Energy Performance of Buildings

Sofia-Natalia Boemi · Olatz Irulegi Mattheos Santamouris Editors

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Energy Performance of BuildingsEnergy Efficiency and Built Environment in Temperate Climates

EditorsSofia-Natalia BoemiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,

Process Equipment Design Laboratory Aristotle University Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece

Olatz IrulegiUniversity of the Basque Country San Sebastián Spain

ISBN 978-3-319-20830-5 ISBN 978-3-319-20831-2 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20831-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015944477

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Mattheos SantamourisPhysics Department, Group Building

Environmental Research AthensNational and Kapodistrian University

of Athens Athens Greece

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Ever since the oil crisis in 1973, it has been understood that a large amount of the energy consumed in buildings for their heating, cooling, and lighting is directly linked to the way in which the buildings are designed. Different categories of buildings have different energy needs. But at the same time, energy consumption of buildings for cooling and heating needs is dictated by the climate, the type of building, and the equipment that has been installed. In addition, with recent cli-mactic changes, especially the constant temperature increases, which affect the built environment, the need to record the actual situation and promote good prac-tices becomes imperative.

At the same time, it was realized that a densely built urban environment creates a microclimate on its own, affecting energy balance. It is obvious that without a correct interpretation of climatic, geographic, and location parameters, meeting the goals in a project a posteriori would be very difficult. An improved architectural approach improves both energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality and, consequently, the quality of life of the inhabitants. Also, a series of technologies has been incorporated in building design, utilizing solar energy in order to achieve lighting, heating, and cooling, with minimal conventional energy consumption.

In that sense, this book gathers all available information on energy efficiency in the built environment in areas with similar climatic conditions, to southern European countries. Notably, it tries to cover a gap by presenting concentrated information of the most important building sectors: residential, commercial, healthcare, and educational. Emphasis is on the existing building stock because improving its energy performance and using renewables is crucial not only for achieving the EU’s 2020 targets, but also for meeting long-term objectives of cli-mate and energy strategies. Also, it presents an overview of the development of energy technology, analyzing the trends and of systems used to decrease demand, as well as examining strategies for energy-saving, evolving, and renewable energies.

The goals of this book are to clarify the present trade-offs inherent in defin-ing sustainability, to study technology and technology-intensive options, and

Preface

Prefacevi

to provide a framework for assessing decision-making. These goals are of key importance, as through the development and implementation of effective energy conservation policies, the success and the need for further energy conservation in the building sector, as well as the importance of the implementation of renewables, are addressed. Special attention is given to the growing debate about the impact of climate change and internal temperatures in buildings—one of the major reasons for fuel poverty and therefore an increase in mortality.

The book is, in fact, a handbook on energy efficiency for readers wanting to understand the performance of different types of buildings. Current regulations in each country and expected mid-term trends provide important context. It includes four different parts with 25 chapters—all contributions from highly recognized experts—covering most of the countries with temperate climates, such as Spain, France, Italy, Greece, and Cyprus. But experts from other countries, such as Ireland and Austria, also contributed to the book, presenting the most promising developments in their fields of expertise.

This volume is organized as a handbook that provides information not only for the scientific world but also for the wider public, which needs to know about energy efficiency in order to discuss and brainstorm among themselves about how the transition to a sustainable energy future can be achieved.

Therefore, Part I focuses on the challenges and priorities for a sustainable built environment. It presents seven chapters on energy and the built environment, its policies, and how building performance is affected by climate change. In addition, users’ behavior is analyzed and evaluated in order to understand how it affects building performance and, in reverse, how building performance affects employ-ment. Part II describes the actual performance of building stock and provides data on construction market activity, performance levels of recently built or renovated buildings, and steps beyond sustainability for various buildings. Part III analyzes the maturity, reliability, efficiency, cost, and market availability of technologies that decrease the demand for energy for building supply. Last but not least, Part IV describes tools and strategies for microclimatic analysis of the built environment.

In general, energy-intensive services and “luxuries” are ignored and factors that impact the wider public, such as the use of solar energy, are introduced. From that point of view, the wider objective is to provide readers with the background and methodologies to develop their own conceptualization of energy efficiency and a possible roadmap towards Net Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB).

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Contents

1 The Built Environment and Its Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Eduardo de Oliveira Fernandes

Part I Challenges and Priorities for a Sustainable Built Environment

2 Climatic Change in the Built Environment in Temperate Climates with Emphasis on the Mediterranean Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Constantinos Cartalis

3 The Role of Buildings in Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Argiro Dimoudi and Stamatis Zoras

4 Challenges and Priorities for a Sustainable Built Environment in Southern Europe—The Impact of Energy Efficiency Measures and Renewable Energies on Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Mattheos Santamouris

5 Indicators for Buildings’ Energy Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Sofia-Natalia Boemi and Charalampos Tziogas

6 Life Cycle Versus Carbon Footprint Analysis for Construction Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Efrosini Giama

7 Economic Experiments Used for the Evaluation of Building Users’ Energy-Saving Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Nieves García Martín, Gerardo Sabater-Grande, Aurora García-Gallego, Nikolaos Georgantzis, Iván Barreda-Tarrazona and Enrique Belenguer

Contentsviii

8 Technologies and Socio-economic Strategies to nZEB in the Building Stock of the Mediterranean Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Annarita Ferrante

Part II The Built Environment

9 Households: Trends and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Antonio Serra

10 Office Buildings/Commercial Buildings: Trends and Perspectives . . . 203Dionysia Denia Kolokotsa

11 Energy Efficiency in Hospitals: Historical Development, Trends and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Agis M. Papadopoulos

12 The Hotel Industry: Current Situation and Its Steps Beyond Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Sofia-Natalia Boemi and Olatz Irulegi

13 Schools: Trends and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Martha C. Katafygiotou and Despoina K. Serghides

Part III Building’s Design and Systems

14 New Challenges in Covering Buildings’ Thermal Load . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Simeon Oxizidis

15 Energy Technologies for Building Supply Systems: MCHP . . . . . . . . 291Sergio Sibilio and Antonio Rosato

16 The State of the Art for Technologies Used to Decrease Demand in Buildings: Thermal Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319A. de Gracia, C. Barreneche, A.I. Fernández and L.F. Cabeza

17 Solar Thermal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349L.M. Ayompe

18 Solar Energy for Building Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Theocharis Tsoutsos, Eleni Farmaki and Maria Mandalaki

Contents ix

19 The State of the Art for Technologies Used to Decrease Demand in Buildings: Thermal Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Stella Chadiarakou

20 Cool Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415Michele Zinzi

21 Shading and Daylight Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437Aris Tsangrassoulis

22 The State of the Art for Technologies Used to Decrease Demand in Buildings: Electric Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Wilfried Pohl

Part IV The Microclimatic Environment

23 Tools and Strategies for Microclimatic Analysis of the Built Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Olatz Irulegi

24 Microclimatic Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Francesco Spanedda

25 Modelling and Bioclimatic Interventions in Outdoor Spaces . . . . . . . 523Stamatis Zoras and Argyro Dimoudi

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541