energy roadmaps for the city of...

5Energy Roadmaps for the City of Gdańsk

ENERGY ROADMAPS FOR THE CITY OF GDAŃSK

Jerzy Buriak / Gdańsk University of TechnologyMarcin Jaskólski / Gdańsk University of Technology

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. General informationThe paper presents energy roadmaps for Gdańsk. The term “energy roadmap” is defined as a proposal

for energy system undertakings in the given area. And energy system is a set of objects, devices and machinery for generation, processing, transmission, distribution and consumption of energy in all its forms in a given geo-graphical area [9, 10]. Energy roadmaps are presented in three time perspectives: short-term (the year 2012), medium-term (the year 2020) and long-term (the year 2050).

The paper is a result of the research carried out under the project PATHways TO Renewable and Efficientenergy Systems (PATH-TO-RES), supported by the European Commission programme SAVE Altener Intelligent Energy Europe. Gdańsk is one of cases selected for the research under the project. The other cities are: Göte-borg (Sweden), Arnhem, Lochem (Holland), Dunkerque (France) and Valencia region (Spain).

1.2. Geographical bordersThe city of Gdańsk is situated in the northern part of Poland, on the Gdańsk Bay. A part of Tri-City Land-

scape Park is situated within its borders. The main area of the region’s development is situated in its southern

Abstract

The paper presents a strategy and a vision of de-velopment of the energy system of Gdańsk. Geographical borders of the analyzed region are shown. Local and global objectives of development of the energy system in the city are described. The key entities involved in the energy sys-tem development are specified. Roadmaps for energy sys-tem development are summarized. The sum-up includes presentation of the current conditions of the energy sys-tem in Gdańsk, the actions that should be taken up to at-tain the development strategy objectives, the problems and constraints that can be encountered during the sys-

tem transformation process and a list of key technological options of great significance in the future. The roadmapsare considered in three time perspectives: short-term (2012 – actual plan), medium-term (2020 – strategy) and long-term (2050 – vision). Electrical energy and heat de-mand forecasts were developed for each time perspective. Basic indicators of energy system development in Gdańsk, namely primary energy consumption, final energy con-sumption, CO2 emission indicators and volumes are given at the end of the paper.

Fig. 1. Geographical borders of the city of Gdańsk, source: Google Maps [11]

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part. Together with Gdynia and Sopot, Gdańsk makes an agglomeration called Tri-City. The other towns sur-rounding the agglomeration include: Pruszcz Gdańsk (in the south), Rumia, Reda, Wejherowo (in the north). The city borders are presented in Figure 1.

Table 1 presents the basic information about the city of Gdańsk.

Tab. 1. Basic information about Gdańsk

Surface area ca [km²] 262

Population ca 460 000

General structure of industry refinery, shipyards, big CHP plant

Basic characteristics of energy system

Dominated by hard coal (commercial CHP plant, industrial CHP plant in the refinery)Natural gas (small CHP plant, local heat plants, individual power boilers, industrial individual power boilers)Modernization of units in CHP plant Outdated and inefficient combined units and coal water boilers in other sec-tors of industry

Statistical dada databaseStatistical Yearbook of Pomeranian RegionStatistical Office in Gdańsk

2. GLOBAL AND LOCAL OBJECTIVES AND ENERGY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PLANS

1.1. Local objectivesLocal objectives for development of energy system in Gdańsk are presented in Table 2. They were divided

by the criterion of time perspective, that is into medium-term objectives and long-term objectives. Medium-term perspective refers to the time needed to complete a given investment (up to 7 years). Long term perspective means the time needed to attain more strategic objectives (usually more than 7 years). Local objectives were specified at the local level, mainly by power plants, generating or supplying electrical energy, heat and naturalgas, and by the local authorities, that is by the City Council Administration.

Tab. 2. Medium-term and long-term local objectives for development of the energy system in Gdańsk


Strategic objective Medium-term perspective Long-term perspective Comments1. Modernization of municipal system by the new owner, Leipziger Stadtwerke

xThe project is advanced – a part of the system has been modernized, further modernization is planned

2. Gasification of oil refining by-prod-ucts in LOTOS Refinery

xTechnology provided by Lockheed Martin (USA) as an F-16 “off-set”

3. New generation units powered by natural gas in Elektrociepłownia [CHP plant] Wybrzeże

xInternal development plans of Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże SA and EdF Poland

4. SO2 removal installation in coal units in Elektrociepłownia 2 Gdańsk

xInternal development plans of Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże SA and EdF Poland

5. Energy saving in the existing residential districts

x

Modernization of buildings: investments are made by private owners and building societies; implementation of regulations on thermo-mod-ernization

6. Construction of heat network for new residential districts

x Plan till 2030Plan for electrical energy, heat and natural gas supply in Gdańsk (developed by Energoprojekt Katowice S.A.)

7. Extension of natural gas distribu-tion for heat plants in new residen-tial districts

x Plan till 2030 see above

8. Construction and modernization of electrical power distribution network for new residential districts and industrial districts

x Plan till 2030 see above

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9. Increase of share of biomass co-combusted with hard coal in Elektrociepłownia Wybrzeże, includ-ing Elektrociepłownia 2 Gdańsk

x Internal development plans of Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże SA and EdF Poland

10. Development of electrical system of public transport

x x New tram lines, project of the city

11. Percentage share of electrical energy from renewable sources in the electrical energy supplied to consumers by distribution company ENERGA-OPERATOR S.A.

8.7% in 200910.4% in 2010

11.4% in 2014 12.9% in 2017

Ordinance of Minister of Economy on detailed scope of obligations to obtain and submit for de-preciation certificates of origin, paying replace-ment fee, purchase of electrical energy and heat generated in renewable sources of energy, and on the obligation to confirm the data on volumesof electrical energy generated in renewable sources of energy (2008)

12. Percentage share of electrical energy from co-generation based on natural gas combustion in the electri-cal energy supplied to consumers by distribution company ENERGA- -OPERATOR S.A.

2.9% in 2009 3.5% in 2012 Ordinance of Minister of Economy on the way of calculating data in the application for certificateof origin from cogeneration and detailed scope of obligations to obtain and submit for deprecia-tion certificates of origin, paying replacementfee, purchase of electrical energy and heat generated in renewable sources of energy and on the obligation to confirm the data on volumesof electrical energy generated in high efficiencyco-generation (2007)

13. Percentage share of electri-cal energy from co-generation in the electrical energy supplied to consumers by distribution company Koncern Energetyczny ENERGA GROUP

20.6% in 2009 23.2% in 2012 see above

14. Sewage and municipal waste management

x Project of building a new incineration object or gasification of waste for production of fuels orelectrical energy and heat

As can be seen in Table 2, local objectives for development of energy system of Gdańsk refer mainly to modernization of electrical energy, heat and gas generation and distribution infrastructure. But there are also plans to reduce emission of pollution into air, for example in Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże. Because of the emis-sion strict standards imposed on power boilers, CHP plants plan building waste gas desulfurization installation. The increased share of biomass combusted in Elektrociepłownia 2 Gdańsk is a result of effective mechanism of promoting renewable energy sources. The plans for new natural gas units will probably be reviewed because of the considerable increase of the price of this fuel.

1.1. Global objectivesTo provide for a broader context of energy system development, information on global objectives of

power industry development was collected and presented in Table 3. The goals set by the European Union (EU) and Poland (PL) were used to specify global objectives in power industry. The objectives were divided according to the criterion of time perspective into medium- and long-term ones.

Energy Roadmaps for the City of Gdańsk

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Tab. 3. Medium and long-term global objectives

Geographical region Strategic objectiveMedium-term perspective

Long-term perspective Comments

EU1. Annual 1% reduction of energy-intensity

x Directive 2006/32/EC

EU2. Reduction of greenhouse gasses emissions

20% in 2020 against 1990 emission

Renewable Energy Roadmap – Renewable energies in the 21st century (EC 10.01.2007)

EU 3. Increase of energy efficiency

Reduction of energy consumption by 20% till 2020 against EU projec-tions till 2020


EU4. Reaching 20% share of renewable sources of energy in energy balance

20% of total energy consumption in 2020


EU5. Reaching 10% share of biofuels in transport fuels sector

10% in 2020Renewable Energy Roadmap – Renewable energies in the 21st century (EC 10.01.2007)

PL

1. Reaching the objective of the share of electrical energy from renewable sources of energy in the volume of electrical energy supplied to consumers

8.7% in 2009 11. 4% in 2014Ordinance of Minister of Economy

PL2. The objective concerning share of renewable sources of energy in 2020

15% in 2020

Proposal of Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on promoting energy consumption from renewable sources (2008)

PL3. Reduction of greenhouse gasses emissions till 2020 against the emis-sions in 2005

+14% in 2020The European Parliament (with the exclusion of emissions trad-ing system )

PL4. Objectives concerning share of renewable sources of energy in primary energy consumption

7.5% in 2010 14% in 2020Development Strategy of Re-newable Energy Sector (2001)

PL 5. Energy saving objectives 2% till 2010 9% till 2016National Plan for Energy Ef-ficiency (EEAP) 2007, Ministry ofEconomy, Warszawa (2007)

The objectives set at the European level, and then implemented in national regulations, concern three main areas:

1) reduction of greenhouse gasses emissions2) increase of renewable sources of energy and transport biofuels consumption3) energy saving, increase of energy efficiency, reduction of energy-intensity.The objectives have a significant impact on development of energy systems in local scale. Buildings must

have energy certificates. CHP plants and heat plants operating in a local market are granted CO2 emission allow-ances and participate in emissions trading system. The share of biomass co-combusted with coal in CHP plants increases, fuels from bio-components appear in petrol stations. It is thus important to translate global strategic objectives into local energy sector development plans, according to the principle “think global, act local”.


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3. KEY ENTITIESWithin the geographical borders of the considered example – the city of Gdańsk – there are various

authorities, companies, institutions and organizations that are considered to be the key entities in the develop-ment of energy system.

Electrical energy generation and distribution companies:• ENERGA GROUP – electrical energy distribution company and distribution system operator (ENERGA-

OPERATOR S.A.)• Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże Wybrzeże S.A. – Elektrociepłownia 2 Gdańsk, with Electricite de France as

the main shareholder • LOTOS Refinery• Gdańskie Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej (GPEC), with Stadtwerke Leipzig as the main share-

holder • Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe i Gazownictwo (PGNiG) – Gdańsk branch• Pomorska Spółka Gazownictwa Ltd. (PSG)

Decision makers, representatives of municipal and regional administration:• City Council Administration of the City of Gdańsk• Marshall’s Office of Pomeranian Region, the authority responsible for development of the region, in-

cluding energy system, by working out regional strategy for energy sector development. • Key Departments of Marshall’s Office: Department of Environment, Agriculture and Natural Resources,

Department of Infrastructure• Regional Governor’s Office• Department of Environment and Agriculture, Department of Infrastructure

The role of the supervisory body for environmental protection and use of the environment is played by:• Regional Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (WIOŚ Gdańsk)

Investment projects in the form of new energy and environmental protection technologies are supported by: • Regional Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Gdańsk (WFOŚiGW)

Consultants:• Energoprojekt Katowice S.A., responsible for developing a plan for electrical energy, heat and gas sup-

ply for Gdańsk• Bałtycka Agencja Poszanowania Energii (BAPE), involved in promotion (seminars, fairs, informational

campaigns) of renewable energy sources and rational use of energy• Fundacja Poszanowania Energy (FPE), promoting renewable energy sources and rational use of energy

(feasibility studies, economic analyses on energy saving and renewable energy sources, education of students, teachers, energy sector staff, local communities)

• Instytut Maszyn Przepływowych Polskiej Akademii Nauk (IMP PAN)• Politechnika Gdańska (PG), analyses for electrical energy and/or heat supply companies, research

projects on energy planning e.g. PATH-TO-RES, Sustainable Energy for Poland: The Role of Bioenergy (SEP BioEnPol), etc.

• other.

These entities should play the biggest role in preparing roadmaps for development of energy system. The strategy developed based these roadmaps should be an effect of a compromise, since usually each entity represents its own interests, which are sometimes contrary to the interests of the entities concerned and not always have to lead to an optimal solution from the point of view of the entire system.

It is also important to include building societies, real estate owners, etc. into the strategy development process as they play an important role in its implementation.


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4. DEVELOPMENT ROADMAPS

1.1. The problemThis chapter presents the plan of the roadmap for power development of Gdańsk, the results of the re-

search carried out under PATH-TO-RES project. The project is half-way of its implementation, that is why the presented results, inter alia, discussions and consultations with energy companies, are still in progress.

The discussed development roadmaps were put in three time perspectives: short-term (current actions and investment plans) – till 2012, medium-term (strategy for development of energy system) – till 2020, long-term (vision of energy system development) – till 2050.

In particular, the descriptions include actions in transition periods between individual stages (current and the following one), which was made, respectively, for transition periods, between the current state and short-term perspective, between the short-term and the medium-term perspective, between the medium-term and the long-term perspective. The presented development roadmap includes projections of electrical energy and heat demand in each of the time perspectives.

The sum-up includes also tables of indicators of projected energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission. Furthermore, it was concluded that the main objective of the city authorities is to assure conditions of

sustainable development by, in particular, guaranteeing supply of energy and fuels at moderate prices.The energy system of Gdańsk is highly dependent on a well developed centralized heating system with

co-generation coal units. The energy and environmental policy of the European Union is focused on reduction of coal share in the fuels balance and it can be expected that it will translate into reduced number of coal units.

It is worth noting that the basic strategic objective of providing for supply of energy at moderate prices (necessary for sustainable development of the region), may not be attained, as replacing of coal technologies (with e.g. natural gas ones) projected above can lead to a dramatic increase of energy prices.

The other objectives connected with energy system, adopted by the authorities of Gdańsk, are as fol-lows:

• development of competition in energy market, that is de-regulation of energy market, but also support-ing new investments in energy sector, creating potential for satisfying the growing energy demand

• coordination of energy system development in the municipality to provide for consistency with the assumptions of Polish energy policy, long-term national strategy for development of energy sector

• supporting combined generation of electrical energy and heat and implementation of the European Commission Directive 2004/8/EC

• enhancement of the environment and reduction of industry and municipal environmental impact.The above objectives set the general framework roadmaps for energy development of Gdańsk. That is why

the scenarios outlined in the chapters below will be consistent with the general objectives of energy policy.

1.2. Short-term perspectiveThis chapter presents the current situation of the energy system and short-term plans for its development.

The year 2012 was chosen as a short-term time perspective because it is the year of the end of the first periodof regional energy strategy, with special emphasis on renewable sources in Pomeranian Region in 2007–2025 [1], developed by Fundacja Poszanowania Energii in Gdańsk.

Transition between the current state and short-term time perspectiveDescriptions of the actions planned till 2012, divided by energy sectors are presented below:Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże • diversification of fuels• co-combustion of biomass and coal• adapting to new environmental protection regulations • construction of wet desulphurization installation in Elektrociepłownia Gdańsk 2• installation of ROFA burners in power boilers to reduce NOX emission• tabilization and increase of heat sale in Gdańsk • development of heating system, in particular in southern and western districts of the city


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• development at the city outskirts small and medium scale sources of combined generation of electrical energy and heat – with the objective of, in longer time perspective, connecting distributed systems to the main heating system

Gdańskie Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej (GPEC)• further modernization of heat mains • development of heating system in many parts of the city• building connections between mains • extension of heating systems of Ciepłownia Osowa and Fundamentowa and Elektrociepłownia Matar-

nia • withdrawing from using coal in heat plants: Równa and Zawiślańska and building connections between

their heating systems and the main heating system• extension of telemetry and telemechanics systems of the heating system• switching from coal to gas in the local heating systems where connecting to the main system is impos-

sible, or where it would be inefficient• replacement of heat distribution centres

Pomorska Spółka Gazownictwa• development of medium pressure networks in southern districts of Gdańsk till 2010• ENERGA S.A. – Branch in Gdańsk• ENERGA S.A. is developing plans for the period of 3 years, the last Framework Development Programme

for the period of 2007–2009:• modernization of 110 kV lines of the total length of 38 km• construction of the main feed points: 8 stations of 110/15 kV/kV

All energy companies plan to maintain or increase income and share in energy market. On the other hand, they are obliged to meet the requirements specified in government ordinances. Apart from ordinances specify-ing unit volumes of emissions from energy generation sources there are also ordinances on share of green (renewable), yellow (generated in combination with gas fuel) or red energy (generated in combination with coal) in total electrical energy consumption.

Description of heating systemThis chapter presents the current condition of heating system. In Gdańsk there are six high parameter

heating systems. Five of them are managed by Gdańskie Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej GPEC and one - by UNIKOM company. The total heat power demand is at the level of 717 MW, which is 48% of the city’s de-mand, and which is at the same time 53% of demand in municipal and public services sector. UNIKOM system is responsible for 0.3% of total city demand, and heat power demand of that system is 5.7 MW.

Heating systems were significantly modernized and they are in good condition. But further works arein progress to improve the condition of the system and maintain the already modernized fragments in good shape.

Sources: Elektrociepłownia Gdańsk 2, Elektrociepłownia Matarnia, Ciepłownia Osowa are in very ford condition. Ciepłownia UNIKOM is in good technical condition, but heat plants Równa and Zawiślańska are con-sidered to be objects in bad condition, of insufficient efficiency of coal processing into network heat. OnlyElektrociepłownia Matarnia uses natural gas, the other use coal or coal mixed with biomass.

Heat power reserve in the sources is significant:Elektrociepłownia Gdańsk 2 51 MWElektrociepłownia Matarnia 3.5 MWCiepłownia Zawiślańska 4.5 MWCiepłownia UNIKOM 20 MW In the base scenario it was assumed that instead of construction of a new, central source of heat, the exist-

ing power will be used in a more efficient way.


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The short-term time perspective assumes that the use of biomass will be continued and developed in Elektrociepłownia Gdańsk 2. Biomass will also be used in a few heat plants, e.g.: Fundamentowa, UNIKOM and Zawiślańska. In 2012 ca 110 GWh of “green” heat will be transmitted to consumers, and it will be ca 3% of the total demand for network heat.

Table 2 and 3 refer to total demand, not only network heat. Table 2 presents the current structure of demand for heat power for heating purposes and heating water in the city. The next drawing shows projected changes of demand for heat power between the current situation and the year 2010 and 2020.

Table 2. Current structure of demand for heat power in Gdańsk

Table 3. Projection of changes of heat power demand between the current state and 2012 and 2020

Table 4. Current electrical power demand in Gdańsk

Changes in heat power demand – projection [MW]

Current state – 2020

Current state – 2012

In the city, but also in the entire country, the processes of improving thermal insulation of buildings and other thermo-modernization activities are still fairly intensive, which contributes to significant reduction of thebuildings’ demand for heat power. The demand is partially compensated by new consumers, including the con-sumers connected to heating systems.

Energy saving potential in municipal and services sector is still big. New regulations supporting moderni-zation of residential buildings can provide for keeping the pace of thermo-modernization or even to increase it, and then the presented projections will have to be reviewed.

Description of electrical energy systemMost of high voltage grids are in good condition, with the exception of certain 110 kV lines, which require

modernization urgently. Also some of the main feed points, namely 110kV/15kV stations need to be modern-ized.

However, difficulties in connecting new consumers are a real challenge. The condition of the network, itstransmission capacity and possibilities of new connections overlap, of course. It is not infrequent, however, that even if the technical conditions are met, a connection cannot be made in a timely manner due to the number of connection applications and exhaustion of the resources allocated for that purpose, which is more frequent in the situation of economic growth and less frequent in the situation of economic decline.

Currently, the electrical power demand in Gdańsk is 280 MW. The current demand structure is presented in Table 4.

Current heat power demand [MW]

Industry Municipal sector Other buildings

Increase for heat power demand (new consumers)

Decrease of demand (thermo-modernization of buildings)

Current electrical power demand [MW]

Multi- family housing

Public buildings and services

Industry

Single-family housing


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The basic scenario projects an increase of power demand to the level of 330 MW in 2012, and in particular, stabilization or reduction of demand in industrial sectors and increase in the other sectors.

Description of natural gas distribution systemPomorska Spółka Gazownictwa is in good shape in terms of its technical conditions and basic assets. It

refers in particular to high pressure gas transmission networks. But the network operates at 90% of its transmis-sion capacity, which means that at peak load there is only 10% reserve transmission capacity. The concerns about insufficient transmission capacity forced construction of a new high pressure line of the diameter of 500 mm inthe region. The situation in pressure reduction station is not so dramatic as their peak load is only 54% of the nominal capacity.

Other remarksThe estimations of current heat demand assumed that heat consumption per unit of heated space is below

the real demand due to relatively high prices of fuels or network heat. That is why many flats are not heatedwell enough.

Elektrociepłownia Gdańsk 2 provides ca 60% of electrical energy consumed in the city and almost 50% of heat. That is why it would be difficult to minimize the role of energy generated from coal, and it is the problemof not only Gdańsk, but of the whole country.

The decision makers traditionally think that fuels - Russian and international coal (e.g. from South Africa, Venezuela), biomass (tree cutting waste, pellets), liquefied natural gas are imported through Gdańsk ports butconstruction of LNG terminal – big enough for the whole country is planned to be built in Świnoujście, not in Gdańsk.

Limiting development of wind power industry due to transmission constraints of electrical power grid is yet another aspect. Connecting wind farms to the system and adapting the system to transmission of power generated in wind farms is very expensive and time consuming. That is why construction of many wind farms will be postponed. Energy from wind farms is and will be insignificant in the energy balance of the city - thereare only few farms located in the city suburbs.

It is necessary to develop biomass market, for it to gain a big enough potential to deliver enough biomass to the existing and new customers. The following questions are raised in this area:

• conflict between using biomass in processes of co-combustion in the existing power boilers and usingbiomass in modern units with condensing boilers or biomass gasification systems

• now modern sources of heat of small and medium power are not able to offer competitive biomass price in comparison with the offers of Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże, which uses biomass in combined genera-tion of electrical energy and heat. Generating electrical energy from biomass is subsidized by the use of “green certificates”.

1.3. Medium-term time perspectiveThe main expected activities in energy systems of Gdańsk till 2020 are as follows:

• construction of gas-steam unit by Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże (this new investment depends on gas prices forecast, if they are unfavourable – construction of a modern biomass unit is planed); making wet desulfurization installation operational � construction of a new CHP plant in post-shipyard area; the unit would be equipped with CO2 capture installation

• increase of competition in heat market as a result of more general use of heat pumps, development of heating systems and construction of local natural gas based sources of heat

• popularization of solar collectors, a considerable portion of energy would be used for heating purposes, not only to heat water

• savings in energy consumption, in particular due to thermo-modernization of buildings and change of lighting technologies

• 5% share of biofuels in road transport• “completing” power processes in LOTOS Refinery as a result of building hydro-cracking installation, inte-

grated gasification combined cycle installation and combustion of remains of oils refining processes• increase of share of modern electrical energy sources: photovoltaic cells, fuel cells, gas engines.


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The above mentioned activities may result, compared to the present situation, in:• 50% increase of electrical energy production• stabilization and then reduction of CO2 emission• 95% reduction of SO2 emission in the sector of big energy sources.

The above mentioned activities take into consideration:• Development plans of LOTOS Refinary and Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże• Draft assumptions to the plan of heat, electrical energy and gas fuels supply in Gdańsk, Energoprojekt

Katowice SA 2005.

Description of roadmap for transition from short-term and medium-term time perspectiveThe activities that should be taken up till 2020 for the city energy system to be able to attain the local and

global objectives are listed below. The include, inter alia:Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże, Elektrociepłownia Gdańsk 2, main owner of Electricite de France • fuels diversification

• biomass and coal combined combustion• construction of gas-steam unit

• adapting to new environmental protection regulations• 2015 - making operational wet desulfurization installation in Elektrociepłownia Gdańsk 2• stabilization and increase of heat sale in Gdańsk • further development of heating system, in particular in southern and northern districts of the

city• development of small and medium scale sources of combined generation of electrical energy

and heat at the city outskirts – with the purpose of connecting those scattered systems to the main heating system in the future.

Gdańskie Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej (GPEC)• extension of heating system in many parts of the city• extension of heating systems Ciepłownia Osowa and Fundamentowa and Elektrociepłownia Matarnia • withdrawing from using coal in heat plants: Równa and Zawiślańska, and construction of connections

between their heating systems and the main heating system• construction of new source of combined electrical energy and heat generation • construction of multi-energy system with network coolness in the region of Matarnia, Kokoszki

Przemysłowe and Kokoszki Mieszkaniowe• further extension telemetry and telemechanics systems of the heating system• transfer from coal fuel to gas fuel in those local heating systems where connection to the main system is

impossible or would be inefficient, including installation of new high efficiency boilers in Ciepłownia Balcerskiego• further replacement of heat nodes.

Pomorska Spółka Gazownictwa• construction of new high pressure gas pipeline, close to Gdańsk agglomeration and construction of a

reduction station near Gdańsk• new gas pipeline for industrial areas of the city: LOTOS Refinery, Port Północny, Elektrociepłownia

Gdańsk 2• extension of medium pressure network in northern districts of the city and further extension of medium

pressure network in southern districts of Gdańsk (plans till 2025)

ENERGA-OPERATOR Gdańsk Branch• medium-term plans for development of ENERGA GROUP (plans till 2015) – most investments in the

period of 2012–2015• construction of main feed points: eight 110/15 kV/kV stations• plans for after 2015


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• construction of main feed points: five 110/15 kV/kV stations• modernization of existing 15 kV networks in many parts of the city.

Table 5 presents projection for changes in heat demand in Gdańsk in the period of 2012–2020.

Table 5. Projection for changes in heat demand in Gdańsk in the period of 2012 – 2020

Other remarksIt is expected that biomass market will develop and reach a big enough potential to be able to provide

biomass to the existing and new customers, including:• increasing biomass share in energy balance of Elektrociepłownia Gdańsk 2• introducing biomass or increasing its share in heat plants, inter alia, Fundamentowa, UNIKOM and

Zawiślańska• biomass for new units with condensing boilers• biomass gasification units.In total in 2020 ca 240 GWh of “green” heat will be transmitted to the customers, which will be ca 6% of

total demand for network heat. Construction of a modern gas-steam unit is planned mainly because of the elec-trical energy market needs. In gas-steam units a considerable bigger portion of chemical energy of the fuel is transformed into chemical energy than in steam units, and deficit of generation capacity is expected in electricalenergy market.

For the reasons mentioned above, but also thanks to the mechanisms of support, intensive development of wind power generation is planned. The development will take place in the region, but single power stations or small wind farms will be built in the city itself. Development of special urban structures of wind power stations of small capacity is also planned.

Vehicles powered by natural gas, biogas or methane-hydrogen mixture (hythane) will be playing a more and more significant role in the public transport sector. It is considered to be a natural stage before fuel cellspowered vehicles become more popular.

Extension of tram and urban railway connection will be intensified in medium-term perspective.

4.. 4. Long-term perspectiveThe year 2050 was adopted as a long-term perspective. Due to its remote character, further research will

have to develop a few roadmaps of sector the development for the city and the region for the period of 2020–2050. In our opinion, the basic scenario should be based on continued use of coal in big system sources and on distributed sources, using various forms of renewable energy. Additionally, despite plans to intensify activities to increase energy efficiency in previous periods, in this time perspective energy saving will also be a key to thesuccess of the plans.

Apart from energy-intensity and distributed energy generation, the base scenario, also proposed “clean” coal technologies are seen as key technologies, e.g.:

• dust boilers for supercritical conditions with CO2 capture (e.g. using monoethanolamine)• integrated coal gasification cycles (dry and wet technologies) with CO2 recycling and its compression • coal fired magnetohydrodynamic generators (MHD), also with CO2 capture • fluid pressure boilers, also with CO2 capture

Increase for heat power demand (new consumers)

Decrease of demand (thermo-moderniza-tion of buildings)


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The technologies of carbon dioxide capture from combustion gases or coal burning in the atmosphere of previously separated oxygen from the air, and combustion gases recycling and their compression considerably lowers total efficiency of the process of coal conversion into electrical energy, because they are very energy-intensive processes (10–20% of the energy produced). Moreover, the use of CO2 obtained in that way is also controversial, even if it is chemically very pure.

Pumping CO2 into natural gas and oil deposits is proposed. It would additionally enable increasing the pressure in those deposits and getting more fuels. With extra energy, CO2 can be fixed in synthetic fuels, con-tributing to saving fossil fuels.

The proposed long-term scenario assumes a significant share of electrical energy sources that need to besubsidized now, including:

• wind farms (in the region: future generation wind farms, in the city: special low power solutions)• panels of photovoltaic cells (90 GWh)• fuel cells (500 GWh – distributed sources and transport).The forecasted use of fuel cells in transport includes not only hydrogen cells but also cells with conversion

of natural gas into hydrogen, biogas and its mixtures with hydrogen. Use of fuel cells in vehicles means also pos-sibility of the so called garage generation only of electrical energy, but also recovery of heat from the cells for municipal purposes. It was also assumed that 80% of the energy generated in the cells will be used for transport purposes, and only 20% for other purposes.

The changes in structure of the energy system of the city mentioned above will decide about attainment of the global and local objectives presented at the beginning of the paper. In particular, implementation of this roadmap of development will lead to:

• 40–50% reduction of CO2 emissiondue to fossil fuels, not exceeding 40% of total energy for road trans-port

• 110 kWh/(m2/year), as an average value of the indicator of energy demand for heating purposes and heating water.

Despite the increase of residential floor space per resident, emission reduction will reach the present levelin developed countries of Western Europe. It means doubling the indicator from ca 20 m2 to 40 m2.

Description of roadmap for transition from medium-term and long-term perspectiveThe list of example activities is proposed as a sum-up of the above:• construction of integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)• application of support mechanisms:

• distributed energy sources, including combined generation of electrical energy and heat in pub-lic sector, industry, services, powered with natural gas, biogas, hythane (mixture of methane and hydrogen)

• microgeneration based on fuel cells• installation of systems of photovoltaic panels of small and medium power

• construction of hydrogen distribution networks• construction of hydrogen filling stations (first step – methane compression stations, second step hythane

filling stations, which would allow gaining experience and making people acquainted with hydrogen technolo-gies).

Other remarksIt is observed that in energy sector, like and other sectors of economy, are interested in technologies that

promise certainty of profit, that is safe for the investor. Mass application of proven and profitable technologiesleads to exhaustion of resources and possibilities of further spread of a given technology. Wind power genera-tion, which is profitable thanks to “green certificates” is an example of energy sub-sectors nowadays. The secu-rity of such investments is guaranteed by permanent shortage certificates of origin of energy from renewablesources, that is “green certificates”. It can be expected that after available land has been used to build windfarms, which will have hinder development of that sector, investors will be looking for new niches to invest in energy sector. We think that photovoltaic cell panels will be such a niche. The chances of PV technologies seem to be bigger than those of e.g. fuel cells, as the first ones do not require any fuel supply and storage system. On


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the other hand, panels require big installation surface areas per unit of the energy generated, electrical energy storage systems, and are strongly dependent on insolation.

The presented scenario can be totally changed if significant inventions are made, such as, foe example, light, durable and cheap electrical energy batteries.

The conclusion of the scenario discussions was further research under the project PATH-TO-RES should focus more on energy saving aspects than on construction of new power generation units.

4.5. Indicators – sum-up of energy roadmapsThe tables below present basic indicators concerning energy roadmaps for Gdańsk. The indicators include:

primary energy consumption, final energy consumption, indicators and amounts of CO2 emission.

PRIMARY ENERGY 2008 2012 2020 2050

Primary energy total [GWh] 9071 9426 9654 8547

Primary energy per resident [GWh/cap] 0.0200 0.0206 0.0211 0.0201

Hard coal 4661 4376 3030 1900

Natural gas 968 1051 2282 1830

Coke 29 24 16 10

Heating oil 145 116 59 5

Mazout 692 527 504 0

Diesel oil 1054 1159 1043 527

Petrol 870 1044 1149 174

LPG 308 400 400 62

Aircraft fuel 10 12 18 20

Municipal waste 0 0 0 0

Biogas+hythane 13 15 60 680

Biomass 300 580 819 1580

Liquid biofuels 19 96 192 500

Liquid synthetic fuels (from CO2) 0 10 50 500

Hydrogen 0 0 0 500

Solar energy 0 6 12 200

Geothermal energy 2 9 20 60

ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2008 2012 2020 2050

Energy consumption total [GWh] 6645 7097 7431 6916

Energy consumption per resident [GWh/cap] 0.0147 0.0155 0.0163 0.0163

Industry (with the exclusion of LOTOSu) [GWh] 611 477 487 420

Public sector and services [GWh] 596 655 658 660

Private sector [GWh] 3168 3232 3323 3051

Transport [GWh] 2270 2734 2962 2785


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CO2 emission [thousand tons] 2008 2012 2020 2050

Hard coal 1510 1418 982 616Natural gas 194 211 458 368Coke 11 9 6 4Heating oil 40 32 16 1Mazout 181 138 132 0Diesel oil 278 306 275 139Petrol 215 258 284 43LPG 69 90 90 14Aircraft fuel 3 3 5 5Municipal waste 0 0 0 0Biogas+hythane 0 0 0 0Biomass 0 0 0 0Liquid biofuels 0 0 0 0Liquid synthetic fuels (from CO2) 0 1 5 37Hydrogen 0 0 0 0Solar energy 0 0 0 0Geothermal energy 0 0 0 0Import of electrical energy 448 234 8 181

CO2 emission 2008 2012 2020 2050

Total CO2 emissions* [thousand tons] 2949 2699 2260 1407

CO2 emissions per resident [thousand tons /cap] 0.0065 0.0059 0.0050 0.0033

2. SUM-UPThe key entities, energy companies in particular, operate independently of one another, whereas it is

necessary to coordinate the plans of companies and the plans of local authorities. There is no regional energy agency. Such an agency would be responsible for supervision and coordination of long-term energy planning in the region, which now is the competence of the Marshall’s Office. It should also be remembered that municipali-ties, including the municipality of Gdańsk, develop their own plans and assumptions to energy supply plans. That is why it obvious that such plans should be coordinated by a competent body. Moreover, the activities initiated in the region or the municipality by a competent energy agency could result in actual implementation of the plan. Now the strategies are not accompanied by action plans and that is why their assumptions turn out to be unfea-sible. The planning process should be an iterative process, in which there is a sort of feedback loop, consisting in improving the strategy based on the experience from implementation of strategic objectives, included in the previous version of the strategy. Most often, however, an energy plan is put ad acta, and its new version is not planned, while it should be developed every 5 years.


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LITERATURE

1. Regional energy strategy, with special emphasis on renewable sources in Pomeranian Region for the period of 2007–2025, commissioned by Pomeranian Region Executive Board, based on the resolution No 250/04 of Pomeranian Region Parliament of 01.03.2004, August 2006.

2. Energy policy and the role of bioenergy in Poland, BioENPol Project implemented by Gdańsk University of Technol-ogy, Euroepan Entre of Renewable Energy EC BREC University in Lund.

3. EC Wybrzeże, Annual Report 2007, http://www.ecwybrzeze.pl/pdf/EC_raport_2007.pdf.4. Development strategy for Gdańsk till 2015, Operational programmes implementing the strategy in the period of

2005–2009.5. Statistical yearbooks of Pomeranian Region 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, Statistical Office in Gdańsk.6. Draft assumptions to the plan of heat, electrical energy and gas fuels supply in Gdańsk, Energoprojekt Katowice S.A.,

2005.7. Renewable Energy Roadmap – Renewable energies in the 21st century, European Commission (EC 10.01.2007).8. National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (EEAP) 2007, Ministry of Economy, Warszawa, June 2007.9. Jaskólski M., Modelowanie rozwoju regionalnych systemów energetycznych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem bioen-

ergii, doctoral dissertation, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk 2006.10. Przanowski K., Praca systemów elektroenergetycznych – Part I, Politechnika Łódzka, Łódź 1983.11. Google maps http://maps/google.com/


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