End of 1End of 1stst Triumvirate Triumvirate

Crassus (East), Pompey Crassus (East), Pompey (Rome), Caesar (Gaul)(Rome), Caesar (Gaul)

Caesar vs. Pompey Caesar vs. Pompey (Caesar Wins) (Caesar Wins)

Caesar and CleopatraCaesar and Cleopatra Caesar vs. Senate (Senate Caesar vs. Senate (Senate

Wins)Wins) Power vacuumPower vacuum Antony (Gaul), Lepidus Antony (Gaul), Lepidus

(East), Octavian (Rome)(East), Octavian (Rome)

End of 2End of 2ndnd Triumvirate Triumvirate

Lepidus retiresLepidus retires Antony and CleopatraAntony and Cleopatra Antony vs. Octavian (Octavian wins)Antony vs. Octavian (Octavian wins)

Roman EmperorsRoman Emperors

Julio-ClaudiansJulio-Claudians

Augustus (27 B.C. – 14 A.D.)Augustus (27 B.C. – 14 A.D.)

Augustus=OctavianAugustus=Octavian Defeats Antony at Defeats Antony at ActiumActium in 31 B.C. in 31 B.C. Becomes Becomes imperatorimperator

EmperorEmperor Rome becomes empireRome becomes empire

What He DoesWhat He Does

1)Laws to protect Roman family1)Laws to protect Roman family 2)Restores and expands Roman religion2)Restores and expands Roman religion 3)Restores noble families and subsidizes 3)Restores noble families and subsidizes

themthem 4)Reorganizes gov’t with Republican offices4)Reorganizes gov’t with Republican offices 5)Restores Senate as advisory body5)Restores Senate as advisory body 6)Builds roads, buildings, and temples6)Builds roads, buildings, and temples Result: Gives Rome the appearance of Result: Gives Rome the appearance of

Republic but all is controlled by AugustusRepublic but all is controlled by Augustus

SuccessionSuccession

Successor would be selected by Successor would be selected by Emperor from natural or adopted familyEmperor from natural or adopted family

Family TreeFamily Tree

All his hand-picked successors die, All his hand-picked successors die, leaves him with only 1 choiceleaves him with only 1 choice

Tiberius (14 A.D. – 37 A.D.)Tiberius (14 A.D. – 37 A.D.)

Not nearly as popular as Not nearly as popular as AugustusAugustus

Doesn’t do much except…Doesn’t do much except… Rise of Praetorian Guard Rise of Praetorian Guard

(body guards)(body guards) Sejanus (1Sejanus (1stst Praetorian Praetorian

Prefect, kills all of Tiberius’ Prefect, kills all of Tiberius’ successors)successors)

Tires of politics and retires Tires of politics and retires to Capri (island of love)to Capri (island of love)

Only choice to succeed…Only choice to succeed…

Caligula (37 A.D. – 41 A.D.)Caligula (37 A.D. – 41 A.D.)

Good emperor initially but gets sickGood emperor initially but gets sick After feverAfter fever 1) 1) Thought he was reincarnation Thought he was reincarnation

of Zeusof Zeus Marries sister LivillaMarries sister Livilla Kills Livilla and unborn babyKills Livilla and unborn baby

2)Elected consul along with his 2)Elected consul along with his horsehorse

3)Killed successor for coughing at 3)Killed successor for coughing at nightnight

Killed by Praetorian GuardKilled by Praetorian Guard

Claudius (41 A.D. -54 A.D.)Claudius (41 A.D. -54 A.D.) Put in power by Praetorian Put in power by Praetorian

Guard (thought he would be Guard (thought he would be easy to control)easy to control)

Good emperorGood emperor 1) Restores finances of Empire1) Restores finances of Empire 2) Organizes bureaucracy2) Organizes bureaucracy 3) Grants citizenship as reward 3) Grants citizenship as reward

for those friendly to Romefor those friendly to Rome 4) Expels Jews from Rome for 4) Expels Jews from Rome for

brief timebrief time Succeeded by stepson…Succeeded by stepson…

Nero (54 A.D. – 68 A.D.)Nero (54 A.D. – 68 A.D.) L. Domitius Ahenobarbus L. Domitius Ahenobarbus

= Nero= Nero Good emperor initially Good emperor initially

(listens to advisor (listens to advisor Seneca)Seneca)

Starts listening to bad Starts listening to bad advisors (Tigellinus)advisors (Tigellinus)

1) Murders his mother1) Murders his mother 2) Kills all enemies or 2) Kills all enemies or

suspected enemies or suspected enemies or those who might possibly those who might possibly be suspected enemiesbe suspected enemies

More Bad NeroMore Bad Nero

3) Likes to dress in disguise, 3) Likes to dress in disguise, run around Rome at night and run around Rome at night and rape women (Senator’s wives rape women (Senator’s wives and daughters)and daughters)

4) Bad poet and lyricist (forced 4) Bad poet and lyricist (forced people to listen)people to listen)

5) Blames fire in 64 A.D. on 5) Blames fire in 64 A.D. on ChristiansChristians

Praetorian Guard kills him in Praetorian Guard kills him in 68 A.D.68 A.D.

Too chicken to do it himselfToo chicken to do it himself No successor (Killed all of No successor (Killed all of

them)them)