electrical machines-i iii
DESCRIPTION
Machines PPT,Electrical EngineeringTRANSCRIPT
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Electrical Machines-I
UNIT III
DC Motors
Prepared by,
Mr.A.Venkadesan,
Assistant Professor,
EEE Department,
SRM University
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MOTORS Function:
Motors are the electrical machines which convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Electrical Energy
Mechanical Energy
MOTORS
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Motors
• Working Principle
– Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force.
– The direction of induced emf can be found using Fleming’s left Hand Rule
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dcmotor 4
Direction of force- Fleming’s left Hand Rule Or motor Rule
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Illustration of Working Principle of DC Motor
No torque
Case I
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Illustration of Working Principle of DC Motor
No torque
Case II
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Illustration of Working Principle of DC Motor
Case III
Torque, motor rotates in anticlockwise direction
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Types of Motor
DC Motors
Separately Excited
Self Excited
Shunt Series Compound
Long
Differential Cumulative
Short
Differential Cumulative
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Shunt Motor and back emf
b
φpN ZE = ×
60 A
V>Eb
Back emf opposes the applied
voltage
N is small, Eb is less, Ia increases
As N increases, Eb increases,
Ia decreases
Eb-acts as self governor
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Back emf
• Back EMF – it makes the motor to draw required amount of current from the supply.
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Power Relationship
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Condition for maximum power
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Problem
• The field and armature resistance of 220V shunt machine are Rf=88ohm, Ra=0.05ohm.Calculate armature power developed when working
• (i)As a generator, delivering power of 22 kw
• (ii) As a motor, taking power of 22 kw.
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Torque Equation
done by this force in one rev,
2
done 2 2
Time Taken 60 / 60
2,
60
2;
60
m
m e b a
Torque F r
Work
w F r
Work F r NPower F r
N
NPower P T
NP P E I T
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Torque Equation
2
2
60
60
1
2
: ; tan
: saturation; Ia ; T
: saturation; is constant; T
b a
b
a
a
a
a
a
NE I T
ZNPE
A
PT ZI
A
T K I
Shunt T I cons t
Series before I
After I
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Problem
• A dc shunt motor having Ra=0.24 ohm takes an armature current of 80 A at 300 V. It has 8 poles and 800 lap connected conductors. Flux per pole is 0.042wb. Calculate N and gross torque developed by armature (Ta).
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Power stages in motor
Motor
input
Eb Ia
Motor
Output
Cu-Loss
Friction &
Iron Loss
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Losses
• Rotational losses = friction + windage + iron loss
• Armature power-Rotational loss=Shaft power
• wTa-Pr=wTsh
• wTsh=wTa-Pr
• wTsh= Eb Ia-Pr
• Tsh = (Eb Ia-Pr /w)=Pout /w
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Condition for maximum efficiency
• Constant loss = Variable loss
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Problems
• A 4 pole 220 V lap connected DC shunt motor delivers 12 KW. N=1000 rpm, Ia=60 A, Ish = 2A, Z=500, Ra=0.12 ohm. Find
• Total torque
• Flux per pole
• Rotational losses
• Efficiency
• Assume 1V/brush for contact drop.
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Characteristics of motor
• Electrical (Ia, Ta)
• Mechanical (Ia,N) and (Ta, N)
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Shunt motor (Ta,Ia)
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Shunt motor – (Ia,N)
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Shunt motor-(Ta,N)
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Series motor
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Series motor
V is constant
Series motor cannot be
Started with no load.
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Series motor
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Compound motors
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Compound motors
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Compound motors
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Applications
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Applications
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Starters
• Need
– Starters are used to reduce initial high current
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Why motor draws high current during starting?
b a a
ba
a
E V I R
V EI
R
At start Back emf is zero, Ia is large
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Two point starter
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Speed control
a aV I RN
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Speed control for shunt motor
• Field control
• Armature control-IaRa drop
• Applied voltage control
– Method 1
– Method 2 - Ward Leonard method
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Shunt motor-Field control
•At start, field rheostat is kept at
Minimum position,
Field resistance is less
Field current is more, flux is more.
•Motor runs at rated speed
•Field resistance increases, Field
current decreases, flux decreases and
speed increases.
•Suitable for above the rated speed.
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Shunt motor-Armature Control
Armature resistance is varied.
IaRa drop is varied.
If IaRa drop increases, speed decreases
If IaRa drop decreases, speed increases
Suitable for below the rated speed.
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Applied voltage control method – method 1
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Applied voltage control method – method 2
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Speed control of series motor
• Field control
– Field divertor – above rated speed
– Armature divertor – Below Rated Speed
– Trapped Field Control
– Paralleling of field coils
• Variable Resistance in series with motor
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Series Motor-field divertor
The series winding are shunted by a
variable resistance known as field diverter.
Any desired amount of current can be
passed through the diverter by adjusting its
resistance.
Hence the flux can
be decreased and consequently, the speed
of the motor increased.
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Series Motor-Armature Divertor
A diverter across the armature can be
used for giving speeds lower than the
normal speed.
For a given constant load torque, if Ia
is reduced due to armature diverter, the
flux must increase (∵Ta=ɸIa ).
This results in an increase in current
taken from the supply (which increases
the flux and a fall in speed (Nα 1/ɸ).
The variation in speed can be
controlled by varying the diverter
resistance.
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Trapped Field Control
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Series Motor-Paralleling Field coils
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Varying resistance in series with the armature
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Thyristor based control
• Normally the three phase AC voltage is converted into pulsating dc voltage using three phase diode rectifier.
• The output DC voltage is filtered using the filter and it is given to DC motor.
• The filtered dc voltage obtained from the diode rectifier is fixed in magnitude.
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Thyristor based control
• To get variable output dc voltage, thyristor (SCR) is used instead of diodes.
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Thyristor
The gate signal applied to the gate is
varied (firing angle is varied)
to get variable output DC voltage.
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Rectifier based on thyristor
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Thyristor based rectifier fed DC motor
Thyristor (Rectifier)
With filter
Three phase
AC Supply M
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Problem
Ia2=40A, N2=2930 RPM