EDITINGBY SUELA ELEZI

UNIT 1, 16, 29 – TASK 4

WHAT IS EDITING? Editing is the process of fixing together raw

materials which have either been captured from footage.

Key themes relating to editing…1. Storyline2. Narrative. What is the difference between storyline and

narrative?A storyline is the plot whereas the narrative is the arrangement of events that reveal and complete the storyline. The principles of editing:1. Storyline - editing is used to piece together

scenes in a (usually) logical sequence to tell a story.

2. Narrative - sections of events which are combined to expose and complete the storyline.

3. Open-ended storyline and closed storyline.

An open-ended storyline is when a story has been left unfinished, example, when a movie has a cliff-hanger at the end, leaving the audience questionable. Whereas, closed storyline is when the movie has been accomplished and therefore there are no cliff-hangers or questions.

3. Linear and non-linear. Linear is when the storyline is shown in

chronological order. And non-linear is shown in non-chronological order, which means it is told backwards from the end to the beginning. Example use of flashbacks are used as well.

A film that uses linear is called ‘Expelled’. https://

www.netflix.com/watch/80028483?trackId=14170056&tctx=6%2C2%2C91a3f206-17a7-4718-831b-c597f5413328-10394986

Watch from 36:18 to 37:34

And an example of non-linear in a music video is called ‘Broken Angel’ by Arash.

PURPOSE OF EDITING

The purpose of editing is that it contains numerous of scenes in a video which shows the audience a view. It may contain, fades, slow motions, cutaways and other editing techniques. It also allows there to be narrative of time with the use of camera angles, pace and narrative structure.

Editing is very popular because it used in mostly every video that contains scenes which the editors will use different techniques and camera angles to make a scene interesting.

In modern society, editing is used in almost every video created with a storyline or narrative. Editing makes a video more fascinating and allows editors to use different effects to make the final product how they want it to look, which will then be shown to the audience.

THE PRINCIPLE OF EDITING Creating pace – It is used to show are fast the cuts are made. For example, in the music video, Taylor Swift – Bad Blood, it

shows that the cuts made throughout the video are fast because of the upbeat music and the cuts are made every 2 seconds. Creating pace is necessary because it gives of an effective to the audience that the editors have edited the video in a way to

match the cuts which are based on the theme of the video. It makes the scene more splendid by giving the audience different views of cuts to show different scene in a film or music video. Also, it wont make the video boring because there are numerous of cuts creating speed.

http://www.vevo.com/watch/taylor-swift/Bad-Blood/USCJY1531563

THE PRINCIPLES OF EDITING Combination of shots – editors will combine a mixture of shot types and angles in order to draw on the viewer establish setting,

feelings and relationships. Example of combinations shots is when the video uses long shots to mediums shots then to closed up in a scene of the video shown to the audience.

Combination of shots is used in editing because it can make the video more interesting because of the numerous shots taken by the camera showing different angles of a certain video. Without combination of shots, the video can be boring because of the same angle shown through out the video.

Below, I have shown an example of a film, ‘Tangled’, where it uses combination of shots throughout the scenes. I have shown three images that show different shots of combination of shots. You can see how the editor has used the camera angles to take different shots of the action. Then these different shots will be combines to make the final scene.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obWj0I07iqs This is a link to the scene which uses combination of shots from the movie Tangled.

THE PRINCIPLE OF EDITING The 180° rule – This rule suggests that when two or more actors have been recognised on a certain side of the screen,

they must remain at the same angle they were at the beginning., so it doesn’t orient the viewer. This can be shown in interviews, conversations etc.

Editors are not suppose to break the 180° rule because it is not good for the audience to watch but, when filming unless the editors actually show the camera moving around the characters then the rule can be broken because the actors will still be in the dame potions and will not confuse the audience.

This technique is used because when there is two or more actors speaking, the camera can show one other actors reactions and then the other which shows the audience different reactions of the actors at different times. Also by using this principle, it can make the scene not uninteresting by showing different angles of the actors when speaking. This will be effective to the audience because it will make them aware of the actor's reactions.

The two pictures are example of how to 180 degree rule is being used when recording two actors in a scene. You can see that there has to be more than one camera to make sure that the actors are always remain in their positions they started with.

EXAMPLE OF THE 180° RULE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEZjvs7oh60 I have shown three images below which shows how the 180° rule. You can see how the guy on the left

with lighter hair than the guy on the right, always remains on the left and the guy with darker hair always remains on the right, no matter what the angle of the camera shows, the two actors are still remaining in the same positions throughout the video.

EDITING TECHNIQUES

Continuity editing:1. Makes sure everything is kept the same through cuts. For example, the setting, props and customs

should be the same so it makes the video look realistic and not orient the audience. 2. This technique is important when editing because it makes sure that the scene have the same

props, settings customs because, if they are not kept the same, it can confuse the audience and make the video not realistic.

EXAMPLE OF CONTINUITY EDITING

Deadpool is the movie that is an example of bad use of continuity editing because, in one of the scene, there is a fight scene happening and when the main character, Deadpool, is fighting with another character; Ajax, the main character is stabbed at the side of his head but when the next scene is shown, you can see that his head has no injuries or blood from the previous scene.

This shows that the editor has not used continuity editing because the costume has been changed and not kept the same throughout the video, this will leave the audience with a negative view of the movie because it will be less realistic and look low quality.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEZACxtSr8w&list=LLRyFtGK4o6obMIun6F8HfHQ

Where I have placed the two arrows on the images, I am showing where the editor has not used continuity editing correctly and shows the example of how not to use continuity editing. You can see in the second image, the mask of the character looks norm and not damaged as it should be fro the previous scene of where it had been damaged.

EDITING TECHNIQUES

Match on action:1. When an action begins from one angle, continuous from same position then cutting to a

different angle but still showing the previous position. 2. Match on action is important when editing because the camera can show a certain scene

in different angles making the video more interesting and less boring because of the numerous angles used to show one action.

EXAMPLE OF MATCH ON ACTION

The match on action example has been captured in the music video, Work from home by Fifth Harmony. I have noticed that when the singers are dancing, the camera angle changes but still shows the same action happening but from a different angles to show a different view to the audience. The scene where the technique has been used is when the singers are dancing all together, you can see that their hands are up and when the technique is shown, the camera angle has been changed still showing the same action, as their hands are still up but the camera is now focused on only two of the singers than before when it was focusing on all of the singers.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GL9JoH4SwsWatch from 1:07 unto 1:10 to see where the technique has been used.

EDITING TECHNIQUES

Parallel editing1. When you got two scene happening at the time, so they cut to show the different locations

happening at the same time. 2. Parallel editing is used in most films or music videos because when there is two actions

happening in two different scenes, the camera can show one scene and then the other, showing the audience what is happening at the same time.

EXAMPLE OF PARALLEL EDITING

A movie that shows the use of parallel editing is ‘Final Destination 1’. In the movie, it shows how one scene is happening but so is another scene.

For example, a scene in ‘Final Destination’, shows how there is a car crash happening with the cars at the car racing arena but then the camera shoes the other scene of the people in the stands of the arena are getting killed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQk7s7fPEps

EDITING TECHNIQUES

Cutaway1. When you cut away from the main subject to show other things happening around it. 2. Cut away is used in scenes because it shows reactions of other people then goes back to

the main subject. o Could add humouro Stop it from being boringo To add background content

EXAMPLE OF CUTAWAY

In a TV series, Pretty Little Liars, it shows in a scene the use of cutaway. The editor uses this technique because it shows the group of girls but then cuts away to different scenes where it shows other people and then cuts back o the main characters which are the group of girls.

This example is shown in season 7 and episode 7 ‘ Original G’A’ngsters’. This is a positive effective when the editor uses this technique because, not only does it not make the video boring but

also it adds background and shows other things happening around the characters which give the audience a better view of the storyline.

https://www.netflix.com/watch/80106237?trackId=13752289&tctx=0%2C0%2C48418f29-b613-4cdb-aca0-68cedc03b2cb-11202602

EDITING TECHNIQUES

Jump cut1. Stops long takes by cutting out sections to show other sections so the scene is not too long

and boring. 2. It can also make the audience more aware of what is gouging on in the scene which will

make them pay more attention to the video.

EXAMPLE OF JUMP CUT

At the beginning of the movie of White Chicks, it shows the use of jump cut because it shows how one scene jumps to another and then another to another leading to the final main scene to start off with the characters.

https://www.netflix.com/watch/60034587?trackId=13752289&tctx=0%2C0%2Cd5dc0aac-6770-424d-baf8-11830985169c-134677353

These images show the jump cuts being made because you see one scene but then a totally different scene is shown straight after the other.

EDITING TECHNIQUES

Match cut1. When you have one shot doing something but then you have another person doing the same

leading to another scene. Some actions begin repeated in a different scene. 2. Match cuts are used to show the links between different things to make the audience aware. Graphic (match) cut1. This technique is the same as ‘match cut’ but graphic cut is used with objects, whereas match

cut is used with people.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCmwPeEGjtE

Match cut example

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2u0stjTjBE

Graphic (match) cut

EDITING TECHNIQUES Shot- reverse-shot1. Cuts between two people talking so you can see both of their reactions. 2. Used to establish who says what and see their reactions. They don’t have to speak.

This technique is used because, when a scene contain the two main characters talking, the camera angles can be used to show both character’s reactions. For example, if one person is talking, the other person in the conversation can be shown in the next scene to show the audience what their reaction is because of how they might feel or think about what the other character has told them. This is effective because if the reactions of the characters are shown, it can show the audience how the characters act and feel and also it will make the scene less boring because the camera angles are being changed to show different backgrounds.

EXAMPLE OF SHOT-REVERSE-SHOT

An example of shot- reverse- shot, is in the movie, ‘Neighbours’. The movie uses this technique because, you can see that when the two main characters are speaking with one another, the cameras angles change from one person to the other but shows both character’s reactions.

https://www.netflix.com/watch/70297085?trackId=13752289&tctx=0%2C0%2Ca7d269b97dd1cb0fe0a6e562c3a4bb0fc3e0aab4%3Ac827a95d98d3597a31542fc6c636fdcc532beabe

When the shot- reverse- shot is used, it shows when the man is taking, the woman’s reaction is being showed after to show the audience what see feels and thinks about his words being said.

EDITING TRANSITION

o Transition = Only be achieved on the computer. Fade out/fade in1. Fade out then fade in to show a new scene. Shows along passing of time.

Both fade in and fade out are good transitions to use because it shows the beginning of a scene in a video or the ending of a scene. This will make the scenes look less boring and bring some kind of different movement to the scene when it changes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bup_zehvBo

EXAMPLE OF FADE IN

At the beginning of the film, ‘Home Alone’, there is a use of fade in because the blank screen links into the next scene where the action begins. This transition is good to use because it is usually used to show the beginning or ends of a scene, so this can show that few minutes or hours have passed and the audience are made to think that because of the gap.

Watch from 1:41:52 up to 1:41:36 .

https://www.netflix.com/watch/596974?trackId=15035895&tctx=1%2C3%2C91a3f206-17a7-4718-831b-c597f5413328-10394986

The transition has been used at the being of the scene because when the film starts, the title of the movie is sown but then when the action starts to show, the fade in transition is used to cut from the blank screen to the main scene where the film will actually show the characters and what will happen in the film.

EXAMPLE OF FADE OUT

The movie ‘Rocky’ uses fade out near the end of the film because as the scene is ending, the screen changes from the action to a blank screen representing that there is a cliff hanger which leaves the audience in thoughts so then another film can be made to finish the rest of the previous film with the cliff hanger.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_qhLRUh66k

I have taken three screenshots from the movie to show the use of fade out. You can see in the first image, it shows the ending scene and then the middle images shows when the transition is being made, finally, the last image shows the blank screen which suggests to the audience that there is a cliff hanger and the film will still be continued but in another film, making a part 2.

EDITING TRANSITION

Dissolve1. When one scene mixes into the next scene. Doesn't cut straight away but dissolves.o It is used...o to smooth transitiono Link two scenes togethero Show time has gradually passed by

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rt5mcZFYLng

EXAMPLE OF DISSOLVE An example of dissolve used in a movie is, ‘White Chicks’. This movie uses dissolve transition in one of the film’s scene because as

one scene is ending to show another scene, it makes a transition to smooth out the cut which will show the other scene. This transition is used in most videos whether it is a music video or a movie because, when one scene is about to change, the cut can

be made and link one scene to another through a smooth process to make the link look better than just showing a blank screen which will then just show the next scene happening. Also by using this transition, it can show the audience that a pass of time has happened and this will show why the cut has been made plus for the use of the transition.

In the scene of the movie, ‘White Chicks’, which uses this transition you will see in the link how the transition is useful and effective to use because of the advantage it gives the film by making it look enhanced and smoother.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQK6zsVN8C4

As you can see from the three images above, the image on the left shows one scene and the image of the right show another, however the image in the middle shows the use of the transition being used because it is combing the previous scene to cut into another scene which will show the rest of the film.

EDITING TRANSITION

Wipe1. When one scene wipes over to the other scene. Usually when there is a action, there is a

wipe.2. For example, if a person is running, a wipe will be coming after them showing the similar

action as one another. This editing transition is used in many videos because, it make an action more appealing

and gives background content in the video.

EXAMPLE OF WIPE

A film which uses wipe editing is called ‘Mark & Russell’s Wild Ride’. The film uses this editing transition because in one of the scenes in the film, you can see that when the two characters are talking one of the character’s actions are then followed by a similar wipe. As the character turns to one side, the camera angle then follows behind, showing a similar action which links them together.

https://www.netflix.com/watch/80077067?trackId=13752289&tctx=0%2C0%2C89d814b4-8212-4b04-96f2-6f48e0d1c68d-67820878

EDITING TRANSITION

Superimposition1. When one image is mixed on top of another image. 2. This transition is used to show two images mixed together which can show the audience

the relation to one another and make superior effect. 3. In the music video, ‘Mist – Ain’t the same’, it shows a use of superimposition because, at

the beginning of the music video it shows one image but then another image is shown on top of the previous image.

These two images show the use of superimposition because as you can see at the first image, it shows a women in a mask covering face with the other image of a dessert behind the women’s image.

EDITING TRANSITION

Slow motion/ fast motion1. Speeding up an action or time and slowing down an action or time. o Why used? o Emphasises movements that are suppose to be too fat so you can see it more improved.

EXAMPLE OF FAST AND SLOW MOTIONS The film ‘Fast and Furious 4’ shows the use

of fast motion because there is a scene where cars are racing and it shows how the cars are being shown in fast motion.

The movie ‘Attack the Block’ shows the use of slow motion in one of their scene. It shows how when the actor is running away from the aliens, his actions are done in ‘slow motion’. Slow motion is used in this scene because it makes the faster action shown in a slower motion to make it clearer to the audience about what is going on.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbyx_opE1Bw

Watch from 1:05 to 1:22https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6x-6HsNbB38

Watch from 1:03 to 1:45

EDITING TRANSITION

Ellipsis1. Emphasises more to come. Cuts out a period of time so the audience can fill in the rest with their mind. This is used to make the audience have an imagination and fill in the rest of the scene with their mind. As you can see below, I have captured two images from the movie ‘Bruce Almighty’. I have shown how the first

image shows the couple together in one scene but then in the movie, the camera shows the second image on the right. It shows the use of ellipsis because it shows how the scene has changed to another to indicate that a couple of hours have been passed and the audience are suppose to figure out what would have happened over a couple of hours, so this is why editors use ellipsis and makes the audience to think more.

http://123movies.to/film/bruce-almighty-3960/watching.html

Watch the link to the film ‘Bruce Almighty.

Play at 05:41 to 05:55.

DEVELOPMENT OF EDITING In the later years, for

example in the 1800s, editing was not as popular before as it is now. When editing first came out, the editors would only record a scene until it got boring or until the storage could not hold any more memory. Editors then realised that people would not wan to watch a scene that they could see in real life so editors started to develop

other editing techniques and changed the camera angles to make the film more interesting.

1. Analogue (hardware) = physical

2. Digital (software) = virtual Before editing was recorded

on film reels and cut the filmstrips where they wanted to get rid of unwanted scene, then get

another end of strip and stick it together to get the wanted scene. Editing is now done on a software and the cameras have improved massively, whereas before the cameras we much bigger and difficult to use.

The whole point of editing is to make a story and emotional response to the audience.

DEVELOPMENT OF EDITING

In 1915, D. W. Griffith made ‘The Birth of a Nation’ which he used various editing techniques and camera angles. His films were very popular and he was the first director to produce length films.

Then ‘Star Wars – Episode One’ which was released in 1999. Was a film which contained more modern editing techniques and showed a hoke different view on editing because of the Sci-fi actions used.

However, in 1903. the first movie to use jump cuts, fades and cutaways was, The Great Train Robbery. This was done by Edwin Porter.

SMARTPHONE SOFTWARE Smartphones have developed in the modern society. There are more updated apps that allows armatures to film scenes on their phone if

they cant afford a camera. Different applications allow people to use them for different reasons. An example of a smartphone is the IPhone. Most people now have Iphone’s because of the updated software plus because of society

improving their technology. Smartphone software's have made armatures edit their videos more effectively because they have more resources on their phone and

have more access to use other applications to use other effects for their video but there are limitations because the camera that editors use in big movies are way more sufficient than the smart phones that the armatures use.

Take the IPhone 6 as an example, it allows the armatures record scene with their camera and can download various apps to give different effets to the video later on when they edit the video.

Magisto - Magical Video Editor is a famous app that is used not just for iPhone’s but for Samsung's or Nokia’s, which helps armatures edit their videos.