electronic and communication file

8/12/2019 electronic and communication file

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A Project Report on

CARREVERSE MUSICAL HORN

Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

degree

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

B

HIMANSHI

Uni!" Roll No" #$%&'&(

Under the Super!"!on o#

Er" )ARISHMA BA*A*+A,,i,tant -rofe,,or.

At

MAHARISHI MAR$AN%ESAR UNI'ERSITY( SA%OPUR

AMBALA( HARYANA

%ECEMBER( )*+,

%


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CERTIFICATE

/0i, i, to 1ertif t0at HIMANSHI0a, 1arried out t0e wor2 pre,ented in t0i, pro3e1t

entitled -CAR RE'ERSE MUSICAL HORN. for t0e award of B/che0or o#

Techno0o12 +in Ele1troni1, 4 Communi1ation. from Ma0ari,0i Mar2ande,0war

Uni!er,it5 Sadopur5 Ambala5 under m ,uper!i,ion"

Name of Super!i,or6 Er")ARISHMA BA*A*

7e,ignation6A,,i,tant -rofe,,or

7ate6

'


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AC$NOLE%GEMENT

/0e pro3e1t ,ubmi,,ion t0at i, a part of 1our,e 1urri1ulum for B"/e10 +Ele1troni1, and

Communi1ation Engineering. i, aimed at pro!iding 0and,8on e9perien1e and pra1ti1al

e9po,ure" 7uring t0e 1our,e of m pro3e1t I 1ame a1ro,, a number of problem, to ta12le

and o!er1ome"

Now t0e pro3e1t i, 1omplete5 I feel m dut to t0an2 all t0o,e w0o 0a!e dire1tl or indire1tl

0elped me to 1ro,, ,e!eral 0urdle,"

I would li2e to e9pre,, m gratitude to Er")ARISHMA BA*A*5 wit0out w0om t0i, pro3e1t wa,

not po,,ible to 1omplete" It wa, a great plea,ure to wor2 toget0er wit0 0im"

I am al,o t0an2ful to -rof" -RAVEEN BA*A* +HO7. and our entire fa1ult of Ele1troni1, and

Communi1ation Engineering 7epartment and t0en friend, w0o de!oted t0eir !aluable

time and 0elped me in all po,,ible wa, toward, ,u11e,,ful 1ompletion of m pro3e1t

wor2"

HIMANSHI

34+*)*5

:


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER +6 INTRO%UCTION OF PRO7ECT%"% Cir1uit diagram of Car re!er,e mu,i1al 0orn;;;;;;;;;;;;;;""#

%"' "% -IN 7IA?RAM;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;""'(

'"@ S-EA)ER $ OHM;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;""'(

'"@"% -IN 7AI?RAM;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;"" '>

'"#ICUM@@ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;"" '@

'"#"%-IN 7IA?RAM;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;"""""""""""""""""""""""'@

'"$IC #$&>;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;'$

(


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'"$"%-IN 7IA?RAM;;;;;;;;;;;;;""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'=

'"= SOL7ER


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ig '"% Re,i,tor;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;""";;;;;;;;;""%&

ig '"' re,i,tor 1olor 1ode band;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;%'

ig '": re,i,tor 1olor 1ode /able;;;;;;;;;;;;";;;;;;;;;;;;""%:

ig '"( 1apa1itor,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;""%(

ig '"> Capa1itor 1onne1ted to a batter;;;;;;;;;;;;;"";;;;;;;;%>

ig '"@ Capa1itor 1onne1ted in ,erie,;;;;;;88888888888888888+9

ig '"# Capa1itor 1onne1ted in parallel;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;"%@

ig '"$ Smbol of diode;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;"%#

ig '"= Ele1tri1al be0a!ior diode a, a ,wit10;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;%#

ig '"%& 10ara1teri,ti1, of diode;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;"""%$

ig '"%% Con,tru1tion of diode;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;";;;;;;;%=

ig '"%' diode Dero bia,ed;;;;;;;;;;;;;;";;;;;;;;;;;;""'&

ig '"%: diode Re!er,e bia,ed;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;"'%ig '"%( diode forward bia,ed;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;";;;;;;;;'%

ig '"%> tran,i,itor b1>(#;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;''

F!1 ):+; PIN %IAGRABC953888888888888888888888888::':

F!1 ):+3 S$+**888888888888888888888888888888::)5

F!1 ):+4 PIN %IAGRAM OF S$+**888888888888888888888:::)9

F!1 ):+< SPEA$ER OF 4 OHM888888888888888888888888);

F!1 ):)* IC UM;;888888888888888888888888888888)3

F!1 ):)+ IC 34*9888888888888888888888888888888:::)4F!1 ):)) PIN %IAGRAM OF IC 34*98888888888888888888888)ent ?!re8888888888888888888888:,9

ig '"'( Reel, of ,older;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:@ig '"'>U,ing a 7e,oldering pump +,older ,u12er.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;"":@

ig" '"'@ Solder remo!er wi12;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;":@

ig" '"'#Soldering Iron;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;":#

ig" '"'$ 7e,oldering -ump;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;":#

ig" '"'= 7ESOL7ERIN?


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CHAPTER +

INTRO%UCTION OF PRO7ECT

This is a simple circuit that will produce a musical horn when ever your car is in reverse

gear.The circuit uses two ICs for the operation, voltage regulator 7805(IC! and musical

tone generator "#$$(IC%!. The IC reduces the car &attery voltage to 5'. The diodes

) % in com&ination produces an additional drop of .* ' to give a +.$ ' supply for the

"#$$. The supply voltage of "# $$ should not &e more than *'. hen ever the car is

in reverse gear ,the reverse gear switch of the car gets activated and the circuit gets

connected to the car &attery. The "#$$ starts playing the music tone. The transistor Tamplifies the output of "#$$ to drive the loudspea-er.

+:+ CIRCUIT %IGRAM CAR RE'ERSE MUSICAL HORN6

#


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#!1 +:+ c!rcu!t d!/1r/> c/r ree"e >u"!c/0 horn

+:) OR$ING OF PRO7ECT6

Here is a simplecar reverse horn circuitthat starts blowing the car horn wheneveryour car is inreverse gear. This circuit will produce a musical sound when ever your caris in reverse direction to alert the other vehicles.

As most of the people have their own vehicle so I suppose this circuit is very useful forthem. This circuit will also avoid the chances of accident at blind turn, as

speeding vehicle get a alert by hearing the musical sound that a car is taking

reverse and he will slow its speed.

This simple circuit is based on melody generator IC UM! transistor and few morecomponents.

This car reverse horn circuit can be used with any vehicle having "#$ battery.

%henever user reverses its car! brake switch gets connected to power supply and

circuit will get power supply for its working. And the transistor T4 connectedthrough a diode gets power supply and start conducting.

%e have to usediode &"to protect the battery if connected with reverse polarity. And

we have useda 'ener diode (&"to provide a regulated power supply to circuit

astransistor T)is a medium power npn transistor *e+cess voltage may destroy ,-"/.

0ow this will made the transistor T# and T1 into conduction which is wired as a2stable

$
http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/musical-car-reverse_-horn-circuit1.JPG


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multi2vibrator to generate the beeping sound which in turn amplify by transistor T" and

provided to a melody generator IC UM and a musical sound is heard.

3or checking the circuit momentarily provide "#$ from battery and if you are getting

sound than your circuit is working properly. ,o when you reverse your car circuit gets

"#$ supply re4uired for the operation of circuit.

+:, PCB %ESIGN PROCESS6

%" 7e,ign our 1ir1uit board" U,e -CB 1omputer8aided de,ign +CA7. ,oftware to draw our

1ir1uit board" ou 1an al,o u,e a perforated board t0at 0a, pre8drilled 0ole, in it to 0elp ou ,ee

0ow our 1ir1uit boardF, 1omponent, would be pla1ed and wor2 in realit"

'" Bu a plain board t0at i, 1oated wit0 a fine laer of 1opper on one ,ide from a retailer"

:" S1rub t0e board wit0 a ,1ouring pad and water to ma2e ,ure t0e 1opper i, 1lean" Let t0e board

dr"

(" -rint our 1ir1uit boardF, de,ign onto t0e dull ,ide of a ,0eet of blue tran,fer paper" Ma2e ,ure

t0e de,ign i, oriented 1orre1tl for tran,fer"

>" -la1e t0e blue tran,fer paper on t0e board wit0 t0e 1ir1uit boardF, printed de,ign again,t t0e

1opper"

@" La a ,0eet of ordinar w0ite paper o!er t0e blue paper" ollowing t0e tran,fer paperF,

in,tru1tion,5 iron o!er t0e w0ite and blue paper to tran,fer t0e de,ign onto t0e 1opper board" Iron

e!er de,ign detail t0at appear, near an edge or 1orner of t0e board wit0 t0e tip of t0e iron"

#" Let t0e board and blue paper 1ool" -eel t0e blue paper ,lowl awa from t0e board to ,ee t0e

tran,ferred de,ign"

$" E9amine t0e tran,fer paper to 10e12 for an bla12 toner from t0e printed de,ign t0at failed to

tran,fer to t0e 1opper board" Ma2e ,ure t0e boardF, de,ign i, oriented 1orre1tl"

=" Repla1e an mi,,ing toner on t0e board wit0 in2 from a bla12 permanent mar2er" Allow t0e

in2 to dr for a few 0our,"

%&" Remo!e e9po,ed part, of t0e 1opper from t0e board u,ing ferri1 10loride in a pro1e,, 1alled

et10ing"

%%" -ut on old 1lot0e,5 glo!e, and ,afet goggle,"


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-our onl enoug0 ferri1 10loride to fill a pla,ti1 tra t0at 0a, pla,ti1 ri,er, in it to re,t t0e

1ir1uit board on" Be ,ure to do t0i, in a well8!entilated ,pa1e"

U,e pla,ti1 tong, to la t0e 1ir1uit board fa1e down on t0e ri,er, in t0e tra" Allow > to '&

minute,5 depending on t0e ,iGe of our 1ir1uit board5 for t0e e9po,ed 1opper to drop off

t0e board a, it et10e, awa" U,e t0e pla,ti1 tong, to agitate t0e board and tra to allow for

fa,ter et10ing if ne1e,,ar"

CHAPTER )

COMPONENT %ESCRIPTION

):+ RESISTORS

A re"!"tori, a pa,,i!e two8terminal ele1tri1al 1omponent t0at implement, ele1tri1al re,i,tan1ea,

a 1ir1uit element"

#!1 ):+ Re"!"tor

/0e 1urrentt0roug0 a re,i,tor i, in dire1t proportionto t0e !oltage a1ro,, t0e re,i,torF, terminal,"

/0i, relation,0ip i, repre,ented b O0mF, law6

%&
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_proportionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_proportionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm's_law


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w0ere Ii, t0e 1urrent t0roug0 t0e 1ondu1tor in unit, of ampere,5 Vi, t0e potential differen1e

mea,ured a1ro,, t0e 1ondu1tor in unit, of!olt,5 and Ri, t0e re,i,tan1e of t0e 1ondu1tor in

unit, ofo0m,"

/0e ratio of t0e !oltage applied a1ro,, a re,i,torF, terminal, to t0e inten,it of 1urrent in t0e

1ir1uit i, 1alled it, re,i,tan1e5 and t0i, 1an be a,,umed to be a 1on,tant +independent of t0e

!oltage. for ordinar re,i,tor, wor2ing wit0in t0eir rating,"

Re,i,tor, are 1ommon element, ofele1tri1al networ2,and ele1troni1 1ir1uit,and are

ubiuitou, in ele1troni1 euipment" -ra1ti1al re,i,tor, 1an be made of !ariou, 1ompound,

and film,5 a, well a, re,i,tan1e wire+wire made of a 0ig08re,i,ti!it allo5 ,u10 a, ni12el8

10rome." Re,i,tor, are al,o implemented wit0inintegrated 1ir1uit,5 parti1ularl analog

de!i1e,5 and 1an al,o be integrated into0bridandprinted 1ir1uit,"

/0e temperature 1oeffi1ientof t0e re,i,tan1e ma al,o be of 1on1ern in ,ome pre1i,ion

appli1ation," -ra1ti1al re,i,tor, are al,o ,pe1ified a, 0a!ing a ma9imumpowerrating w0i10

mu,t e91eed t0e anti1ipated power di,,ipation of t0at re,i,tor in a parti1ular 1ir1uit6 t0i, i,

mainl of 1on1ern in power ele1troni1, appli1ation," Re,i,tor, wit0 0ig0er power rating, are

p0,i1all larger and ma reuire0eat ,in2," In a 0ig08!oltage 1ir1uit5 attention mu,t

,ometime, be paid to t0e rated ma9imum wor2ing !oltage of t0e re,i,tor"


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/0e e0ectron!c co0or codei, u,ed to indi1ate t0e !alue, or rating, of ele1troni1 1omponent,5

!er 1ommonl for re,i,tor,5 but al,o for1apa1itor,5 indu1tor,5 and ot0er," A ,eparate 1ode5

t0e '>8pair 1olor 1ode5 i, u,ed to identif wire, in ,ome tele1ommuni1ation,1able,"

#!1 ):) re"!"tor co0or code @/nd

/o di,tingui,0 left from rig0t t0ere i, a gap between t0e C and 7 band,"

band Ai, fir,t ,ignifi1ant figure of 1omponent !alue +left ,ide.

band Bi, t0e ,e1ond ,ignifi1ant figure +Some pre1i,ion re,i,tor, 0a!e a t0ird

,ignifi1ant figure5 and t0u, fi!e band,".

band Ci, t0e de1imal multiplier

band %if pre,ent5 indi1ate, toleran1e of !alue in per1ent +no band mean, '&.

%'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25-pair_color_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4-Band_Resistor.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Resistor_bands.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25-pair_color_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication


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#!1 ):, re"!"tor co0or code T/@0e

):) CAPACITOR

/0e 1apa1itor i, a 1omponent w0i10 0a, t0e abilit or 1apa1it to ,tore energ in t0e form of an

ele1tri1al 10arge produ1ing a potential differen1e a1ro,, it, plate,5 mu10 li2e a ,mall re10argable

batter"

A c/p/c!tori, apa,,i!etwo8terminalele1tri1al 1omponent u,ed to

,toreenergele1tro,tati1all in an ele1tri1 field" /0e form, of pra1ti1al 1apa1itor, !ar widel5

but all 1ontain at lea,t two ele1tri1al 1ondu1tor,,eparated b a diele1tri1+in,ulator. for

e9ample5 one 1ommon 1on,tru1tion 1on,i,t, of metal foil, ,eparated b a t0in laer of in,ulating

%:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)


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film" Capa1itor, are widel u,ed a, part, of ele1tri1al 1ir1uit,in man 1ommon ele1tri1al

de!i1e,"

F!1):5 c/p/c!tor"


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F!1 ):9 C/p/c!tor connected to / @/tter2

A !oltage V appear, a1ro,, t0e 1apa1itor5 produ1ing a 1apa1itan1e C and a 1urrent I" /0e

!oltage produ1ed b t0e batter i, a11epted b t0e plate t0at i, 1onne1ted to t0e negati!e of t0e

batter" Similarl5 t0e plate on t0e 1apa1itor t0at atta10e, to t0e po,iti!e terminal of t0e batter

lo,e, ele1tron, to t0e batter" /0u, t0e 1apa1itor begin, 10arging gi!en b t0e euation d P

CQdV5 w0ere d i, t0e ,mall 10ange in 10arge and dV i, t0e ,mall 10ange in !oltage"

/0u, t0e 1urrent 1an be e9pre,,ed a, I P CQdVdt"


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%Ctotal P %C% %C' %C: ;; %Cn

,: C/p/c!tor connected !n p/r/00e0

A, ,0own in t0e figure5 two 1apa1itor,C% and C' are 2ept in parallel" /0e !oltage a1ro,, bot0 t0e

1apa1itor, will be t0e ,ame5 V" /0e 10arge in t0e 1apa1itor C% i, % and t0e 10arge in

1apa1itor C' i, '" /0u, we 1an write t0e euation, a, C%P%V5C'P'V"

/otal Capa1itan1e5 Ctotal P +%'.V P %V 'V P C% C'If t0ere are n 1apa1itor, 2ept in parallel5 t0en total 1apa1itan1e 1an be written a,

Ctotal P C% C' C: ; Cn

F!1 ):3 C/p/c!tor connected !n p/r/00e0

Ad/nt/1e"

Sin1e t0e 1apa1itor 1an di,10arge in a fra1tion of a ,e1ond5 it 0a, a !er large ad!antage"

Capa1itor, are u,ed for applian1e, w0i10 reuire 0ig0 ,peed u,e li2e in 1amera fla,0 and

la,er te10niue,"

Capa1itor, are u,ed to remo!e ripple, b remo!ing t0e pea2, and filling in t0e !alle,"

A 1apa1itor allow, a1 !oltage to pa,, t0roug0 and blo12, d1 !oltage" /0i, 0a, been u,ed

in man ele1troni1 appli1ation,"

):, %IO%E

A %!odei, t0e ,imple,t two8terminal unilateral ,emi1ondu1tor de!i1e" It allow, 1urrent to flow

onl in one dire1tion and blo12, t0e 1urrent t0at flow, in t0e oppo,ite dire1tion" /0e twoterminal, of t0e diode are 1alled a, anode and 1at0ode" /0e "2>@o0 o# d!odei, a, ,0own in t0e

figure below"

%@


17/40

F!1 ):4S2>@o0 o# d!ode

/0e 10ara1teri,ti1, of a diode 1lo,el mat10 to t0at of a ,wit10" An ideal ,wit10 w0en open doe,

not 1ondu1t 1urrent in eit0er dire1tion, and in 1lo,ed ,tate 1ondu1t, in bot0 dire1tion,"

/0e 10ara1teri,ti1 of a diode i, a, ,0own in t0e figure below"

F!1 ):< E0ectr!c/0 @eh/!or d!ode /" / "?!tch

Ideall5 in one dire1tion t0at i, indi1ated b t0e arrow 0ead diode mu,t be0a!e ,0ort 1ir1uited

and in ot0er one t0at oppo,ite to t0at of t0e dire1tion of arrow 0ead mu,t be open 1ir1uited"

B ideal 10ara1teri,ti1,5 t0e d!ode"i, de,igned to meet t0e,e feature, t0eoreti1all but are not

a10ie!ed pra1ti1all" So t0e pra1ti1al d!ode ch/r/cter!"t!c"are onl 1lo,e to t0at of t0e de,ired"

%#


18/40

F!1 ):+*ch/r/cter!"t!c" o# d!ode

):,:+ %IO%E Con"truct!on6

A ,imple p8n diode i, a 3un1tion w0ere p8tpe and n8tpe laer, are doped on a ,ili1on or

germanium wafer" A p8tpe ,emi1ondu1tor i, formed b doping of tri!alent or a11eptor impurit

atom, on a pure ,ili1on or germanium t0ereb 0a!ing an e91e,, 1on1entration of 0ole," An n8

tpe ,emi1ondu1tor i, formed b doping of penta!alent or donor impurit atom, on a pure

,ili1on or germanium t0ereb 0a!ing an e91e,, 1on1entration of ele1tron," So5 0ole, are t0e

ma3orit 10arge 1arrier, in a p8tpe region w0erea, ele1tron, in t0e n8tpe region" Ele1tron80ole,

pair, are t0ermall generated in bot0 tpe, w0i10 1on,titute t0e minorit 10arge 1arrier," It i,

remar2able t0at a p8tpe material i, not po,iti!el 10arged in ,pite of 0a!ing e91e,,i!e 0ole,

w0ile an n8tpe material i, not negati!el 10arged in ,pite of e91e,,i!e ele1tron," /0i, i,

be1au,e in a p8tpe material along wit0 0ole,5 t0e anion, are generated and t0e total number of

proton, and ele1tron, ,till remain t0e ,ame" /0i, i, ,imilarl ob,er!ed for t0e n8tpe material"

%$


19/40

F!1 ):++ Con"truct!on o# d!ode

):,:) %!ode" ?or!n1

/0e d!odeoperate, w0en a !oltage ,ignal i, applied a1ro,, it, terminal," /0e appli1ation of a 7C

!oltage to ma2e t0e diode operate in a 1ir1uit i, 1alled a, TBia,ing" A, alread mentioned abo!e

t0e diode re,emble, to t0at of a one wa ,wit10 ,o it 1an eit0er be in a ,tate of 1ondu1tion or in a

,tate of non 1ondu1tion" /0e TON ,tate of a diode i, a10ie!ed b Torward bia,ing w0i10

mean, t0at po,iti!e or 0ig0er potential i, applied to t0e anode and negati!e or lower potential i,

applied at t0e 1at0ode of t0e diode" In ot0er word,5 t0e TON ,tate of diode 0a, t0e applied

1urrent in t0e ,ame dire1tion of t0e arrow 0ead" /0e TO ,tate of a diode i, a10ie!ed b

TRe!er,e bia,ing w0i10 mean, t0at po,iti!e or 0ig0er potential i, applied to t0e 1at0ode and

negati!e or lower potential i, applied at t0e anode of t0e diode" In ot0er word,5 t0e TO ,tate of

diode 0a, t0e applied 1urrent in t0e oppo,ite dire1tion of t0e arrow 0ead"

%=
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:SE_Diode_Depletion_Region.svghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:SE_Diode_Construction.svg


20/40

7uring TON ,tate5 t0e pra1ti1al diodeoffer, a re,i,tan1e 1alled a, t0e Torward re,i,tan1e" /0e

diode reuire, a forward bia, !oltage to ,wit10 to t0e TON 1ondition w0i10 i, 1alled Cut8in8

!oltage" /0e diode ,tart, 1ondu1ting in re!er,e bia,ed mode w0en t0e re!er,e bia, !oltage

e91eed, it, limit w0i10 i, 1alled a, t0e Brea2down !oltage" /0e diode remain, in TO ,tate

w0en no !oltage i, applied a1ro,, it"

):,:, %!ode B!/"ed 'o0t/1e

A Dero B!/"


21/40

F!1 ):+, d!ode reer"ed @!/"ed

C:For?/rd B!/"

In forward bia, t0e -8Region of t0e diode i, 1onne1ted wit0 t0e po,iti!e terminal of t0e batter

and N8region i, 1onne1ted wit0 t0e negati!e region" 7uring t0e forward bia, t0e following

pro1e,, o11ur," /0e po,iti!e of t0e batter pump, more 0ole, into t0e -8region of t0e diode" /0e

negati!e terminal pump, ele1tron, into t0e N8region" /0e e91e,, of 10arge in - and N region will

appl pre,,ure on t0e depletion region and will ma2e it ,0rin2" A, t0e !oltage in1rea,e, t0e

depletion laer will be1ome t0inner and t0inner and 0en1e diode will offer le,,er and le,,er

re,i,tan1e" Sin1e t0e re,i,tan1e de1rea,e, t0e 1urrent will in1rea,e +t0oug0 not proportional. to

t0e !oltage"At one parti1ular !oltage le!el '#1alled t0e t0re,0old firing 1ut8off !oltage t0e

depletion laer di,appear, +o!erw0elmed b t0e 10arge. and 0en1e from t0i, point on t0e diode

,tart, to 1ondu1t !er ea,il" rom t0i, point on t0e diode 1urrent in1rea,e, e9ponentiall to t0e!oltage applied"

F!1 ):+5 d!ode #or?/rd @!/"ed

'"( BC>(#68

BC953i, an N-N bi8polar 3un1tion tran,i,tor" A tran,i,tor5 ,tand, for tran,fer of re,i,tan1e5 i,

1ommonl u,ed to amplif 1urrent" A ,mall 1urrent at it, ba,e 1ontrol, a larger 1urrent at1olle1tor 4 emitter terminal,"

'%
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:SE_Forward_Biased_Diode.svghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:SE_Reverse_Biased_Diode.svg


22/40

BC953i, mainl u,ed for amplifi1ation and ,wit10ing purpo,e," It 0a, a ma9imum 1urrent gain

of $&&" It, eui!alent tran,i,tor, are BC>($ and BC>(="

/0e tran,i,tor terminal, reuire a fi9ed 7C !oltage to operate in t0e de,ired region of it,

10ara1teri,ti1 1ur!e," /0i, i, 2nown a, t0e bia,ing" or amplifi1ation appli1ation,5 t0e tran,i,tori, bia,ed ,u10 t0at it i, partl on for all input 1ondition," /0e input ,ignal at ba,e i, amplified and

ta2en at t0e emitter" BC>(# i, u,ed in 1ommon emitter 1onfiguration for amplifier," /0e !oltagedi!ider i, t0e 1ommonl u,ed bia,ing mode" or ,wit10ing appli1ation,5 tran,i,tor i, bia,ed ,ot0at it remain, full on if t0ere i, a ,ignal at it, ba,e" In t0e ab,en1e of ba,e ,ignal5 it get,

1ompletel off" S$+**i, a general purpo,e5 medium power -N- tran,i,tor" /0e ba,i1

appli1ation, of a tran,i,tor are ,wit10ing5 amplifi1ation and regulation" It, 7C 1urrent gain

range, from %&& to a ma9imum of :&&"

F!1 ):+9 BC953

'"("% -IN 7IA?RAM68

''
http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/transistor-bc547-datasheet


23/40

F!1 ):+; PIN %IAGRAM BC953

'"> S)%&&68/0e tran,i,tor terminal, reuire a fi9ed 7C !oltage to operate in t0e de,ired region of it,10ara1teri,ti1 1ur!e," /0i, i, 2nown a, t0e bia,ing" or amplifi1ation appli1ation,5 t0e tran,i,tor

i, bia,ed ,u10 t0at it i, partl on for all input 1ondition," /0e input ,ignal at ba,e i, amplified and

ta2en at t0e emitter" BC>($ i, u,ed in 1ommon emitter 1onfiguration for amplifier," /0e !oltagedi!ider i, t0e 1ommonl u,ed bia,ing mode" or ,wit10ing appli1ation,5 tran,i,tor i, bia,ed ,o

t0at it remain, full on if t0ere i, a ,ignal at it, ba,e" In t0e ab,en1e of ba,e ,ignal5 it get,

1ompletel off"/0e emitter leg of S)%&& i, indi1ated b a protruding edge in t0e tran,i,tor 1a,e" /0e ba,e i,

neare,t to t0e emitter w0ile 1olle1tor lie, at ot0er e9treme of t0e 1a,ing"

F!1 ):+3 S$+**

':
http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/sk100


24/40

2.5.1 Pin Diagram:

F!1 ):+3 PIN %IAGRAM OF S$+**

'"@ LOU7 S-EA)ER52

A loud,pea2er +or ,pea2er. i, a tran,du1er t0at 1on!ert, ele1tri1al energ into a1ou,ti1al

energ"


25/40

,ound wa!e, b !ibrating a fle9ible 1one or diap0ragm made out of paper5 pla,ti1 or metal w0i10

i, atta10ed to wide end of ,u,pen,ion" /0e ,u,pen,ion i, atta10ed to a metal

frame 1alled Ba,2etand i, made up of ,ome fle9ible material allowing t0e 1one to mo!e" /0e

narrow end of t0e 1one i, 1onne1ted to !oi1e 1oil5 w0i10 i, t0en 1onne1ted to Spider +a ring of

fle9ible material. allowing 1oil to mo!e ba12 and fort0 and produ1ing ,ound wa!e," Cli12 to read

more about internal ,tru1ture of ,pea2er wit0 it, image,"

2.6.1 Pin Diagram:

F!1 ):+4 SPEA$ER OF 4 OHM

'"# IC UM@@68

'>
http://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-speaker-workshttp://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-speaker-works


26/40

UM;;Ti, a melod integrated 1ir1uit" It i, de,igned for u,e in bell,5 telep0one,5 to, et1" It 0a,

an inbuilt tone and a beat generator" /0e tone generator i, a programmed di!ider w0i10 produ1e,

1ertain freuen1ie," /0e,e freuen1ie, are a fa1tor of t0e o,1illator freuen1" /0e beat generator

i, al,o a programmed di!ider w0i10 1ontain, %> a!ailable beat," our beat, of t0e,e 1an be

,ele1ted"

/0ere i, an inbuilt o,1illator 1ir1uit t0at ,er!e, a, a time ba,e for beat and tone generator" It 0a, a

@' note, ROM to pla mu,i1" A ,et of ( bit, 1ontrol, t0e ,1ale 1ode w0ile ' bit, 1ontrol t0e

r0t0m 1ode"


27/40

t0e fi9ed !oltage output" /0e o0t/1e re1u0/tor ICmaintain, t0e output !oltage at a 1on,tant

!alue" /0e 99 in #$99 indi1ate, t0e fi9ed output !oltage it i, de,igned to pro!ide" #$&> pro!ide,

>V regulated power ,uppl" Capa1itor, of ,uitable !alue, 1an be 1onne1ted at input and output

pin, depending upon t0e re,pe1ti!e

!oltage le!el,"

F!1 ):)* IC 34*9

'#


28/40

):4:+ P!n %!/1r/>6

F!1 ):)+ PIN %IAGRAM OF IC 34*9

):< IRE6A wire i, a ,ingle 1ondu1tor w0i10 ma 0a!e an outer laer of in,ulation +u,uall pla,ti1."

TYPES OF IRES

):ent ?!re/0i, i, one ,olid wire wit0 a pla,ti1 1oating a!ailable in a wide !ariet of 1olor," It 1an be bent to,0ape but will brea2 if repeatedl fle9ed" U,e it for 1onne1tion, w0i10 will not be di,turbed5 for

e9ample lin2, between point, of a 1ir1uit board"

/pi1al ,pe1ifi1ation6 +*:;>>+% ,trand of &"@mm diameter.5 ma9imum 1urrent %"$A"

F!1 ):)) S!n10e core e=u!p>ent ?!re

'$


29/40

):>+%& ,trand, of &"%mm diameter.5 ma9imum 1urrent &">A"

3*:)>>+# ,trand, of &"'mm diameter.5 ma9imum 1urrent %"(A"

+;*:)>>+%@ ,trand, of &"'mm diameter.5 ma9imum 1urrent :A"

)5*:)>>+'( ,trand, of &"'mm diameter.5 ma9imum 1urrent (">A"

99*:+>>+>> ,trand, of &"%mm diameter.5 ma9imum 1urrent @A5 u,ed for te,t lead,"

):+* SITCHES

):+*:+ SELECTING A SITCH

/0ere are t0ree important feature, to 1on,ider w0en ,ele1ting a ,wit106 Cont/ct"+e"g" ,ingle pole5 double t0row.

R/t!n1"+ma9imum !oltage and 1urrent.

Method o# Oper/t!on+toggle5 ,lide5 2e et1".

):+*:) SITCH CONTACTS

Se!eral term, are u,ed to de,1ribe ,wit10 1onta1t,6

Po0e8 number of ,wit10 1onta1t ,et,"

Thro?8 number of 1ondu1ting po,ition,5 ,ingle or double"

/28 number of 1ondu1ting po,ition,5 t0ree or more"

Mo>ent/r28 ,wit10 return, to it, normal po,ition w0en relea,ed"

Open8 off po,ition5 1onta1t, not 1ondu1ting"

C0o"ed8 on po,ition5 1onta1t, 1ondu1ting5 t0ere ma be ,e!eral on po,ition,"

or e9ample6 t0e ,imple,t on8off ,wit10 0a, one ,et of 1onta1t, +,ingle pole. and one ,wit10ing

po,ition w0i10 1ondu1t, +,ingle t0row." /0e ,wit10 me10ani,m 0a, two po,ition,6 open +off. and1lo,ed +on.5 but it i, 1alled F,ingle t0rowF be1au,e onl one po,ition 1ondu1t,"

S?!tch Cont/ct R/t!n1"

Swit10 1onta1t, are rated wit0 a ma9imum !oltage and 1urrent5 and t0ere ma be different

rating, for AC and 7C" /0e AC !alue, are 0ig0er be1au,e t0e 1urrent fall, to Gero man time,ea10 ,e1ond and an ar1 i, le,, li2el to form a1ro,, t0e ,wit10 1onta1t,"

'=


30/40

or low !oltage ele1troni1, pro3e1t, t0e !oltage rating will not matter5 but ou ma need to 10e12

t0e 1urrent rating" /0e ma9imum 1urrent i, le,, for indu1ti!e load, +1oil, and motor,. be1au,e

t0e 1au,e more ,par2ing at t0e 1onta1t, w0en ,wit10ed off"

):+*:, STAN%AR% SITCHES

T2pe o# S?!tch C!rcu!t S2>@o0 E/>p0e

ONOFF

S!n10e Po0e( S!n10e Thro? SPST

A ,imple on8off ,wit10" /0i, tpe 1an be u,ed to

,wit10 t0e power ,uppl to a 1ir1uit"

/e SPST Mo>ent/r2

A pu,08to8ma2e ,wit10 return, to it, normall

open +off. po,ition w0en ou relea,e t0e button5

t0i, i, ,0own b t0e bra12et, around ON" /0i, i,t0e ,tandard doorbell ,wit10"

-u,08to8ma2e ,wit10

ONOFF

Pu"hto@re/ SPST Mo>ent/r2

A pu,08to8brea2 ,wit10 return, to it, normall

1lo,ed +on. po,ition w0en ou relea,e t0e button" -u,08to8brea2 ,wit10

ONON

S!n10e Po0e( %ou@0e Thro? SP%T

/0i, ,wit10 1an be on in bot0 po,ition,5

,wit10ing on a ,eparate de!i1e in ea10 1a,e" It i,often 1alled a ch/n1eoer "?!tch:or e9ample5

a S-7/ ,wit10 1an be u,ed to ,wit10 on a redlamp in one po,ition and a green lamp in t0e

ot0er po,ition"

A S-7/ toggle ,wit10 ma be u,ed a, a ,imple

on8off ,wit10 b 1onne1ting to COM and one oft0e A or B terminal, ,0own in t0e diagram" A

S-7/ toggle ,wit10

:&


31/40

and B are inter10angeable ,o ,wit10e, are

u,uall not labelled"

ONOFFONSP%T Centre O##

A ,pe1ial !er,ion of t0e ,tandard S-7/ ,wit10" It

0a, a t0ird ,wit10ing po,ition in t0e 1entre w0i10

i, off" Momentar +ON.8O8+ON. !er,ion, are

al,o a!ailable w0ere t0e ,wit10 return, to t0e

1entral off po,ition w0en relea,ed"

S-7/ ,lide ,wit10+-CB mounting.

S-7/ ro12er ,wit10

%u/0 ONOFF

%ou@0e Po0e( S!n10e Thro? %PST

A pair of on8off ,wit10e, w0i10 operate toget0er+,0own b t0e dotted line in t0e 1ir1uit ,mbol."

A 7-S/ ,wit10 i, often u,ed to ,wit10 main,

ele1tri1it be1au,e it 1an i,olate bot0 t0e li!e and

neutral 1onne1tion," 7-S/ ro12er ,wit10

%u/0 ONON

%ou@0e Po0e( %ou@0e Thro? %P%T

A pair of on8on ,wit10e, w0i10 operate toget0er

+,0own b t0e dotted line in t0e 1ir1uit ,mbol."

A 7-7/ ,wit10 1an be wired up a, a reer"!n1

"?!tchfor a motor a, ,0own in t0e diagram"

ONOFFON

%P%T Centre O##

A ,pe1ial !er,ion of t0e ,tandard S-7/ ,wit10" It

0a, a t0ird ,wit10ing po,ition in t0e 1entre w0i10

i, off" /0i, 1an be !er u,eful for motor 1ontrol

be1au,e ou 0a!e forward5 off and re!er,e

po,ition," Momentar +ON.8O8+ON. !er,ion,

are al,o a!ailable w0ere t0e ,wit10 return, to t0e1entral off po,ition w0en relea,ed"

7-7/ ,lide ,wit10


32/40

T2pe o# S?!tch E/>p0e

Pu"hPu"h S?!tch+e"g" S-S/ P ON8O.

/0i, loo2, li2e a momentar a1tion pu,0 ,wit10 but it i, a ,tandard on8

off ,wit106 pu,0 on1e to ,wit10 on5 pu,0 again to ,wit10 off" /0i, i,

1alled a 0/tch!n1 /ct!on"

M!cro "?!tch+u,uall S-7/ P ON8ON.

Mi1ro ,wit10e, are de,igned to ,wit10 full open or 1lo,ed in re,pon,e

to ,mall mo!ement," /0e are a!ailable wit0 le!er, and roller,

atta10ed"

$e2 "?!tch

A 2e operated ,wit10" /0e e9ample ,0own i, S-S/"

T!0t S?!tch+S-S/.

/ilt ,wit10e, 1ontain a 1ondu1ti!e liuid and w0en tilted t0i, bridge,

t0e 1onta1t, in,ide5 1lo,ing t0e ,wit10" /0e 1an be u,ed a, a ,en,or to

dete1t t0e po,ition of an ob3e1t" Some tilt ,wit10e, 1ontain mer1ur

w0i10 i, poi,onou,"

Reed S?!tch+u,uall S-S/.

/0e 1onta1t, of a reed ,wit10 are 1lo,ed b bringing a ,mall magnetnear t0e ,wit10" /0e are u,ed in ,e1urit 1ir1uit,5 for e9ample to

10e12 t0at door, are 1lo,ed" Standard reed ,wit10e, are S-S/ +,imple

on8off. but S-7/ +10angeo!er. !er,ion, are al,o a!ailable"

%IP S?!tch+7I- P 7ual In8line -arallel.

/0i, i, a ,et of miniature S-S/ on8off ,wit10e, t0e e9ample ,0own

0a, $ ,wit10e," /0e pa12age i, t0e ,ame ,iGe a, a ,tandard 7IL +7ual

In8Line. integrated 1ir1uit"

/0i, tpe of ,wit10 i, u,ed to ,et up 1ir1uit,5 e"g" ,etting t0e 1ode of a

remote 1ontrol"

Mu0t!po0e S?!tch

/0e pi1ture ,0ow, a @8pole double t0row ,wit105 al,o 2nown a, a @8

pole 10angeo!er ,wit10" It 1an be ,et to 0a!e momentar or lat10ing

a1tion" Lat10ing a1tion mean, it be0a!e, a, a pu,08pu,0 ,wit105 pu,0

:'


33/40

on1e for t0e fir,t po,ition5 pu,0 again for t0e ,e1ond po,ition et1"

Mu0t!?/2 S?!tch

Multi8wa ,wit10e, 0a!e : or more 1ondu1ting po,ition," /0e ma

0a!e ,e!eral pole, +1onta1t ,et,." A popular tpe 0a, a rotar a1tion

and it i, a!ailable wit0 a range of 1onta1t arrangement, from %8pole

%'8wa to (8pole : wa"

/0e number of wa, +,wit10 po,ition,. ma be redu1ed b ad3u,ting a

,top under t0e fi9ing nut" or e9ample if ou need a '8pole >8wa

,wit10 ou 1an bu t0e '8pole @8wa !er,ion and ad3u,t t0e ,top"

Contra,t t0i, multi8wa ,wit10 +man ,wit10 po,ition,. wit0 t0e multi8

pole ,wit10 +man 1onta1t ,et,. de,1ribed abo!e"

Multi8wa rotar ,wit10

%8pole (8wa ,wit10 ,mbol

):++ SOL%ERING AN% %ESOL%ERING):++:+HO TO SOL%ER

ir,t a few ,afet pre1aution,6

Ne!er tou10 t0e element or tip of t0e ,oldering iron" /0e are !er 0ot +about (&&C.

and will gi!e ou a na,t burn"

/a2e great 1are to a!oid tou10ing t0e main, fle9 wit0 t0e tip of t0e iron" /0e iron

,0ould 0a!e a 0eatproof fle9 for e9tra prote1tion" An ordinar pla,ti1 fle9 will melt

immediatel if tou10ed b a 0ot iron and t0ere i, a ,eriou, ri,2 of burn, and ele1tri1

,0o12"

Alwa, return t0e ,oldering iron to it, ,tand w0en not in u,e" Ne!er put it down on

our wor2ben105 e!en for a moment"


34/40

%/>pen the "pon1e !n the "t/nd:

/0e be,t wa to do t0i, i, to lift it out t0e ,tand and 0old it under a 1old tap for a moment5

t0en ,ueeGe to remo!e e91e,, water" It ,0ould be damp5 not dripping wet"

/!t / #e? >!nute" #or the "o0der!n1 !ron to ?/r> up:

ou 1an 10e12 if it i, read b tring to melt a little ,older on t0e tip"

!pe the t!p o# the !ron on the

d/>p "pon1e:

/0i, will 1lean t0e tip"

Me0t / 0!tt0e "o0der on the t!p o# the

!ron:

/0i, i, 1alled FtinningF and it will 0elp

t0e 0eat to flow from t0e ironF, tip to

t0e 3oint" It onl need, to be done

w0en ou plug in t0e iron5 and

o11a,ionall w0ile ,oldering if ou

need to wipe t0e tip 1lean on t0e ,ponge"

You /re no? re/d2 to "t/rt "o0der!n16

Hold t0e ,oldering iron li2e a pen5 near t0e ba,e of t0e 0andle" Imagine ou are going to

write our nameW Remember to ne!er tou10 t0e 0ot element or tip"

/ou10 t0e ,oldering iron onto t0e 3oint to be made" Ma2e ,ure it tou10e, bot0 t0e

1omponent lead and t0e tra12" Hold t0e tip t0ere for a few ,e1ond, and"""

eed a little ,older onto t0e 3oint" It ,0ould flow ,moot0l onto t0e lead and tra12 to form

a !ol1ano ,0ape a, ,0own in t0e diagram" Appl t0e ,older to t0e 3oint5 not t0e iron"

Remo!e t0e ,older5 t0en t0e iron5 w0ile 2eeping t0e 3oint ,till" Allow t0e 3oint a few

,e1ond, to 1ool before ou mo!e t0e 1ir1uit board"

In,pe1t t0e 3oint 1lo,el" It ,0ould loo2 ,0in and 0a!e a F!ol1anoF ,0ape" If not5 ou will

need to re0eat it and feed in a little more ,older" /0i, time en,ure t0at bot0 t0e lead and

tra12 are 0eated full before appling ,older"

):++:, SOL%ERING A%'ICE FOR COMPONENTSIt i, !er tempting to ,tart ,oldering 1omponent, onto t0e 1ir1uit board ,traig0t awa5 but plea,e

ta2e time to identif all t0e part, fir,t" ou are mu10 le,, li2el toma2e a mi,ta2e if ou do t0i,W

%" Sti12 all t0e 1omponent, onto a ,0eet of paper u,ing ,ti12

tape"

:(


35/40

'" Ident!#2 e/ch co>ponentand write it, name or !alue be,ide it"

:" Add the code R+( R)( C+ etc: !# nece""/r2:

Man pro3e1t, from boo2, and magaGine, label t0e 1omponent, wit0 1ode, +R%5 R'5 C%5

7% et1". and ou ,0ould u,e t0e pro3e1tF, part, li,t to find t0e,e 1ode, if t0e are gi!en"

ig" >"'

). Re"!"tor /0ue"1an be found u,ing t0e re,i,tor 1olor 1ode w0i10 i, e9plained on our6esistorspage" ou 1an print out and ma2e our own 6esistor Color Code

Calculatorto 0elp ou"

7. C/p/c!tor /0ue"1an be diffi1ult to find be1au,e t0ere are man tpe, wit0 different

labeling ,,tem," /0e !ariou, ,,tem, are e9plained on our Capacitorspage"

Some 1omponent, reuire ,pe1ial 1are w0en ,oldering" Man mu,t be pla1ed t0e 1orre1t wa

round and a few are ea,il damaged b t0e 0eat from ,oldering" Appropriate warning, are

gi!en in t0e table below5 toget0er wit0 ot0er ad!i1e w0i10 ma be u,eful w0en ,oldering"

):++:5 HAT IS SOL%ERSolder i, an allo +mi9ture. of tin and lead5 tpi1all @& tin and (& lead" It melt, at atemperature of about '&&C" Coating a ,urfa1e wit0 ,older i, 1alled FtinningF be1au,e of t0e tin

1ontent of ,older" Lead i, poi,onou, and ou ,0ould alwa, wa,0 our 0and, after u,ing ,older"

Solder for ele1troni1, u,e 1ontain, tin 1ore, of flu95 li2e t0e wire, in,ide a main, fle9" /0e flu9i, 1orro,i!e5 li2e an a1id5 and it 1lean, t0e metal ,urfa1e, a, t0e ,older melt," /0i, i, w0 ou

mu,t melt t0e ,older a1tuall on t0e 3oint5 not on t0e iron tip"


36/40

!th / %e"o0der!n1 pu>p "o0der

"ucer

Set t0e pump b pu,0ing t0e ,pring8loaded plunger down until it lo12,"

Appl bot0 t0e pump noGGle and t0e tip of our ,oldering iron to t0e 3oint"


37/40

0eatproof 1able for ,afet" /0e ironF, power rating ,0ould be %> to '>< and it ,0ould be fitted

wit0 a ,mall bit of ' to :mm diameter"

ig" '"'@Soldering Iron

Ot0er tpe, of ,oldering iron

Low !oltage ,oldering iron, are a!ailable5 but t0eir e9tra ,afet i, undermined if ou 0a!e amain, lead to t0eir power ,upplW /emperature 1ontrolled iron, are e91ellent for freuent u,e5

but not wort0 t0e e9tra e9pen,e if ou are a beginner" ?a,8powered iron, are de,igned for u,ew0ere no main, ,uppl i, a!ailable and are not ,uitable for e!erda u,e" -i,tol ,0aped ,oldergun, are far too powerful and 1umber,ome for normal ele1troni1,

u,e"

):+):) So0der!n1 !ron "t/ndou mu,t 0a!e a ,afe pla1e to put t0e iron w0en ou are not

0olding it" /0e ,tand ,0ould in1lude a ,ponge w0i10 1an be

dampened for 1leaning t0e tip of t0e iron"ig" >"# Soldering Iron Stand

):+):, %e"o0der!n1 pu>p "o0der

"ucerA tool for remo!ing ,older w0en de,oldering a

3oint to 1orre1t a mi,ta2e or repla1e a 1omponent"

ig" '"'# 7e,oldering -ump

):+):5 So0der re>oer ?!c copper @r/!d/0i, i, an alternati!e to t0e 7e,oldering pump ,0own abo!e"

ig" '"'$ 7ESOL7ERIN?


38/40

,u10 a, tran,i,tor," Ele1troni1, in1lude, all effe1t, of ele1tri1it w0ere t0e a1tion of indi!idual

ele1tron, determine, t0e appli1ation" /0e 1on1ept ele1troni1, i, u,ed for ele1troni1 1omponent,5

integrated 1ir1uit,5 and ele1tri1al ,,tem," Main area, of u,age are modern information

te10nolog and tele1ommuni1ation,5 tool, for re1ording and plaing ,ound and pi1ture5 ,en,or,

and ,teering ,,tem,5 in,trumentation and mea,urement de!i1e," Ele1troni1,5 information

te10nolog and 1ommuni1ation te10nolog 0a!e undergone immen,e growt0 during t0e pa,t :&

ear," Our new te10nolog8ba,ed li!e, are run b t0e de!elopment of miniaturiGed ele1tri1al

1ir1uit, +mi1ro10ip,. and broadband p0one and internet t0roug0 opti1al fiber, or a1ro,, wirele,,

10annel,"


39/40

Ele1troni1 data pro1e,,ing i, !er 1ommon in ban2,5 in,uran1e 1ompanie,5 go!ernment

agen1ie,5 and an offi1e w0ere !oluminou, re1ord, are 2ept"

1. Med!c/06 Re,ear10 in ,10ool, and laboratorie,5 diagno,i,5 treatment and ,urger all u,e

ele1troni1 euipment" E9ample, are t0e ele1tron mi1ro,1ope5 diat0erm euipment and

t0e 1ardiograp0 ma10ine"

d. E0ectron!c /tche"6/0i, wat10 u,e, an integrated 1ir1uit to produ1e timing pul,e,5

in,tead of u,ing me10ani1al ,pring," /0e digital readout 1an u,e t0e lig0t8emitting diode

+LE7. or liuid81r,tal di,pla +LC7." A11ura1 of t0e ele1troni1 wat10 i, better t0an %

minear"

e. Indu"tr!/0 E0ectron!c"6 /0i, appli1ation in1lude, welding5 diele1tri1 0eating5 indu1tion

0eating5 metal dete1tor5 ,mo2e dete1tor5 moi,ture 1ontrol and 1omputer81ontrolled

ma10iner" In addition5 t0ere are man tpe, of remote81ontrol unit,5 in1luding automati1

garage door opener, and burglar alarm," Clo,ed81ir1uit tele!i,ion i, often u,ed for

,ur!eillan1e"

f. Super"on!c" or U0tr/"on!c"6 Ele1troni1 euipment al,o u,e, ,ound wa!e, wit0

freuen1ie, abo!e t0e range of 0uman 0earing" E9ample, are ,onar euipment for marine

dept0 euipment5 ultra,oni1 1leaning ma10ine, and remote 1ontrol unit, for tuning

tele!i,ion re1ei!er, to different 10annel,"

g. C0/""!#!c/t!on"6 /0ere are ,o man appli1ation, t0at t0e are generall 1on,idered in

t0e,e broad 1ategorie,6

+: Radio 1ommuni1ation,8 /0i, in1lude, AM radio5 M radio5 in1luding ,tereo and

tele!i,ion broad1a,ting5 in1luding 1olor" Radio 1an furt0er be ,ubdi!ided between

re1ei!er, and broad1a,t euipment5 eit0er at t0e tran,mitter or at t0e ,tudio" Hig0

fidelit audio euipment 1an be 1on,idered a ,pe1ialiGed bran10 of re1ei!er,"

): Ele1troni1,8 Some of t0e main ,ubdi!i,ion, are 1omputer,5 indu,trial 1ontrol5 ,er!o

me10ani,m,5 te,ting and re1ording in,trument,5 and medi1al ele1troni1," /0e

appli1ation, of 1omputer,5 in1luding E7-5 probabl form t0e large,t bran10 of

ele1troni1,"

,: Ele1tri1al -ower8 ?eneration5 di,tribution and u,e,5 in1luding d1 and a1 ma10iner":=


40/40

0. Br/nche"6 Spe1ifi1 di!i,ion, in radio and ele1troni1, are indi1ated b t0e following

,pe1ialiGed title, for engineer, aeronauti1al5 audio5 antenna,5 1ommuni1ation,5 1omputer5

engineering management5 engineering ,ale,5 geop0,i1al5 illumination5 information

t0eor and 1oding5 magneti15 medi1al ele1troni1,5 mi1rowa!e,5 militar in1luding guided

mi,,ile," Man of t0e,e field, 1ombine t0e ,1ien1e, of p0,i1, and 10emi,tr"

i. 7o@ T!t0e"6/0e tpe, of 3ob, in ea10 of t0e,e field, in1lude management5 engineer for

re,ear105 de!elopment5 or produ1tion5 tea10er5 te10ni1ian5 ,ale,5 te10ni1al writer5

draft,man5 ,er!i1e wor2er5 in,pe1tor5 te,ter and wirer" /e10ni1ian, and ,er!i1e wor2er,

are needed for te,ting5 maintenan1e5 and repair on all t0e tpe, of ele1troni1 euipment"

electronic and communication file

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