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Effective Communication
Communicating With Bridge Teams
Efficient pilotage is chiefly dependent upon the effectiveness of the communications and information exchanges between the pilot, the master and other bridge personnel and upon the mutual understanding each has for the functions and duties of the others.
The ICS Masters Guide to Berthing
But First Some Theory
What Does Communication Do?
• Communication provides information • Communication establishes interpersonal relationships
• Communication establishes predictable behaviour patterns
• Communication maintains attention to task and monitoring
• Communication is a useful management tool
Kanki and Palmer 1993, Krivonos 2007
Effective Information Exchange
An effective exchange of information allows:
• Effective decision-making
• Effective situation awareness
• Effective team co-ordination
• Effective leadership
Models of Communication
One-Way Model
Models of Communication
Two-Way Model
Feedback in the Communication Process
Effective feedback is critical as it:
• Ensures that the sender and receiver are “on the same page”
• Closes the communication loop
• Prevents the receiver misunderstanding the original intent of the message
Types of Communication
Verbal Communication
• Is either spoken or written
• Helps to build relationships
• Helps in task completion
• On its own can hinder effective communications
• The “how” it is said may be more important than “what” is said
• Written communications must be clear, precise and informative
Non – Verbal Communication
Complements verbal communication by:
• Repeating what is being said
• Reinforces verbal communications
• Enables emphasis to be placed on certain words
• Contradicts the verbal message
• Substitutes for verbal behaviour
How to Effectively Communicate?
What is the most effective communication medium for delivering a message?
• The best is via face-to-face conversations as both verbal and non-verbal communication can take place.
• The worst is written communications alone as they can lead to false impressions.
West (2012)
Communication Behaviours
Team Leader should
• Establishes a positive work environment by asking for input
• Listen without evaluating
• Identify bottom-line safety conditions
• Establish contingency plans
Team Members should
• Verbally indicate their understanding
• Verbally indicate their understanding of the contingency plans
• Provide consistent verbal and nonverbal signals
• Respond to queries in a timely manner
Beubien et al (2004)
Communication Barriers
Internal External
Language Difference
Noise
Culture Interference or Distraction
Motivation Separation in Location, Time
Expectations Lack of Visual Cues
Past Experience
Prejudice
Status
Emotions/Moods
Deafness
Voice Level
Effective Communication with Bridge Teams
Command or Conduct
The position of the pilot on board a vessel is aptly summarised by the Canadian Royal Commission on Pilotage, Ottawa 1968, as follows: ....'to conduct a ship' must not be confused with 'being in command of a ship'. The first expression refers to action, to a personal service being employed; the second to a power. The question whether a pilot has control of navigation is a question of fact not of law. The fact that a pilot has been given control of the ship for navigational purposes does not mean that the pilot has superseded the master. The master is, and remains, in command; he is the authority on board. He may, and does, delegate part of this authority to subordinates and to outside assistants whom he employs to navigate his ship - i.e., pilots. A delegation of power is not an abandonment of authority but one way of exercising authority.
Briefings – Master / Pilot Exchange
These are critical for the following reasons:
• They allow team members to develop a shared mental model
• They encourage input from all team members
• All relevant information can be discussed
• Two-way verbal communication is established
Bridge Team Communication Interplay
PilotStatus:High
CaptainStatus:Highest
OfficeroftheWatchStatus:Medium
HelmsmanStatus:Lowest
LookoutStatus:Lowest
BRMTeamSpace
Debriefs – An Aid to Effective Communication
Debriefs should be held as they:
• Enable learning
• Prevent repetition of errors
• Enable improvement
• Reinforce correct behaviours with positive feedback
• Emphasise positives
The Pitfalls of Ineffective Communication
• Miscommunication
• Poor team performance
• Increase in the risk of an incident
• Threatens the safety of the vessel
Guidelines for Effective Bridge Communication
• Give Respect • Generate good body language • Speak slowly and clearly • Listen actively • Simplicity • Use pictures and diagrams • Use standardised words and phrases (IMO SMCP) • Never assume • Be happy (smile)
Communication Breakdowns
Iron Baron Iron Spencer
Communication Breakdown
