edu 547 thursday, february 13 .2014
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Chapter IV Individuals in Schools Presented by:Kathleen Merchant Instructor: Dr. Lauren Larsen. EDU 547 Thursday, February 13 .2014. To gain a better understanding of students, teachers and administrators as persons within the school social system is to examine/observe: Needs - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
EDU 547THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 13 .2014
Chapter IVIndividuals in Schools
Presented by: Kathleen MerchantInstructor: Dr. Lauren Larsen
NEEDS
To gain a better understanding of students, teachers and administrators as persons within the school social system is to
examine/observe:o Needso Beliefs o Goals o Motivation-driven by all of the above
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: BASIC NEEDSLevel 5: Self -
Actualization or Self -Fulfillment
Level 4: Esteem
Level 3: Belonging: Love, and Social Activities
Level 2:Safety and Security
Level 1: Physiological Needs
Abraham Maslow’s Need Hierarchy is based on the following assumptions: Individuals needs are universal and arranged in hierarchy, unfilled needs lead individuals to focus on those needs more and lower level needs must be largely satisfied prior to the fulfillment of higher-level needs.
NEEDS AND WORKER SATISFACTION o (Hertzberg, Mausner, And Snyderman , 1959) developed a theory of motivation and job satisfaction. The results of the study led them to the conclusion that individuals exhibit positive attitudes if the individual's need for self-actualization or as Hertzberg states “there is psychological growth”
o This theory is also known as motivation-hygiene theory, two-factor theory, dual factor theory, and simply Hertzberg’s theory
o Basic assumptions of the theory:
There are two separate sets of factors in explaining work satisfaction and dissatisfaction Motivators are more likely to produce satisfaction, whereas hygiene factors tend to produce dissatisfaction Work satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not opposites, but rather separate and distinct dimension
NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT: ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION THEORY
o David McClelland’s (1961,1965,1985) achievement
motivation theory, ordinarily referred to as "need achievement theory” can be defined as; the need
to accomplish hard tasks, overcome
difficulties/hindrances and to excel in the need for achievement-not some other reward
MCCLELLAND’S HYPOTHESIS
Three characteristics of individuals who are high in
achievement motivation:1. Strong desire to assume personal
responsibility2. Establish moderately difficult goals and
assume intermediate levels of risk 3. Intense desire for feedback
NEED FOR AUTONOMY o Desire to have a choice in what people do and how they desire to do it.
o Richard deCharms(1976, 1993) utilized the simile of “origins” and “pawns” to describe and differentiate persons with self-determination and those without determination
o The need for autonomy, achievement, social relations, self-esteem, and self-actualization are a few of the essential needs that influence teachers and administrators perceptions and intellectual understanding of their roles their organization
Note*Beliefs are important factors that explain motivation
BELIEFSo Beliefs-are general understandings or
generalizations about the world; in other words they are what person hold to be trueo They play a crucial role in motivating individuals
with their actionso Some of these are beliefs that control a person’s
behavior are; casuality,fairness,intelligence, the consequences
of their actions and the capability to control one’s destiny
BELIEFS ABOUT CAUSALITY: ATTRIBUTION THEORY (ANCHORED IN BELIEFS)o Attribution Theory-casual explanations that a person makes about past behaviors, most notably when referring to achievement and expectations
o Investigating what happen and why it happened
o Dimensions of Causality(Weiner,1985,1986, 1992, 1994a, 1994b, 2000)-individuals attribute their success/failures to one of the causes listed which can be characterized in three dimensions: Locus-the location and cause(internal vs. external) Stability- causes are constant of change over time (stable vs.variable) Responsibility-personal responsibility, that is, whether or not the individual can control the cause (controllable vs. uncontrollable)
DIMENSIONS OF CAUSALITY Each one of the three dimensions has an important connection
to motivation, because they have the propensity to generate
emotional reactions to a persons success/failure Locus is closely related to self-esteeme.g. if success is attributed to internal factors then successproduces pride on the contrary failure diminishes self-esteem(internal vs. external ) Stability is closely tied to emotions e.g. if failure occurs the individual experiences feelings of hopelessness ,apathy and resignation Responsibility is closely linked to a set of social emotions that includes guilt, shame, pity and anger.
BELIEFS ABOUT ABILITY
o Some of the most powerful attributions that affect motivation
and behavior are belief about ones ability
o Adults have two general views of ability According to Dweck, (1999,2000), Stable view of ability (entity view)- ability is stable anduncontrollable trait-a quality of person that cannot be altered Incremental view of ability-ability is unstable and
controllable-an increased pool of knowledge and skills
Internal ExternalStable Variable Stable Variable
Controllable Typical Effort
Preparation
Observer Bias
Help from Team
Uncontrollable
Ability Mood Task Difficulty
Luck
Dimensions Classification Reason for Poor Performance
Internal-Stable-Uncontrollable Internal-Controllable
Internal-Variable-Uncontrollable Internal-Variable-Controllable
External-Stable-UncontrollableExternal-Stable-Controllable
External-Variable-UncontrollableExternal-Stable-Controllable
Low Ability Typical Effort Insufficient
Bad Mood at Time of Observation Not Prepared for The Task
Task was too Difficult Observer Was Bias
Bad Luck Teammates Failed to Help
Eight attributions for Poor Performance
BELIEFS ABOUT FAIRNESS: EQUITY THEORY AND ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE o Theorists (Greenberg,1993a;Tyler, 1994;Folger,2005), noted that inequity as the basic unfairness in the workplace, concentrates on perceived fairness-a persons beliefs about whether or not they are being treated fairly or not
o Procedures used to allocate resources is called procedural justiceOne of the possible consequences derived from the feeling of inequity is reduced motivation
e.g. seeking of increase benefits, quit and find another job and decrease job productivity
o Organizational justice- institutional members perceptions of fairness in the institution, which includes distributive justice and procedural justice
*Refer to page 153 Figure 4.4-to review the 10 principals to guideadministrative behavior
BELIEFS ABOUT OUTCOMES: EXPECTANCY THEORY
o Is one of the most reliable and valid justifications of what motivates individuals to work o Vroom( 1964) Expectancy theory rests on two essential premises: (1) Individuals make decisions as it relates to their behaviors
in an institution by utilizing their abilities to think, reason, and anticipate future events (2) Individuals values and attitudes interact with
environmental components, such as; role expectations and school culture to influence behavior
BELIEFS ABOUT OUTCOMES: EXPECTANCY THEORY CONT. o This theory builds on the following assumptions with three basic concepts:1. Expectancy- is the extent to which a person thinks that
hard work will lead to enhanced performance
2. Instrumentality-is the perceived likelihood that goodperformance will be noticed and rewarded
3. Valence-is the perceived value/attractiveness of a reward
BELIEFS ABOUT CAPABILITIES: SELF EFFICACY THEORY
o Personal efficacy is probably the most influential when compared to
self-knowledge and self-regulation
o Self-efficacy-is an individual's judgment about his/hercapability to organize and perform a particular course of action that is required to accomplish a certain level of performance
o How can a person develop self efficacy? Performance feedback, previous history and social influences
o Four primary sources of self-efficacy: mastery experiences,, modeling, verbal persuasion, and physiological stimulation
SELF EFFICACY OF TEACHERSo Rotter(1996), noted that the Rand Cooperation defined teacher efficacy as “the extent to which teachers believed thatthey could control the reinforcement of their actions” (as cited in Hoy and Miskel 2008, p. 160).
o Hoy, A., Hoy A., and Tschannen Moran ( 1998) developed an integrated Model of Perceived Efficacy for Teaching –which is“the teacher’s belief in his/her capability to organize and
execute courses of action required to successfully accomplish a specific teaching task in a particular context” (p. 160).
Note* Teacher efficacy may change from one situation to a next Refer to teacher efficacy questions on page 162 in text
GOAL SETTING THEORY
o A goal is a future state that a person is striving to achieve aims/outcomes a person would like to achieve o Lock and Latham ( 1990) suggested two dimensions to goals: Goal content-is the object or result being sought, varies from specific to abstract
Goal intensity-the effort necessary to form the goal and the
importance assigned and the commitment to the goal
GOAL SETTING THEORYo (Locke,1968;Locke and Latham,1984,1990,2005;Latham,2000) are all recognized for the expansion of the goal setting theoryo Locke and Latham( 1990) noted that successful goals must
meet the following criterias: 1. Be specific2. Challenging3. Attainable4. Committed Locke and Latham (1990) utilizes four goal methods to clarify why there is a positive effect of goals on action, which are as follows 5. Increase attention6. Increase efforts expended on activities 7. Increase persistence 8. Development of specific tasks strategies
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION o The literature has demonstrated how needs, beliefs and goals are all significant aspects of motivation o Motivation-is an internal state that arouse, directs and maintains behavior o Work motivation- a set of vigorous forces, which originates within or as well as beyond an individuals being, to initiate work related behavior, and to determine its form, direction, intensity and duration (Pinder 1984, p.8) Intrinsic motivation-motivation that derives from factors such as interest and curiosity Extrinsic motivation-is based on rewards and punishments
IN CLOSING Leadership is about making others
better as a result of your presence and making sure that impact lasts in your absence….