasdecreasedbetween1980and2008.EcuadorianslivinginCaliforniahavealsodecreasedinrelativeterms,whileFloridahasbecomeamajorstateofEcuadoriansettlement.

Ecuadorians have relatively highmedian household incomes comparedwith other race/ethnicgroups in the U.S. and otherLatino national subgroups. These incomeshave improvedsince1980ininflation-adjusteddollars.



10.3%

62.4%

4.2%

23.1%

Spouse Child Parents Other

Figure56RelationshipofRemittanceSenderstoEcuadorianFamilies,2007

(inpercentageoftotalremitters)




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WhileincomeremainsveryconcentratedamongwealthierEcuadorianhouseholds,thepercent-ageofhigh-incomeearningEcuadorianhouseholdshas increasedsubstantially between1980and2008.

Ecuadorianshave the lowest poverty rates in theU.S.when comparedwith other race/ethnicgroupsandotherLatinonationalities.

Thepreviouslynotedfavorablesocioeconomicindicatorsmedianhouseholdincomeandpov-ertyarelinkedtotheextraordinarilyimpressiveeducationalattainmentaccomplishmentsoftheadultEcuadorianpopulation.AgreaterpercentageofadultEcuadorianshadgraduatedcollegethannon-Hispanicwhitesin2008.

Ecuadoriansofworkingagedemonstratedverylowunemploymentrates,verylownotinthela-borforcerates,andveryhighlaborparticipationrates.

AlargeportionoftheEcuadorianpopulation,bothdomesticandforeign-born,demonstratedhighlevelsofEnglish-languageproficiency.Nevertheless,Spanishwasthedominantlanguagespo-kenathome.

Overtimesince1980moreEcuadorianswhowerebornabroadbecamenaturalizedcitizensandthecitizenshipraterosecontinuallyto2008.

Onthecomplexissueofrace,moreEcuadoriansdeclaredthemselvestobeofsomeotherracein2008thaninpreviouscensusyears,althoughamajorityselfdeclaredaswhite.

TherewerenomajorsocioeconomicdifferencesbetweenEcuadoriansdeclaringthemselvesto

bewhiteorsomeotherrace.AverysmallpercentageofEcuadoriansself-declaredasblack. EcuadorianhouseholdheadspreferredtomarryotherEcuadorians,orotherLatinos.Neverthe-less, domestic-born Ecuadorian female household heads increasingly married non-Hispanicwhites.




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Methodological NoteTherawdatafilesusedtowritethisreportarefoundattheIPUMS(IntegratedPublicUseMicro-

dataSeries)websiterunbytheUniversityofMichigan,StevenRuggles,J.TrentAlexander,KatieGenadek,RonaldGoeken,MatthewB.Schroeder,andMatthewSobek.IntegratedPublicUseMi-

crodata Series: Version 5.0 [Machine-readable database]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota,2010,foundatthewebsite:http://usa.ipums.org/usa/.ThesedataweregeneratedbytheU.S.Cen-susBureaufor the1990and2000decennialcensuses,and for theAmericanCommunitySurvey,2008.AdescriptionofthesedatafromtheIPUMSwebsiteisasfollows:



TheIntegratedPublicUseMicrodataSeries(IPUMS-USA)consistsofmorethanfiftyhigh-precisionsamplesoftheAmericanpopulationdrawnfromfifteenfederalcensusesandfromtheAmericanCommunitySurveysof2000-2009.Someofthesesampleshaveexistedforyears,andotherswerecreatedspecificallyforthisdatabase.Thesesamples,whichdrawoneverysurvivingcensusfrom1850-2000,and the2000-2009ACSsam-ples, collectively constitute our richest sourceofquantitative informationon long-term

changesintheAmericanpopulation.However,becausedifferentinvestigatorscreatedthesesamplesatdifferenttimes,theyemployedawidevarietyofrecordlayouts,codingschemes,anddocumentation.Thishascomplicatedeffortstousethemtostudychangeovertime.TheIPUMSassignsuniformcodesacrossallthesamplesandbringsrelevantdocumentationintoacoherentformtofacilitateanalysisofsocialandeconomicchange.IPUMSisnotacollectionofcompiledstatistics;itiscomposedofmicrodata.Eachrecordisaperson,withallcharacteristicsnumericallycoded.Inmostsamplespersonsareor-ganizedintohouseholds,makingitpossibletostudythecharacteristicsofpeopleinthecontextoftheirfamiliesorotherco-residents.Becausethedataareindividualsandnottables,researchersmustuseastatisticalpackagetoanalyzethemillionsofrecordsin

the database. Adataextraction systemenablesusers toselect only the samplesandvariablestheyrequire.Furthermore:AlldatasetsintheIPUMSsamples;eachsamplecaserepresentsanywherefrom20

to1000peopleinthecompletepopulationforthegivenyear.The"weight"variablesindi-catehowmanypersonsinthepopulationarerepresentedbyeachsamplecase.ManyIPUMSsamplesareunweightedor"flat",meaningthateverypersoninthesampledatarepresentsthesamenumberofpersonsinthepopulation.Inthe20001%Unweightedsample, for instance, theweight forallsamplecasesis fixedat100;eachcase repre-sents100 people in thepopulation.Butmany samples in the IPUMSare "weighted",meaningthatsomesamplecasesrepresentmorepeopleinthepopulationthanothers.Personsandhouseholdswithsomecharacteristicsareover-representedinthesamples,whileothersareunderrepresented.Weightvariablesallowresearcherstocreateaccu-ratepopulationestimatesusingweightedsamples.


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Forreaderswhowantadetaileddescriptionofthemethodsofdatacollectionfor1990see1990

CensusofPopulationandHousing,PublicUseMicrodataSamples(PUMS):UnitedStatesTechnicalDocumentation available at the following web site: http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/D1-D90-PUMS-14-TECH-01.pdf.For2000seePublicUseMicrodataSample,2000CensusofPopulationandHousing,Technical

Documentationatthefollowingwebsite:http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/pums.pdf.Forthe2008AmericanCommunitySurveydataseePUMSAccuracyoftheData(2008)availa-

ble at the following web site: http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/data_documentation/pums/Accuracy/2008AccuracyPUMS.pdf,describedas abasicexplanationof thesample design,estimationmethodology,andaccuracyofthedata.ItshouldbestressedthatthesePUMSdataaresamplesofthegeneralpopulationratherthana

completecountofallpersons.TheU.S.CensusBureauusesacomplexstatisticalmethodologytoweightthesesamplessothataprojection,or estimate,of the totalpopulationmaybeprojected.Thisincludesallsubgroupssuchasnationalities,raceetc.Thus,thedatainthisreportontheEcua-dorianpopulationshouldbeconsideredtobeestimates,withanundeterminedmarginoferror,ratherthanaprecisecountthepopulationorofanyofthevariablesconsideredhere.Itislikelythatthis

marginoferroris+/-10%.Whatisimportanttotakenoteofisthatoneoftheprincipalconcernsofthisreportistomeasure

trendsoverthetimeperiod19902008forthevariableswhichhavebeenanalyzedandpresented.AnotheristocompareEcuadorianstootherrace/ethnicgroupsandLatinonationalsubgroupsintheUnitedStatesbysex,age,andnativity.Becausethisreportiscomparativeinnature,overtimeandinrelationtootherrace/ethnicgroupsandLatinonationalities,itmayassumedthatthemarginofer-rorisfairlyconsistentforallgroupsandcensusyears.Thismeansthatdespitebeingbasedonsam-ples,thedatapresentedhereinallprobabilityrepresent,withahighdegreeofaccuracy,trendsbe-tween1990and2008aswellasthecomparativepositionofEcuadoriansinrelationtoothersectorsoftheU.S.population.


ecuadorians in the united states, 1980 - 2008

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