Thereportisbasedonvoluntaryuploadingofdatabyinstitutions

of Higher Education listed in www.aishe.gov.in portal in specially

designedformatsofdatacollection.

The responsibility for the accuracy of the data rests with the

Nodal Officers of concerned Institution. Planning, Monitoring and

Statistics Bureau has only compiled and analysed the uploaded data.

Inclusion of name of an Institution in any of the list in the portal

www.aishe.gov.in and this publication does not confer the status

of recognition to the Institution by the Ministry of Human Resource

Development.

INFORMATION TO READERS

Survey covers all institutions of Higher Education in the country, registered with AISHEcodeinAISHEportalwww.aishe.gov.in. Institutionsarecategorizedin3broadcategories;University,CollegeandStand-aloneInstitutions.

There are 993 Universities, 39931 Colleges and 10725 Stand Alone Institutions listed on AISHEwebportalandoutofthem962Universities,38179Collegesand9190StandAloneInstitutions have responded during the survey. 298Universities are affiliating i.e. havingColleges.

385Universitiesareprivatelymanaged.394Universitiesarelocatedinruralarea.

16Universitiesareexclusivelyforwomen,3inRajasthan,2inTamilNadu&1eachinAndhraPradesh,Assam,Bihar,Delhi,Haryana,HimachalPradesh,Karnataka,Maharashtra,Odisha,UttarakhandandWestBengal.

Inadditionto1CentralOpenUniversity,14StateOpenUniversitiesand1StatePrivateOpenUniversity,thereare110DualmodeUniversities,whichoffereducationthroughdistancemodealsoandthemaximum13ofthemarelocatedinTamilNadu.

Thereare548General,142Technical,63Agriculture&Allied,58Medical,23Law,13Sanskritand9LanguageUniversitiesandrest106Universitiesareofothercategories.

The top 8 States in terms of highest number of colleges in India are Uttar Pradesh,Maharashtra,Karnataka,Rajasthan,Haryana,TamilNadu,GujaratandMadhyaPradesh.

BangaloreUrbandistricttopsintermsofnumberofcollegeswith880collegesfollowedbyJaipurwith566colleges.Top50districtshaveabout32.2%ofcolleges.

Collegedensity,i.e.thenumberofcollegesperlakheligiblepopulation(populationintheage-group18-23years)variesfrom7inBiharto53inKarnatakaascomparedtoAllIndiaaverageof28.

60.53%CollegesarelocatedinRuralArea.11.04%CollegesareexclusivelyforFemale.

Only 2.5% Colleges run Ph.D. programme and 34.9% Colleges run Post Graduate Levelprogrammes.

Thereare34.8%Colleges,whichrunonlysingleprogramme,outofwhich83.1%areprivatelymanaged.Amongtheseprivatelymanagedcolleges,38.1%collegesrunB.Ed.Coursesonly.

77.8% Colleges are privately managed; 64.3% Private-unaided and 13.5% Private-aided.AndhraPradesh&UttarPradeshhaveabout88%Private-unaidedcollegesandTamilNaduhas87%Private-unaidedcolleges,whereas,Assamhas16.0%.

16.3% of the Colleges are having enrolment less than 100 and only 4% Colleges haveenrolmentmorethan3000.

I

Key Results of the AISHE 2018-19

Total enrolment in higher education has been estimated to be 37.4 million with 19.2 million male and 18.2 million female. Female constitute 48.6% of the total enrolment.

Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Higher education in India is 26.3%, which is calculated for 18-23 years of age group. GER for male population is 26.3% and for females, it is 26.4%. For Scheduled Castes, it is 23% and for Scheduled Tribes, it is 17.2% as compared to the national GER of 26.3%.

Distanceenrolmentconstitutesabout10.62%ofthetotalenrolmentinhighereducation,ofwhich44.15%arefemalestudents.

About 79.8% of the students are enrolled in Undergraduate level programme. 1,69,170studentsareenrolledinPh.D.thatislessthan0.5%ofthetotalstudentenrolment.

MaximumnumbersofStudentsareenrolledinB.A.programmefollowedbyB.Sc.andB.Com.programmes.10Programmesoutofapproximately187cover80.3%of the total studentsenrolledinhighereducation.

At Undergraduate level the highest number (35.9%) of students are enrolled in Arts/Humanities/SocialSciencescoursesfollowedbyScience(16.5%),EngineeringandTechnology(13.5%)andCommerce(14.1%)

At Ph.D. level,maximum number of students are enrolled in Science stream followed byEngineeringandTechnology.OntheotherhandatPostGraduate levelmaximumstudentsareenrolledinSocialSciencestreamandManagementcomesatnumbertwo.

Uttar Pradesh comes at number one with the highest student enrolment followed byMaharashtraandTamilNadu.

ScheduledCastsstudentsconstitute14.9%andScheduledTribesstudents5.5%ofthetotalenrolment. 36.3% students belong to Other Backward Classes. 5.2% students belong toMuslimMinorityand2.3%fromotherMinorityCommunities.

Thetotalnumberofforeignstudentsenrolledinhighereducationis47,427.

Theforeignstudentscomefrom164differentcountriesfromacrosstheglobe.Thetop10countriesconstitute63.7%ofthetotalforeignstudentsenrolled.

HighestshareofforeignstudentscomefromtheneighbouringcountriesofwhichNepal is26.88%of the total, followedby, Afghanistan (9.8%), Bangladesh (4.38%), Sudan (4.02%),Bhutanconstitutes(3.82%)andNigeria(3.4%).

There are more than 78.0% colleges running in Private sector; aided and unaided takentogether,butitcaterstoonly66.4%ofthetotalenrolment.

Thetotalnumberofteachersare14,16,299,outofwhichabout57.8%aremaleteachersand42.2%are femaleteachers.AtAll-India level therearemerely73 femaleteachersper100maleteachers.

II

Key Results of the AISHE 2018-19

Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR) in Universities and Colleges is 29 if regular mode enrolment is considered whereas PTR for Universities and its Constituent Units is 18 for regular mode.

Among non-teaching staff, the share of Group-C is the highest with 39.3%, followed byGroup-Dwith28.3%.Group-AandGroup-Bcompriseof15.4%and17%non-teachingposts,respectively.

Theaveragenumberoffemalesper100malenon-teachingstaffis49.

40,813 students were awarded Ph.D. level degree during 2018 with 23,765 males and 17,048 females.

B.A.(23.3Lakh)degreehasbeenawardedtomaximumnumberofstudents.B.Sc.(11.6Lakh)isthesecondhighestfollowedbyB.Com.(9.6Lakh).

At PostGraduate levelM.A. passnumberof students ismaximum followedbyM.Sc. andM.B.A.

Thehighestnumberofstudents(23.3Lakh)havegraduatedinArtscourses.

At Ph.D. level, maximum numbers of students out-turn is in Science stream followed byEngineeringandTechnology.OntheotherhandatPGlevelmaximumstudentsout-turn isobservedinSocialScienceandManagementstreamcomesatnumbertwo.

TheshareofPh.D.studentishighestinStatePublicUniversity(34.3%)followedbyInstituteofNationalImportance(21.6%),DeemedUniversity-Private(21.6%)andStatePrivateUniversity(13.4%).

ShareoffemalestudentsislowestinInstitutionsofNationalImportancefollowedbyStatePrivateOpenUniversities,DeemedUniversities-Government.

III

Key Results of the AISHE 2018-19

Foreword Preface Information to Our Readers Key Results of the AISHE 2018-19 (I)-(III)CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION 1-3 1.1 SteeringCommittee&WorkingGroup 1 1.2 TheCentralSectorScheme 1 1.3 IdentificationofInstitutionsforCoverage 1 1.4 ReferencePeriodforAISHE2018-19 2 1.5 FormulationofConcepts&DefinitionandInstructionManual 2 1.6 ListofHigherEducationInstitutions 2 1.7 PartnerAgencies 2 1.8 ModeofSurvey 3 1.9 DurationoftheSurveyAISHE2018-19 3 1.10 InstitutionsUploadedDataunderSurvey 3CHAPTER 2-ANALYSIS 4-28 2.1 NUMBEROFINSTITUTIONS 4 2.1.1 University 4 2.1.2 College 5 2.1.2(a) Management-wisenumberofColleges 7 2.1.2(b) SizeofColleges 7 2.1.3 StandAloneInstitution 8 2.2 STUDENTENROLMENT 9 2.2.1 Level-wiseEnrolment 9 2.2.2 Programme-wiseEnrolment(BasedonActualResponse) 10 2.2.3 Discipline/Subject-wiseEnrolment(BasedonActualResponse) 10 2.2.4 GenderDistribution 12 2.2.5 Socialcategory-wisedistribution 13 2.2.6 RepresentationofMinorityStudents 14 2.2.7 RepresentationofPWDStudents 14 2.2.8 RepresentationofForeignStudents 14 2.2.8(a) Programme-wiseForeignStudents 15 2.2.9 EnrolmentinDistanceMode 16 2.2.10 EnrolmentinStand-aloneInstitutions 17 2.2.11 RepresentationofPrivateSector 18

CONTENTS

2.3 GROSSENROLMENTRATIOINHIGHEREDUCATION(18-23Years) 18 2.4 TEACHINGPOSITION 19 2.4.1 PupilTeacherRatio 21 2.5 NON-TEACHINGSTAFF 22 2.6 OUT-TURN/EXAMINATIONRESULT 23 2.6.1 Level-wiseOut-Turn(BasedonActualResponse) 23 2.6.2 Programme-wiseOut-Turn(BasedonActualResponse) 23 2.6.3 Discipline-wiseOut-Turn(BasedonActualResponse) 23 2.7 ENROLMENTINDIFFERENTTYPESOFUNIVERSITIES 24 2.8 INFRASTRUCTURESFORINSTITUTION 25 2.9 ENROLMENTINPROFESSIONALCOURSES 26CHAPTER 3- ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY 27-30CHAPTER 4- TIME SERIES DATA ANALYSIS 31-41 4.1 GrowthinNumberofHigherEducationalInstitutions 31 4.2 GrowthinStudentEnrolment 33 4.3 TrendinGrossEnrolmentRatio 37 4.4 TrendinGenderParityIndex 37 4.5 TrendinPupilTeacherRatio 38 4.6 GrowthinNumberofTeachers 38 4.7 Trendinprogramme-wiseEnrolmentatvariouslevels 38LIST OF FIGURESFigure1 DistributionofRespondingUniversitiesasperSpecialisation 4Figure2 NumberofCollegesandEligiblePopulation(18-23years)inTop10States (BubblesizeindicatingthenumberofColleges) 6Figure3 Management-wisedistributionofColleges 7Figure4 NumberofCollegesinDifferentRangeofEnrolment 8Figure5 ShareofPrivatesectorindifferenttypeofStandAloneInstitutions 9Figure6 StudentEnrolmentbyLevels 9Figure7 Stream-wiseDistributionofUnderGraduateEnrolment 11Figure8 GenderDistributionatDifferentLevels 13Figure9 Top6StatesasperEnrolment&RepresentationofMale:Female 13Figure10 SocialCategoriesandGenderDistributioninStudentEnrolment 14Figure11 ForeignStudentsDistributioninTop10Countries 15Figure12 ForeignStudentsEnrolmentacrossLevels 15Figure13 Gender-wise&Level-wiseForeignStudentsEnrolment 15Figure14 Femalesper100Males 16Figure15 Level-wiseEnrolment 20 16Figure16 ShareofRegular&DistanceEnrolment 17Figure17 FemaleParticipationinDifferentTypeofStand-AloneInstitutions 17Figure18 %EnrolmentinPrivate&GovernmentCollege 18Figure19 DistributionofGERamongSocialCategoryandGender 19Figure19(a) GPIDistributedaccordingtoSocialCategory 19Figure20 SocialCategory-wiseDistributionofTeachingStaff 19Figure21 Teachers:SC,ST,OBC,MuslimsinTop10States 20

Figure22 Teachers:Femaleper100MalesbySocialandReligiousCategories 20Figure23 Teachers:Post-wiseDistribution 20Figure24 Femaleper100MaleTeacherbyposition 20Figure25 Femaleper100MaleTeachersindifferenttypesofInstitutions 21Figure26 Femaleper100MaleTeachersinStandAloneInstitutions 21Figure27 DistributionofNon-TeachingStaffaccordingtoLevels 22Figure28 LevelwiseGenderDistributionofNon-TeachingStaff 22Figure29 Category-wiseDistributionofNon-TeachingStaff 23Figure30 Femaleper100MaleamongNon-TeachingStaffinvariouscategories 23Figure31 Level-wiseOutTurn 23Figure32 Discipline-wiseOutTurnatUnderGraduateLevel 24Figure33 Discipline-wiseOutTurnatPostGraduateLevel 24Figure34 Discipline-wiseOutTurnatPh.D.Level 24Figure35 Level-wiseEnrolmentindifferentTypeofUniversity 25Figure36 GenderDistributionindifferentTypeofUniversity 25Figure37 DistributionofEnrolmentatUGlevel 27Figure38 DistributionofEnrolmentatPGlevel 28Figure39 PercentageDistributionEnrolmentinMale-Female 28Figure40 NumberofUniversities 31Figure41 NumberofCollege 31Figure42 NumberofUniversitiesbytype 31Figure43 NumberofUniversitiesinMajorStates 32Figure44 CollegeDensityinMajorStates 32Figure45 AverageEnrolmentperCollegeinMajorStates 33Figure46 StudentEnrolment 33Figure47 Gender-wiseEnrolment 34Figure48 DistributionofEnrolmentamongvariousCategories 34Figure49 %EnrolmentofMuslimandOtherMinorityCommunities 35Figure50 EnrolmentinUniversity&itsConstituentUnits 35Figure51 Femaleper100MaleStudentsinUniversity&itsConstituentUnits 36Figure52 EnrolmentinUniversity&itsConstituentUnitsatPh.D.,M.Phil.

andIntegratedLevels 36Figure53 EnrolmentinUniversity&itsConstituentUnits 36Figure54 Category-wiseGER 37Figure55 GrossEnrolmentRatio 37Figure56 GrossEnrolmentRatioinmajorStates 37Figure57 Category-wiseGPI 37Figure58 Post-wisenumberofFemaleTeachersper100MaleTeachers 38Figure59 EnrolmentinimportantprogrammesatPGLevelinRegularmode 39Figure60 Femaleper100MaleStudentsinimportantprogrammesatPGLevel

inRegularmode 41

LIST OF TABLESTable1 State &Type-wiseNumberofUniversities T-1Table1(a) TotalNumberofInstitutionRegisteredandRespondedinAISHE2018-19 T-1aTable2 State&Specialization-WiseNumberofUniversities(basedonactualresponse) T-2Table3 State-wiseDistributionofDistrictsinDifferentRangesofnumberofColleges T-3Table4 NumberofCollegeperLakhPopulation(18-23YEARS),

AverageEnrolmentperCollege T-4Table4(a) Specialization-wisenumberofColleges(basedonactualresponse) T-4aTable5 NumberofPrivateandGovernmentColleges(basedonactualresponse) T-5Table5(a) EnrolmentinPrivateandGovernmentColleges(basedonactualresponse) T-5aTable5(b) NumberofCollegesEstablishedin2018andtheirEnrolment

(basedonactualresponse) T-5bTable6 State-wiseEnrolmentatvariouslevels T-6Table6(a) State-wiseEnrolmentthroughRegularModeatvariouslevels T-6aTable6(b) State-wiseEnrolmentthroughDistanceModeatvariouslevels T-6bTable7 EnrolmentinUniversitiesteachingdepartmentsanditsConstituent

Units/Off-campusCentres T-7Table8 NumberofCollegesandEnrolmentinrespondingCollegesatvariouslevels T-8Table9 NumberandEnrolmentindifferenttypesofStandAloneInstitutions T-9Table9(a) State-wiseEnrolmentinStandAloneInstitutionsatvariouslevels T-9aTable10 EstimatedEnrolmentinColleges T-10Table11 Programme-wiseEnrolment(basedonactualresponse) T-11Table11(a) Programme-wiseEnrolment-DistanceMode(basedonactualresponse) T-11aTable12 EnrolmentatUnderGraduateLevelinMajorDisciplines/Subjects

(basedonactualresponse) T-12Table13 EnrolmentatPh.D.,M.Phil.&PostGraduateLevelinMajor

Disciplines/Subjects(basedonactualresponse) T-13Table14 EstimatedState-wiseEnrolmentinvarioussocialcategories T-14Table15 State-wiseEnrolmentinPWDandMinorityCommunity T-15Table16 Country-wise&Level-wiseForeignStudents(basedonactualresponse) T-16Table17 State-wise&Level-wiseForeignStudent(basedonactualresponse) T-17Table18 ForeignStudentsinDifferentProgrammes(basedonactualresponse) T-18Table19 GrossEnrolmentRatioinHigherEducation(18-23Years) T-19Table20 GenderParityIndexinHigherEducation(18-23Years) T-20Table21(a) State-wiseNumberofTeachersamongvarioussocialcategories T-21aTable21(b) State-wiseNumberofTeachersamongMinority&PWD T-21bTable22 State&Post-WiseNumberofMale&FemaleTeacher T-22Table22(a) Post-WiseNumberofTeachersinUniversities&itsColleges T-22aTable22(b) NumberofTeachersinUniversitiesteachingdepartmentsand

itsConstituentUnit/Off-campusCentres T-22bTable23 State&Post-WiseNumberofMale&FemaleNon-Teaching

staff(basedonactualresponse) T-23Table24(a) State-wiseNumberofNon-Teachingstaffamongvarioussocialcategories

(basedonactualresponse) T-24a

Table24(b) State-wiseNumberofNon-TeachingstaffamongMinority&PWD (basedonactualresponse) T-24b

Table25 PupilTeacherRatioinHigherEducation T-25Table26 Level-wiseEnrolmentinvarioustypesofUniversities (a)TeachingdepartmentsanditsConstituentUnit/Off-campusCentres (b)AffiliatedandConstituentColleges T-26Table27 Category-wiseEnrolmentinvarioustypesofUniversities (a)TeachingdepartmentsanditsConstituentUnit/Off-campusCentres (b)AffiliatedandConstituentColleges T-27Table28 PWDandMinorityEnrolmentinvarioustypesofUniversities

(basedonactualresponse) (a)TeachingdepartmentsanditsConstituentUnit/Off-campusCentres (b)AffiliatedandConstituentColleges T-28Table29 Post-WiseNumberofTeachersinvarioustypesofUniversities (a)TeachingdepartmentsanditsConstituentUnit/Off-campusCentres (b)AffiliatedandConstituentColleges T-29Table30 Category-wiseNumberofTeachersinvarioustypesofUniversities (a)TeachingdepartmentsanditsConstituentUnit/Off-campusCentres (b)AffiliatedandConstituentColleges T-30Table31 State-wiseNumberofHostels,IntakeandStudentResiding T-31Table32 NumberofHostels,IntakeandStudentResidinginvarioustypesofUniversities (a)TeachingdepartmentsanditsConstituentUnit/Off-campusCentres (b)AffiliatedandConstituentColleges T-32Table33 State-wiseOut-turn/Pass-outatvariouslevels(basedonactualresponse) T-33Table34 Programme-wiseOut-turn/Pass-out(basedonactualresponse) T-34Table35 Out-turn/Pass-outatUnderGraduateLevelinMajorDisciplines/Subjects

(basedonactualresponse) T-35Table36 Out-turn/Pass-outatPh.D.,M.Phil.&PostGraduateLevelin

MajorDisciplines/Subjects(basedonactualresponse) T-36Table37 NumberofdifferenttypesofInstitutionsattachedwithUniversity T-37Table38 Population(18-23Years)-2018-19 T-38Table39 EnrolmentbyTypeinUniversityteachingdepartmentsandits

ConstituentUnits/Off-CampusCentres T-39Table40 NumberofUniversitiesduringlast7years T-40Table41 NumberofUniversitiesbyTypeduringlast7year T-41Table42 VariousCollegeIndicatorsduringlast7years T-42Table43 StudentEnrolmentatvariouslevelsduringlast7years T-43Table44 EnrolmentatvariouslevelsthroughRegularmodeduringlast7years T-44Table45 Category-wiseEnrolmentduringlast6years T-45Table46 EnrolmentinMinorityCommunity&PWDduringlast5years T-46Table47 GrossEnrolmentRatioduringlast7years T-47Table48 GenderParityIndexduringlast7years T-48Table49 PupilTeacherRatioduringlast6years T-49Table50 EnrolmentbyUniversityTypeatvariouslevelsduringlast6years T-50

Table51 Post-wiseNumberofTeachersduringlast6years T-51Table52 Populationintheagegroup18-23yearssince2018 T-52

LIST OF BOXESBox1 RegisteredNumberofInstitutionswiththeirdatauploadingresponse 3Box2 ResponseofUniversitiesduring2018-19 4Box3 State-wiseDualModeUniversities(No.ineachState) 5Box4 State-wisedetailsofNon-respondingUniversitiesin2018-19 5Box5 NumberofUniversitiesasperrangeofColleges 5Box6 Top10DistrictshavingMaximumNumberofColleges 6Box7 NumberofDistrictbyCollegeDensity 6Box8 CumulativeNumberCollegesinDifferentRangeofEnrolment

(Includingcollegespooled) 8Box9 TypewiseregisteredStandaloneInstitutionsandtheirresponse 8Box10 Category-wiseDistributionofPWDstudents 14Box11 Level-wiseDistributionofDistanceEnrolment 16Box12 EnrolmentinUniversitiesanditsconstituentUnitsthrough

Regular&Distancemode 17Box13 PercentageofInstitutionshavingvariousInfrastructure 26Box14 EnrolmentinProfessionalCourses 27Box15 NumberofMajorUniversitiesinLast5years 32Box16 Level-wiseEnrolmentanditsCompoundAnnualGrowthRate 34Box17 PTRforRegularEnrolment 38Box18 EnrolmentinimportantprogrammesatPostGraduateLevelin

Regularmodeofeducation 39Box19 EnrolmentinimportantprogrammesatUnderGraduate

LevelinRegularmodeofeducation 39Box20 Femaleper100MaleStudentsinimportantprogrammesat

UnderGraduate&PostGraduateLevelinRegularmodeofeducation 40Box21 EnrolmentinimportantprogrammesatUnderGraduateLevelin

Distancemodeofeducation 40LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure-1 ConstitutionofSteeringCommitteeforHigherEducationStatistics &PublicInformationSystem A-1

Annexure-2 CONCEPTSANDDEFINITIONS A-2Annexure-3 ListofOfficersInvolvedinAllIndiaSurveyonHigherEducation2018-19 A-3Annexure-4 UniversityNodalOfficersInvolvedinCoordinatingwithColleges A-4Annexure-5 State-wiseListofNon-ResponseUniversities A-5Annexure-6 EstimationFormula A-6Annexure-7 ErrataofAISHE2017-18 A-7

AllIndiaSurveyonHigherEducation(AISHE)wasinitiatedin2011duringwhichdatafortheyear2010-11wascollected.ThesurveywasutmostnecessaryasnoneofthesourceofdataonHigherEducationwasgivingcompletepictureofHigherEducationinthecountry.ForthefirsttimeallthemajorStakeholdersinHigherEducationsuchasUniversityGrantsCommission,AllIndiaCouncilforTechnicalEducation,MedicalCouncil of India aswell as StateGovernments participated in thedata collectionexercise. The entiresurveywasconductedthroughelectronicmodeandadedicatedportalhttp://aishe.gov.in wasdevelopedforthispurpose,thusmakingtheexercisecompletelypaperless. ThesurveyintendedtocoveralltheInstitutionsinthecountryengagedinimpartingtheHigherEducation.Dataisbeingcollectedonseveralparameterssuchasteachers,studentenrolment,programmes,examinationresults,educationfinance,infrastructureetc. Indicatorsofeducationaldevelopmentsuchas InstitutionDensity,GrossEnrolmentRatio,PupilTeacherRatio,GenderParityIndexetc.arecalculatedfromthedatacollectedthroughAISHE.Theseareusefulinmakinginformedpolicydecisionsandresearchfordevelopmentofeducationsector.Thesurveyisbeingconductedonannualbasis. It ispertinenttomentionthattheresultspublishedinthisreportarebasedonnumberofinstitutionswhohaveregisteredanduploadedtheirinformationinspeciallydesignedDataCaptureFormats(DCFs).Thus,thereispossibilitythatallInstitutionsofHigherEducationmaynothaveregisteredonAISHE2018-19.

1.1 Steering Committee and Working Group: TheXIIPlancategoricallyhighlightedtheneedforastrongcurrentandcomprehensivedata forevidence-basedpolicymakingandeffectiveplanning.ThePlandocumentalsotooknoteof theAll IndiaSurveyonHigherEducation initiatedbytheMinistryofHumanResourceDevelopmentandindicatedthatitcanprovideusefulinsightsandcanbethefirststeptowardscreatingacomprehensivehighereducationdatamanagementsystem.Keepingthis inview,anewplanschemeHigherEducationStatisticsandPublicInformationSystem(HESPIS)hasbeenapprovedinXIIFiveYearPlan.Withaviewtoensurecoordinatedapproachtoalltheseefforts,particularlydatacollectioneffortsandbenefitfromsynergy insuchefforts,aSteeringCommitteeforHigherEducationStatisticsandPublicInformationSystemhasalsobeenconstitutedunderthechairmanshipofSecretary(HigherEducation),MHRDanddifferentstake-holdersasmembers.ThenotificationonconstitutionoftheSteeringCommittee anditsTermsofReferenceisgivenatAnnexure-1.

1.2 The Central Sector Scheme: The schemeofHigher Education Statistics and Public InformationSystem(HESPIS)underwhichthesurveyisbeingconductedsinceXIIFiveYearPlanhasbeenextendedforcontinuationupto2019-20bytheStandingFinanceCommittee(SFC)withanoutlayofRs.64.09crore.

1.3 Identification of Institutions for Coverage: TheInstitutionshavebeenclassified infollowing3broad categories

• University and University Level Institutions i.e. the InstitutionswhichareempoweredtoawarddegreeundersomeActofParliamentorStateLegislature.

• Colleges/Institutions which are not empowered to provide degree in its own name andthereforeareaffiliated/recognisedwithUniversities.

• Stand-alone Institutions(notaffiliatedwithUniversities)whicharenotempoweredtoprovidedegreeandthereforerunDiplomaLevelProgrammes.Duringthesurvey,following7typesofsuchInstitutionshavebeencovered.

1. TechnicalInstitutessuchasPolytechnicsrecognizedbyAICTE/StateDirectorateofTechnicalEducation.

2. PostGraduateDiplomainManagementrecognizedbyAICTE.

CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION

1

3. TeacherTrainingsuchasDistrictInstituteofEducationandTrainingrecognizedbyNationalCouncilforTeacherEducation.

4. NursingInstitutesrecognizedbyIndianNursingCouncil/StateNursingCouncil.

5. InstitutesdirectlyunderthecontrolofvariousCentralMinistries.

6. ParamedicalInstitutesasrecognizedbyParamedicalCouncil.

7. Hotel Management & Catering Institute recognized by National Council for HotelManagement&CateringTechnology.

1.4 Reference Period for AISHE 2018-19: ReferencedateforfillinguptheDataCaptureFormatswas30thSeptember2018.Thenumberofinstitutions,teachersandstudentshasbeenrecordedonthebasisoftheiractualnumberason30thSeptember2018.InformationinrespectofExaminationResulthasbeencollectedforthestudentspassedout/awardeddegreeonorbefore30thSeptember,2018forthepreviousacademicyear.FinancialInformationhasbeenrecordedforthepreviousfinancialyeari.e.1stApril,2017to31stMarch,2018.

1.5 Formulation of Concepts and Definition and Instruction Manual: Allthetermsgenerallyusedinhighereducationsuchasuniversity,college,programmes,discipline,faculty,departmenthavebeenclearlydefined inthe instructionmanual,whichalso includes item-wise instructionstofill theforms.ConceptsandDefinitionsusedinthesurveyaregivenatAnnexure2.

1.6 List of Higher Education Institutions: EarlierlistsofalltheUniversitiesandStand-aloneInstitutionswerepreparedbyadoptingthefollowingmethod:

- ConsultingthewebsitesoftheStateGovernmentDepartments,MinistriesandInstitutions.

- ConsultingalltheCentralMinistries,CouncilsandStateGovernmentsforprovidingthelistofInstitutionsundertheircontrol.

Different colleges are regulatedwithdifferent regulatorybodies. Thereare somecollegeswhoseprogrammesarerecognisedbymorethanoneregulatorybody.Toavoidsuchduplicationoromission,Universitywasidentifiedasbestsourcetopreparethelistofcolleges.

Inaddition,thefollowingmechanismwasalsoadoptedtoupdatethelistofinstitutionsfor2018-19.

• ListofUniversitiesthroughStateGovernments,CentralMinistries,UGCandself-disclosurebytheUniversities,whichistobeverifiedbytheActoftheUniversity.

• ListofCollegesthroughUniversities

• List of Stand-alone Institutions through respective Councils, State Governments and CentralMinistries

Anonlinemodulehasbeendevelopedtoupdatethelistofinstitutions.Apartfromadditionanddeletion,modulehasbeendevelopedtoaffiliateandde-affiliatecollegeswhichmaintaintheidentityofthecollegeevenaftershiftingfromoneUniversitytoother.AprovisionhasalsobeenmadeforthosecollegeswhichareupgradedtoUniversitysothatthereisalwaysabackwardlinkage.

1.7 Partner Agencies: StatisticsDivisionofMHRDisprimarilyresponsibleforformulationanddesignof the survey, which includes preparation of DCF, providing training to Nodal Officers in workshops,engagementwithNationalInformaticsCentre(NIC)insoftwaredevelopmentetc.Thesoftwaresupportwas provided by NIC. Several regulatory authorities such as UGC, AICTE,MCI, etc. also took part byinstructingtheirinstitutionsforprovidinginformationinthesurvey.

2

NodalofficersineachStateareexpectedtocoordinatethesurveywork.MostoftheStateshavenominatedHigher/TechnicalEducationDepartmentasNodalDepartment/agencyforcoordinatingtheSurvey.AlongwithStateNodalOfficers,3morenodalofficers,oneeachfromDirectorateofTechnicalEducation(forPolytechnics),SCERT(forDIETsandTeacherTrainingdiplomalevelinstitutions)andStateNursingCouncilhavealsobeendesignatedtoco-ordinatewithStandaloneInstitutions.ThenamesoftheseStateNodalOfficersandUniversityNodalOfficers(Affiliating)areshownatAnnexure-3andAnnexure-4respectively.

1.8 Mode of Survey: A dedicated portal (http://aishe.gov.in) has been developedwith the help ofNationalInformaticsCentre(NIC)forcollectionandcompilationofthedata.AlltheInstitutionsneedtoregisterontheportalforaccessingtheportalanduploadingitsdata.TheregistrationsoftheInstitutionsareapprovedbyappropriatelevelofofficersatState/CentralLevelandincaseofcolleges,byUniversitynodalOfficers.Thee-versionofDCFhasbeenpreparedinsuchamannerthatitexpandsaccordingtothestructure/size(NumberofFaculties/Departments,Programmes,etc.)oftheInstitution.TheDataCaptureFormatisdownloadedfromtheportal,filledoff-lineandthenfilled-inDCFisuploaded,whichhasmadeitcompletelypaper-less.DCFhasbeendesignedinsuchamannerthatnomanualaggregationisrequiredatanylevel.NoinvestigatorissenttotheInstitutiontocollectthedata.Infactthenodalofficersappointedbythe Institutionsthemselvesarethe Investigatorandtheyareresponsible forfillinguptheDCFanduploadingitonportalwithanundertakingfromheadoftheinstitutions.ThiseliminatestheduplicationofeffortindataentryonceformisuploadedbytheInstitution.OncedataisuploadedbytheInstitutions,datacompilationisdoneautomaticallyinpre-designedformats.Filled-inDCFsareavailableontheportal,whichcanbeseenbytheInstitutionsandhigherlevelauthoritiesandcanbemodified,ifrequired,tillsurveyisopen.

1.9 Duration of the Survey AISHE 2018-19: The survey waslaunchedon3rdDecember,2018.Datauploadingstartedfromthatveryfirstdayofitslaunchingandcontinuedtill10thMay,2019.Oneofitsspecialfeaturesisthatdata,suchasbasicdetails,nameoffaculties/departmentsandlistofprogrammescanbepre-filledinfuturesurveyDCFfromthepreviouslyfilled-inDCFwithanoptiontoeditpre-filleddata.

1.10 Institutions Uploaded Data under Survey: InAISHE2018-19,944 Universities,36,308Collegesand8,354Stand-alone Institutionhaveuploaded the formon theportal.However, inaddition to theactual response receivedduringAISHE2018-19,datahasbeenpooled fromtheAISHEdatauploadedduring last two yearsofHigher Education institutionswhichexisted in 2018-19but couldnotuploadthedatainpresentsurveyyears.Sobypooling,theresultsareactuallybasedonresponsefromalargernumberofinstitutionsthantheactualresponseof2018-19surveywhichcanbeseenfromthefollowingBox1.

Box 1 : Registered Number of Institutions with their data uploading response

University Colleges Stand-alone

Listed for AISHE 2018-19 993 39931 10725

Actual Response in AISHE 2018-19 944(95.1%)36308(91%)

8354(77.9%)

Total number of Institutions after pooling data from AISHE 2016-17 to AISHE 2017-18

962(96.9%)

38179(95.6%)

9190(85.7%)

List of Universities, which did not upload the data during 2018-19 is also shown at Annexure 5.

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2.1 NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS

2.1.1 University

During2018-19,993UniversitieslistedonAISHEportalwereexpectedtouploadthedata.Thetype-wisedetailsof the993Universitiesaregivenbelow.Outof them944Universitiesuploaded thedataduring2018-19andtoarriveatbettereducational indicators,18Universitieswhichhaduploadedthedataeitherduringlasttwoyearsbutnotduring2018-19,havebeenpooled.ThenamesofUniversities,whichcouldnotuploadthedataduring2018-19,arelistedinAnnexure5.

Box 2 : Response of Universities during 2018-19

Type of university Number of Universities Number of Response*

Central University 46 44

Central Open University 1 1

Institution of National Importance 127 122

State Public University 371 364

Institution Under State Legislature Act 5 4

State Open University 14 14

State Private University 304 289

State Private Open University 1 0

Deemed University- Government 34 34

Deemed University- Government Aided 10 10

Deemed University- Private 80 80

Grand Total 993 962

*Including18universitieswhichhaveuploadeddataforAISHE2016-17to2017-18.

CHAPTER 2 – ANALYSIS

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Among 993 Universities, 385 Universitiesareprivatelymanagedand394Universities arelocatedinruralarea.16Universitiesareexclusivelyfor women with 3 in Rajasthan, 2 in TamilNadu, 1 each in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka,Maharashtra, Odisha, Uttarakhand and WestBengal. There are 298 Affiliating Universities.Thestate-wisenumberofuniversitiesbytypesisgiven inTable1.Thedistributionof respondinguniversitiesasperspecializationsisshownintheFigure1.State-wisedistributionofUniversitiesasperspecializationisgiveninTable-2.

Box 5: Number of Universities as per range of Colleges

Range Number of Colleges

Number of University

Cumulative number of University

0-100 168 168

100-200 59 227

200-300 36 263

300-400 12 275

400-500 10 285

500-1000 13 298

Box 3: State-wise Dual Mode Universities (No. in each State)

Tamil Nadu 13

Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka 8

Telangana, West Bengal 7

Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh 6

Assam, Delhi, Kerala, Rajasthan 5

Haryana 4

Bihar, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttarakhand 3

J&K, Odisha, Chhattisgarh 2

Arunachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Puducherry, Tripura

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Box 4: State-wise details of Non-responding Universities in 2018-19

Arunachal Pradesh 3

Andhra Pradesh 5

Delhi 3

Haryana 2

Jammu & Kashmir 1

Karnataka 1

Madhya Pradesh 12

Meghalaya 1

Punjab 1

Rajasthan 5

Sikkim 1

Telangana 1

Uttar Pradesh 13

All India 49

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Inadditionto1CentralOpenUniversity,14 State Open Universities and 1 StatePrivateOpenUniversity,thereare110Dualmode Universities, which offer educationthrough distance mode also. Out of 110Dualmode Universities, 13 are located inTamilNadu. In Jharkhand,neither there isany Open University nor any Dual ModeUniversity.Thestate-wisedetailsaregivenintheBox3.

Except 49 universities located in 13States (Box 4) viz., Arunachal Pradesh,Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Jammu& Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Telangana,PunjabandUttarPradeshallUniversitiesinother states have uploaded the data during AISHE 2018-19. In 4 Union Territoriesnamely Andaman and Nicobar Islands,DadraandNagarHaveli,DamanandDiuandLakshadweep,therearenoUniversities.

2.1.2 College

Only affiliated and constituentinstitutions of Central and State PublicUniversitieshavebeencountedascolleges.Constituent units of deemed/privateuniversities, Off-campus centers andRecognizedcentershavenotbeencountedas Colleges. There are 298 affiliatingUniversitiesandtheyhave39931colleges.Thereare13Universities,whichhave500ormorecolleges.ThenumberofUniversitiesamongdifferentrangesofcollegesisshownin the Box 5. Chatrapati Sahuji MaharajKanpurUniversity,Kanpurhasthemaximumnumber of colleges (922). Evidently, therearewidevariationsinnumberofcollegesperdistrict.Thetop10districtsandnumberofcollegesinthosedistrictsareshownbelow.Inthese10districtsalmost10.6%ofcollegesarelocated.Thetop50districtshaveabout32.2% of colleges. Distribution of districtsaccording to number Colleges in a range

Box 6: Top 10 Districts having MaximumNumber of Colleges

District Name Number of Colleges

Bangalore(Urban) 880

Jaipur 566

Hyderabad 463

Pune 450

Prayagraj 343

Rangareddy 332

Nagpur 313

Mumbai 305

Guntur 298

Bhopal 280

Box 7: Number of District by College Density

Number of College Number of districts

Lessthan10 153

10-19 102

20-49 174

50-99 136

100-199 94

200-299 26

300-399 4

400-499 2

500-999 2

College density,i.e.thenumberofcollegesperlakheligiblepopulation(populationintheage-group18-23years)variesfrom7inBiharto53inKarnatakaascomparedtoAllIndiaaverageof28.

isshownbelow.State-wisedistributionofdistrictsinaccordancewithnumberofcollegesinarangeisgivenatTable-3.

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The top 7 states in terms of highest number ofCollegesinIndiaareUttarPradesh,Maharashtra,Karnataka,Rajasthan,AndhraPradesh,TamilNaduandGujaratwhichhave 28 andmore Colleges per lakh population. In UttarPradesh, there are 7078 Colleges and for every one lakhpopulation there are 28 Colleges. Similarly Maharashtracomessecondwith4340Collegesand33Collegesperlakhpopulation. Karnataka comes at third position with 3670Colleges and 53 Colleges per lakh population whereasRajasthan is at fourth positionwith 3156Colleges and 35Collegesperlakhpopulation.AndhraPradeshcomesatfifth

positionwith2678CollegesandhasCollegedensityof49.TamilNaducomesatsixthpositionwith2466Collegesand35CollegesperlakhpopulationwhereasGujaratisatseventhpositionwith2232Collegesand31Collegesperlakhpopulation.MadhyaPradeshhas2191Collegesand24Collegesforeveryonelakhpopulation.State-wisenumberofcollegesandthedensityareshowninTable4.

Most of the Colleges run only Under Graduatelevel programmes. Only 2.5% of Colleges run Ph.D. levelprogrammesand34.9%ofcollegesrunPostGraduateLevelprogrammes.

2.1.2 (a) Management-wise number of Colleges

MajorityoftheColleges77.8%,areprivatelymanaged,ofwhich64.3%areprivateunaided&13.5%arePrivateaidedand the remaining22.2%areGovernmentColleges in theCountry.Therearewidevariationsamongstatesinnumberofprivatecolleges.Statewise,ManagementwisedistributionofCollegesisshowninTable5andManagementwiseEnrolmentinPrivateandGovernmentcollegesisshowninTable5(a).

2.1.2 (b) Size of Colleges

Majority of colleges are smaller in terms of enrolment. 16.3% of the Colleges are havingenrolmentlessthan100and48.1%ofthecollegeshavestudentstrength100to500whichmeans64.4%ofthecollegesenrolllessthan500students.Only4%Collegeshaveenrolmentmorethan3000.

There are 34.8% Colleges, which run only single programme, out of which 83.1% are privately managed. Among these, 38.1% colleges run B.Ed. Courses only.

Among the major States, In Andhra Pradesh Private-unaided colleges constitutes about 82%, followed by Telangana 80%, Uttar Pradesh 78%, Tamil Nadu has 77% Private-unaided colleges.

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60.53% Colleges are located in Rural Area

10.82% Colleges are exclusively for Girls

2. 1.3 Stand-alone Institutions

StandAloneInstitutionsarecategorisedinto7categoriesasdescribedbelow:

Type I-DiplomaLevelTechnicalInstitutessuchasPolytechnics,whicharegenerallyrecognisedbyAllIndiaCouncilforTechnicalEducation(AICTE)andadministeredbyStateDirectorateofTechnicalEducation.

Type II-DiplomaLevelTeacherTraining Institutes includingDistrict InstituteofEducationandTraining(DIETs)recognisedbyNationalCouncilforTeacherEducation(NCTE)andgenerallyadministeredbyStateCouncilforEducationResearchandTraining(SCERT).

Type III- Diploma Level Nursing Institutes recognised by Indian Nursing Council (INC) and generallyadministeredbyStateNursingCouncil/Boards.

Type IV-PGDM(PostGraduateDiplomainManagement)InstitutesrecognisedbyAICTE

Type V-InstitutesdirectlyunderthecontrolofvariousCentralMinistries

Type VI-ParaMedical

Type VII-HotelManagement&Catering

NumberofinstitutionsvariedwidelyacrosstheStatesincludingtheirdegreeofresponse.Outof10725Stand-aloneInstitutions,9190(includingpooleddatafrom2016-17to2017-18) have uploaded the dataduring2018-19survey.Typewisedetailsareasunder:

Box 9: Type wise registered Stand-alone Institutions and their response

Technical Teacher Training NursingPGDM

Institutes

Institutes under

Ministries

Para Medical

Hotel Mgmt. & Catering

Total 3440 3759 3039 475 100 70 26

Form Uploaded 3189 3151 2578 291 48 32 17

Box 8 : Cumulative Number of Colleges in Different Range of Enrolment

(Includingcollegespooled)

CollegeEnrolment

NumberofColleges Cumulative%

0-50 2565 6.750-100 3642 16.3100-200 7579 36.1200-500 10798 64.4500-1000 6215 80.71000-2000 4335 92.02000-3000 1509 96.0>3000 1536 100.0

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In Gujarat and Chhattisgarh polytechnics have been affiliated with the University and therefore they have not been counted as Stand-alone Institutions. The Polytechnics in these 2StateshavebeenincludedintheColleges.

StandAloneInstitutionsaremainlyrun by Private sector (75.5%); Privateunaided – 66.20% and Private aided –9.30%. Only 24.53% Institutions are inGovernment sector. 56.2% InstitutionsarelocatedinRuralArea.

2.2 STUDENT ENROLMENT

2.2.1 Level-wise Enrolment

TotalStudentenrolmenthasbeenclassifiedin8levelsviz–Ph.D.,M.Phil.,PostGraduate,UnderGraduate, PG Diploma, Diploma, CertificateandIntegrated.Percentageshareofstudentenrolment in these levels are shown inFigure6.State-wiseandlevel-wiseestimatedstudentenrolmentisgiveninTable6.State-wise student enrolment through regularmodeatvariouslevelisgiveninTable6(a).

The highest number of students are enrolledatUnderGraduatelevelacrossIndia.SimilarsituationcouldbeobservedinStates/UTs.Outofthetotalenrolmentof3,73,99,388students, a vastmajorityof 2,98,29,075 students areenrolled inUnderGraduate that is a sweeping79.8%.Ontheotherhand,secondtoUnderGraduate,10.8%studentsareenrolledinPost-Graduationwhich isapproximately40.42 lakh students. Thereare3,880studentsenrolled in IntegratedPh.D. inadditionto1,69,170studentsenrolledatPh.D.Level.Thereisasmallshareof7.2%studentsenrolledatDiplomalevelinIndiathatamountstoaround26.99lakhstudentsandoutofthismajorityofstudentsareenrolledinTeacherTraining,NursingandTechnicalstreams.However,asmallshareof1.62lakhand2.24lakhstudentsareenrolledeachatCertificateandPGDiplomalevels,respectively,constitutingapprox.0.44%and0.60%ofthetotalshareateachlevel.Intermsofstate-shareofenrolment,MaharashtratopsintheenrolmentofstudentsinUniversities(includingconstituentunits)with9,48,955.ThisisfollowedbyTamilNaduwith7,85,841studentsandDelhiwith7,66,213students.StatewiseenrolmentinrespondingUniversityTeachingDepartmentsalongwith itsconstituentUnitsandoffcampusCentersaregiven inTable7.State-wiseenrolmentinrespondingCollegesandStandAloneinstitutionsaregivenTable8andTable 9, respectively. As indicated in Chapter 3, enrolment estimationhas been done only forUnderGraduateandPostGraduatelevelinCollegesandforwhichState-wisedetailsisgiveninTable10.

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2.2.2 Programme-wise Enrolment (Based on Actual Response)

AsregardstoProgrammes,outoftotal,10programmeshavingrelativelyhigherenrolmentwerestudiedtoseethestudent’sconcentration.BachelorofArts(B.A.)has93.49lakhstudentsenrolledinitwhichisthehighestenrolment.Thepercentageofmaleis46.96%andfemaleis53.04%.BachelorofScience(B.Sc.)has46.80lakhstudentsenrolledintotalandoutofthem48.3%aremalestudentsand51.7%arefemalestudents.Thereare40.30lakhstudentsenrolledinB.Com.andoutofthem51.2%aremaleand48.8%arefemale.B.Tech.has21.25lakhenrolledstudentsoutofwhich72%aremalewhereas

thepercentageoffemaleis28%.BachelorofEngineering(B.E.)has16.45lakhstudentsenrolledoutofwhich71.14%studentsarefrommalecategory.MasterofArts(M.A.)has15.12lakhtotalnumberofstudentsenrolledwith61.78%femalestudents.B.A.(Hons)has16.39lakhstudentswith44.79%maleand55.21%femalestudents.B.Ed. has total number of 12.23 lakh students and out of them66.39%arefemale.M.Sc.hastotalnumberof6.79 lakhstudents

with37.28%maleand62.72%female.MBAhastotalnumberof5.88lakhstudentswith58.33%malestudents.B.Sc.(Hons.)hastotalnumberof5.83lakhstudentswith55.90%malestudents.Programme-wiseenrolmentonthebasisofactualresponseisgiveninTable11.

2.2.3 Discipline/Subject-wise Enrolment (Based on Actual Response)

The total enrolment at Undergraduate Level in major discipline/subject based on actualresponse is given inTable12.Thehighestnumberof studentsareenrolled inArts courses. The totalnumberofstudentsenrolledinArtscoursesare93.49lakhoutofwhich46.96%aremaleand53.03%arefemale.Scienceissecondmajorstreamwith47.13lakhstudentoutofwhich49%aremaleand51%arefemale.Commerceisthirdmajorstreamwith40.3lakhstudentsenrolled.TheshareofmalestudentsenrolledinCommerceis51.2%whereasfemaleenrolmentis48.8%.EngineeringandTechnologyisthefourthmajorsteamwith38.52lakhstudentsenrolment.TheshareofmalestudentenrolledinEngineeringandTechnologyis71.1%wherefemaleenrolmentis28.9%.Thisstreamhas17substreamslikeElectronicsEngineering,ComputerEngineering,MechanicalEngineering,ElectricalEngineeringetc.Thetop5substreamareComputerEngineeringwith8.8lakhstudents,MechanicalEngineeringwith7.8lakhstudents,ElectronicsEngineeringwith6.31lakhstudents,CivilEngineeringwith5.36lakhstudentsandElectricalEngineeringwith3.94lakhstudentsenrolled.InInformationTechnology/ComputerApplicationstream,there are 7.47 lakh students enrolled.Medical Science stream shows a different picturewith highernumberof femalestudents,where inoutof total11.96 lakhstudents, femalestudentsare7.25 lakh.Managementstreamhas6.5lakhstudentswith4.05lakhmalestudents.ThestudentsenrolledinLawstreamare3.98lakhoutofwhich2.64lakharemales.

At Ph.D. level,maximum number of students are enrolled in Science stream followed byEngineeringandTechnology.OntheotherhandatPostGraduate(PG)level,maximumstudentsareenrolledinSocialScienceandManagementstreamcomesatnumbertwo.Asregardtogenderdistribution,itisseenthatamongmajorsectors,Agriculture,Engineering,LawandPhysicalEducationsectorshavelowestfemaleparticipation.Enrolmentinmajordiscipline/subjectatPh.D.,M.Phil.andPGlevelbasedonactual responseisgiveninTable13.

10 Programmes cover more than 80% of the total students enrolled in higher education

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The percentageof studentsopting forPh.D. after their PG is also calculated to see the trend.InAgricultureandAlliedcourses52.9%ofthestudentsareoptingforPh.D.aftertheirPost-GraduationfollowedbyEngineeringandTechnologycourseswhere56.5%ofthestudentsareoptingforPh.D.aftertheirPG. It is followedbyScience inwhich19.4%of thestudentsareoptingforPh.D.and inMedicalscience15.5%ofthestudentsareoptingforPh.D.InSocialScience6.1%ofstudentsareoptingforPh.D.afterthePGcourseinthesamefield.

ThetotalnumberofPh.D.studentsinAgricultureandAlliedcoursesis6056outofwhich59.2%are male students. The stream isdividedinto4sub-streamswhichareAgriculture, Horticulture, Forestryand Sericulture. At PG level, thereare 27805 students enrolled inAgriculture and Allied sector with63.10% male and 36.90% femalestudents.

Commerce stream has5351 students enrolled for Ph.D.with45.7%malestudentsandforPGlevel,4.50lakhstudentsareenrolledwith62.23%femalestudents.ITandComputerSciencehavetotalnumberof2865studentsenrolledforPh.D.with49.21%malestudentsandatPGlevel,totalnumberofstudentenrolledis1.97lakhwith49.8%malestudents.

EngineeringandTechnologystreamisdividedinto19sub-streamswithtotalnumberof41869studentsenrolledforPh.D.and1.82lakhstudentsatPGlevel.ComputerEngineeringhashighestnumberof 5846 students enrolled forPh.D.with58.7%male students.Mechanical Engineering is the secondhighesthaving5565studentswith90.6%malestudents.AtPGlevelalso,CivilEngineeringhashighestnumberof36669studentswith70.03%malestudents.

There are 3694 students enrolled in Ph.D. in foreign languages. Foreign language stream isdividedinto5substreamsandEnglishisatthetopofthelist.Thereare3289studentsenrolledinPh.D.inEnglishwith37%malestudentsand63%femalestudents.French languagehastotalnumberof25studentsenrolledinPh.D.,outofwhich60.0%arefemale.AtPGlevel,therearetotal1,94,702studentsenrolledinforeignlanguagecourses.Outofthis1,88,250studentsareenrolledinEnglishlanguagewith67.2%femalestudents.

There are 8016 students enrolled in Ph.D. in Indian languageswhich is divided into 11 sub-streams.ThehighestnumberofstudentsareenrolledinHindilanguagewhichis2396with1135malestudentsand1261femalestudents.Sanskrithasthesecondhighestnumberofstudents.Thereare1048studentsenrolledinSanskritforPh.D.with561maleand487female.Altogether,atPGlevel,thereare2.98lakhstudentsenrolledinIndianlanguagesoutofwhich1.97lakharefemaleand1.01lakharemale.Hindiwith122088studentshasthehighestnumberofstudentsenrolledatPGlevel.Outofthat68.2%

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arefemaleandrestaremale.Bengalihas27758studentsatPGlevelwith73.56%femalestudents.Urduhas22257studentsenrolledatPGlevelwith73.6%female.Sanskrithastotalnumberof21226studentswith66.9%femaleatPGlevel.

MedicalSciencehastotalnumberof7473Ph.D.studentswhichisdividedinto48sub-streams.ThehighestnumberofPh.D.studentsareenrolledinPharmacywith2888studentshaving1633maleand1255female.Ayurvedahastotalnumberof405studentsenrolledatPh.D.levelwith191maleand214female.Dentistryhas560students,Generalmedicinehas121studentsandNursinghas669studentsenrolledatPh.D.level.ThenumberoftotalstudentsatPGlevelinmedicalscienceis159250with41.22%malestudents.PharmacyhasthehighestnumberofstudentsatPGlevelwhich is59458with40.27%malestudents.Othermajorsub-streamsinMedicalScienceatPGlevelareDentistrywhichhas14236students,Nursinghas13378studentsandGeneralMedicinehas12048students.

Sciencestreamhas44702studentsenrolledforPh.D.whichisdividedinto18sub-streamssuchasMathematics,Chemistry,Physics,andZoologyetc.ChemistryhasthehighestnumberofPh.D.studentswhich is 8036with 4553male and 3483 female. Physics has total number of 5954 students at Ph.D.levelwith3614maleand2340female.Thereistotalnumberof4504studentsenrolledinMathematicsforPh.D.outofwhich2446aremale.Botanyhas2487students,Zoologyhas2379students,andBio-Sciencehas1952studentsenrolledforPh.D.AtPGlevelthereare5.87lakhstudentsenrolledinSciencecourseswhicharedividedinto18sub-streams.Thereare136236studentsenrolledinMathematicswhichisthehighestamongalltheSciencestreams.Outofthetotal,65.48%arefemalestudents.Chemistryhasenrolmentof124526studentsatPGlevelwith42.16%malestudents.Physicshas72797studentsandZoologyhas50904studentsenrolledatPG levelwith71.2%femaleand28.8%malerespectively.Mathematicshashighernumberoffemalestudents.

SocialSciencestreamhastotalnumberof16698studentsenrolledforPh.D.which isdividedinto13sub-streams.Outofthis,EconomicshasthehighestnumberofstudentsenrolledinPh.D.whichis2733with1378maleand1355femalestudentsfollowedbyHistorywhichhas2340students.PoliticalSciencehastotalnumberof1720studentsenrolledinPh.D.with1059malestudentsand661femalestudents.Sociologyhastotalnumberof1593studentsenrolledinPh.D.with714maleand879female.Apartfromthese,Philosophyhas1055students,Geographyhas1157students,PublicAdministrationhas323students,Psychologyhas1096studentsandAnthropologyhas219studentsenrolledforPh.D.Thereare7.15lakhstudentsenrolledinSocialSciencestreamatPGlevel.ThehighestnumberofstudentsareenrolledinPoliticalScienceatPGlevelwhichis147406with45.41%malestudents.Sociology,HistoryandEconomicshave140181,130009and91151students,respectivelyenrolledatthePGlevel.

2.2.4 Gender Distribution

Takinga lookat theMale-Female ratioateach level inFigure8, itmaybeseen that ratioofmaleishigherthanfemaleinalmosteverylevel,exceptM.Phil.,PostGraduateandCertificate.StudentenrolmentatUnderGraduatelevelhas51%maleand49%female.Diplomahasaskeweddistributionwith66.8%malesand33.2%females.Ph.D.levelhas56.18%maleand43.82%female.Integratedlevelshave

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57.50%maleand42.50%female.PG Diploma student enrolmentis 54.09% for male students and45.91%forfemalestudents.

The relatively highershare of male enrolment than female enrolment of students is also seen across the levels in the mostoftheStates.Thetop6StatesarehighlightedinFigure9intermsof highest total student enrolment in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,

TamilNadu,WestBengal,Rajasthanand Karnataka, however in termsof total number of Institution theranking of the States is slightlydifferent with Uttar Pradesh (8077)at the top followedbyMaharashtra(6662), Karnataka (5028), Rajasthan(3723), Andhra Pradesh (3540) andTamilNadu(3443).Itisinterestingtonotethatthese6Stateswithhigheststudent enrolment constitutenearly 54.23% of the total studentenrolment in India. Rest of the 30States (including UTs) have only

25.76%of the total studentenrolment. So inevitably, the female students in these6 States is almost54.43%ofthetotalfemalestudentsenrolledandmalestudentsenrolledinthese6Statescontributesto54.05%ofthetotalmalestudentsacrossIndia.

Uttar Pradesh,with its highest student enrolment in India, has 49.30%male and 50% femalestudents.Maharashtrahasthesecondhigheststudentenrolmentwithapprox.54.95%maleandapprox45.05%females.Thereafter,TamilNaduhas50.87%maleand49.13%female,WestBengalwith50.37%maleand49.63%femalestudents. InKarnataka,percentageoffemalesenrolled is50.04%whereas inRajasthanmoremalestudentsareenrolledascomparedtofemalestudents.

2.2.5 Social Category-wise Distribution

Thetotalestimatedstudentenrolmentis3,73,99,388outofwhichnearly51.36%aremaleandrest48.64%arefemalestudents.State-wiseandCategory-wiseestimatedenrolmentisgiveninTable14.

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SCstudentenrolmentis14.89%of the total enrolment and themale-femaleratioismoreorlesssimilartotheAllCategories.On the other hand, studentsbelonging to ST category constitute only 5.53% of thetotal student enrolment and malefemaleratioissimilartoAllCategories. 36.34% of the totalstudents belong to OBC with50.83%ofmaleOBCstudents.

2.2.6 Representation of Minority Students

AmongMinoritycategory,dataonMuslimshavebeencollectedseparately. Accordingtotheresponsereceivedduringthesurvey,5.23%studentsbelongtoMuslimMinorityand2.32%arefromotherMinorityCommunities.MuslimMinorityhasmoremalestudentsthanfemalewhereasotherMinorityhasmorefemalethanmale.State-wisenumberofstudentsfromMinorityandPWDcategoryisshowninTable15.

2.2.7 Representation of Persons with Disabilities (PWD) students

There are 85,877 PWD students enrolled inhighereducation.Outofwhich48,212aremaleand37,665arefemalestudents.Category-wisedistributionof PWD student is shown in Box 10 which indicatethat as compared to all SC, ST and OBC students,shareofPWDstudentsofthesecategoriesisverylowparticularly in ST category. Female participation amongPWDstudentsishighestinSTcategorywith116femaleper100malefollowedbySC(76).State-wisenumberofPWDstudent’senrolmentisgiveninTable15.

2.2.8 Representation of Foreign Students

ThetotalnumberofforeignnationalstudentsenrolledinIndiais47,427.Country-wiseandlevel-wiseforeignstudentsinrespondingInstitutionsaregiveninTable16.Theforeignstudentscomefrom164differentcountriesfromallacrosstheglobe.Highestshareofstudentscomefromtheneighboringcountries ofwhichNepal contributes 26.88%of the total, followed by Afghanistan 9.8%, Bangladesh4.38%,Sudan4.02%,Bhutan3.82%,Nigeria3.4%,UnitedStatesofAmerica3.2%,Yemen3.2%,SriLanka2.64%, Iran2.38%of the foreignstudents.Amongmajorcontributors,Nepalhasmoremale studentsthanfemale.Ontheotherhand,Sudan87.2%,Yemen90.9%andAfghanistan87.7%haveaconsiderablyhighernumberofmale students.Althoughmaximumnumberof foreign students comes fromNepal,themaximumnumber (295)enrolled inPh.D. are fromEthiopia followedbyYemen (149).Also there

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Box 10: Category-wise Distribution of PWD students

Category

% out of Total

PWD Male

% out of Total

PWD Female

% out of Total

PWD

Female per hundred

Male

Total - - - 78

SC 9.5 9.2 9.3 76

ST 2.8 4.2 3.4 116

OBC 33.1 30.1 31.5 71

are1518ofForeignStudentsfromUnitedStatesofwhich53.3%arefemalestudents.

The highest number of foreign students are enrolled in Undergraduate courses,thatis,73.4%ofthetotalforeignstudents,followedby Post Graduate with about 16.15% enrolment.Enrolment in rest of the levels constitutes 10.4%(Figure 12). Foreign male students are higher inalmostallthelevels.

LookingattheState-wisedistribution,itcanbe seen thatKarnatakahas thehighestnumberofstudents coming from foreign countries which is10023.Apart fromKarnataka,Maharashtra (5003),

Punjab(4533),U.P.(4514),TamilNadu(4101),Haryana(2872),Delhi(2141),Gujarat(2068)andTelangana(2020),reflectsmorethan2,000foreignstudents.State-wiseandlevel-wiseforeignstudentsinrespondingInstitutionsaregiveninTable17.

2.2.8 (a) Programme-wise Foreign Students

Thereare15programmeswhichhavemorethan1000foreignstudentsandaccountsformorethan78.2%oftheforeignStudents.Programme-wisenumberofforeignstudentsinrespondingInstitutionsisgiven inTable18.Onthetop,wehaveB.Tech.with8861studentswith 85%malestudents, followedbyB.B.Ahaving3354studentswith71.1%malestudents,B.Sc.having3320studentswith62.9%maleenrolment,B.A.having2226studentswith49.9%femaleenrolment.B.E.has2576studentswith85.3%malestudents.B.Pharmahastotalnumberof2498studentswith69.45%malestudents.Thereare1873foreignstudentsenrolled inB.C.A.,outofwhich83.02%aremalestudents.M.B.B.Shastotalnumberof1429studentswith58.92%femalestudents.BSc.(Nursing)hastotalnumberof1174studentsoutof

15

which92.16%arefemale.Ph.D.has1560studentsoutofwhich76.6%aremale.MBAhastotalnumberof1574studentswith67.34%malestudents.AtthePostGraduationlevel,1486studentsareenrolledatM.A.levelwith67.36%malestudents.M.Sc.hasreportedenrolmentof1391studentswith71.3%ofmalestudents.BachelorofDentalSurgery(B.D.S.)hastotalnumberof738studentswith59.5%femalestudents.Diplomaprogrammehas reportedtheenrolmentof2026 foreignstudentswith87.2%malestudents.BBMhastotalnumberof338studentswith67.15%malestudents.

2.2.9 Enrolment in Distance Mode

Distance education hasbecome a useful mode of obtaining degrees for a large number of studentswhoarestayinginfaroffand remote areas and for whomaccessing universities on regularbasis is still a dream. Distanceenrolment constitute 10.62%of the total enrolment in higher education, of which 44.12% arefemalestudents.

Level wise distribution ofstudents under distance mode is giveninBox11.AtallLevels,shareof male students is higher than femaleexceptPostGraduateandCertificatecourse.

LookingattheState-wisevariation,outofthetotalreportedenrolledstudentspursuingstudiesthroughdistanceeducation,6Statesareprovidingeducationtoaround59.04%ofthestudents.TheseStatesareDelhi16.2%,Maharashtra16.1%,TamilNadu10.2%,Kerala6.2%,UttarPradesh5.2%andWestBengal5.1%.

DistanceModeismainlyconductedbyuniversitiesandmajorityofthestudents(53.1%)enrolledinUniversitiesandtheirConstituentUnitsarestudyingunderdistancemodewhichcanbeseenfromtheBox12.

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Box 11: Level-wise Distribution of Distance Enrolment

LevelDistance Enrolment

Male Female Total

Ph.D. 28 25 53

PostGraduate 454640 544447 999087

UnderGraduate 1616601 1083611 2700212

PGDiploma 57060 42331 99391

Diploma 70948 59246 130194

Certificate 20053 22765 42818

Integrated 234 79 313

All 2219564 1752504 3972068

AtPostGraduate,UnderGraduate,PGDiploma,Diploma,Certificatelevelshareofdistanceenrolmentinuniversityis28.8%,77.8%,2.9%,3.7%and1.23%respectively.

2.2.10 Enrolment in Stand-alone Institutions

Therearetotalnumberof10,725Stand-AloneInstitutionsinIndialistedonAISHEportal,distributedwith high variations among States. Type-wise distribution is shown in the Table 9. Out of 21,47,584students enrolled in several courses at stand-alone institutions, approximately 66.61%aremales and33.39%arefemale.StandAloneInstitutionsareprimarilymeantforprovidingDiplomaprogrammes.

There are total number of 3440 Polytechnics in India listedon AISHE portal and out of them3189 reported the data duringthesurvey.ThehighestnumberofPolytechnics are in Maharashtrawhich is669andoutofthem644responded. There are 15.13 lakhstudents enrolled in Polytechnics andoutof them81.76%aremalestudents and the remaining female with a very less participation ofaround 18.24%. There are nineStateswhichhavetotalnumberof12.46lakhstudentsinPolytechnicswhichaccountsfor82.37%ofthetotalstudentsenrolled in India inPolytechnics.TheseStatesareTamilNaduwith 3.34 lakhstudents,Maharashtrawith2.43lakhstudents,UttarPradeshwith1.37lakhstudents,Karnatakawith1.25lakhstudents,Odishawith0.98lakhstudents,WestBengalwith0.95lakhstudents,AndhraPradeshwith0.77lakh,Telanganaalsowith0.77lakhandPunjab0.57lakhstudents.Thenumberofmalestudentsis3.03lakhwhichis90.69%ofthetotalstudentsenrolledinPolytechniccourses inTamilNaduwhichishighestamongthesetop9States.TheStateatthesecondpositionisMaharashtrawiththeenrolmentof2.43lakhstudentsoutofwhich72.86%aremalestudents.UttarPradeshhas84.25%malestudentsand

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Box 12: Enrolment in Universities and its constituent Units through Regular & Distance mode

Level Regular enrolmentDistance

enrolment

Ph.D. 146420 53

M.Phil. 18649 0

PostGraduate 890404 999087

UnderGraduate 2127421 2700212

PGDiploma 50740 99391

Diploma 132803 130194

Certificate 16473 42818

Integrated 131817 313

Total 3514727 3972068

15.75%femalestudentsfromthetotalnumberofstudentsenrolledwhichis1.37lakh.Karnatakahasrecorded1.25lakhstudentsinPolytechniccourseswith74.59%malestudents.Odishahas83.80%malestudents,WestBengalhas86.52%malestudents,Telanganahas71.93%malestudents,AndhraPradeshhas77.51%malestudentsandPunjabhas83.31%malestudentsenrolledinPolytechnics.

The totalnumberofNursing Institutions listedonAISHEportal is3039andoutof them2578institutionrespondedwith84.83%responserate.Thetotalenrolmentinnursingcourseis2.81lakhoutofwhichapproximately86.1%arefemalestudentsand13.90%aremalestudents.Top5StatesnamelyUttarPradesh,Karnataka,Maharashtra,AndhraPradeshandOdishaconstitute60.1%ofthestudentsoutofthetotalstudentsenrolledinIndiafornursing.UttarPradeshhasthehighestnumberofstudentsenrolledinnursingcoursewith53,237students,followedbyKarnatakawith45,160students,Maharashtrawith33,545students,AndhraPradeshwith21,913studentsandOdishawith15,536.Percentageoffemalestudents enrolled in nursing course in Uttar Pradesh is 83.89%, Karnataka 72.19%, Andhra Pradesh95.36%,Maharashtra 90.1% and Telangana 95.33%. Himachal Pradesh, Puducherry, Sikkim andDelhihaveapproximately100%femalestudentsenrolledinnursingcourse.

ThetotalnumberofTeacherTraininginstitutionsaslistedonAISHEportalare3759andoutofthemonly3151 responded,whichmakes the response rateof83.83%.The totalnumberof studentsenrolledinteachertrainingcourseis2.72lakhatallIndialevel,outofwhichapprox.36.64%aremaleand63.36%arefemalestudents.Thetop5Statescoveringaround54.76%ofthetotalstudentsenrolledforteachertrainingcourseareMaharashtrawith33,454studentsfollowedbyWestBengalwith33,095students,AndhraPradeshwith 31,078students,UttarPradeshwith 30,731studentsand Rajasthanwith20,925students.MostoftheStateshaverelativelyhigherfemaleenrolmentshare.Maharashtrahas78.63%femalestudents,AndhraPradeshhas65.92%femalestudents,UttarPradeshwith52.36%femalestudentsandWestBengalhas53.14%femalestudents.Thepercentageoffemalestudentsat78.6inMaharashtraisthehighestinthesetop5Stateshavinghighestenrolmentofstudentsintheteachertrainingcourse.

2.2.11 Representation of Private Sector

There are more than 77.8%collegesrunninginPrivatesector;aidedandunaidedtakentogether,butitcatersonly 66.4% of the total enrolment.State-wise enrolment in Private andGovernmentCollegesasperresponseisgiven in Table5(a).

2.3. GROSS ENROLMENT RATIO IN HIGHER EDUCATION (18-23 Years)

EstimatedGrossEnrolmentRatio(GER)inHighereducationinIndiais26.3%,whichiscalculatedfor18-23yearsofagegroup.ForScheduledCastesitis23%andforScheduledTribesitis17.2%.State-wiseGERandGPIareshowninTable19andTable20respectively.

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GER formale population atall India level is26.3%whereas forSCMales it is22.7%and17.9%forSTmales. Similarly GER for femalepopulationatallIndialevelis26.4%whereas for SC female it is 23.3%and for ST female, it is 16.5%. TheGER for female in all categories ishighest in Chandigarh with 63.9%.Sikkim, Puducherry, Delhi, TamilNadu, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala,Uttarakhand, Telangana, Goa,Punjab, Manipur, Haryana, Jammu&KashmirandMaharashtraandalsohaveGERofmorethan30%forfemale.

Forinternationalcomparability,GER has also been calculated taking18-22 years Population and it comesouttobe30.6%atAllIndiaLevel.

Figure 19 (a) shows GenderParityIndex(GPI)forAllCategories,SCsandSTs. Itmaybeseen thatFemaleparticipation in Higher Education forAll Categories is 100 per 100 maleand for Scheduled Casts (SCs) andScheduledTribes(STs)itis102and92per100malesrespectively.

2.4. TEACHING POSITION

The detailed information about individual teachers havebeen obtained in a separate Teacher Information Format (TIF).Informationonnewfields suchas countryname,dateof joiningtheinstitutionandprofession,qualification,mobileno.,e-mailIDand Aadhar number/Passport numberwere collected in the TIF.ThetotalnumberofteachersgivingtheinformationthroughTIFsfortheyear2018-19are14,16,299ascomparedtototalnumberofTeachers(13,88,732)fortheyear2017-18.Itispertinenttomentionthat,fortheyear2016-17totalnumberofteacherswerepublishedat 13,65,786bypoolingnumberofteachersfromsuchinstitutionswhouploadeddatain2014-15and2015-16butnotuploadedthedatafortheyear2016-17.However,intheyear2017-18,totalteacher(12,84,755)waspublishedwhere

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nosuchpoolingprocesswasdoneandthusonlysuchteachershavebeentakenintoaccountthathavefurnisheddatainTIFalongwiththeirAadharnumbers/Passport numbers. It is pertinentto mention that for collecting authenticatedinformation for teachers, furnishing Aadharnumber/PassportnumbersinTIFs,fromtheyear2016-17,forallStates/UTswasmadecompulsoryforfillingthedetailsofindividualTeachers,exceptforNorth-EasternRegion(NER)StatesandJ&K.Asaresult,detailsofsuchteachers,whowereeither

not having Aadhar numbers/Passport numbers orhavingbutdeclinedtosharetheirAadharnumber,couldnotbefilledintheTIFs.Thepoolingforsuchnon-responsesforyear2017-18hasbeendonethisyearandas suchno.of teacher for2017-18standcorrectedto13,88,732.

Out of total no. of 14,16,299 teachers for2018-19about57.85%aremaleteachersand42.15%arefemaleteachers.Thelowestgenderproportion

isrecordedinBiharwherefemaletomaleteachers’ratio is 1:4 which in percentage terms is 78.97%for male and only 21.03% for female teachers.Jharkhand comes close second with 69.8% maleteachersand30.2%femaleteachers.UttarPradeshhas 32.3% female teachers of the total teachers intheState.AfewStateslikeKerala,Punjab,Haryana,Chandigarh,Meghalaya,Nagaland,DelhiandGoaon

the other hand have more female teachers than maleteachers.

At All-India level, teachers belonging toGeneralcategoryaremorethanhalf,i.e.56.7%ofthetotalnumberofteachersinIndia;OBCfollowswith32.1%;whileSCandSTwith8.8%and2.36%respectively (Figure 20). About 5.4% teacherscomefromMuslimminoritygroup,and9.2%are

20

from otherminoritygroups.State-wisenumberofteachersinvariousSocio-religiouscategoriesisgiveninTable21(a)and21(b).Outofthe10majorStates,theleading3areAndhraPradeshwith13.83%SCsand1.6%STs,Maharashtrawith11.39%SCsand1.52%STsandTelanganawith11.17%SCsand3.5%STs,teachers.

Asmentioned above, another significant representation in terms of gender distribution is thenumberof female teachersper100maleteachers.At theall-India level thereare73 femaleteachersper100maleteachers.Similarly,inSCcategorythereare57femaleteacherper100maleteacherandincaseofSTandOBC, it is68and68 femaleper 100 males teachers, respectively. ForMuslimminority, it is 57 female teachersper100malewhereasforotherminority,thereare151femaleper100maleteacher.However, itis to be noted that female representation ofteachersbelongingtoPersonswithDisabilities(PWD) category is low, that is 37 female per100maleteachers.

Amongvariouslevelsofposts,majorityof teachers are of the level of AssistantProfessor, followedbyAssociateProfessor. Thedistribution is shown in Figure23 and thenumberoffemaleteachersper100maleteachersatvariouslevelsofpostisshowninFigure24.

Thestate-wisenumberofteachersatvariouslevelsaregiveninTable22.Thereare12908visitingteachersalso;amongthem55.45%aremale.

The number of total teachers at University levelisaround1.90lakhoutofwhich63.35%are male and 36.65% are female. At collegelevel, the number of teachers are 10.72 lakhwith 56.81% male teachers. In Standaloneinstitutes,totalnumberofteachersis1.53lakhwith58.31%maleteachers.Lookingatfemaleper100maleteachers,thereare58teachersatUniversitylevel,76and71femaleteachersper100maleteachersatCollegeandStand-aloneInstitutions,respectively.

IndifferenttypesofStand-aloneInstitutions,thenumberoffemaleteachersper100maleteachersisvaryingsignificantlyasthereareonly47femaleteachersper100maleteachersinTechnical/PolytechnicInstitutions,68inTeacherTraining,61inPGDMInstitutionsand18inInstitutionsunderMinistrieswhichisthelowest.Contrasttothis,nursing courseshas330femaleteachersper100maleteacherswhichisthehighestamongallthetypesasshowninfigure26.

2.4.1 Pupil Teacher Ratio

TakingintoaccountalltypesofInstitutions(University,CollegesandStand-aloneInstitution),PupilTeacherRatio(PTR)atAllIndialevelcomesouttobe26and24ifonlyregularenrolmentisconsidered.In case ofUniversity and its Colleges, PTR is 29 for regularmode. It has been observed that, PTR in

21

University along with its ConstituentUnit is significantlyhighat18incaseofRegularMode,whichisagoodindicator.Looking at the State-wise variation, itis seen that there are large variationsamong theStates.PTR ismore than50in Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.Among top 6 major States in terms ofEnrolmentPuducherryhasthebestPTRof11followedbyLakshadweep12,intermsofregularmodeinallinstitutions.State-wisedetailsofPTRaregiveninTable25.

2.5. NON-TEACHING STAFF

The non-teachingpostsinrespondingInstitutionsare12,14,302andaredividedintofourgroups–A,B,CandD.TheshareofGroup-Cisthehighestwith39.3%,whileGroup-Dstandssecondwith28.3%.Group-AandGroup-Bcompriseof 15.4% and 17.1% non-teaching posts, respectively (Figure27).

Lookingatthemaleandfemaledistributionamongnon-teaching posts as in Figure 28, we have a picturesimilar to that of teaching staff and student enrolmentinIndiaasthetotalmalenon-teachingstaffismorethanfemalestaff,whichis67.11%ascomparedto32.89%femalestaff.

Ingroup-wiseposts,thenon-teachingstaffhavemoremalemembersineachgroupasshowninFigure28.Thereare62.8%maleand37.2%femaleinGroupA,whileinGroupB,61.2%aremalestaffmembersand38.8%femalestaffmembers.InGroupDthehighestmaleshareis71.2%asagainst28.8%females,whileinGroupCthereare68.4%malestaff.

InBiharthemalestaffshareisthehighestwith84.6%andonly15.40%females,whileUttarPradeshalsohaveahighershareofmalestaffwith78.5%and21.5%females.WestBengalcomesthirdinthisratiosharewith77.33%maleand22.67%femalestaff.Thissamepictureisreflectedinthegroup-wise breakupof data. State-wise number of non-teachingstaffindifferentgroupsinrespondingInstitutionsisgiveninTable23.

InregardtoSocialCategory,54%non-teachingstaffsarefromGeneralCategory,27.6%arefromOBC,14%fromScheduledCasteand4.4%arefromScheduledTribe.State-

wisenumberofnon-teachingstaffindifferentcategoriesgiveninTable24.

Theaveragenumberoffemaleper100malenon-teachingstaffisapproximately49.Thehighestnumberoffemaleper100malenon-teachingstaffis86fromOtherMinorityGroupandMuslimshavethe

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Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR) in Universities and Colleges is 29 in Regular

mode

2.6. OUT-TURN/ EXAMINATION RESULT

2.6.1 Level-wise Out-Turn (Based on Actual Response)

PercentageshareofstudentOut-TurnindifferentlevelsareshowninFigure31.State-wiseandLevel-wise Out-Turn is given in Table 33. As per theresponse received in the survey total number of students awarded Ph.D. level degree during 2018 is 40813 with23765maleand17048female.

The Ph.D. were awarded to 34400 studentsduring 2017. Tamil Nadu hasmaximumnumber (5844)of Students who were awarded Ph.D. level degreefollowed by Karnataka (5020) and Uttar Pradesh(3996). 64.74 lakh Students have been graduatedand 15.00 lakh students passed Post-Graduation level during2018.

2.6.2 Programme-wise Out-Turn (Based on Actual Response)

B.A.degreehasbeenawardedto19.99lakhstudentswhichisthehighestamongallProgrammeswiththepercentageofmaleas42.55%.B.Sc.isthesecondhighestwith10.41lakhstudentsfollowedbyB.Com.(9.65lakh).B.Ed.andB.Tech.Degreeareawardedto5.08lakhand4.27lakhstudents,respectively.51283studentshavebeenawardedwithM.B.B.S.degreeandoutofwhich26978arefemales.AtPostGraduatelevelnumberofM.A.passstudentsismaximum(5.96lakh)followedbyM.Sc.(2.78lakhs)andM.B.A.(2.00lakhs).About55380and16691studentshavebeenawardedM.Tech.andM.E.degreeinwhichshareofmalestudentsismorethan61.1%and52.04%,respectively.Programme-wiseOut-TurnonthebasisofactualresponseisgiveninTable34.

2.6.3 Discipline-wise Out-Turn (Based on Actual Response)

The total number of pass-outs during 2018-19 at Undergraduate Level in major discipline/subjectbasedonactualresponseisgiveninTable35.ThehighestnumberofstudentshavegraduatedinArtscourses.Thetotalnumberofstudentspassed-outinthisare19.99lakhoutofwhich42.6%aremaleand57.4%arefemale.

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lowestnumberoffemaleper100malenon-teachingstaffwith35female.SChas56,SThas57,OBChas48andPWDhas41femaleascomparedto49Generalcategoryfemale,per100malenon-teachingstaff.

Science is second major stream with 10.54 lakh students passed-out followed by Commercewith 9.65 lakh students. 8.31 lakh students havegraduatedinEngineeringandTechnology.InMedicalScience stream, there are 2.26 lakh studentswhohavebeenawardedUnderGraduatedegree.

AtPh.D.level,maximumnumberofstudentsout-turn is in Science stream (10023) followed byEngineering&Technology(7160).OntheotherhandatPGlevelmaximumstudentsout-turnisobservedinSocialScience(2.75lakh)andManagementcomesatnumbertwowith2.17lakhsstudents.

In Engineering and Technology andMedical Science stream out-turn are 74076 and 48246students,respectively. It is interestingtonoteherethatatUnderGraduate levelratiobetweenthesetwostreamsis3:7:1 whereasatPGlevelitbecomes1:5:1.Enrolmentinmajordiscipline/subjectatPh.D.,M.Phil.andPGlevelbasedonactualresponseisgiveninTable36.

2.7. ENROLMENT IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF UNIVERSITIES

Thereare11typesofUniversitiesandtheLevel-wiseenrolmentineachtypeofuniversity,teachingdepartmentsandconstituentuniversities/off-campuscentresaregiven inTable26.Totalnumbersofstudentsenrolledin74.86lakhs.InStatePublicUniversities,numberofUnderGraduatestudents is largest (1258937) followed by State Open Universities (909161). Number of femalestudentsislowestforInstitutesunderStateLegislatureAct(3136)followedbyDeemedUniversitiesGovernment (12584) whereas the share is highest in State Public Universities. Share of femalestudentsis lowestforInstitutesofNationalImportance(23.93%)followedbyDeemedUniversitiesGovernment(33.56%)andStatePrivateUniversities(34.36%),whereastheshareoffemalestudentsforInstitutesunderStateLegislativeActis61.3%.ShareoffemalestudentsinStatePublicUniversitiesis50.09%andinCentralUniversitiesitis47.37%.

Level-wiseenrolmentinaffiliatedandconstituentcollegesofCentralandStateUniversitiesaregiven inTable26B.Categorieswiseenrolment in various typesofUniversities is given inTable27. InTable28,enrolmentofPWDandminorityenrolment invarious typesofUniversitiesaregiven.TherearewidevariationsinrepresentationsofdifferentcategoriesinvarioustypesofUniversities.Thereare

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1.90 lakh teachers in various types of University/Teaching departments and their constituent units/ off-campus universities, out ofthem0.69lakharefemales.

Table 39 shows

the State-wise enrolment in

different type of University

Teaching departments and their

constituent units/off-campus

universities, which is around

74.86 lakh with contribution

ofmaleas42.72lakh(57.06%)

and female with 32.14 lakh

(42.93%).

2.8 INFRASTRUCTURES FOR INSTITUTION

Box13showsthepercentageofhighereducationinstitutionshavingvarioustypeofinfrastructure

suchasPlayground,Library,Laboratory,ConferenceHall,etc.availablewiththem.88%ofUniversities,

92%ofCollegesand90%ofStandalone Institutionsaremaintainingplayground. 94%ofUniversities,

98%Collegesand98%StandaloneInstitutionshavelibraryfacility.PercentageofUniversity,Collegeand

StandaloneInstitutionshavinglaboratoryare84%,81%and93%,respectively.Inadditiontothis,Health

Center,ComputerCenter,Auditorium,ConferenceHalletc.arealsoinplacewithmostoftheUniversities,

CollegesandStandaloneInstitutions.

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Box 13: Percentage of Institutions having various Infrastructure

Infrastructure University College Stand Alone Institutions

Playgrounds 88 92 90

Auditoriums 80 61 66

Theatres 47 21 20

Libraries 94 98 98

Laboratories 84 81 93

Conference Halls 93 78 81

Health Centers 78 45 51

Gymnasim Fitness Centers 78 39 32

Indoor Stadiums 51 33 31

Common Rooms 86 90 91

Computer Centers 90 86 90

Cafeteria 87 57 61

Guest Houses 82 40 46

Separate Rooms for Girls 79 84 83

Student Hostel 84 39 57

Staff Quarter 79 24 33

Solar Power Generation 58 31 30

Connectivity NKN 56 22 21

Connectivity NMEICT 39 22 20

Separate Toilet for Disabled Female 63 49 48

Ramp Attached to Classroom Library 68 42 56

Sexual Harassment Anti Ragging Cell 88 69 68

Counselors for Students 76 59 61

Clinic First Aid Room 81 61 68

Separate Toilet for Girls 91 82 81

Skill Development Centre 59 47 49

Self Defence Class For Females 40 39 38

Institution Disaster Management Facilities 61 48 52

Capacity Building and Training Aware Programme Conducted 56 43 47

Vulnerability Assess Checks Made During Year 42 32 36

Any Mock Drill Rehearsal Programme Conducted 44 32 35

2.9 ENROLMENT IN PROFESSIONAL COURSES

Professionaleducationisdefinedashighereducationalprogrammesthataredesignedforlearnerstoacquiretheknowledge,skillsandcompetenciesspecificforaparticularoccupationorgradeorclassofoccupationsortrades.ExhaustivelistsofFieldsofEducationarelistedinIndianStandardClassification

26

ofEducation (InSCED)publishedbyMinistryofHumanResourceDevelopment,whicharecategorizedonthebasisofacademicandprofessionalorientation.Managementwisedistributionofenrolmentintoacademic and professional education at Post Graduate andUnder Graduate levels are shown in Box14. Enrolment in courses at integrated level havealsobeen includedat appropriate levels and is notconsideredseparately.

Box 14: Enrolment In Professional Courses

Level ManagementAcademic Professional

Male Female Total Male Female Total

Under Graduate

Government 5037807 5052191 10089998 919826 622714 1542540

Government-Aided 2060256 2457462 4517718 4517718 311328 568322

Private 3052963 3270098 6323061 3289051 2266061 5555112

Post Graduate

Government 707275 1052210 1759485 235279 182373 417652

Government-Aided 150219 307244 457463 33972 35442 69414

Private 191451 330483 521934 415506 333832 749338

Enrolment in Professional courses ismore in Private Institutions than in Government both at UnderGraduateandPostGraduatelevels.AtPostGraduatelevel,theshareofenrolmentinProfessionalcoursesishigherthanatUnderGraduatelevel;inPrivateInstitutionstheshareismuchhigherasshownbelowintheFigure37andFigure38.

27

28

FemaleparticipationinprofessionalcoursesislowerincomparisontoacademiccoursesatbothUnderGraduateandPostGraduatelevels.ThegapishigherinenrolmentinprofessionalcoursesinPrivateInstitutionsasindicatedinFigure39.

CollegemeansanyInstitution,whetherknownassuchorbyanyothernamewhichprovidesforacourseofstudyforobtaininganyqualificationfromauniversityandwhich,inaccordancewiththerulesandregulationsofsuchuniversity,isrecognisedascompetenttoprovideforsuchcourseofstudyandpresentstudentsundergoingsuchcourseofstudyfortheexaminationfortheawardofsuchqualification.ThesearetheinstitutionsestablishedormaintainedbyoradmittedtotheprivilegesoftheUniversity.

Collegesaregenerallyoftwotypes:(i) University/ConstituentCollegemaintainedbytheUniversity(ii) AffiliatedCollege

TheinformationinAISHEwascollectedfromallinstitutionsofhighereducation,broadlycategorisedinthreecategoriesnamelyUniversity,CollegeandStand-AloneInstitutionthatareregisteredonAISHEportal. Actual responsewas received from95.1%, 90.3%and77.9%of these categories, respectively.Thedatasocollectedarepooledforestimationbyincludinglasttwoyears(2016-17to2017-18)dataofInstitutionsofHigherEducationthatdidnotuploaddatain2018-19survey.Whilepoolingitwasensuredthattheinstitutionsareexistingin2018-19.Afterpooling,thepercentageofdatauploadingforuniversity,collegesandstandalone institutionswasarrivedat96.9%,95.6%and85.7%, respectively for theyear2018-19.

Themostimportantandphenomenaltaskforthesurveyduring2014-15wastocompilethelistofColleges.Therearenumerousplayersinthisfield,whichwerenoteasilyidentifiable.Anexhaustivelistofcollegesinthecountrywasnotavailableandthereforeuniversitywasidentifiedasbestsourcetopreparethelistofcolleges.Thus,CollegelistwasdynamicallygeneratedthroughUniversityduring2010-11.Softwarewasdesignedinsuchamannerthatassoonastheuniversityuploadsitsformontheserver,collegelistwasautomaticallypopulatedinthedata-base.AlltheaffiliatingUniversityexceptthe7haveuploadedthedatainyear2010-2011andthereforealmostcompletelistofcollegeswereavailable.During2011-12andonwardsalltheremainingaffiliatingUniversitieswerealsocontactedandcomprehensivelistofcollegesarepreparedthrough InstitutionManagementModuleof theportal.Presently, inordertoupdatethecollegelist,requestforadditionofcolleges(new/remaining)isreceivedfromtheconcernedofficerandaddedinAISHEcollegelistbasedonapprovalofUNO/SNO.

The data for Universities, Colleges and Standalone institutions are collected online throughdynamicallygeneratedspeciallydesignedsoftware.AlltheaffiliatingUniversitiesexceptthe49universitiesoutof993haveuploadedthedataintheyear2018-19andthereforecompletelistofallcollegesofsuchuniversitieswas available. During 2011-12 and onwards all the affiliatingUniversitieswere contactedandcomprehensivelistofcollegeswaspreparedthroughInstitutionManagementModuleoftheportal.Presently,inordertoupdatethecollegelist,requestforadditionofcollegesarereceivedonlinethroughAISHEportalandbasedonapprovalfromUNO/SNO,collegesareaddedincollegelistofAISHE.

CHAPTER 3 – ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY

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Off-CampusCentre/PGCentreisacentreoftheUniversityestablishedbyit,outsidethemaincampus(withinoroutsidethestate)operatedandmaintainedasitsconstituentunit,havingtheUniversity’scomplimentoffacilities,facultyandstaff.ARecognisedCentreisaninstitutionattachedwiththeUniversity for thepurposeofawardingdegree in respectofprogrammesbeing run in these institutions.e.g.ArmyCadet College Wing, Indian Military Academy, Dehradunis not affiliated with any University but the degree inrespectofProgrammesrunintheinstituteareawardedbyJawaharlalNehruUniversity.

InadditiontotheAffiliatedandConstituent Colleges, for Off-CampusCentres/PGCentresandforRecognisedCentres of Universities, DCF-II (theformatinwhichthedatawasrequiredto be submitted) was available to befilled-in. All the Constituent Colleges,the Affiliated Colleges and the Off-Campus Centres were required to fillDCF-II.ConstituentunitsofUniversity,primarily of Private and DeemedUniversities,whichareintegralpartofUniversity,havealsobeenlistedbytheseUniversitiesasConstituentCollege.However,DCF-IIforsuchunitswerenotrequiredtobefilled.ForRecognisedCentres,innormalcases,DCF-IIhavenotbeenfilled,butinafewcaseswheretheseareIndependentInstitutions,DCF-IIhavebeenfilled.

Thus, there are four type of Colleges/Institutions, for which DCF-II have been filled:

1. Affiliated College 2. Constituent College 3. PG and Off Campus Centre 4. Recognised Centre

Constituent Colleges are mainly located in Bihar, Jharkhand and Maharashtra under State PublicUniversitiesandmostofthemhaveuploadedthedata.

EnrolmentforGraduateandPostgraduatehasbeenestimatedonlyforaffiliatedcollegesbasedonstratifiedsamplingtechnique.Post-Stratificationhasbeendone,afterthesurveyfortheyear2018-19isclosed.

AffiliatedCollegeshavebeendividedintotwostrata;oneisLargeCollegeandotherSmallCollege.LargeCollegesarethose,whichhaveenrolmentof3000ormoreandtheremainingareSmallColleges.Inabsenceofaprior information, ithasbeenassumedthatall largecollegeshaveuploadedthedatai.e. inthepopulationthenumberof largeColleges isequaltothenumberofsuchCollegesthathaveuploadedDCF-II.Thus,wehaveavoidedoverestimationofenrolmentofColleges.AverageenrolmentataparticularLevelfortheCollegesofaparticularUniversityhasbeentakentoestimatetheenrolmentofallCollegesofthatUniversity.TheEstimationformulaisgivenatAnnexure-6.

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4.1 Growth in Number of Higher Educational Institutions

ThenumberofUniversitiesandsimilarInstitutionslistedonAISHEportalhasincreasedfrom760in2014-15to993in2018-19byalmost30.7%asshowninthefigure40.Whereasthenumberofcollegeshasincreasedfrom38498in2014-15to39,931in2018-19byabout3.7%asshowninthefigure41.

CHAPTER 4 – TIME SERIES DATA ANALYSIS

Evidently,theincreaseinStatePrivateUniversityandInstitutesofNationalImportanceareveryhighasshownbelowinBox15anddepictedinfigure42.

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Box 15: Number of Major Universities in Last 5 years

Major University TypeNumber of University

2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19State Public University 316 329 345 351 371

State Private University 181 197 233 262 304

DeemedUniversity-Private 79 79 79 80 80

InstituteofNationalImportance 75 75 100 101 127

CentralUniversity 43 43 44 45 46

DeemedUniversity-Government 32 32 33 33 34

InlargerstatessuchasRajasthan,UttarPradesh,TamilNaduandWestBengalveryfewUniversitieshavecomeupduringtheperiod2018-19ascomparedtopreviousyear(Figure43).State-wisenumberofUniversitiesduringthelast5yearsareshowninTable40andbytypeofUniversityinTable41.

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TheState-wisetimeseriesdataonCollegedensity,averageenrolmentpercollegeandnumberofCollegesaregiveninTable42.CollegeDensityinmajorStatesandAverageEnrolmentperCollegeinmajorstatesareshowninthefigures44and45above.

4.2 Growth in Student Enrolment

The enrolment has grown considerably during the last 5 years, which has increased from3,42,11,673in2014-15to3,73,99,388in2018-19.Theoverallgrowthis9.3%.Thegrowthinenrolmentisshowninthefigure46.

Enrolmentatall the levelshas increasedover theyears. TheCompoundAnnualGrowthRate(CAGR)is1.8duringthelast5years,butincaseofintegratedcourses,theCAGRis11.2asshowninBox16.

Box 16: Level-wise Enrolment and its Compound Annual Growth Rate

YearStudent Enrolment

Ph.D. M.Phil. Post GraduateUnder

GraduatePG

Diploma Diploma Certificate IntegratedGrand Total

2014-15 117301 33371 3853438 27172346 215372 2507694 170245 141870 34211637

2015-16 126451 42523 3917156 27420450 229559 2549160 144060 155422 34584781

2016-17 141037 43267 4007570 28348197 213051 2612209 166617 173957 35705905

2017-18 161412 34109 4114310 29016350 235263 2707934 177223 195777 36642378

2018-19 169170 30692 4042522 29829075 224711 2699395 162697 241126 37399388

CAGR 7.6 -1.71 1.0 1.9 0.9 1.5 -0.9 11.2 1.8

State-wiseStudentEnrolmentatvariouslevelsduringlast5yearsaregivenindetailinTable43.State-wiseStudentEnrolment through regular mode of education at variouslevelsduring last5years isgiven inTable44.Thegrowth infemaleenrolmentismoreascomparedtomaleenrolment.

Per100malestudents,numberoffemalestudentshasincreasedfrom85in2014-15to95in2018-19.Gender-wiseenrolmentisdepictedinthefigure47.

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State-wiseCategory-wiseStudentEnrolmentduring last5years isgiveninTable45,andState-wiseEnrolmentduringlast5yearsforMuslim,OtherMinorityandPWDisgiveninTable46.EnrolmentofMuslimstudentsandstudentfromotherminoritycommunitieslikeChristians,Sikhs,Buddhists,JainandZorastrians(Parsis)haveincreasedovertheyearsasdepictedinfigures48and49.

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EnrolmentinvarioustypesofUniversitiesincludingenrolmentintheirconstituentunitshasalsoincreasedovertheyears.TheincreaseisquitehighinCentralOpenUniversity,PrivateUniversityandStateOpenUniversitiesasshowninthefigure50.

FemaleperhundredmalestudentsinvarioustypesofuniversitieshavealsoincreasedsignificantlyinCentralOpenUniversity,DeemedUniversityGovt.,andDeemedUniversities(GovernmentAided)asshowninfigure51.

TheenrolmentsinUniversity&itsConstituentUnitsatPh.D.andIntegratedlevelshaveincreasedquitesubstantiallyincomparisontoenrolmentatUnderGraduateandPostGraduatelevelsasshowninfigures52and53.TheenrolmentatPh.D.levelhasincreasedfrom117301in2014-15to169170in2018-19,whereastheenrolmentatintegratedlevelhasincreasedfrom141870in2014-15to241126in2018-19 duringthisperiod.Level-wiseEnrolmentbyUniversityTypeduringlast5yearsisgiveninTable50.

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4.3 Trend in Gross Enrolment Ratio

GrossEnrolmentRatio(GER)hasincreasedduringthelast5years,from24.3in2014-15to26.3in2018-19.TheincreaseismoreunderSCcategorywhichhasincreasedfrom19.1in2014-15to23in2018-19.IncaseofSTcategory,theGERhasincreasedfrom13.7to17.2duringthisperiod.Incomparisontomale,theincreaseinGERishigherforfemale.TheFigures54and55depictsthegrowthinGERforsocialcategoryandforthetwogenders,respectively.GrossEnrolmentRatioduringlast5yearsisgiveninTable47.GERvariesconsiderablyindifferentStates,althoughithasgenerallyincreasedinalltheStates.EnrolmentratioformajorstatesascomparetoAllIndiahasbeenshowninfigure56.

4.4 Trend in Gender Parity Index

There is an increase in GenderParityIndex(GPI)forallthecategoriesas shown in the figure 57. It hasincreasedduringthelast5years,from0.92 in 2014-15 to 1 in 2018-19. ForSC, GPI has increased from 0.91 to1.02 and for ST; it has increased from0.81to0.92duringtheperiod.GPIhasalso increased marginally across all the States. State-wise and category-wiseGenderParityIndexduringlast5yearsisgiveninTable48.

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4.5 Trend in Pupil Teacher Ratio

Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR) over the years is shown in the Box 17. State-wise PTR for AllInstitutions,University&CollegesandUniversity&itsConstituentUnits forthe last5yearstakingtheenrolmentthroughRegularModeofeducationandthroughbothRegular&Distancemodeare showninTable49. It ispertinent tomentionthatPTR fortheyear2016-17and2017-18,isshowingdecliningtrendwhichismainlyduetothefactthatnumberofteacherswhowereeithernothavingAadharorwerereluctant inproviding theirAadharnumbers inTIF,werenot taken intoaccountwhilecalculatingPTR,because such Teachers’ details/numbers could notbecollectedinAISHEforthesetwoyears.

4.6 Growth in Number of Teachers

ThenumberofTeachershasgrownfrom12,47,453in2010-11to14,16,299in2018-19.State-wiseandPost-wiseNumberofTeachersduringlast5yearsaregiveninTable51.Atalllevelsrepresentationoffemale teachers has increasedfrom2014-15to2018-19.Thescenarioovertheyearsisshowninfigure58.

4.7 Trend in programme-wise Enrolmen