emotion a feeling that underlies behaviors and comprised of – cognitive (subjective feelings) –...
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Emotion • A feeling that underlies behaviors and comprised of
– Cognitive (subjective feelings)– Physiological (autonomic arousal)– Behavioral (non-verbal expression)
Types of Emotions
What basic emotions can we agree to? Identify as many as you can and reduce the “list” to six basic emotions
In Robert Plutchik’s model there are 8 primary emotions, listed in the inner areas. Adjacent emotions combine as emotions listed around the perimeter. For example, fear plus anticipation produces anxiety. (Adapted from Plutchik, 2001)
Lauren Silva’s Grandpa!!!
Robert Plutchik’s 8 Primary Emotions
Was a professor emeritus at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and adjunct professor at USF. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University He authored or coauthored more than 260 articles, 45 chapters and eight books and has edited seven books. His research interests include the study of emotions, the study of suicide and violence, and the study of the psychotherapy process
Grandpa Plutchik's psycho-evolutionary theory of emotion remains one of the most influential classification approaches for general emotional responses
Robert Plutchik Lauren’s Grandpa
Emotions
Carroll Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most ofthem are present in infancy, except for contempt,
shame, and guilt
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Paul Ekman’s Research on Emotions
• Primary Emotions1) Are evident in all cultures 2) Are based in survival 3) Correlate with facial expressions
• Secondary All other emotions that are particular to humans and specific cultures
• Six primary emotions happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, disgust and anger (and degrees) Ekman
Universality studies (Ekman)
• Ekman’s “universality studies” Six expressions/five countries. Replicated in non-industrialized New Guinea, retested U.S.
• Primates and congenitally blind infants studied as well• FACS and microexpressions• Spot the Fake Smile
Emotion and Physiological Arousal
• Limbic system – role of amygdala• Autonomic nervous system – sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system response
Physiological Arousal
Physiological responses related to fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar
Early Theories of Emotion
• Common Sense View – When you become happy, your heart starts beating
faster. First emotion, then physiological activity
Early Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange Theory– Emotion is a result of
physiological responses to stimuli
– We are sad because we cry, afraid because we tremble . . .
– Facial feedback hypothesis?
Early Theories of Emotion
• Cannon-Bard – Physiological arousal
and emotion (subjective feelings) occur simultaneously
– Heart begins pounding as we experience fear
Cognitive Theories of Emotion
• Schachter’s Two factor theory – Physiological arousal and
then cognitive awareness and labeling
– Conscious interpretation necessary
– Schachter-Singer Epinephrine experiments
– Arousal intensifies and
may spill over to other emotions (spillover effect)
Cognition Can Define Emotion
An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event Spillover Effect
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting. Other examples?
Cognitive Theories of EmotionLazarus’ Appraisal Theory
• Temporal Sequence/Appraisal Theory (Lazarus) – appraisal and reappraisal– Appraisal determines emotion– Cognition—emotion—cognition—emotion…– Benign/positive/irrelevant/stressful?
Challenges to Cognitive Theory • Izzard’s facial movement
and body posture research– Pattern of unlearned
movements independent of cognition
– Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Scoring System
– Facial feedback hypothesis (back to James-Lange). What happens?
Challenges to CognitionZajonc and Ledoux
• Some emotional reactions are more instantaneous than Schachter or Lazarus claim– Cognition comes after emotion– We experience some emotions before we think.
Eye to thalamus to amygdala short-cut (bypass cortical awareness). BEAR!
Challenges - Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004)
Non-verbal Expression of Emotion
• Study of communication through body movement, posture, gestures, and facial expressions
– Body language (kinesics)– Facial expression– Voice quality– Personal space (proxemics)– Explicit acts
Emotions Across Culture
• Cross-cultural Differences in – Expression – Perception– (and yes, even) Experience
Emotions Across Culture
• Display rules - Expression– Rules of social
appropriateness. Learned in early life/unconscious practice
– Japanese- inappropriate display of negative emotions in public setting. Tatamae (on my face) and honne (in my heart)
– Ekman & Friesen study (Japan v. U.S.)
– Disgust Survey
Cross-Cultural Expression
• Individualist v. Collectivist – Emphasis in west on
“individual” emotions– Collectivist discomfort
expressing ego-focused and negative emotions
• Differences in U.S. among and between racial and gender groups, e.g.?
Culture-Specific Emotions
• Some cultures do not have a word for the concept of emotion (Ifaluk of Micronesia)
• No equivalent for “considerate” or “lucky” in Samoa
• Schadenfreude – pleasure derived from another’s misfortunes (Germany)
• Han – an intense form of rancor and enmity (Korea)
• Jung – attachment/affection (Korea)
• Amae – naïve/immature and dependent
Nature of Love
• Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Love
– Intimacy Affection, sharing, support, and communication in a relationship
– Passion High levels of physical arousal in a relationship, especially sexual
– Commitment Decision to love and stay with another person
Sternberg’s triangular theory of love
Other Emotional Phenomena
• Catharsis hypothesis- psychodynamic theory that refers to an emotional release. It maintains that aggressive or sexual urges are relieved by "releasing" aggressive or sexual energy, usually through action or fantasy. Significant criticisms – behavior feedback?
• Relax
Other Emotional Phenomena
• Adaptation level phenomenon the tendency to adapt to a given level of stimulation and thus to notice and react to changes from that level. We use our past to calibrate our present experience and to form expectations for the future. Examples? Emotions?
Other Emotional Phenomena
• Positive psychology • Subjective well-being SWB
• Feel good, do good hypothesis - We are more likely to others when we are in a good mood (and vice versa)