Kick Report Draft report

By Roberto Notte

v. 1.0 02/25/2013

Each test is daily documented in a preliminary easy format

Kick Report

1

Kick Report Draft report

The Kick

During the far 2006 I joined firstly to OU forum where many guys

astonished by Steven Mark TPU demonstrations tried in every

possible/impossible way to replicate the secret original device.

After a 5 years of efforts no definitive retro-engineering possible. Today the problem still exists… providing that it is not a fake.

As per leaked SM info, basic to TPU operation is the Kick. It is

just such small pulse that triggers the TPU to start .

Object of this research is to find the way used by SM to generate

the kick.

A brief kick’s

hystory

Since 2006 Steven Mark

astounded the world

presenting and

demonstrating his 15”

3KW TPU (Toroidal

Power Unit) apparently

delivering 220VAC

voltage . Since then

thousands of

researchers tried

without fortune to

replicate his design.

Kick Report

2

01/20/2013

From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched_capacitor

The ‘Flying Capacitor’

…The simplest switched capacitor circuit is made of one capacitor C and two switches S1 and S2 which connect the capacitor with a

given frequency alternately to the input and output. Each switching cycle transfers a charge from the input to the output at the

switching frequency . Recall that the charge q on a capacitor C with a voltage V between the plates is given by:

where V is the voltage across the capacitor. Therefore, when S1 is closed while S2 is open, the charge stored in the capacitor CS is:

When S2 is closed, some of that charge is transferred out of the capacitor, after which the charge that remains in capacitor CS is:

Thus, the charge moved out of the capacitor to the output is:

Because this charge q is transferred at a rate f, the rate of transfer of charge per unit time is:

Note that we use I, the symbol for electric current, for this quantity. This is to demonstrate that a continuous transfer of charge from one

node to another is equivalent to a current. Substituting for q in the above, we have:

Let V be the voltage across the SC from input to output. So:

So the equivalent resistance R (i.e., the voltage–current relationship) is:

Thus, the switched capacitor behaves like a lossless resistor whose value depends on capacitance CS and switching frequency f…

What exposed is of course the ‘standard’ knowledge but in the case I want to present, the output charge is not connected to any direct load but rather is simply used to charge 15cm of wire used as antenna. Such wire is not resonating to anything so the charge on it can only interact in a way with

surrounding environment.

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3

What I found is that allowing to charge the wire sequentially to both C sides does indeed solicit

the local environment to re-balance the energy giving birth to a 20ns pulse that can be captured

by a near lets name it ‘collector’ wire.

I strived to find any other possible external source of such pulse but I have not been able to identify it.

1st test What it follows is my first implementation to try duplicating the kick effect observed by Marco with

his quite different setup . I have retained that the T. Bearden classic ‘flying cap’ setup would well be

taken into advantage but with a twist: the antenna connection and relative induction into an external

collector coil.

It is clear that the circuit as drawn, after the initial transient that charge the cap (surge limiting

resistor is a must), does not provide any system closure to 150V PS providing no switches K1,2,3,4

overlap.

The antenna wire is simply connected/disconnected sequentially (break before make logic) to both

side of C capacitor. The cap itself is recharged for 20msec for every cycle. As I have seen there is no

need to recharge the cap as it does stay charged even after 24 hours. This imply that I could get rid

of picoreed k1, k2 and associated CH1 just starting the circuit by using a pre-charged capacitor!

Perhaps simply feeding back the kick to cap could realize a self runner.

The basic sequence as detailed in schematic 1 could be:

1- close momentary the paralleled reeds k1 & k2 in order to charge the cap

2- open, till next start sequence, the paralleled reeds k1 & k2 to isolate the cap

3- close momentary reed k3 to connect +C side to wire

4 - close momentary reed k4 to connect -C side to wire (not used in the first test)

5 - repeat cycle

The Data pattern generator may be programmed to do all the necessary switching allowing as well

to vary the small delays necessary to realize the 'brake before make' pico reeds operations. Once

programmed the sequence may be run in closed loop at whatever repetition rate. Picoreed using is

nice because that small devices are able to reach easily 100 ore more switching/sec. and perform like

an ideal switch.

An interesting operation explanation (about Marco’s finding) has been provided by k1ngrs:

“The process of charging up a coil surface with a charge of either +ve or -ve will require an

amount of energy to be transferred by the capacitor but I am not sure if that alternating

between the +ve and -ve sides of source the capacitor will reduce its total charge after many

alternating connections.

What may be happening is that the medium between the 2 coils (air) acts as a dielectric and

Kick Report

4

transfers a charge directly to the output coil which is consumed by the load or the surge of

charge to the surface creates an electrostatic shock wave (if there is such a thing) or an

electromagnetic wave.

I think some tests need to be done with 2 coils tuned for perfect resonance with each other and

for capacitor pulsing applied at this resonant frequency.”

I observe tat:

The picoreed coils can radiate a bit.

The picoreed actuation coil could induce on his contact every time it gets a +4V pulse. Anyway I

avoided bouncing effect by paralleling the suggested diode. Well, to check for this effect should be

enough to connect the existing available shield between coil/contact (pin 9).

Even though the capacitance between the wire and the coil is very low it still could be the cause of

the effect.

8uF/630V

Data Pattern Generator

oscilloscope

Differential input

150V P.S.

Solenoid/350t

R=5.6K

Straight wire

Lenght=25 cm

CH1

CH2

4

3

2

1

CH3

1

3

4

3

2

4

1

2

3

4

C

Charge C

Connect C positive

Connect C negative

Picoreed

CELDUC

D31A3100

+

-

CH1

CH3

CH2

2

6

7 14

1N4148

2

6

7 14

GND

probe1 probe2

100ms

20ms

4ms

5ms

Figure 1 basic test circuit

Setup:

Vps = 50VDC (DC power supply voltage to picoreeds k1,k2)

F= 10Hz (cycle rate)

T=20msec for C charge (picoreed k1, k2 ON duration)

t=5msec pulse to Antenna (picoreed k3 ON duration)

Tdelay=4msec (delay time between picoreed 1, 2 and 3) (picoreed 4 always opened)

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5

Figure 2 Data Pattern Generator setup: picoreed1,2 and 3 commands

Picoreed used k3 (C pulsing with only + side); picoreed k4 is left always open.

Capture coil: solenoid 350t, 1.6cm diameter, Cu en 0.15mm wire closed on R=5.6K

Antenna: wire length 25cm inserted full, partially or external to capture coil

Figure 3

From left to right you can see picoreed k1, k2,k3,k4 and the 3 input commutation commands jacks

coming from Data Pattern Generator (the first jack commands bot 1 and picoreed).

The C is actually composed by 8 x 1uF caps in parallel. Those caps are MKS qualified at 630V (

model: 36527 p654).

Kick Report

6

Coil is actually a Kacher coil I already had. It is closed on 5.6K. The shown differential probe

connection it is absolutely necessary (high CMMR) to see the kick…otherwise too much 50Hz

induction.

01/21/2013

Several interesting facts appear.

1 – while antenna wire full inserted into coil (for all its length) the coil does increment by about 200%

its ability to capture local RF (HF stations, WIFI, ….). Extracting the wire for ¾ the coil shows only

marginal ability to capture local RF fields. The kick appears to be the same for both conditions.

2 – The kick does appear to be around 0.2Vpp appearing of course every 100msec. The kick does go

positive and negative. It starts with very low amplitude and within 30sec it does reach 0.2V

positive…then cycle repeat and it decrease till zero and then to negative…it is like the kick sums up

on 50Hz base…and the sliding due to fact that I have used a precision 100,000Hz clock on data

pattern generator. The 50Hz on grid is not so correct/steady.

3 – With 25cm antenna wire full inserted into capture coil that is the waveform captured

differentially across R

Figure 4

4 – Extracting for ¾ the 25 cm antenna wire or laying it externally ad a 5cm distance:

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7

Figure 5

The kick are evident and I checked it with PS varying from 10V to 150V: few differences seen (later I

discovered that there is a non linear relationship between the C potential and output kick

amplitude). Probably I should use 500V or more. The problem is that picoreed are rated 100VDC

max, so (Ok, it is also evident that there is not any ddp between contact themselves …as long as

there is not a circuit closure)?

I checked also that setting to 0V the PS the kick effectively disappear…but re-appears with only 5-

10V applied.

The C itself is re-charged every 100msec …hence it stays always at max PS applied: this implies that

I could use a longer timing.

I must now do same measure but using different capture coils in order to see what parameters are

better to obtain higher kick’s amplitude.

Energy in a capacitor = 1/2 x C(farrads) x V^2

E = 0.5 x 0.000008 x 50 x 50

E = 0.01 joule

OK so to charge my capacitor of 8uF to 50V requires 0.01 joule of energy.

So therefore 1 joule = 1 watt for 1 second then for 20 nsec …very low power!

Please do note that the technique I've implemented is the so called 'FLYING CAP' (generally used in

chopper DC amplifiers): it is clear that any kind of input I use for charging the cap, nevertheless the

cap is then completely 'disconnected' from the charging source...NO WAY the source tampering

with the output (well, except trough the picoreed plastic body having electric rigidity=1.5KVAC).

Kick Report

8

What seems really important is to constantly keep the local environment unbalanced...so assuring a

constant flow of energy: here I have tons of possible ideas. Of course that's only a preliminary

hypothesis. About background noise: I've had to switch OFF all eco lamps in the room (each lamp is

actually a transmitter) but at least in my case the 'capture coil' I'm using is to be considered as small

antenna as it is 300t single layer on a 1.6cm diam. PVC tube.

I do not know if you have realized that switched wire potential INCREASED by five/ten fold the RF

capture ability of the coil itself ;) IT SEEMS THAT I HAVE DISCOVERED AS WELL A NOVEL

METHOD TO IMPROVE RADIO RECEIVERS ;)...I'd like to hear your opinion.

02/22/2013

Two pulse test In this test I used both K3 and K4. After received a new set of picoreeds (the previous melted for my

error) I've been able to run the test. I do confirm that for PS=50VDC (charging voltage on cap C) and

antenna wire inserted into capture coil for 5cm, I obtain a ±2V kick every 100msec (the chosen

repetition rate). I do confirm also that said kicks are 50% modulated in amplitude (AM) with 2 - 3 sec

timing.

Figure 6

The kick's amplitude is dependent on PS voltage even if there is not a strict proportional amplitude;

for 50V I have +-2V, for 150V I have +-8V.

Kick Report

9

Figure 7

The Kick's detail for PS=50V is the following

Figure 8

The medium kick's width is about 20nsec. It is clearly difficult to obtain such wave as repetition rate

so low.

Programming the generator for 2 more pulse in both channel 3 and 4, as expected I obtain as output

2 positive and 2 negative pulses

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10

Figure 9

The picoreed k1 and k2 only experience much of a current pulse during the very initial charging of

C (surge current). During subsequent time as the C remains charged the recharging current is almost

not existing. The natural C discharge time is hours… nevertheless placing a current limiting resistor

of 1K should protect for the initial surge. The following pic shows the updated circuitry with C=1uF:

more than enough for this test.

1uF/630V

Data Pattern Generator

oscilloscope

Differential input

Solenoid/350t

R=5.6K

Straight wire

Lenght=25 cm

CH1

CH2

4

3

2

1

CH3

1

3

4

3

2

4

1

2

3

4

C

Charge C

Connect C positive

Connect C negative

Picoreed

CELDUC

D31A3100

+

-

CH1

CH3

CH2

2

6

7 14

1N4148

2

6

7 14

GND

probe1 probe2

100ms

20ms

4ms

5ms

1K

1K

Figure 10 Basic circuit – updated1

This way of operation: namely charging the antenna wire alternatively from C positive and negative

side led me to pass from 200mV kick to 2V kick:

THAT’S A MAJOUR STEP AHEAD. The ZPE ramifications in my opinion could be

astounding!

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01/24/2013

Capture coil load test With reference to basic circuit I checked the effect of different load resistor R while using same basic

setup. Reassuming Vps=50V, wire inserted for 5cm into coil and differential measure, I have:

1. R= 5.6K ->Vout= +2/-2V

2. R= 470Ohm -> Vout= +1V/-0.3V

3. Rising Vps to +150V and R=470 Ohm ->Vout = +3V/-1.5V max

In following pic you can see the output across the R=470Ohm with evident AM modulation with

T=about 3sec.

Figure 11 Output

I managed also to make a current measure on R lead with surprising results.

Figure 12 Waveform captured with Tek Current probe

This is the scenario I see:

Kick Report

12

- Pickup coil & R load are 100% floating and not connected to anything, the only exception being the

scope's two High impedance probes. At what potential is that circuit? Well, lets suppose is at 0V

level (because of the probe connection that with time brings the circuit to GND level).

- Suddenly I transfer some charge to antenna: IE for a 5ms the antenna potential is raised from 0V to

+150V. Indeed there develops a ddp between the antenna and the pickup coil that is at 0V, hence

some current should flow even if minimal, in effect I'm using flat DC so the initial transient peak

current comes only trough air dielectric (in effect C remains charged for at least 4 hours of

operation) I'm speaking about at least 1000- 10000MOhm (current injected in this way less than

1nA).

- After some complete cycles the C is completely charged and do not require any more current from

PS. Nonetheless it does continue to deliver transient charge to pickup coil and load...at least for

4hours.

- I put a tek Current probe on R lead and measured (for R=470Ohm) +58mA and -80mA. The big

question is: FROM WHERE DOES COME SUCH POWER?

Considering that the Current probe transfer function in the case is 2mA/mv, the scope reading is

+28mv hence 28*2=+56mA while the negative peak is 40*2=80mA. Anyway as the pulse duration is

only 20ns then the associated energy is very low.

While R=5.6K, PS=variable, T=100msec, antenna wire over the coil for ½ coil horizontal length I did

measure the following output for PS = 10V to 150V. I remember that in this standard case the kick

output is composed by two kicks (corresponding to K3 and K4 actuation): the first negative and the

second positive. I remember also that said amplitude are amplitude modulated (30%) with a 10-

20sec repetition time, hence following measures are run taking note of only the max values reached.

Kick amplitude

PS

1st pulse 2nd pulse

voltage

10 -1,2 0,5

20 -1,8 0,8

30 -2,4 1,1

40 -3 1,5

50 -3,9 2

70 -5 2,8

100 -8 4

150 -10 7

1st pulse; -

10

2nd pulse; 7

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10 20 30 40 50 70 100 150

kic

k (

V)

Kick amplitude

Figure 13 Kick Output

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13

So, it appears that there is a non linearity at about 70V – 100V. At that point the output does increase

significantly its rate of increase. It would be interesting to rise the PS up to +500V in order to see what

happens.

It remains to say that both radiation & scope or probe issues must be taken in account. Let’s examin e them in

any possible details:

- Contact fast rise time - true - but I had mixed results while trying to measure it in circuit. I suppose I must do

it with an external picoreed while switching a resistor. The problem is that the kick rise time I saw using the

differential mode 200MHz scope is 1ns (I do not see any bouncing has only a 15% undershoot and only one

ringing of about 10% of the peak signal (on the pulse trailing edge). So, the pulse width = 20ns. Doing the

same measure using the 1GHz digital scope I obtained different results: 120ns rise time and 1.3us fall

time....Hmmm...both scopes are more than 20 years old and suffer of some malfunctions hence at this point

I'm not so sure about that measures. Surely I'd like to get a new scope!! Please consider also that I used the

inverse diode across the picoreed coil. NO mercury wetted contacts.

- 150 volts in 1ns that is still 150000 V/us: that's it, I only stress the fact that the pickup coil does see only 3cm

of antenna...of course it does capture the radiation coming from the other 22cm. All in all I've seen that

radiation contribute is at least 100 less than the 3cm contribute. Remember the inverse square law with

distance for the EM radiations. It remains that my good(?) Tek P602 current probe measures up to 50-80mA

into 470Ohm load resistor! from where it does come? The current measure way does eliminate any external

field! It goes without saying that I could eliminate the antenna wire and slide the coil directly over the K3, K4

junction wire (and making such wire no more than 5cm long.

- Differential measure are very difficult mainly due to 10Hz pulse rate and nanosecond rise time pulse.

- Every piece of wire excited by a 'Dirac delta' does radiate. In my case, in base of my RF knowledge, the

radiation on K3, K4 picoreeds does exist but it is very low: probably its contribute in nano/micro ampere onto

a few cm of a possible receiving wire. In the object case the K3,K4 junction wire is at least 15/20cm far from

the pickup coil...hence the contribute very low, not significant to 80mA seen on R load.

- The 25cm wire I used certainly has its own characteristic impedance and radiates at his resonance

wavelength even if working at only 10Hz and relying on the broad band spectrum generated by the kick it

does magnify only the very high portion of spectrum: this implies that its amplitude very low.

- For what I've seen, there are at least two problems associated with probes: 1 - the necessity to reject the

50Hz noise coming from grid and bench apparatus, 2 - the rejection of RF signal permeating the local

environment. In the first case CMRR easily gets rid of 50Hz issue. RF issue do not pose a problem as its level

about 1/100 of the picked up signal (8V). Current probe confirmed such fact: the wave forms are very similar

(with that of differential voltages): actually I do not see any RF feed trough even if going at more sensible

scope's input settings.

- In this case I do not think that SPICE simulation possible. Si I will not spend precious time on PSPICE.

I do not exclude that radiation contribute could be messing everything. I urge anybody to confirm at least my

8V kick measure on 5.6K load resistor.

Kick Report

14

Ciao

01/25/2013

Test with different coils & wires The following series of tests is aimed toward finding the best coil to use for this kind of ‘potential’

transfer circuit. Of course I’ve used a set of coil I already had.

1. BIFILAR PANCAKE COIL (R=0.47Ω, L=170uH). I tested both electrical & magnetical coupling

with the wire antenna. In this case I found that best result is using mag coupling forming 1 turn

with the wire antenna and locating it near the pancake. Overall the output, for PS=50VDC and

R=5.6K, is lower than what obtained with the Kacher coil used in the first test.

2. SIMPLE ONE WIRE PANCAKE COIL. In this case as well the best output is with mag coupling

but result is lower than Kacher coil.

3. 150t 2cm diam SOLENOID. Lower than Kacher coil.

4. 100t 1.6cm diam LITZ WIRE SOLENOID. Antenna inserted for only 1cm. Output is same of

Kacher .

Figure 14

5. Test as before but using a 10cm 200 Litz wire as antenna. Output is ±10V for PS=150V. Antenna

wire loose coupled to coil and external (to coil).

6. Test with toroidal small coax coil. The antenna wire connected to coax external shield and output

of a 2t collector closed on 560Ω.Output is ±15V for PS=150V

7. Test using a toroidal coil + 1 turn Moebius coil. Antenna connected directly to one side of toroidal

single wire coil. Load of 470Ω across Moebius junction . Output +15V/-30V for PS=150V, Current

on R is about ±60mA max.

Kick Report

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Figure 15 Test with Toroidal coil + Moebius coil

Figure 16 Current on R (2mA/mV)

It is clear that best coil is the N.5 and N.7. In the latter there is a caveat as the antenna is directly

connected to toroidal winding and Moebius. Well, its all floating...but who knows?

Disconnecting power supply With reference to Basic circuit diagram (fig. 10) while device in operation I disconnected the PS (both

wires) and found out that device still running on itself. In effect the capacitor C does not have a

discharge path except trough : dielectric air between his own leads, picoreed plastic body and

dielectric air between antenna wire and caption coil surface. It is to be noted anyway that the caption

coil is 100% floating with no possibility at all to close the circuit to C.

I left the circuit operating on itself and it appears that the C (1uF initially charged to 150V) very

slowly discharges: after 3 hours it halved the output amplitude (to be confirmed): yes you hear well

– while continuously dissipating energy on R +15V/-15V on 470Ω load resistor.

Making a tentative loop-back Tentative #1 Single pulse feedback

1uF/630V

MKS type

Data Pattern Generator

oscilloscope

Differential input

150V P.S.

Caption coil

Solenoid/80t – Litz wire

R=560Ohm

Straight wire

Lenght nserted=3.5cm

Litz – 200wires

CH1

CH2

K4

K3

K2

K1

CH3

k1

4

3

k2

k1

k2

3

4

C

Charge C

Connect C positive

Connect C negative

Picoreed

CELDUC

D31A3100

+

-

CH1

CH3

CH22

6

7 14

All diodes 1N4148

2

6

7 14

GND

probe1 probe2

100ms

20ms

4ms

5ms

1K

1K

PS ON/OFF switch

230VCA

S1

9 99 9

2 2

66

230VCA

D1

S2

Figure 17 Loop-back #1

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16

Figure 18 Feedback diode and S2=OFF

Setup:

Pickup coil N.4 (fig.13, 17)

PS = 150V

T=200msec

PS switch S1=OFF

Load switch S2=OFF

After pressing momentary the S1 switch in order to charge C, I left S1=OFF so PS disconnected and

circuit self-running. The output (no load) is +40/-10V peak max.

Figure 19 Output (no load) loopback simple

Kick Report

17

Note:

the negative kick does appear rectified in positive region.

The AM effect is still present with an observable T=5sec.

After ½ hour the situation remains the same. What happen for subsequent time is that some pulses

are missing, then the circuit auto recovers and starts again; each time at a lower level. After 3 hours

kick’s amplitude reduced to +3V.

Putting S2=ON (connecting the R=560Ω) the output voltages stabilizes to 10 / 15V that respect the

2V for the pickup coil N.4 is a big improvement.

Changing R to 5.6KΩ -> kick jumps to +40 and -15V.

(Setup: k3 and k4 command pulse duration to 5msec and disconnected PS after pre charge C to

150V).

Figure 20 Kick output with Tentative #1 and R=5.6K

Tentative #2 - Double pulse feedback

After several different test the best loopback proved to be the following:

Kick Report

18

1uF/630V

MKS type

Data Pattern Generator

oscilloscope

Differential input

150V P.S.

Solenoid/80t – Litz wire

R=5.6K

Straight wire

Lenght nserted=3.5cm

Litz – 200wires

CH1

CH2

K4

K3

K2

K1

CH3

k1

4

3

k2

k1

k2

3

4

C

Charge C

Connect C positive

Connect C negative

Picoreed

CELDUC

D31A3100

+

-

CH1

CH3

CH2

2

6

7 14

All diodes 1N4148

2

6

7 14

GND

probe1 probe2

100ms

20ms

4ms

5ms

1K

1K

PS ON/OFF switch

230VCA

S1

9 99 9

2 2

66

230VCA

Figure 21 Tentative #2 double pulse feedback

Here I captured the output waveform across R=5.6K after disconnecting the 150V PS (S1=OFF).

Figure 22 Output kick with 2 diodes loopback

It is evident that the negative pulse has been rectified and appears in positive quadrant near the

normal kick. MAX POSITIVE KICK OBSERVED = +40V. AM still present but limited to less than

20V (AM=50%).

Kick Report

19

Note: in these Tentative feedback, there is no more 100% galvanic separation between C and pickup

coil. In fact in this case there is a little current flowing as C does discharge itself within 5 seconds

(while left disconnected from PS).

It is anyway worth to note that the test’s aiming not to setup a selfrunner (that could be considered a

by-product) but rather to auto generate kicks in KV range.

Mosfet’s Switch version

01/30/2013

In this implementation I replaced the picoreeds with optical isolated bidirectional mosfet switches

from now on called SSR. Said modules are equipped for this test with IRF820 mosfet hence the max

voltage is limited to xxx it is clear that using the STP xxx I could easily use up to 1.2KVDC as source

of potential.

1uF/630V

MKS type

Data Pattern Generator

Tek DG2020

Oscilloscope

Tek 2232

Differential input

3KVDC P.S.

FLUKE

PIckup coil

Solenoid/80t – Litz wire

R=560Ohm

Straight wire

Lenght over coil=3.5cm

Litz – 200wires

CH1

CH2 CH3

SSR1,2

4

3 3

4

C

Charge C

Connect C positive

Connect C negative

+

-

CH1

CH3

CH2

All diodes 1N4148

GND

Probe1

Tek P602probe2

100ms

20ms

4ms

5ms

10K

10K

PS ON/OFF switch

110VCA

230VCA

D1

S2

+12V PS

+ -

SSR1 SSR2

SSR4SSR2

S1

Tek I/0 unit P3420

Command waveforms , F = 10Hz

Floating power supply for SSR

Current probe

Figure 23 SSR test circuit version

Note: it is important that SSR2,4 really fitted with bidirectional features.

First test indicates that using PS=50V, F=1KHz, I measure ±2Vpeak on 5.6K load. Tested it for F up to

10KHz without noticing any difference in amplitude. Rising PS To +150VDC I measure +10V/-8V on

5.6K R load. I noticed that running at different F and PS=50V the voltage measured across C is:

Kick Report

20

F C voltage

10KHz 48.7V

5KHz 49.1V

1KHz 49.4V

500Hz 49.5V

100Hz 49.5V

10Hz 49.5V

So it’s clear that using SSR there is some more load on C: hence it discharges quicker. Consider that

for every cycle there is a charging pulse (20msec @ 10Hz, shorter proportionally with F rising).

01/31/2013

I tried firstly to get a rise/fall time measure:

Figure 24 Kick at f=1KHz, PS=150V

From pic it is possible to see that rise time not measurable (it’s a vertical line) so less than 1ns, fall

time about 115ns. Middle duration=20ns, Amplitude=8Vpeak. It is also evident a typical 50MHz

component overlapping all the pulse, its undershoot and also for the subsequent small oscillations..

I verified the two probe differential calibration by joining the tips: the output is less than 1V so much

less than the observed waveform.

The main observed effect is on current on R (5.6k) load: THERE IS NO CURRENT OBSERVABLE. I

did the measure several time but always with same result. Well, it seems to me weird so I think to

remake that measure at different time.

I measured as well the C charging current on + side = 0.6A peak, an minus side = -0,2Apeak. Current

going into SSR 3,4 is measured as ±0.2A peak. Of course I’m referring to a pulse much like the kick.

Kick Report

21

02/09/2013

Serial cap arrangement

Figure 25 Serial cap charging breadboard

The aim of this test is to stress the environment with pulses having different amplitude in order to

solicit each time a rebalancing flux.The circuit shown has been practically built using SSR as

switches: implied is the fact that in output only low energy as previously checked. In order to look

for max amplitude feedback diode is used.It is important also to note that switches sequence must

every time invert the polarity. The sequence start closing for 5msec SSR0: this charges the 3

capacitances to full battery voltage (approx. +150, +100, +50V). After 2msec the sequence starts:

SSR1, SSR4

SSR2, SSR4

SSR3, SSR4

Figure 26 Data pattern generator setup: 100bit, clock=1KHz, 1msec/bit

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22

The full actuating sequence is arranged in 100 memory locations and run with a variable clock (for

example 1Hz- 1MHz). Selecting 1.0KHz clock, each memory location lasts for 1msec. In 100 memory

locations I’ve allocated 2 full sequences:

SSR0, SSR1, SSR4, SSR2, SSR4, SSR3, SSR4, SSR0, SSR1, SSR4, SSR”, SSR4, SSR3, SSR4…repeat

DC

+

-

+

+

-

-

SSR1

SSR2

SSR3

SSR4

SSR0

Typical sequence

S0, charge C

S1, S4

S2, S4

S3, S4

S0, charge C

--

--

antenna

R=5.6K

1N4148

L=80t Litz

Figure 27 Serial cap charging, all C = 1uF/630VL

Connecting differentially two probes across R and using a 3KHz main clock and 150VDC, I’ve an

output of ±200Vpeak

Figure 28

From upper fig, I note the presence of 2 kinds of bursts: 1 st with t=0.15msec, 2nd with t= 200usec. I’ve

then tried to look at the bursts as in following pics. I note that bursts are similar to typical Kick

previously reported.

Kick Report

23

Why these bursts appear is not clear. They do not have any clear pattern nor they seem to happen

randomly. Some time pulses sum up and amplitude exceeds the 150V charged applied voltage. The

SSRs themselves do not have such artifacts.

Figure 29 Burst

Figure 30 Burst

I’ve tried as well to see how about charging a cap after FWBR the output:

DC

+

-

+

+

-

-

SSR1

SSR2

SSR3

SSR4

SSR0

Typical sequence

S0, charge C

S1, S4

S2, S4

S3, S4

S0, charge C

--

--

antenna

1N4148

L=80t Litz

Cout

Figure 31 Charging output capacitor using kicks

What happens is that Cout charges up to 50V within 6 seconds.

Changing the switching frequency I’ve been able to check the DC output:

F (Hz) Vout (V)

10 +25

20 +30

30 +35

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40 +37

50 +38

70 +38

100 +40

150 +44

200 +44

Mercury wetted Relays switcher

Figure 32 Switcher mounted on PCB with ground plane

Having experimented the critical picoreed use due to easy contact melting for input voltage > 150V, I

retain useful to complete this study setting up a ‘mercury wetted contacts’ relay version in order to

avoid the cited issues and look for eventual differences due to 100ps switching time. My chose went

to possible vintage new units available on ebay. There, after some search, I found suitable new

CLARE - HGSM5181 mercury wetted contact SP2T. They sustain up to 500V operation and up to

200Hz switching speed without any need of clamping coil diodes as mercury assures intrinsic no

bouncing. The bad side is that relay actuation is much more complex as you do need to supply 2

pulses (to the 2 coils) in order to have a pulsed contact. That simple fact does make necessary to limit

the circuit to a max of 3 relays (6 coils to operate). So, switching only the + power supply lead as in

following schematic.Circuit operation is smooth no problems verified even when power supply set

to 500VDC.

Note: The antenna wire only 3.5cm long. The whole unit does seem to radiate much lower than the

picoreed breadboard circuit. To remember is the fact that PS – lead is connected to home ground

by the power supply itself.

First test run using same picoreed settings in order to be able to spot eventual differences. In

particular I used a 5msec starting pulse (SW1) to charge the cap C, a 3msec inter-pulse gap and a

3msec SW2-3 pulses.

Kick Report

25

Figure 33 Command pulse timing

NONO

NO

CH1

CH2

CH3

CH4

CH5

CH6

R=1k

R=1k

3.5cm antenna

C=2uF/630VL

5.6k

L=80t Litz

Diff V

measure

Current

measure

Power supply

150-500VDC

All relays CLARE HGSM5181

SW1SW2

SW3

C

CC

Figure 34 Mercury wetted Relays switcher

Figure 35 Operative switcher (vertical board position)

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Initial test

02/18/2013

For the initial test I have used the same settings for picoreed switcher version: Clock data pattern

generator = 1KHz that divided by the 100bit memory gives 1msec/bit and 100msec sequence = 10Hz

rep rate. The power supply initially set to 50VDC and timing as in fig. 33. Antenna & pickup coil as

shown on fig.35. While running the scope time base to 0.5sec I firstly note that there is still some AM

on output pulse height but with less modulation deepness: in this case perhaps only something like

10%. Pulse amplitude range: ±2Vmax.

Figure 36 AM on pulse (PS=50VDC)

Figure 37 Output pulse detail (PS=50VDC)

The measured current (on R load) is between +5mA / -1mA.

Rising the power supply voltage to +150VDC,

Figure 38 Output pulse detail for PS= 150VDC.

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The output pulse amplitude rises to +5V and -5.8Vmax while current is ± 20mA like in following pic:

Figure 39 Current measure (2ma/mv)

Connecting the loopback diode, it roughly doubles.

Note: Disconnecting the 150V power supply + lead the current on load continues to be supplied for a

long time. Disconnecting also the PS – lead the delivered output current halves but then remains

constant for a long time.

Pancake coil Antenna

In this case I wanted to check flat pancake behavior and spherical antenna to help capturing local

environment energy.

From schematic it is possible to see that I also lowered the load resistor to 470Ohm and connected

also SW4 switch to enable the feedback and hence see the output difference.

It is important to say that in this design NOTHING IS IN RESONATION, antenna included, so the

net effect on load is in a sense not depending on frequency range used on switches SW1,2,3. Ok,

that’s the limit of this kind of implementation where max switching speed limited to a max of

200Hz. It must be said also that I generally tend to use it a 50Hz just to see in any modulation effect.

Well, there is modulation effect even if much lower than picoreed case in same conditions. Anyway

the self modulation appears to be only about 10% of the amplitude and it’s frequency appears to be

near random where probably 2 components: 1st long time about 10sec , 2nd short time near

500/100msec…

Central clock used for this test is 2Khz hence real clock applied to circuit is 2000/100= 20Hz. The 2

pancake coils, as possible to see in fig. 41, are completely overlapped, I tried also various gaps but

best results only if the two units near together.

Kick Report

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NONO

NO

CH1

CH2

CH3

CH4

CH5

CH6

R=1k

R=1k

C=2uF/630VL

470

L=25t

pancake

Diff V

measure

Current

measure

Power supply

150-500VDC

All relays CLARE HGSM5181

SW1SW2

SW3

C

CC

L=25t

pancake

OD=10cm

ID=2cm

Overlapping=100%

SPHERICAL antenna

Diam=20cm

aluminum

Center lead Outer lead

SW4D1

Figure 40 pancake and spherical antenna version

Figure 41 Breadboard

The current measured on 470Ohm load is in Fig 42.

I measured +40mA and +160mA (PW=20ns). The no load voltage output is +100 and -

150V…hence near to driving Power supply.

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Figure 42 Current measured on 470Ohm load (2mA/mv vertical scale)

So, it is clear that using pancakes the output available power is roughly x4. The spherical antenna

contribution is also evident as it does increase and regularize the output pulses.

Sadly the output net energy is still too low hence for itself could be used only in SM scenario where

kicks are used only to initialize the process. It is not useable for self energy amplifying or generation.

I wait for any suggestion or observation... welcome.

The unit for itself is almost self sustaining due to floating design and no DC circuit closure. The

circuit does closure on itself via stray capacitance only...so using 2uF cap it does produce kicks for

hours...but it progressively go toward zero as normally expected.

Even if this approach is ‘aperiodic’ it is nonetheless interesting that using 2 equal pancake coils I've

been able to get output pulses having almost same input cap charging voltage: in my case 150V. I've

current as well...up to 160mA into 470Ohm load ...P= R*I^2 = 12W peak...the problem is that pulse is

very narrow about 20nsec hence the pulse area integral is near zero...in fact I've tried to charge a 1uF

cap and at 10Hz rep rate it takes about 6 seconds... Interesting is also that the circuit able to self run

for many hours...providing the kick output.

In the system I'm using, pulse amplitude multiplication ...seems not possible. A way around could

be to make interact two or more asynchronous Kickers. In that way it should be possible to have

random pulse summing...like described by SM. Still the difference remains that all is heavy limited

by the low repetition rate used. Best should be to go in 10-50KHz range…