eia tool for evaluating pre & post impacts of development projects
TRANSCRIPT
Issues in EIA Process to address the Impacts of Development Projects
With Reference to the; Second International Airport Construction in Mattala, Sri Lanka
www.mria.lk
Presented by: M.T.O.V. Peiris (MSc. Env. Mgt.) National University of Singapore Module: Environmental Law (LX 5103)
Monday, 10th November 2014 11/10/2014 1
Flow of Presentation
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and its legal background of Sri Lanka
Facts of EIA on Mattala International Airport Project (HIA)
The Environmental issues faced after the implementation of project.
Issues in EIA Reporting for HIA Project.
Legal & Institutional Challenges of EIA Implementation in Sri Lanka.
Recommendations for the decision makers in future projects.
New International Airport (HIA)
Existing International Airport (CMB)
11/10/2014 2
Environmental Assessment in Sri Lanka
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is used mandatorily for many development projects.
EIA is vital for Sri Lanka due to rich biodiversity and natural resources. 06 Ramsar Wetland Sites 08 UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Central Environmental Authority (CEA) is the key
regulatory authority for EIA in Sri Lanka.
Recently many development projects initiated with post war development.
EIA has been used as a compliance tool to justify economic benefits of projects. 11/10/2014 3
History of EIA in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is the 1st country in South Asia to enact environmental regulation (1980).
1980
1981
1988
1993
2008
• First EIA has been conducted for Hydro power plant. • National Environmental Act (No. 47 of 1980) has been enacted
without powers of EIA.
• EIA legislated to coastal development projects under Coast Conservation Act (No. 57 of 1981).
• EIA became mandatory for whole country under National Environmental Act (Amendment No. 57 of 1988).
• List of prescribed projects introduced under NEA and CEA as the main PAA (Gazette no 772/22 of 24th June 1993).
• Amended project list & PAA in 1995, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2008. • Flora & Fauna Act initiate EIA regulations (Act No. 49 of 1993).
• 138 Prescribed Projects for mandatory EIA requirement and 23 Ministries & Departments are assigned as PAAs.
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Administrative Arrangement of EIA Process Ministries assigned as PAA for evaluating EIA:
• The Department of Coast Conservation. • The Department of Wildlife Conservation. • The Department of Forest • The Central Environmental Authority. • The Urban Development Authority • The Geological Survey and Mines Bureau • The Ceylon Tourist Board • The Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka • The Board of Investment of Sri Lanka
• National Planning • Irrigation • Energy • Agriculture • Lands • Forests • Industries
• Housing • Construction • Transport • Highways • Fisheries • Aquatic Resources • Plantation Industries
Source: Samarakoon, M. & Rowan, J.S. (2008)
EIA
EIA
EIA
EIA
EIA is required for three types of projects… • Prescribed projects under different ministries
• Highly polluting industries
• Special projects in Environmentally Sensitive
Areas 11/10/2014 5
CEA plays a critical role in the administrative process.
Case Study: Second International Airport (HIA)
www.SundayObserver.lk
EIA Completed on: February 2009
Project Commenced on: November 2009
Phase I Completed on: January 2013 11/10/2014 6
Second International Airport (HIA) was a result of Government Policy Action Plan
Project Objectives:
1. Economic resurgence of Southern Province (Port, industries)
2. Economic Development for the lagging regions
3. Promote Tourism Industry as a central hub
4. Ease out the pressure of existing airport of Colombo
Case Study: Introduction
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Basic Information
Project Commenced Date November 2009
Date of Completion February 2012
Total Land Area used
(Phase I) 800 ha. (Direct Project Zone)
Total Land Area used
(Phase II)
1200 ha. (Wildlife Conservation
Area)
Project Proponent Airport & Aviation Services (Sri
Lanka) Ltd - AASL
Investment US $ 200 million
Project Approved by
(EIA)
Central Environmental Authority
(CEA)
Current Status (2014) Operational from January 2013
Second EIA study was carried out after failure of location justification (Weerawila) Location was a shrub forest with no human settlements (owned by Forestry Department)
Source: www.lankanewspapers.com 11/10/2014 8
Udamattala
Weerawila
Mattala
Gonnoruwa
Source: Urban Development Authority
Alternatives
Technique used for Comparison of Alternative Sites
All the parameters cannot be placed on a common platform.
Weightage factor gives wide variations and lead to uncertainties.
Quantification of parameters outweigh the reliability of the final outcome
Qualitative ranking method.
1. Negligible 2. Low 3. Moderate 4. High
Justification:
Ranging from highly theoretical quantification techniques to more practical ranking methods
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Primary factors affecting airport selection
Weerawila Udamattala Gonnoruwa Mattala
Surrounding area & land use High Low High Low
Atmospheric conditions Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible
Obstacles (airfield requirements) Negligible High Negligible Low
Ground access Negligible Moderate Moderate Moderate
Topography Negligible Moderate High Moderate
Environment (Wildlife) Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate
Social considerations High Moderate Moderate Low
Aerospace Management and Air Traffic Control
Low High Low Low
Hazards (wildlife/bird strikes) Moderate Low Low Low
Proximity to demand centers Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible
Infrastructure and utilities Negligible Moderate Moderate Moderate
Land availability High Moderate High Moderate
Evaluation of Alternatives
Source: EIA Report, Mattala Airport (2009) 11/10/2014 10
Primary factors affecting airport selection
Weerawila Udamattala Gonnoruwa Mattala
Surrounding area & land use X
Atmospheric conditions
Obstacles (airfield requirements) X
Ground access
Topography X
Environment (Wildlife)
Social considerations X
Aerospace Management and Air Traffic Control
X
Hazards (wildlife/bird strikes)
Proximity to demand centers
Infrastructure and utilities
Land availability X X
Evaluation of Alternatives
Source: EIA Report, Mattala Airport (2009) 11/10/2014 11
Mattala International Airport (HIA)
Follow the principle of ‘Mitigation by Planning’
Completed the Phase I within 03 years of span.
Major objections did not come from public as
the site is away from settlements.
But still environmentalists argued on impacts
to wildlife is not evaluated properly.
Construction of Airport
Source: Compiled by Department of Town & Country Planning, University of Moratuwa
11/10/2014 12
Issues Rose upon Commissioning of the Project
• Major strikes with birds on aircrafts (no damages happen to crew or passengers).
• Arrival of planes were reduced due to no or less demand by passengers and wildlife strikes.
• Wild peacocks & elephant movement is common sight on the routes to the airport.
• Wild peacocks attracted to water sources in airport site and movement on runway.
Source: www.thesundayleader.lk
Source: www.sundaytimes.lk Source: www.sundaytimes.lk
11/10/2014 13
Issues Rose upon Commissioning of the Project
• Forest clearance created the elephants to move into nearby villages and conflict situations.
• Post study of elephant movement showed the availability of 200 – 300 elephants within the airport site.
• Drive away of elephants was failed and many male elephants returned to the surrounding through corridor links.
Source: www.sundaytimes.lk Source: Global Forest Watch
11/10/2014 14
Issues associated with EIA Process (HIA Project)
Public Participation was not encouraged as per the impact to the settlements was minimum.
Difficulties in identifying the social dimensions involved with bio diversity and eco system services of the area.
Less co-ordination with organizations such as Central Environmental Authority, Department of Wildlife Conservation and Forestry Department.
Institutional & Bureaucratic Issues. (Funding Urgency & Time Limit)
Unclear environmental management plan upon implementation.
Issues in technical know-how & quantification of animals
11/10/2014 15
General Issues associated with EIA Process
The EIA process relies heavily on the judgments of the EIA consultants. (If no previous projects consulted in similar nature)
Developers opt to consider the cheapest bidding which leads to poor quality of the report.
the period allowed for public commenting of 30 days is insufficient.
The incompatibility of projects with Land Use Planning of the area.
Most see it (EIA) as a bottleneck that delays projects that are urgently needed to create employment in the country.
In response the government has tried to simplify the legislation and procedures.
(NEA by Act No 53 of 2000 whereby the public right to comment on IEE has been withdrawn).
11/10/2014 16
Recommendations for the Future EIA Process
Mainstreaming of EIA process with the land use plans, local area plans, etc.
Specific Time Frame for the EIA Reporting Process should be allocated.
Combination of different ministries together to co-ordinate in the EIA scoping and evaluation process for specific projects.
Update of the Land Use Plans based on govt. policy initiatives.
Prioritization the implementation of Post monitoring and of Environmental Management Plan upon project completion.
Involve public in the pre & post development stages and educate them effectively.
11/10/2014 17
Thank you
Source: www.lankacnews.lk Source: www.mria.lk
Key References: • Smith, David B., and Mieke Van der Wansem. Strengthening EIA capacity in Asia: environmental impact assessment in
The Philippines, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 1995.
• Samarakoon, Miriya, and John S. Rowan. "A critical review of environmental impact statements in Sri Lanka with particular reference to ecological impact assessment." Environmental management 41.3 (2008): 441-460.
• Zubair, Lareef. "Challenges for environmental impact assessment in Sri Lanka." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 21.5 (2001): 469-478.
• Gamalath, I., L. Perera, and S. Bandara. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Transport Infrastructure Projects in Sri Lanka: Way Forward." Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium. Vol. 18. 2014.
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