emission data for the netherlands 1995 and estimates for …...po box 30945, 2500 gx...

EMISSION DATA FOR THE NETHERLANDS

1995 AND ESTIMATES FOR 1996

Publication series Emission InventoryNr. 42, December 1997

Dr J.J.M. BerdowskiJ.G.H. BrouwerDr G.P.J. DraaijersDr C.W.A Evers

English version of

EMISSIES IN NEDERLANDTRENDS, THEMA’S EN DOELGROEPEN1995 en ramingen 1996 (in Dutch)Publication series Emission Inventory, nr. 38, August 1997

To be ordered from:Inspectorate General for Environmental ProtectionDepartment for Monitoring and Information ManagementPO Box 30945, 2500 GX ’s-Gravenhage, The NetherlandsTelephone: +31 70 339 3852

Emission Data for The Netherlands – 1995 and 1996 – 3 –

CONTENTS

page

SUMMARY 5

1. INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 Introduction 71.2 Objectives of the emission inventory system 81.3 Position within monitoring 81.4 Act on environmental reporting 101.5 Emission information systems 111.5.1 Individual Emission Inventory system 121.5.2 Collective Emission Inventory system 121.6 Central database with national emission data 131.7 Collection and dissemination of data 141.8 International context 15

2. EMISSIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS IN 1995 AND 1996 17

2.1 Introduction 172.2 Overview of emissions to air and water 172.2.1 Emissions to air 172.2.2 Emissions to water 202.3 Spatial distribution over The Netherlands 232.4 Trends in emission 262.4.1 Emissions to air 262.4.2 Emissions to water 282.5 Emissions in an international context 292.5.1 Emissions to air 292.5.2 Emissions to water 31

3. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS WITH RESPECT TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 33

3.1 Introduction 333.2 Target groups 333.2.1 Emissions to air 333.2.2 Emissions to water 363.3 Environmental themes 383.3.1 Ozone depletion 383.3.2 Climate change – greenhouse gases 413.3.3 Acidification 433.3.4 Eutrophication 473.3.5 Dispersion of toxic compounds 50

4. PERSPECTIVES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 53

4.1 Current environmental policy 534.2 Expected trends in emission 544.3 Perspectives for future environmental policy 54

5. CALCULATION OF DISPERSION OF AIR POLLUTION 57

6. REFERENCES 59

APPENDICE A 61

APPENDICE B 65


SUMMARY

This report summarizes the results of the Dutch Emission Inventory for the baseyear 1995. Within this inventory all emissions to air and water from all sources inThe Netherlands have been registered. The results have been analysed withrespect to pollutant, economic activity/sources and location resulting in contribu-tions of target sectors to different environmental themes. The following results arepresented:

• Emissions of ozone depleting substances are dominated by the emissionsfrom the target group ‘Industry’. The emissions chiefly are related to the pro-duction of foam and the use of cooling installations.

• The emissions of greenhouse gases originate from a number of targetgroups. ‘Industry’, ‘Energy sector’, ‘Agriculture’, ‘Traffic and transport’ and‘Consumers’ are the main contributing target groups (81%).

• About two third of the emissions of acidifying substances are caused by 'Agri-culture' and ‘Traffic and transport’ (66%).

• The emissions of eutrophying compounds are strongly dominated by the con-tribution from ‘Agriculture’ (80%).

This report is part of an annual series, presenting the emissions of all sources ofair and water pollution in The Netherlands. By comparison with earlier yearstrends in emissions are presented. This report also presents preliminary emissiondata for 1996. The following results have been obtained:

• The emissions of greenhouse gases in 1995 were about 2.6% larger than in1994. For 1996 a similar increase is expected.

• The emission of acidifying compounds decreased by approximately 5.4%.Both NOx and NH3 emissions were lower in 1995. For 1996, a furtherdecrease in emissions of acidifying compounds is expected.

• The emission of eutrophying substances increased by about 4.6% between1994 and 1995. For 1996 a stabilization of emissions is foreseen.

• For all these environmental themes the levels of emissions in 1995 and 1996are much higher than the policy targets for the year 2000.


1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The Pollutant Emission Register (PER), also called the Emission Inventory Sys-tem (EIS), comprises the registration, analysis, localization and presentation ofemission data of both industrial and non-industrial sources in The Netherlands.The PER is used as the national instrument to monitor the emissions from allsources to all compartments on a (sub-)national scale. The emission data areupdated every year and the results are reported yearly in a joint publication withall the actors in the field and stored in the central national database, from whichinformation for policy or research applications is provided. The aim of the emis-sion inventory is to support the governmental environmental policies and to pro-vide national and international bodies with official data on emissions within thecountry. The annual update of the emission data enables to analyse trends in theemission data and to assess in what respect environmental targets are achieved.These environmental targets have been set in the National Environmental PolicyPlan being revised by the end of 1997.

This report describes the most relevant results of the Dutch emission inventory for1995, carried out in 1996 and 1997. Emissions to air and water of about 170 pol-lutants from about 700 (air) - 1300 (water) major companies have been recorded.These companies are the most important contributors to the total emissions inThe Netherlands. The emissions of these companies are registered within theindividual emission inventory system. The emissions from the small and medium-sized enterprises and from non-industrial diffuse sources are stored in the collec-tive emission inventory system. Emissions are gathered from all source catego-ries, being industry, public utilities, traffic, households, agriculture and naturalsources. Agreement about definitions, methods and emission factors, based onreports by expert groups, is achieved in the Coordination Committee for the Mon-itoring of Target Groups (CCDM).

The data collected in the 1995 inventory have been established in cooperationbetween the Environment Inspectorate for Environmental Protection of the Minis-try of Housing, Spatial Planning and the (VROM/HIMH), Statistics Netherlands(CBS), the National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), the Min-istry of Agriculture, Nature Conservation and Fisheries (LNV), the National Insti-tute of Water Management and Waste Water Treatment (RWS/RIZA) and TheNetherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). This implies thatthe data presented here have to be considered as the official data for the emis-sions in The Netherlands for the year 1995. The cooperation between the insti-tutes resulted in a more complete coverage of all source categories then beforeand provided the possibility to produce a preliminary estimate of the emissions in1996.

Governmental authorities at a national, regional and local level have access to allinformation relevant to their area. Information on the level of individual industrialprocesses is restricted to the regulatory bodies. All other information, including thelocalized emission data of all pollutants can be obtained on a site by site basis foreach company and are free available to the public. The information is also widelyused in research projects, frequently sponsored by a governmental agency.Users are directed to a central information office, where they can be assisted indefining their questions and obtaining the information for their specific application.This information is provided without charges.


The HIMH is owner of the Pollutant Emission Register and is responsible for theoverall management and coordination of all activities. Part of the operational activ-ities has been commissioned to other institutes. TNO collects emission data of thelarge point sources and carries out the processing and publication of the emissiondata. RIVM carries out the maintenance of the information systems. Both TNOand RIVM are contractors in commission of the Inspectorate.All activities with respect to the PER performed by the Inspectorate, TNO andRIVM are subject to a quality system according to ISO 9001. This quality systemhas been introduced in 1997 to ascertain the quality of the monitoring processrelated to the PER. The function of the quality system will be assessed periodi-cally.

1.2 Objectives of the emission inventory system

At present the objectives of the emission inventory are the following: • to monitor annually the emissions from all sources of air and water pollution

on a (sub)-national scale;• to verify the progress of environmental policy;• to provide the official emission data to national and international bodies;• to disseminate the emission data to the public and to pollution modelling.

To fulfil above-mentioned objectives the emission inventory system has the fol-lowing tasks:• to collect and diagnose all emissions to air, water and soil from both industrial

and non-industrial sources in The Netherlands and to store the emission datain a central database;

• to analyze the emission data with respect to pollutant, target group and indus-trial branches, to environmental theme and to the location of sources;

• to assess the effects of environmental policy and to evaluate to what extentpolicy targets for emission reduction have been achieved;

• to ascertain trends in the emission data by comparing the results for the sub-sequent inventory years;

• to provide emission data to national (e.g. provinces) and international (e.g.ECE) authorities and to other interested parties and the public.

The emission inventory system contains emissions to air, water and soil both fromindustrial and non-industrial sources. In the near future waste data will beincluded. For the large industrial point sources the emissions are registered indi-vidually based upon detailed information of each individual plant. The emissionsof the other, small and medium-sized enterprises as well as non-industrial diffusesources are calculated collectively with statistical activity data and emission fac-tors.

1.3 Position within monitoring

The progress of emission reductions, as mentioned in the National EnvironmentalPolicy Plan no. 2 [ref. 7], will be controlled by monitoring the emissions of the dif-ferent source categories or target groups. This process is monitored by targetgroup oriented expert groups and coordinated by the Coordination Committee forthe Monitoring of Target groups (CCDM). For each target group a working groupis elaborating the procedures and methods of the complete monitoring processinto a protocol. All parties involved have to agree on the contents of that protocol.The working groups associated to the CCDM are presented in Figure 1.


Figure 1 Overview of the seven protocol working groups associated to the

CCDM.

The Coordination Committee has the following objectives:• National coordination and control of the complete monitoring process• Assessment of protocols and update of the Program of Requirements• Harmonization of monitoring data• Quality improvement of all data• Dissemination of emission factors• Fulfil international requirements.

All emission data are updated annually. This monitoring process comprises thefollowing five steps (Figure 2):

1. Data collectionThe information flow from the stakeholders to the regulatory bodies or com-petent authorities is described. This description includes details about thenature of the data.

2. Data validationThe quality of the data is verified. This includes the quality assurance by thesupplying party as well as the quality control by the regulatory bodies or othercompetent authorities.

3. Data storageThe Inspectorate for Environmental Protection makes appointments with allsuppliers of information on polluting sources to gather the required data.These data are implemented into the central database of the Collective Emis-sion Inventory system, containing the national emission data.

4. Data managementIn close cooperation with the competent authorities the Inspectorate for Envi-ronmental Protection will handle the emission data in such a way that pres-entation on different levels of aggregation is possible to fulfil the requirementsof the stakeholders or other users.


5. Data disseminationThe data from the central national database are open to public and arereported in the annual National Emission Reports, of which this report is asummary for the year 1995 and 1996. These reports are edited by the Inspec-torate for Environmental Protection. The future effort is aimed at the dissem-ination of emission data to the public by using the technical possibilities ofdatawarehousing to provide data to CD-ROM and to the Internet.

Figure 2 Schematic overview of the monitoring process of emission data in

The Netherlands.

1.4 Act on environmental reporting

The greater part of the emission of toxic substances from industrial sources iscontrolled by licenses granted by the competent authorities. These regulatorybodies are in most cases provinces, water quality authorities or municipalities.Sofar, the Department for Emission Inventory and Information Management of theInspectorate for Environmental Protection is provided yearly with the nationwideemission data of about 700 major facilities (with altogether about 2600 plants) ona voluntary basis. Reduction of the emissions is controlled by convenantsbetween industrial sectors and government. Based on these convenant agree-ments environmental business reports are drawn up by individual industrial sites.The information about the industrial emission data from these environmental busi-ness reports is imported into the central national database.

A close connection exists between target group monitoring and the annual envi-ronmental reports that the large industrial sites will have to produce. These annualreports will be part of the legal framework and should be made public before July1st of each year. In the near future these annual environmental reports will be themain source for the emission data of the target group ‘industry’. Recently an acton environmental reporting has been accepted by parliament. Starting in 1999large companies will be obliged to report their emissions annually in an environ-


mental report that will be publicly available. The environmental report will be man-datory for the 320 most polluting companies in the country, and will be obligatoryfrom the reporting year 1998 onwards.

In the environmental report a facility is obliged to report yearly on its environmen-tal performance as well as on its environmental management system. These twotopics have to be presented both in a report to the public and in a report to thegovernment. The reports may be combined, but differences in presentation areallowed. The report for the government must present quantitative data for all rel-evant pollutants emitted or released by the facility. The public report for the gov-ernment has to provide all necessary information to monitor the progress ofemission reductions as agreed between industry and government. The govern-ment report should be an integral source of all reporting obligations from industryto government. The environmental report will provide in the future the main sourceof information for the industrial emission data in the central national emissiondatabase.

1.5 Emission information systems

The Pollutant Emission Register (PER) comprises two connected information sys-tems:• the individual system (IEI), containing emissions to air and water or large

industrial point sources. In the near future waste data will be incorporated.• the collective system (CEI), which is a geographical information system, con-

taining spatially resolved emission data. This system includes emissions fromall sources, industrial as well as non-industrial.

The structure of the data for the individual and collective emission inventory sys-tem is presented in Figure 3. All data are linked to a geographical information sys-tem. The geographical information about the location of all emitting sourcesenables the presentation of spatially resolved emission data, which is necessaryfor application in regional environmental policy as well as for environmental mod-elling.

Figure 3 Data model for the Pollutant Emission Register (PER).


1.5.1 Individual Emission Inventory system

The Individual Emission Inventory system (IEI) comprises emission data to air andwater for all pollutants subject to environmental policy from the 700 (air) – 1300(water) most important companies. All information relevant for emissions is col-lected by appliance and is stored in the system together with data from a higherlevel of aggregation (installation, plant). The origin of an emission, its chemicalcomposition and the location are stored in combination with information onsources within a company (points of emission).

The IEI system is mainly based on data provided by the companies themselves.For the emissions to water also information on discharges is used gathered bymanagers of surface waters. These data are supplemented with information onthe origin of the pollutants. The often limited measurement campaigns are inmany cases insufficient for use without additional information.

The companies concerned provide the data required to estimate emissions on avoluntary basis. This information is treated as confidential and is administered bythe Department for Emission Inventory and Information Management of theInspectorate General for Environmental Protection. Only a restricted number ofpersons or bodies, the primary environmental authorities included, have accessto the data on individual industries. Others may obtain data at an aggregated levelonly. From the year of emission 1990 onwards all emission data are on requestavailable for public, under the restriction of total annual emissions per compoundfor the whole plant.

Especially, the emissions from large combustion plants constitute a quantitativeimportant emission source. Therefore, these emissions are inventoried each year.These emissions are reported on a regular basis to the EC [ref. 4, 5, 6]. Compa-nies which are no longer registered on an individual basis are recorded in the Col-lective Emission Inventory system in a simplified form.

1.5.2 Collective Emission Inventory system

Until 1992, the Collective Emission Inventory system (CEI) did not take place incycles. After all, many of the underlying data were more or less updated everyyear. Although the actualization of the statistical data is still permanently endeav-oured, it has been decided to realize the collectively estimated emissions everyyear, from 1992 onwards.

The Individual Emission Inventory system for the year 1995 contains detailed dataon 700 and 1300 companies for air and water emissions, respectively. The totalnumber of companies within The Netherlands is about 250,000. About 40,000 ofthese are industrial companies. The others are involved in trade and services. TheCollective Emission Inventory system allows for storing some important data ofindustrial companies that were not selected in each individual inventory cycle.Based on the information within the individual system and on statistical data forall industries (fuel consumption, production figures, number of employees etc.)the emissions in the total Dutch industry have been estimated.

The Collective system stores the emission data of the non-individually recordedcompanies, but also all the data for the diffuse emissions from road traffic andother mobile sources, from households and from land use related sources as agri-culture and nature. These emissions are estimated with statistical data such asnumber of inhabitants, houses, cars, jobs etc. and by use of emission factors.


Furthermore, the Collective Emission Inventory system contains all kind of basaldata related to the infrastructure of The Netherlands, such as geographical infor-mation about houses, traffic roads, railway roads, airports, shipping routes andsmaller companies. Also general data are incorporated such as the type of soil,the nationwide sewer system and the drainage system for waste water. The pres-ence of this kind of information enables the spatial distribution of national emis-sion totals to administrative units or grid cells of 1x1 km.

Figure 4 Three dimensions and levels of aggregation of the central emission

database of the Pollutant Emission Register.

1.6 Central database with national emission data

All emission data of the Pollutant Emission Register are updated annually. Thestructure of the central database with the national emission data has the followingthree dimensions, which enables the presentation of the emission data at differentlevels of aggregation (see Figure 4):

1. PollutantsThe database contains the necessary information on the emissions of all rel-evant species or compounds, for which an environmental policy or target hasbeen formulated. Added to this group of pollutants are substances for whichinternational obligations require reporting and a list of pesticides monitoredfor agricultural policies. In 1997 this included the emission data for about 170different substances including waste. The information on individual sub-stances can be aggregated to the level of environmental themes as distin-guished in the National Environmental Policy Plan [ref. 7]. With respect to theemissions, relevant environmental themes are:- Climate change (due to CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs);- Ozone depletion (due to CFCs);- Acidification (due to SO2, NOx, NH3);- Eutrophication (due to N- and P- compounds to water and soil);- Dispersion (due to the application of pesticides and the emission of other

toxic substances).


2. SourcesThe database contains plant specific emission data of all large point sourcesas activity rates and emission factors for all small enterprises and diffusesources. Both industrial and non-industrial sources are included, so that allsources and activities are incorporated. The information on the pollutingsources can be aggregated to the level of target groups or source categories.The most important target groups are determined in the National Environ-mental Policy Plan to be as follows:- Refineries;- Energy sector;- Industry;- Waste disposal;- Agriculture;- Traffic and transport;- Consumers;- Miscellaneous, including nature.

3. LocationsThe database is connected to a Geographical Information System. This GISsupports the link of emission data to the source location. Both large pointsources and the small and diffuse sources are localized in a grid of 1 x 1 km.This enables the information system to present the emission density of spa-tially resolved emission data. The emissions in the individual grid cells can beaggregated to the level of the twelve provinces in the country, to the variouswatershed regions and of course into national totals.

1.7 Collection and dissemination of data

The data collection into the central national database of the PER/EIS system fol-lows two different pathways:

Large point sources

Emission data for most of the pollutants is collected for each individual facility ona site by site basis. Only combustion emissions are collected for each individualplant due to regulations of the European Union. From 1999 onwards these datawill be reported mandatory by about 320 facilities to the regulatory bodies, i.e. theprovinces. The provinces will validate the reported data and send them to theInspectorate for Environmental Protection to be inserted into the central databaseof the PER. The combustion emissions of the large combustion plants arereported annually to the European Union.

Small and diffuse sources

The emission data for these sources is calculated by applying statistical informa-tion about the activity rates of the different activities. By multiplying activity rateswith emission factors the emissions are estimated and updated in the centraldatabase of the PER. The estimation of the waste data occurs by a similarapproach.

After processing, the data in the national database is fixed for a specific reportingyear and published in the Annual Emission Report. This publication is a joint resultof the efforts of all parties involved in the process of collecting and handling theemission data. Therefore the Emission Report is a co-production of the Ministryof Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM/HIMH), Statistics


Netherlands (CBS), the National Institute for Public Health and Environment(RIVM), the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Conservation and Fisheries (LNV), theNational Institute of Water Management and Waste Water Treatment (RWS/RIZA) and The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO).Moreover a copy of the database is provided to the institutes preparingenvironmental reports and also to the provinces to be introduced into their owninformation systems. In this way the goal has been achieved to use only oneconsistent dataset for all kind of environmental reports within the country.

In the near future a selection of the national database of the PER will be extractedinto a datawarehouse to be accessed by all interested parties. By connecting thedatawarehouse to the Internet the emission data of the PER will be accessible tothe public.

1.8 International context

As a result of the UNCED conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 the OECD tookthe initiative to promote the introduction of a national Pollutant Release andTransfer Register (PRTR) in all countries. After five workshops the design of aPRTR has been conceived and formulated into a guidance manual for govern-ments. This PRTR guidance document has been accepted by the OECD coun-tries in 1996 together with a council recommendation on implementing PRTR’s.The PER/EIS system in The Netherlands has to be considered as the Dutchequivalent of the PRTR.

A PRTR in general should have the following basic characteristics:• it is a national integrated environmental database• it is an effective tool for pollution prevention• it is an instrument to reduce duplicate reporting• it should be used by government in the assessment of environmental policy• the results should be accessible to the public

Besides the development of a PRTR, contributions are made to the AtmosphericEmission Inventory Guidebook, aiming at agreement within Europe about meth-ods and emission factors. Periodically national emission data are submitted toseveral international bodies like:

• the European Environmental Agency (EEA) to serve as an input for emissioninventory within the programme of CORINAIR (CORe INventory AIR). Withinthis programme much effort is put into the collection of a complete, consistentand transparent emission inventory across Europe;

• the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE) to serve asinput for the Cooperative programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of theLong-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP). Emission dataare used with respect to the implementation of present and future protocolsunder the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP);

• the secretariat of the Oslo-Paris Commission (OSPARCOM) in the frame ofthe Conventions for Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Shipsand Aircrafts as well as from Land-based Sources. Emission data are usedamong others as input for dispersion and deposition models used for thequantification of the contribution of primary sources to the deposition of airpollutants on the North east Atlantic.


2. EMISSIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS IN 1995 AND 1996

2.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the national totals for the 1995 emissions as stored in thedatabase of the year 1995 of the Individual Emission Inventory system and of theCollective Emission Inventory system. The emissions to air and water are pre-sented and discussed separately (Tables 1 and 2). The relation with target groupsand environmental themes will be discussed in chapter 3. This chapter willemphasize the major changes in industrial emissions, as from these sources mostdetailed information is available. To enable discussion of changes, Tables 1 and2 contain emission data from the cycle of 1994 [ref. 3] as well as the preliminarydata for 1996. The individually registered emissions only relate to industrial activ-ities. The collectively registered emissions concern both small industrial and non-industrial sources.

A selection was made for presentation and discussion in the report of the 1995Individual Emission Inventory from the numerous substances stored in the inven-tory system. This selection includes the ‘priority’ compounds, which are com-pounds the Dutch environmental policy primarily aims at. Tables 1 and 2 presentthe total emissions of the selected substances.

Due to changes in definition of substances, target groups and changes in meth-odology to calculate the emissions, presented emissions for 1994 may deviatefrom earlier publications. The same holds for emission data from earlier years.Recently, emissions to air in The Netherlands for the period 1990-1994 have beenrecalculated using state-of-the-art methods [ref 19]. The aim was to obtain a con-sistent emission dataset for the period from 1990 onwards without unintentionaltrends flaws as a result of changes in inventory methods or changes in attributionof certain emission causes to target groups. In this respect trends in emission datacan better be judged in relation to emission target and for policy evaluations.Emissions of greenhouse gases have been estimated using the IPCC guidelinesfor National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 1996) under the UN FrameworkConvention on Climate Change. The methods used are described in detail in [ref.20].

2.2 Overview of emissions to air and water

2.2.1 Emissions to air

Table 1 presents the emissions to air of the selected compounds for 1994, 1995and preliminary 1996 and the relative difference between 1995 and 1994 data.


Table 1 National emissions to air in The Netherlands for 1994, 1995 and 1996 (ton/year).

Substances1 1994 1995 1996 estimate Change 1995/1994 (%)

I. Acidifying substancesAmmonia (as NH3) 172000 152000 150000 -11.3Nitrogen oxides (as NO2)

2 526000 514000 505000 -2.31Sulphur dioxide (as SO2) 146000 147000 136000 -0.68%

II. Metals and metalloidsAntimony (as Sb) 1.77 3.12 3.08 76.0Cadmium (as Cd) 1.66 1.51 1.49 -9.37Chromium (as Cr) 10.4 9.23 8.98 -11.3Copper (as Cu) 50.7 50.4 50.6 -0.58Mercury (as Hg) 1.54 1.04 1.08 -32.3Lead (as Pb) 164 152 122 -7.62Nickel (as Ni) 95.6 96.9 92.3 1.30Selenium (as Se) 0.286 0.341 0.302 19.3Zinc (as Zn) 277 270 271 -2.52

III. Organic compounds3

NMVOC 4 392000 368000 352000 -6.30VOC 4 1720000 1670000 1660000 -3.14

a. Not halogenated Compounds 5 1710000 1660000 1650000 -3.06a.1 Aliphatics6 1640000 1590000 1590000 -2.91

Acreolin 693 700 694 1.05Acrylonitrile 124 118 111 -4.99Ethene 15800 15800 15500 0.12Formaldehyde 4100 4050 3920 -1.14Methane 1330000 1300000 1300000 -2.28Methyloxyrane 83.4 59.6 55.9 -28.6Oxyrane 128 63.6 59.2 -50.2

a.2 Aromatics 6 73900 69100 66400 -6.53Benzene 8440 8200 8170 -2.78Benz(a)pyrene 6.33 5.90 6.02 -6.83Dibutylphthalate 5.33 5.02 5.02 -5.80Dioctyphtalate 23.9 30.9 28.6 29.2Phenols 154 231 226 50.3Fuoranthene 111 103 103 -7.13Phthalates 31.7 40 37.7 26.2PAH (10 of VROM) 7 1240 1130 1170 -8.53Styrene 1470 1310 1210 -11.3Toluene 25500 23300 22300 -8.56Xylene 12600 11100 10300 -11.9

b. Halogenated compounds 5 16500 14600 13600 -11.5b.1 Aliphatics 6 16300 14500 13500 -11.1

Methylbromide 31.7 24.3 24.2 -23.3CFC 8 6180 6200 6010 0.241,2-Dichloroethane 188 156 146 -16.9Dichloromethane 3240 2640 2450 -18.5Epichlorohydrine 66.9 36.8 34.5 -44.9Tetrachloroethylene 2530 2520 2470 3.68Tetrachloromethane 151 131 133 -13.61,1,1-Trichloroethane 1810 1120 554 -38.0Trichloroethene 1130 991 1010 -12.4Trichloromethane 29.4 29.9 28.1 1.66Vinylchloride 112 87.1 81.9 -22.3

b.2 Aromatics 6 239 147 139 -38.7Chloorbenzenes 92.6 43.8 41 -52.7Dioxins (PCDD/PCDF gram l-teq) 144 74.1 71.2 -48.5

IV. Other substancesAsbestos 13 8.00 10 -38.5Chlorides 1850 995 960 -46.3Cyanides 33.5 47.7 45.9 42.4Nitrous oxide 72800 74500 74800 2.38Dust (fine) (PM10)

9 51600 48000 45900 -7.03Fluorides 1350 937 899 -30.6Dust (coase) 40400 35100 34700 -13.2Carbon dioxide (total) 174000000 182000000 190000000 4.87Carbon monoxide (total) 934000 919000 889000 -1.58Hydrogen sulphide 2450 2410 2420 -1.60

V. Combustion emissionsCarbon dioxide 158000000 163000000 170000000 3.26Carbon monoxide 792000 792000 757000 -1.33Nitrogen oxides (as NO2) 496000 484000 476000 -2.40Fine dust (PM10) 31500 30500 30100 -3.13VOC 165000 164000 168000 -0.32Sulphur oxide 118000 119000 110000 1.15


1 The nomenclature of the compounds is based on the IUPAC and Beilstein nomenclature.Between brackets are names used in earlier reportings or (starting with a capital) the official IUPAC synonym.All emissions of the compound groups I-IV are including combustion emissions. Emissions of Compound group V are only combustionemissions.Due to rounding errors the figures do not always add up to the total(s).

2 Without nitrous oxide.

3 Total of organic compounds; the sum of non-halogenated (IIIa) + halogenated organics (IIIb).

4 NMVOC = non-methane VOC; VOC = volatile organic compounds; both NMVOC and VOC are only a part of the total amount of organiccompounds, as not all organics are volatile.

5 Part of the total organic compounds; the sum of the aliphatic and aromatic parts of the (non-)halogenated organic compounds.

6 Aliphatic or aromatic part of the (non-)halogenated organic compounds; hereafter presented substances are important components ofthese compound groups, but do not represent all the species of the group.

7 PAH = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

8 CFC = chlorofluorocarbons, including HCFC (chlorofluorohydrocarbons), HFC (fluorohydrocarbons) and halons.

9 Particulate matter (equivalent diameter


Other compounds

Emissions of fluorides, chlorides and cyanides are the result of refineries, energysector and industry. Fluoride and chloride emissions decreased by respectively46% and 31%. Mainly as a result of emission decrease in waste disposal installa-tions. Emission of asbestos has strongly decreased too (38.5%). In The Nether-lands, the use of asbestos almost stopped and so does its production. Emissionof CO2 increased with 4.6% between 1994 and 1995 as a result of a larger energydemand.

Figure 5 shows the contribution of the 700 largest, individually registered compa-nies to the total emission of CORINAIR compounds in The Netherlands. This con-tribution strongly depends on component and ranged between 2 and 72%.

Figure 5 Contribution of the large, individually registered companies (L.C.),

other industry (O.I.) and other sources (O.S.) to the total emission

of CORINAIR compounds in The Netherlands in 1995.

2.2.2 Emissions to water

Table 2 presents the emissions to water of the selected compounds and theactual load of the water system. The emissions of compounds to water are the so-called source emissions. Only part of these emissions actually reach the surfacewater directly. A large part is transported to municipal sewer systems whereafterit may reach the water indirectly by means of effluents, overflows and rainwatersewer systems. Part of the pollutants remain behind in the purification sludge. InThe Netherlands the largest part of the water transported to sewer systems ispurificated before indirectly reaching the surface water. The emission to waterpresented in Table 2 is the sum of direct draining by sources and known indirectdraining by way of sewer systems. Besides by these direct and indirect emissions,

Methane

Ammonia

NMVOC

Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides (as NO2)

Nitrous oxide

Carbon dioxide

Sulphur oxide (as SO2)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Contribution to air emissions [%]

L.C. O.I. O.S.


the actual load to the surface water is influenced by atmospheric deposition andleaching and run-off of N and P compounds from soils as well. In Table 2 also theactual load to the surface water is presented.

Emission differences between 1994 and 1995 are partly caused by changes inproduction and purification techniques used. For a number of components theestimation methods changed, giving rise to other amounts of pollutants regis-tered.

1. The nomenclature of the compounds is based on the IUPAC and Beilstein nomenclature. Due to rounding errors the figures do not al-ways add up to the total(s).

2 Total of organic compounds; the sum of non-halogenated (IIIa) and halogenated organics (IIIb).

3 Part of the total organic compounds; the sum of the aliphatic and aromatic parts of the (non-)halogenated organic compounds.

4 Aliphatic or aromatic part of the (non-)halogenated organic compounds; hereafter presented substances are important components ofthese compound groups, but do not represent all the species of the group.

5 PAH = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Table 2 National emissions to water in The Netherlands for 1994, 1995 and 1996 (ton/year).

Substance 1 1994 1995 1996estimateChange

1995/1994 (%)Direct 1995

Indirect1995

Actual load1995

I. Eutrophying substancesPhosphorus compounds (as P) 15600 16300 16000 4.35 6790 9510 15600Nitrogen compounds (as N) 88600 89300 87000 0.80 29400 59 900 160000

II. Metals and metalloidsAntimony (as Sb) 3.67 3.72 3.59 1.53 0.653 3.07 1.54Arsenic (as As) 4.95 5.99 5.83 21.0 2.36 3.63 5.03Cadmium (as Cd) 2.01 1.59 1.55 -21.0 0.592 0.995 1.24Chromium (as Cr) 32 34.1 31.7 6.50 8.32 25.7 24.1Copper (as Cu) 7 201 197 191 -1.85 44.9 153 79.1Mercury (as Hg) 0.928 0.992 0.980 6.88 0.436 0.555 0.629Lead (as Pb) 190 189 184 -0.76 64.3 124.5 117Nickel (as Ni) 30.1 34.1 29.8 13.4 10.1 24 30.8Zinc (as Zn) 808 799 782 -1.12 202 597 477

III. Organic compounds 2

a. Non-halogenated compounds3 15800 16200 16100 2.96 7500 8730 7560a.1 Aliphatics4 14100 14500 14400 3.37 6250 8300 6250

a.2 Aromatics 4 1690 1680 1660 -0.48 1250 432 1310Benzene 283 281 277 -0.89 181 100 213Benz(a)pyrene 3.21 3.17 3.07 -1.37 2.79 0.374 3.22Ethylbenzene 4.71 10.7 7.91 128.1 2.32 8.42 3.16Fluoranthene 16.9 16.7 16.4 -1.47 12.0 4.64 15.8Isopropylbenzene 0.399 0.206 0.186 -48.3 0.112 0.094 0.122PAH (6 of Borneff) 5 27.0 25.7 25.3 -4.61 19.4 6.36 23.8Toluene 716 693 687 -3.28 454 239 479Xylene 167 178 176 6.51 171 7.25 172

b. Halogenated compounds3 396 278 194 -29.8 29.1 249 31.2b.1 Aliphatics4 390 275 192 -29.4 28.4 247 30.2

1,2-Dichloroethane 0.785 6.46 5.82 723.5 2.18 4.28 3.48Hexachlorobutadiene 0 0.00000933 0.000000860 0.00000104 0.00000828 0.00000600Hexachlorocyclohexane 0.244 0.243 0.243 -0.37 0.0572 0.186 0.177Tetrachloroethylene 0.381 0.409 0.257 7.54 0.148 0.262 0.156Tetrachloromethane 1.02 0.877 0.823 -14.4 0.175 0.703 0.2501,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.0734 0.292 0.260 297.8 0.104 0.188 0.132Trichloroethene 1.06 0.733 0.670 -31.1 0.151 0.583 0.200Trichloromethane 2.61 3.19 2.99 22.0 0.729 2.46 0.990Vinylchloride 0.0333

b.2 Aromatics3 5.98 2.57 2.27 -57.0 0.669 1.90 0.972Chlorobenzenes 0.113 0.224 0.147 97.8 0.173 0.051 0.178DRINS 0.00300 0.00373 0.00243 24.2 0.00292 0.00081 0.00299Hexachlorobenzene 0.0140 0.00161 0.00104 -88.5 0.00125 0.000358 0.00127Trichlorobenzene 0.00412 0.00345 0.00347 -16.1 0.0000323 0.00342 0.000370PCB 6 0.0280 0.0281 0.0281 0.30 0.00193 0.0262 0.00474Pentachlorophenol 0.404 0.422 0.423 4.48 0.00291 0.393 0.323

IV. Other substancesChlorides 835000 548000 420000 -34.4 298000 249000 438000Cyanides 32.4 36.2 35.7 11.7 35.4 0.784 35.6Fluoriden 21600 24200 25000 11.8 22900 1280 26000Atrazine 0.968 0.968 0.968 0.968 0.968Dichlorvos 0.443 0.443 0.443 0.443 0.443Diuron 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360


6 PCB = polychlorinated biphenyls

7 The data for 1995 and 1996 are excluding shipyards and for 1994 ‘old’ data are included for shipyards; the values of the correspondingcolumns are for copper respectively (see column headings): 195 ton, 201 ton, 195 ton, 3,20%, 48,7 ton, 153 ton, 82,9 ton; for ben-zo(a)pyrene: 3,22 ton, 3,18 ton, 3,07 ton, -1,25%, 2,81 ton, 0,374 ton and 3,23 ton; for fluoranthene no clear difference; for PAH (6 ofBorneff) 27,0 ton, 25,9 ton, 25,3 ton, -4,44%, 19,5 ton, 6,36 ton, 23,9 ton.

Eutrophying compounds

The emissions of eutrophicating compounds are mainly the result of soil runoffand leaching, and of effluents of sewage treatment plants: 35% and 24% respec-tively for phosphorus compounds and 56% and 23% respectively for nitrogencompounds. The actual loads of P and N decreased with 16% and 5% respec-tively, mainly the result of the decreasing contribution of effluents and direct emis-sions.

Metals and metalloids

Emissions of metals and metal compounds are to a large extent the result of efflu-ents and direct emissions to water from the chemical industry (about 30% each).The emissions of chromium, lead and zinc are mainly from storm flow dischargesand rainwater sewers (35%, 29% and 32%, respectively). The remaining part oflead emissions results from hunting and angling (33%). The contribution of trafficis mainly through direct emissions of copper (31%) and zinc (17%).

Organic compounds

About 15% of the emissions of the non-halogenated organic compounds and 70%of the emissions of the halogenated organic compounds to water results fromindustrial sources. Major non-industrial sources concern residential waste waterdischarge and inland shipping. Wood preservation is an important source for PAHemissions to water. Household products are important emission sources for tolu-ene, tetrachloromethane and chlorobenzenes. The relatively large and apparentlyrandom changes of total emissions is caused by a different methodology of reg-istration of individual companies. The emissions of organic compounds are calcu-lated for registrated discharges in contrast with before, when the data was basedon individual purifying plants.

Other compounds

Emissions of chlorides, fluorides and cyanides are mainly caused by industrialcompanies. These contribute 54%, 87% and 91% to the total emissions of chlo-rides, fluorides and cyanides, respectively.

Figure 6 shows for N, P and several heavy metals the contribution of 1300 large,individually registered companies to the total emission to water in The Nether-lands. The contribution strongly depends on component and ranges between 3-39%


Figure 6 Contribution of the large, individually registered companies (L.C.),

other industry (O.I.) and other sources (O.S.) to the total emission

to water in The Netherlands in 1995.

2.3 Spatial distribution over The Netherlands

Figures 7 and 8 present examples of the spatial distribution of the emissions to airin The Netherlands for CO2 and NMVOC, respectively. Figure 9 shows emissiondensities of NMVOC to air solely from industry. These patterns show the influenceof the major industrial areas and reflect the population distribution over the coun-try.

Figures 10 and 11 present examples of the distribution pattern of emissions towater in The Netherlands for total-N and zinc, respectively. The pattern for total-N reflects the location of areas with intensive husbandry and high population den-sities. In the zinc map, industrial areas and areas with high population densitiescan be recognized.

Lead (as Pb)

Zinc (as Zn)

Copper (as Cu)

Nitrogen compounds (as N)

Phosphorus compounds (as P)

Chromium (as Cr)

Cadmium (as Cd)

Nickel (als Ni)

Mercury (as Hg)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Contribution to water emissions [%]

L.C. O.I. O.S.


Figure 7 Emission densities of CO2 to air from all sources in 1995 in The

Netherlands (5x5 km squares).

Figure 8 Emission densities of NMVOC to air from all sources in 1995 in The



Figure 9 Emission densities of NMVOC to air from industry in 1995 in The


Figure 10 Emission densities of total-N to water from all sources in 1995 in

The Netherlands (5x5 km squares).


Figure 11 Emission densities of zinc to water from all sources in 1995 in The


2.4 Trends in emission


Recently, emissions to air in The Netherlands for the period 1990-1994 have beenrecalculated using state-of-the-art methods [ref. 19]. The aim was to obtain a con-sistent emission dataset for the period from 1990 onwards without unintentionaltrend flaws as a result of changes in inventory methods or changes in attributionof certain emission causes to target groups. In this respect trends in emission datacan better be judged in relation to emission targets and for policy evaluations.In Table 3 for a number of pollutants the emissions to air are presented for theperiod 1990 – 1996 as well as the percentual change between the emissions in1996 and those in 1990.


Acidifying compounds

Emissions of acidifying compounds all show a clear decrease in this period. Theemission decrease found for NH3 can be accounted for by altered methods ofmanure application to the soil, whereas for NOx the decrease can be accountedfor by the widespread introduction of catalysts and emission reduction measurestaken by the energy sector and industrial companies. The decrease for SO2 is theresult of the extensive use of sulphur free natural gas instead of sulphur contain-ing fossil fuels and the large-scale desulphurication applied in Dutch plants.

Greenhouse gases

Emissions of the greenhouse gases CO2 and N2O show an increase over theperiod 1990 – 1996. For CO2 this can be attributed to the strong economic growthand corresponding energy use in this period. This increase in energy use was notcompensated by the improved energy efficiency taken place in the same period.For N2O the increase in mainly the result of the widespread penetration of cata-lysts in car traffic and increased nitrogen fertilization. The decrease of the emis-sions of the greenhouse gas methane is the result of changes in waste disposal.


Emissions of metals and metalloids decreased over the period 1990 – 1996, cop-per and nickel being the exceptions. The large reduction in mercury, cadmium,chromium and zinc emissions can be attributed to combat measures taken inwaste disposal companies, industry and energy sector. The widespread introduc-

Table 3 The emissions to air of a number of pollutants in the period 1990-1996 as well as the percen-tual change between the emissions in 1996 and those in 1990 (ton/year).

Substance 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996Change

1996/1990 (%)

I. Acidifying substances

Ammonia (as NH3) 232000 234000 186000 197000 172000 152000 150000 -35.3

Nitrogen oxides (as NO2) 596000 584000 572000 551000 526000 514000 505000 -15.3

Sulphur dioxide (as SO2) 202000 173000 172000 164000 146000 147000 136000 -32.7

II. Metals and metalloids

Cadmium (as Cd) 2.38 2.33 2.33 1.84 1.66 1.51 1.49 -37.4

Chromium (as Cr) 12.1 11.5 11.3 13.8 10.4 9.23 8.98 -25.8

Copper (as Cu) 44.9 46.9 48.7 49.9 50.7 50.4 50.6 12.7

Mercury (as Hg) 3.00 2.74 2.75 2.57 1.54 1.04 1.08 -64.0

Lead (as Pb) 272 251 233 213 164 152 122 -55.1

Nickel (as Ni) 84.8 85.7 96.5 90.3 95.6 96.9 92.3 8.8

Zinc (as Zn) 331 325 317 270 277 270 271 -18.1

III. Organic compounds

NMVOC 505000 465000 441000 408000 392000 368000 352000 -30.3

Methane 1420000 1430000 1380000 1350000 1330000 1300000 1300000 -8.5

Benzene 10800 9810 8970 8260 8440 8200 8170 -24.4

Benz(a)pyrene 7.46 7.12 6.92 6.93 6.33 5.90 6.02 -19.3

Fluoranthene 137 130 123 117 111 103 103 -24.8

Dioxins (gram) 618 537 515 384 144 74.1 71.2 -88.5

IV. Other substances

Nitrous oxide 66400 68400 70200 70300 72800 74500 74800 12.7

Dust (fine) (PM10) 67000 64200 60800 54900 51600 48000 45900 -31.5

Fluorides 1580 1690 1340 1260 1350 937 899 -43.1

Carbon dioxide (total) 165000000 171000000 169000000 172000000 174000000 182000000 190000000 15.2

Carbon monoxide (total) 1220000 1050000 1010000 987000 934000 919000 889000 -27.1


tion of lead-free petrol and catalysts is the main reason for the observed leademission reduction. Copper emissions increased as a result of a growth in electricrail transport and the use of fireworks. Nickel emissions larger in 1996 due toincreased use of fuels by refineries.

Other substances

A very strong decrease in dioxine emissions was observed in the period 1990 –1996 as a result of emission combat measures taken at waste burning installa-tions. Fine dust and benz(a)pyrene emissions decreased due measures taken inindustry whereas fluoranthene emissions showed a decrease mainly as a resultof measures taken in the wood preserving industry and abolishment of the use ofcarbolineum. Benzene emissions decreased due to the introduction of catalysts,combat measures focusing on hydrocarbons taken in industry and emissionreduction measures taken with respect to petrol distribution.


In Figure 12 for a number of pollutants the emissions to water are presented forthe period 1994 – 1996. Only part of these emissions actually reach the surfacewater directly. A large part is transported to municipal sewer systems whereafterit may reach the water indirectly by means of effluents, overflows and rainwatersewer systems. Part of the pollutants remain behind in the purification sludge. InThe Netherlands the largest part of the water transported to sewer systems ispurificated before indirectly reaching the surface water. The emission to waterpresented in Figure12 is the sum of direct draining by sources and known indirectdraining by way of sewer systems. Besides by these direct and indirect emissions,the actual load to the surface water is influenced by atmospheric deposition andleaching and run-off from soils as well. In Figure 12 also the actual load to the sur-face water is presented.

Eutrophying compounds

The load of eutrophing compounds to surface water is mainly the result of efflu-ents and leaching and rinsing from soils. The contribution of overflows and rain-water sewer systems is small. The load of N and P to surface water hasdecreased between 1994 and 1996, mainly as a result of lower direct emissionsand effluent loads.


The load of metals and metalloids is mainly caused by direct loads of the chemicalindustry and by effluents of purification installations. Overflows and rainwatersewer systems contribute significantly to chromium, lead and zinc loads. A signif-icant part of the lead loads in surface water is caused by angling and hunting. Forcopper and zinc direct emissions by traffic play a significant role. The strongdecrease in cadmium load can be attributed to emission reduction measurestaken by industrial companies.


Figure 12 Total national emissions and loads to water of total N, total P and

several metals and metalloids for the period 1994 – 1996.

2.5 Emissions in an international context


Figure 13 presents the anthropogenic emissions in The Netherlands of someimportant air pollutants together with data from other countries in Europe. ForCO2, NH3, SO2, NOx and NMVOC emission data from the EEA EnvironmentalMonographs no 4 (EEA, 1997, Air Pollution in Europe 1997) are used. Data forCO, CH4 and N2O are results of the CORINAIR 94 air emission inventory per-formed by the European Topic Center on Air Emissions (ETC/AEM). For SO2,NMVOC and CO, Dutch emissions per capita are relatively low compared to othercountries. For SO2 this can be attributed to the extensive use of sulphur free nat-ural gas instead of sulphur containing fossil fuels. Also desulphurization plants areapplied on a large scale in The Netherlands. For NOx, CH4, CO2, N2O and NH3Dutch emissions per capita are comparable to or somewhat larger than those inother countries in Europe.

Zinc Copper Lead

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Total-N Total-P

0

20

40

60

80

100

Chromium Nickel

0

10

20

30

40

Antimony Arsenic Cadmium Mercury

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1994 1995 1996


Figure 13 Comparison of anthropogenic emissions per capita in The Netherlands in 1995 with those from

other countries in Europe (in kg/capita/year, CO2 in ton/capita/year)1.

1 Emission data for the other countries in Europe hold for the year 1994. For CO2, NH3, SO2, NOx and NMVOC data published in the EEAEnvironmental Monographs no 4 are used (EEA, 1997, Air Pollution in Europe 1997, A. Jol and G. Kielland, eds). Emission data for CO,CH4 and N2O are taken from the CORINAIR 94 air emissions inventory from the European Topic Center on Air Emissions (CORINAIR94 Summary report, april 1997).

SwedenSpain

PortugalAustria

NetherlandsLuxembourg

ItalyIrelandGreeceFranceFinland

United KingdomGermanyDenmarkBelgium

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Emission [kg/capita/year]SO2

SwedenSpain

PortugalAustria




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Emission [kg/capita/year]NMVOC

SwedenSpain

PortugalAustria




0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Emission [kg/capita/year]NH3

SwedenSpain

PortugalAustria




0 100 200 300 400

Emission [kg/capita/year]CO

N2O

SwedenSpain

PortugalAustria




0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Emission [kg/capita/year]NOx

SwedenSpain

PortugalAustria




0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Emission [ton/capita/year]

CO2

SwedenSpain

PortugalAustria


ItalyIreland

GreeceFranceFinland


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Emission [kg/capita/year]

SwedenSpain

PortugalAustria




0 50 100 150 200 250

Emission [kg/capita/year]CH4



In Table 4 a comparison is made between the water loads (i.e. direct and indirectemissions, atmospheric deposition and leaching and run-off from soils) and thesupply of total-N, total-P and several heavy metals by four border-crossing rivers.Of the total load to water, about 60–95% is caused by the supply by way of riverscoming from abroad. A large part of this supply is discharged to the North Sea orremains in the (harbour) river sludge. In Table 4 also the discharge to the Northsea is presented. The discharge to the North sea is found larger than the input atthe borders for both eutrophying compounds and heavy metals.

1 Load excluding emissions from shipyards; including these emissions the Cu load amounts 82.9 ton/year.

2 Data from the Data report on the Comprehensive study of Riverine inputs and Direct discharges in 1995 [ref. 18]).

3 -: No data available

In Figure 14 the riverine inputs and direct emissions to the North sea by the dif-ferent countries are presented. Riverine inputs are determined using averageyearly discharges or by discharge data at time of water collection. Direct emis-sions from industry and sewer system installations have been determined usingstandard procedures. Data have been collected within the frame of OSPARCOM[ref. 18]. It can be stated that riverine inputs and direct emissions of The Nether-lands exceed those of other countries. It must be stated, however, that Dutch datainclude some loads from countries upstream (Germany, Belgium).

Table 4 Comparison of the loads of total-N, total-P and several heavy metals to water with the supply by four border-crossing rivers in 1995 (ton/year). Moreover the discharge by these rivers to the North sea is presented (ton/year)

Substance Load Rhine Meuse Eems Schelde Supplyat boarder

Dischargeto

Northsea2

I. Eutrophying substance

Total-P 15600 18300 2340 400 2690 23700 35100

Total-N 160000 392000 41600 14000 39100 487000 603000

II. Metals and metalloides

Cadmium (as Cd) 1.24 8.2 3 0.2 2.3 13.7 31.8

Chromium (as Cr) 24.1 447 33 0 83 563 -

Copper (as Cu) 79.11 468 40 - 42 560 812

Mercury (as Hg) 0.629 3.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 4.1 8.7

Lead (as Pb) 117 429 52 6.1 45 532 919

Nickel (as Ni) 30.8 327 37 0 42 406 -

Zinc (as Zn) 477 2310 598 31 171 3110 5950


Figure 14 Riverine inputs and direct emissions to the North sea by the different countries according to OS-

PARCOM [ref 18] (kton/year).

1 including loads from countries upstream

2 no information available

3 no information on g-HCH and PCB available; for heavy metals only direct loads (no riverine inputs)

Belgium1Denmark3

France2Germany1

Netherlands1

Norway

United Kingdom

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

load [kton]year]

Direct and riverine total-N inputs to the North Sea

Belgium1Denmark3

France2Germany1

Netherlands1

Norway

United Kingdom

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

load [kton]year]

Direct and riverine total-P inputs to the North Sea

Belgium1Denmark3

France2Germany1

Netherlands1

Norway

United Kingdom

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

load [kton]year]

Direct and riverine Cd inputs to the North Sea

Belgium1Denmark3

France2Germany1

Netherlands1

Norway

United Kingdom

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

load [kton]year]

Direct and riverine Cu inputs to the North Sea

Belgium1Denmark3

France2Germany1

Netherlands1Norway

United Kingdom

0 2 4 6 8 10

load [kton]year]

Direct and riverine Hg inputs to the North Sea

Belgium1Denmark3

France2Germany1

Netherlands1

Norway

United Kingdom

0 200 400 600 800 1000

load [kton]year]

Direct and riverine Pb inputs to the North Sea

Belgium1Denmark3

France2Germany1

Netherlands1

Norway

United Kingdom

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

load [kton]year]

Direct and riverine Zn inputs to the North Sea

Belgium1Denmark3

France2Germany1

Netherlands1

Norway

United Kingdom

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

load [kton]year]

Direct and riverine g-HCH inputs to the North Sea

Belgium1Denmark3

France2Germany1

Netherlands1

Norway

United Kingdom

0 100 200 300 400 500

load [kton]year]

Direct and riverine PCB inputs to the North Sea


3. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS WITH RESPECT TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

3.1 Introduction

For the Dutch environmental policy the concepts of target groups and environ-mental themes are meaningful:

• Firstly, the target groups or source categories, represent important activitiescausing environmental problems. These target groups have a certain level ofhomogeneity in common with regard to environmental problems. Many targetgroups have been formed on the basis of their emissions, but the type offeedstock used can be an important determinant as well. Environmental pol-icy aims at emission reduction by making arrangements per target group orwith branch organizations within a target group. By monitoring the emissionson the level of target groups, the effect of environmental policy can be con-trolled.

• Important target groups, which are dealt with in this chapter are:- Refineries- Energy sector, including power plants- Waste disposal, including waste incinerators and landfills- Industry, both large point sources and small and medium-sized enter-

prises- Agriculture- Traffic and transport, including road, rail and air traffic and shipping- Consumers, including all residential-related emissions- Other, including nature

• Secondly, the damage to the environment has been centralized in environ-mental policy in The Netherlands. The negative effect on the environmenthas been elaborated by the so-called environmental themes. The theme‘acidification’, for instance, goes for the damage to nature and cultural goodsby a number of acidifying substances. Themes relevant to emissions are:- Climate change- Ozone depletion- Acidification- Eutrophication- Dispersion of toxic substances

3.2 Target groups


Table 5 and Figure 15 present the contribution of the target groups to the totalnational emissions to air. The contribution of the target groups to total nationalemission to air differs considerably in relation to component.


1 CO2 according to IPCC criteria is excluding the emissions related to residential wood combustion, incineration of organic waste, emis-sions from biological processes from landfills and emissions from international air transport and shipping. The error in the balance iscaused by a difference in methodology for the target group traffic and transport.

2 N2O according to IPCC criteria is excluding natural emissions.

3 Due to the recalculated emissions for the reference year 1990 the target for 2000 was redefined. If CO2-IPCC emissions presented inthis report are related to the policy target, a emission correction need to be made for the impact of temperature and carbon-fixation dueto changes in land-use. For 1994, 1995 and 1996 corrected CO2-IPCC emissions amount 170000, 178000 and 179000 kton, respec-tively.

For SO2, the largest contribution comes from the oil refineries (42%), followed bythe industry (21%), traffic and transport (21%) and the energy sector (11%). Traf-fic is the major source for NOx (61%), CO (59%) and NMVOC (42%) emissions.The major source categories for CO2 emission are industry (25%), the energysector (26%), traffic (18%) and consumers (12%), the latter mainly through spaceheating. The NH3 emission in The Netherlands almost entirely comes from agri-culture (93%), namely from intensive husbandry. The main part of the N2O emis-sions is due to industry (44%) and agriculture (38%). Waste disposal by theemission from landfills and agriculture by the emissions of ruminants also contrib-utes significantly to the national CH4 emissions, about 37% each.

Table 5 Contribution of the various target groups to the total national emissions of the CORINAIR sub-stances to air in The Netherlands in 1995 (kton/year).

SO2 NOx NMVOC CO2 CO2-IPCC1 NH3 N2O N2O-IPCC

2 CO CH4

Refineries 61.2 17.7 11.7 11500 11500 0.00832 0.0697 0.0697 2.25 0.808

Energy sector 16.7 58.1 28.5 45700 45700 0 0.408 0.408 22.9 178

Industry 31.6 62.5 79.1 44200 44200 4.23 31.7466 31.7466 215.6 7.66

Waste disposal 0.536 2.96 2.12 3690 1380 0.0389 0.038 0.038 2.09 479

Agriculture 0.281 10.3 2.3 8880 8880 141 27.6 27.6 1.59 479

Transport and traffic 30.9 314 153 32900 31900 0 7.44 7.2 543 6.19

Consumers 0.757 23.4 33.2 22300 20700 6.6 0.0807 0.0807 98.9 18

Other 5.03 8.74 54.9 12800 12700 0.123 4.72 4.76 5.97 61.3

Total human activities 147 498 364 182000 - 152 72.1 - 892 1230

Nature - 16.3 3.23 - - - 2.4 - 26.7 70

Estimate 1996 136 505 352 190000 185000 150 74.8 72.4 889 1300

Total 1995 147 514 368 182000 177000 152 74.5 71.9 919 1300

Total 1994 146 526 392 174000 168000 172 72.8 70.1 934 1330

Target 2000 75-90 238-243 193 - 1610003 82 - 63.93 540 12103


Figure 15 Relative contribution of target groups to emission of the CORINAIR substances to air in The

Netherlands in 1996 (%).

1 CO2 and N2O according to IPCC-methodology.

Refineries

Energy sector

Industry

Waste disposal

Agriculture

Transport and Traffic

Consumers

Other (incl. nature)

SO2 NH3

CO

NOx

CO2 N2O

NMVOC

136 kton 150 kton505 kton

352 kton

185 000 kton 72.4 kton

889 kton

1 300 kton

CH4

21

342

11

22

5 5 3

11

12

2

61 93

4 3

43

37

1014

37

37

1

25

6712

18

52 24

11

59

3

24

42

9

16 3 8

22

11



Table 6 and Figure 16 present the contribution of the target groups to the totalnational emissions to water.

1 Data for the target group industry for 1995 and 1996 are excluding shipyards.

Table 6 Contribution of the various target groups to the total national emissions to water in The Nether-lands in 1995 (ton/year).

Total-P Total-N Sb As Cd Cr Cu Hg Pb Ni Zn

Refineries 2.11 342 0 0 0 0.043 0.011 0.0153 0 0 0.731Energy sector 0.212 11.8 0.0014 0.00648 0.000583 0.00545 0.00208 0.00142 0.00179 0.00607 0.0196Industry1 6080 11870 0.5266 2.202 0.641 27.74 21.55 0.3264 9.1 23.58 74.4Waste disposal 41.9 4480 0 0.592 0.0721 1.73 2.1 0.203 0.694 1.57 4.07Agriculture 2050 18600 0 0 0.000071 0 0.0175 0 35.5 0 33.3Transport and traffic 0 0 0 0.0552 0.0816 0.463 22.7 0 19.4 0.384 111Consumers 7870 51800 3.19 3.1 0.741 3.1 132 0.308 74.8 7.8 421Other 256 2200 0.002 0.0343 0.0536 1.02 18.6 0.138 49.5 0.76 154

Estimate 1996 16000 87000 3.59 5.83 1.55 31.7 191 0.98 184 29.8 782Total 1995 16300 89300 3.72 5.99 1.59 34.1 197 0.992 189 34.1 799Total 1994 15600 88600 3.67 4.95 2.01 32 201 0.928 190 30.1 808

Target 2000 8000 75000


Figure 16 Relative contribution of target groups to the total national emissions to water in The Netherlands

in 1996 (%).

Refineries

Energy sector

Industry

Waste disposal

Agriculture

Transport and Traffic

Consumers

Other (incl. nature)

Phosphorus compounds (as P) Antimony

Cadmium

Copper

Nitrogen compounds (as N)

Chromium

Mercury

16 000 ton 3.59 ton87 000 ton

1.55 ton5.83 ton 31.7 ton

29.8 ton 782 ton

Arsenic

Lead

Nickel Zinc

0.98 ton191 ton 184 ton

48

2 37

13

3

13 5

21

58

14

86

81

40

5

1

9

3

47

5

5

40337

10

1

52

12

67

1

10

1133

21

31

14

2

10

195

26

53

1449

19

695

1

23

2


For P-compounds the largest contribution comes from consumers (48%), fol-lowed by industry (37%) and agriculture (13%). For N-compounds, consumers(58%), agriculture (21%) and industry (13%) are the largest contributors. Emis-sion of heavy metals is mainly associated with industry and consumers. The trafficand transport sector contributes significantly to the total national emissions towater of copper, lead and zinc.

3.3 Environmental themes

Within Dutch policy aggregation of emissions along the line of substances resultsin the calculation of so called (environmental) theme indicators [ref. 1]. These indi-cators are designed to provide policy makers with a relatively simple measure ofthe environmental burden with respect to each of the relevant themes. Eachtheme indicator is a weighted sum of the most important individual componentsknown to contribute to the respective environmental problems. The weight factorsare derived from scientific information and are more or less officially established.This paragraph presents the resulting aggregated environmental burden in TheNetherlands in the year 1995 and compares this to the policy aims set withrespect to each environmental theme.

3.3.1 Ozone depletion

A number of the recorded emissions of ozone depleting substances, 6 chlorofluor-ohydrocarbons (CFC) and 2 halons are expressed as CFC-11 equivalents. Dutchenvironmental policy uses the unity of Oeq (Ozone depletion equivalent), beingequal to 1 ton of CFC-11 equivalents. The contribution of the various targetgroups to the annual national emissions of CFCs and halons is presented inTable 7 and Figure 17.

Table 7 Contribution of the various target groups to the annual national emissions of CFCs and halons, expressed in ozone depletion equivalents (Oeq/year).

Emissions Oeq Use Oeq Contribution (%)

Refineries 0 0 0

Energy sector 0 0 0

Industry 380 0 30,5

Traffic and transport 50 0 4

Consumers 0 0 0

Agriculture 29,3 0 2,4

Waste disposal 396 0 31,8

Nature 0 0 0

Other 390 0 31,4

Estimate 1996 1100 0 88

Total 1995 1250 0 100

Total 1994 1730 1210 139


Figure 17 Relative contribution of target groups to the emission of ozone-de-

pleting substances in The Netherlands in 1996 (Ozone depletion

equivalents Oeq/year).

The total registered emission amounted to 1250 Oeq in 1995, being a decreaseof 28% compared to the 1994 emission data. A decrease is found for the targetgroups waste disposal and other. The most important contribution to the total Oeqemission, comes from the target groups industry, waste disposal and other. Theemissions are mainly related to the use of cooling installations. Emissions fromthe target group waste disposal are related to foam and refrigerators in the wastephase. CFCs and halons have not been used in production processes in 1995.Emissions are expected to decrease further in 1996.

Figure 18 shows the spatial distribution of CFC and halons emissions from thetarget group industry that contribute to the indicator for ozone depletion. Highemission densities coincide with areas with high pollution densities. Figure 19shows the spatial distribution of CFC emissions from landfills.

1994 1995 1996

Emission 1 730 1 250 1 100

Other 31%

Industry 31%Agriculture 2%

Waste disposal32%

Traffic and transport 4%


Figure 18 Emission densities of CFCs and halons from the target group in-

dustry in The Netherlands in 1995, expressed as ozone depletion

equivalents per 5x5 km squares.

Figure 19 Emission densities of CFCs from landfills in The Netherlands in

1995, expressed as ozone depletion equivalents per 5x5 km

squares.


3.3.2 Climate change – greenhouse gases

The emissions of the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, N2O and CFC are expressedas CO2 equivalents, based on the global warming potential of the substances.Therefore, the emission data in Mton/year are multiplied by a correction factor,shown in Table 8, taking into account the global warming potential of the differentgreenhouse gases. Dutch environmental policy uses the unity of Ceq, being equalto 1 Mton of CO2 equivalents. The contribution of the various target groups to thetotal national emissions of greenhouse gases is presented in Table 8 andFigure 20.

1 Actual CO2 emission without temperature correction

2 In relation to the treaty on Climate Change, the contribution of the emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2Ois presented, in connection.

3 Including emissions due to landing and take-off from international air traffic.

Figure 20 Relative contribution of target groups to the emission of green-

house gases in The Netherlands in 1996, expressed in CO2 equiv-

alents (Ceq/year).

Table 8 Contribution of the various target groups to the total national emis-sions of greenhouse gases to air in The Netherlands in 1995. All emissions are expressed as CO2 equivalents (Ceq/year).

CO21 CH4

1 N2O1 CFC and

halons

CO2+CH4N2O

2Total

Ceq

Contribution

(%)

factor 1 21 310 4000

Refineries 11.5 0.017 0.0216 0 11.5 11.5 5.0Energy sector 45.7 3.73 0.127 0 49.6 49.6 21.3Industry 44.2 0.161 9.8 2.24 54.2 56.4 23.3Traffic and transport3 32.9 0.13 2.31 0.425 35.3 35.7 15.2Consumers 22.3 0.377 0.025 0 22.7 22.7 9.8Agriculture 8.88 10.1 8.56 0.259 27.5 27.8 11.8Waste disposal 3.69 10.1 0.0118 1.86 13.8 15.6 5.9Other 12.8 1.18 1.55 1.7 15.4 17.7 6.7

Total human activities 182 25.8 22.4 6.48 230 237 99Nature 0 1.47 0.74 0 2.2 2.21 1

Estimate 1996 190 27.4 23.2 5.45 240 246 103Total 1995 182 27.3 23.1 6.48 233 239 100Total 1994 174 27.9 22.6 8.84 224 233 96

1994 1995 1996

Emission 233 239 246

Consumers 10%Agriculture 12%

Waste disposal 6%

Refineries 5%

Energy sector 21%Industry 23%

Transport and Traffic15%

Other and nature 8%


In 1995 the total registered emissions of greenhouse gases in The Netherlandsamounted to 239 Ceq (included are the 2.21 Ceq emissions from naturalsources), being 6 Ceq higher than in 1994. About 76% of the Ceq emissions orig-inated from CO2. The CO2 emissions increased by 8 Ceq, mainly caused byincreasing emissions from power plants and industry. The emission reductions ofCFC and halons and to a lesser extent CH4 not compensating the increase inemissions of CO2

. For 1996 an increase of greenhouse gas emissions is antici-

pated, mainly the result of increasing CO2 emissions.

Important contributions to total Ceq emission are caused by:• The energy sector (CO2 from combustion).• The industry (CO2 from combustion, CFC, N2O).• Transport and traffic (CO2 and N2O).• Consumers (CO2 from space heating• Waste disposal (CFC and CH4 from landfills).• Agriculture (N2O and CH4 from ruminants and organic soils).

In Table 9 emission data are presented for 1994 to 1996 as calculated for theenvironmental theme indicator for greenhouse gases and used for comparisonwith the policy objectives for the year 2000. CO2, CH4, N2O emissions are calcu-lated according to the IPCC-method [ref. 20].

1 CO2, CH4 and N2 O are according to IPCC criteria. CO2 emissions are corrected for yearly fluctu-ations of temperature and carbon as result of a change in land-use.

2 New Policy target 2000 in view of the fixation of recalculated emissions for the reference year 1990.

CO2 emissions increased 5% in 1995 in comparison to 1994 emissions. CO2emissions were in 1994, 1995 and 1996 above the policy objective for the year2000. CH4 emissions are decreasing but are still above the policy objective. N2Oemissions increased 3% in comparison with 1994 emissions and a (slight)increase in also foreseen for 1996. N2O emissions were in 1994 to 1996 abovethe policy objective for the year 2000. In 1995 CFCs and halons are not be usedanymore. Though, emissions from discarded refrigerators and isolation foam willremain. The total emissions of greenhouse gases increased with 1 Mton Theemission reductions of CH4, CFC and halons almost compensated the increasein emissions of CO2 and N2O. For 1996 a slight increase of greenhouse gases isforeseen.

Figure 21 shows the spatial pattern of greenhouse gas emissions in The Nether-lands and Figure 22 the densities of N2O emissions from agricultural activities.

Table 9 Emission of greenhouse gases in The Netherlands in relation to policy objectives (Ceq/year).

Substance CO21 CH4

1 N2O1 CFC and

halons

CO2 + CH4 + N2O

Total

Estimate 1996 179 25.9 22.4 0 227 227

Total 1995 178 25.7 22.3 0 226 226

Total 1994 170 26.4 21.7 6.56 219 225

Target 2000 1612 25.42 19.82 0 206 2 206 2


Figure 21 Emission densities of greenhouse gases from all sources in The

Netherlands in 1995 (5x5 km squares), expressed in Ceq/year.

Figure 22 Emission densities of N2O from agricultural activities in The

Netherlands in 1995 (5x5 km squares), expressed in Ceq/year.

3.3.3 Acidification

The environmental theme acidification is related to the emission of the acidifyingsubstances SO2, NOx and NH3. The emissions of SO2, NOx and NH3 areexpressed in acidification equivalents. The emission data in kton/year are multi-


plied by a correction factor, shown in Table 10. Dutch environmental policyemploys the unity of Aeq, acidification equivalents. The contribution of the varioustarget groups to the total national emissions of acidifying substances in The Neth-erlands is presented in Table 10 and Figure 23.

Figure 23 Relative contribution of target groups to the emission of acidifying

substances in The Netherlands in 1996 (Acidification equivalents,

106 Aeq/year).

Table 10 Contribution of the various target groups to the total national emis-sions of acidifying substances to air in The Netherlands in 1995 (Acidifying equivalents, 106 Aeq/year).

SO2 NOx NH3 Total Contribution

factor 0.0313 0.0217 0.0588 Aeq (%)

Refineries 1920 385 0.489 2300 9.3

Energy sector 523 1270 0 1780 7.3

Industry 989 1360 249 2600 10.5

Traffic and transport 968 6820 0 7790 31.5

Consumers 23.7 508 388 920 3.7

Agriculture 8.81 223 8280 8510 34.4

Waste disposal 16.8 64.2 2.29 83.3 0.3

Other 140 174 40.2 418 1.6

Total human activities 4590 10800 8960 24400 98.6

Nature 0 354 0 354 1.4

Estimate 1996 4260 11000 8820 24000 97

Total 1995 4590 11200 8960 24700 100

Total 1994 4580 11400 10100 26100 103

1994 1995 1996

Emission 26 100 24 700 24 000

Agriculture 34%

Other and nature 3%

Refineries 9%

Energie sector 7%

Industry 11%

Traffic and transport32%

Consumers4%


In 1995 the total emission of acidifying substances in The Netherlands amountedto 24.7 Aeq, indicating a decrease by more than 5% compared with the 1994emission data, mainly by a decrease in agricultural NH3 emission. For 1996 a fur-ther decrease is expected. The total Aeq emission for 1995 was about 2 timeshigher than the policy objective for this environmental theme for the year 2000.This factor does not differ very much for the three individual substances involved.The contribution of the three substances to total Aeq emission was in 1995 19%for SO2, 45% for NOx and 36% for NH3. About 65% of the emissions of acidifyingsubstances is caused by the target groups agriculture and traffic and transport.The remaining part of the acidifying emissions is mainly due to industrial activities.

The spatial distribution of the emission of acidifying substances is presented inFigure 24. The important industrial areas can be recognized, as well as areas withhigh population densities and factory farming. Figure 25 illustrates the SO2 emis-sion pattern due to the energy sector and refineries. The emission of NOx fromroad traffic and the emission of NH3 from the agriculture activities in The Nether-lands is presented in Figure 26 and Figure 25, respectively. About 92% of the NH3emissions in The Netherlands is the result of production and utilization of animalmanure.

Figure 24 Emission densities of acidifying compounds to air from all sources

in The Netherlands in 1995 (5x5 km squares), expressed in 106

Aeq/year.


Figure 25 Emission densities of SOx to air from the energy sector and refin-

eries in The Netherlands in 1995 (5x5 km squares), expressed in

kg/year.

Figure 26 Emission densities of NOx to air from road traffic in The Nether-

lands in 1995 (1x1 km squares), expressed in ton/year.


Figure 27 Emission densities of acidifying compounds to air from agricultural

activities in The Netherlands in 1995 (5x5 km squares), expressed

in ton year.

3.3.4 Eutrophication

In contrast with the themes discussed previously, the environmental theme ofeutrophication is connected with emissions to soil and surface water. The emis-sions of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds to soil and surface water are usedas indicators for the eutrophication theme. The emissions of these substances areexpressed in eutrophication equivalents (Eeq), where 1 kton phosphate (as P) or10 kton nitrate (as N) equals 1 Eeq. The contribution of the various target groupsto the total national emission of eutrophying substances to water and soil in TheNetherlands is presented in Table 11 and Figure 28.


1 Atmospheric deposition to soil and water.

Figure 28 Relative contribution of target groups to the emission of eutrophy-

ing substances to soil and water in The Netherlands in 1996 (Eeq/

year).

Agricultural activities strongly dominate the Eeq emission in The Netherlands.These are mainly determined by the leaching of N and P compounds from agri-cultural soils to surface waters. The industrial emissions are mainly from chemicalindustry, related to fertilizer and food products manufacturing. In For 1995 theemissions of N, P-compounds to soil are increased with respectively 4% and 5%in comparison with 1994. The emissions to water are for N-compounds more orless the same and P-compounds increased with 4% for 1995. The share of phos-phate in total Eeq emission appears to be 1.4 times higher than the contributionof nitrate emission. The total emission of eutrophying substances to water and soilis 272 Eeq in 1995.

Table 11 Contribution of the various target groups to the total national emission of eutrophying sub-stances to water and soil in The Netherlands in 1995. Emissions are in eutrophication equiva-lents (Eeq/year).

Nitrogen compounds Phosphorus compounds Total Contribution

Water Soil Total Water Soil Total Eeq (%)

Refineries 0.0342 0 0.0342 0.00211 0 0.00211 0.0363 0

Energy sector 0.00118 0 0.00118 0.000212 0 0.000212 0.00139 0

Industry 1.19 0 1.19 6.08 0 6.08 7.27 2.7

Traffic and transport 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Consumers 5.18 0 5.18 7.87 0 7.87 13 4.8

Agriculture 1.86 95.7 97.6 2.05 118 120 218 79.6

Waste disposal 0.448 1.53 1.98 0.0419 16 16.1 18 6.6

Other1 0.216 0.5 0.757 0.262 0 8.26 8.98 3.2

Total human activities 8.93 96.7 106 16.3 142 158 264 97

Nature 0 6.2 6.2 0 2 2 8.2 3

Total 1996 8.70 102 111 16.0 145 161 272 100

Total 1995 8.93 103 112 16.3 144 160 272 100

Total 1994 8.86 99 108 15.6 137 152 260 96

1994 1995 1996

Emission 260 272 272

Agriculture 80%

Other and nature 6%

Industry 3%

Consumers 5%

Waste disposal 7%


The distribution of emission of eutrophication equivalents over The Netherlandsin 1995 is shown in Figure 29. Total eutrophying components are highest in agri-cultural areas with some contribution of the highly populated areas. In Figure 30emission densities of eutrophying compounds caused by the leaching of P-com-pounds from agricultural soils to surface waters in 1995 is presented.

Figure 29 Emission densities of eutrophying compounds to water and soil of

all sources in The Netherlands in 1995 to water and soil (5x5 km

squares).

Figure 30 Emission densities of eutrophying compounds caused by the

leaching of P-compounds from agricultural soils to surface waters

in The Netherlands in 1995 (5x5 km squares).


3.3.5 Dispersion of toxic compounds

The indicator for the environmental theme dispersion is set by the use of pesti-cides and the emission of priority substances and radio-active compounds. Emis-sions of only 11 priority substances / compound groups are taken into account inthe calculation of the dispersion equivalents (Deq) as only for these compoundsreliable time series are available. Together they make up about 90% of the totalemission of priority substances when expressed in dispersion equivalents. Thetranslation of emissions to dispersion equivalents is based on toxicological riskassessments for each substance. Both the Maximum Allowable Concentration(MAC) and the residence time in the different environmental compartments istaken into account. The emissions to water are so-called source emissions.Table 12 and Figure 31 present the contribution of the target groups to the totalnational indicator for dispersion. You can seen that the soil emissions hardly exertinfluence of the indicator for dispersion.

The use of pesticides in agriculture make up 70% of the total emission, expressedin dispersion equivalents. The emissions of priority substances to air contributeonly 2% to the total Deq emission in The Netherlands. Of these substances anumber of heavy metals are most important followed by benz(a)pyrene, fluoran-thene and fluo

emission data for the netherlands 1995 and estimates for …...po box 30945, 2500 gx...

Documents