engine - englisch für ingenieure magazin no 01 2008.pdf

HISTORY Pneumatic TubeBASICS Pump SelectionBUSINESS PARTNER AustriaTHEMA Fahren im AuslandBUSINESS International English

EARTHRACE

Mean Green Machine

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März – Mai 2008

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engine wird fünf Jahre alt! Na ja, so in etwa. Denn ähnlich wie bei William Shakespeare herrscht auch bei engine ein wenig Unklarheit über das genaue Geburtsdatum. Fest steht, dass am 13. 3. 2003 der engine Dummy erschienen ist. Zugegeben kein allzu schmeichelhafter Name für die erste Ausgabe, aber die Bezeich-nung „Nullnummer“ für das Heft, mit dem vor dem Erscheinen einer Zeitschrift die Produk-tionsabläufe getestet werden sollen, ist auch nicht besser. Allerdings war die Ur-engine alles andere als ein Dummy und damit auch keine Nullnummer im umgangssprachlichen Sinn. Die engine mit der Nummer 0/2003 war ein vollwertiges Heft mit (fast) all den Elementen und Rubriken, die Sie auch heute noch schät-zen. Gedruckt wurde gleich in voller Aufl age, so dass sich möglichst viele von dem neuen Konzept überzeugen konnten. Und so wurde in den Augen der Redaktion und der Leser aus der Null schnell die Nummer 1. Ihnen an dieser Stelle ein dickes Dankeschön dafür, dass engine in den letzten fünf Jahren für Sie die Nummer 1 geblieben ist.

In dieser Zeit hat sich viel getan und das Heft ist erwachsen geworden: Rubriken und Serien kamen dazu, das Erscheinungsbild ist runder und seit Mitte 2003 ergänzt eine Webseite das Heft, auf der Sie sich heute unter anderem Vokabellisten und Audiodateien herunter laden können. Zudem gibt es auf vielfachen Wunsch seit dem Heft 2/2004 eine spezielle, leicht zu lesende Lautschrift.

Und wie geht’s weiter? Wenn Sie umblättern werden Sie sehen, dass wir als Geburtstags-überraschung gleich drei neue Rubriken für Sie im Heft haben. In Short ist ein fünftes, wie der Name schon sagt, kürzeres Feature, bei dem Sie aber das Gelesene gleich mit den zugehö-rigen Übungen vertiefen können. Im Bereich Technology haben wir das Pictorial überarbeitet, das jetzt in der Gestalt einer Mind Map (siehe auch S. 56) daher kommt. Wir hoffen, Ihnen

damit nicht nur sprachlich, sondern vielleicht auch konstruktiv einige Anregungen geben zu können. Außerdem können Sie ab sofort Ihr interkulturelles Wissen mit dem Kulturquiz Cross Culture Check überprüfen. Den Anfang machen sechs Situationen in den USA. Und das ist noch längst nicht alles. Derzeit arbeiten wir kräftig an der Umgestaltung unserer Web seite, die noch übersichtlicher und informativer werden soll.

Der „Motor“ läuft also nach wie vor auf vollen Touren und wir freuen uns mit Ihnen auf die nächsten fünf Jahre engine.

P.S.: Neben alle dem Neuen haben wir wie immer natürlich auch diesmal spannenden Reportagen ausgesucht. Wir reden mit Com-putern Japanisch, fahren in 60 Tagen um die Welt, schießen Dosen (fast) ins All, stellen Hochhäuser quer in den Wind, kochen Wasser mit Sonnenstrahlen und verschicken eine Rohrpost. Viel Vergnügen mit unserem Jubiläumsheft. ed

itori

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● 1 Titelbild: Earthrace

Matthias Meier, [email protected]

Die Ur-engine können Sie sich auf unserer Webseite ansehen:www.engine-magazin.de/5_1_1_0.php

Inhal

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Nr. 1 – März 20082 ●

Magazine

Editorial 1

News & Trends 4

Interview 6Thomas Weskamp

Gewinnspiel 27

Leeside of Business 55

Gelesen & Gehört 56

Vorschau 63

Impressum 63

The Last Straw 64

Features

Speedboat 8Mean Green Machine

Cansat 13Canned Satellites

Architecture 24Windscrapers

In Short 28Solar Power Picks up

Steam

Translation 37Catching the Babelfi sh

Der Bau von Dosen-Satelliten ist billig und macht Spaß, vermittelt aber dennoch alle

wichtigen Fähigkeiten für einen zukünftigen Job in der Raumfahrtindustrie. 13

Wenn es sein muss, taucht Kapitän Pete Bethune mit seinem Earthrace Trimaran

selbst unter Wellen durch, um in 60 Tage um die Welt zu fahren. 8

Neu

● 3 www.engine-magazin.de

Technology

Pictorial 16Technical Springs

Technical Dictionary 18Drive Technology

Basics 22Pumps

History 58Mail Under Pressure

History Audio Datei 62The Paige Compositor

Worldwide

Kultursprung 30Japan

Business Partner 32Austria

Thema 34Fahren im Ausland

Cross Culture Check 36USA

Language

Grammar Review 40 Future Tense

Vocabulary 42

False Friends 43

Business 44International English

Crossword 47

Advanced Learners 48Legal English

Phrases 51

On the Move 52Egbert in the Public Eye

Wäre es nicht schön, ein Gerät zu haben, das gesprochene Worte in jede andere Sprache

übersetzt? Forscher lassen diesen alten Traum langsam wahr werden. 37

Ab Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts entstanden in vielen großen Städten Rohrpostnetze

zur schnellen Zustellung von Briefen und Telegrammen. 58

Hochhäuser sind riesige Hindernisse, die den Wind in unseren Städten umlenken. Warum

nicht den Wind für Klimatisierung und Energiegewinnung nutzen? 24

Bilder v.l.n.r.: Earthrace, Annual Cansat Competition, SOM, Interact, Kunsthalle Bern

Neu

Neu

News & Trends

making ends meet = staying fi nancially afl oat

To dress a lady in the eighteenth century a lot of ends had to meet – corsets had to be buckled, fastenings to be hooked and even the shoes had buttons. Over time the meaning of ‘making ends meet’ shifted from describing the physical process to fi nding the funds to dress a lady properly.

catchaphrase**Bild: Handpresso

accelerometer • Beschleunigungsmesseradverse • ungünstig, nachteiligafl oat über Wasser,

schuldenfreiappendage • Anhängselassemble, to zusammenbauenattach, to befestigen, anbringenbelt brake Riemenbremsebuckle, to anschnallencapable of im Standecharge, to aufl adenchariot • (Streit-) Wagencollarbone Schlüsselbeincrosshairs Fadenkreuzdetachable abnehmbardisassemble, to demontieren, zerlegenexpense Kostenaufwandfastening Verschlussfully-fl edged vollwertigfunds Geldmittelfurniture • Möbelglove compartment Handschuhfachgyroscope • Kreiselhang-on festhalten anhump Buckel, Höckerkettle Wasserkessellack, to fehlen, mangelnlid Deckelmere • rein, bloßmortal Sterblichernominal nominellrabbit Kaninchenremoval Umzugs-shelf (shelves) Regalstove (Camping-) Kochersuperimpose, to •

überlagern

trigger, to auslösenwardrobe Schrankwhite water cruise Wildwasserfahrt

Pump Up the Cream

Did you ever miss an espresso with a perfect ‘crema’ on your trip through the Amazonian jungle or on your Grand Canyon white water cruise? While small espresso cans which fi t a camping stove are avail-able, their espresso usually lacks the typical ‘crema’ that only high pres-sure machines can produce.

Handpresso overcomes that problem with a little hand pump at-tached to the small coffee can. You just pump the machine to a good 16

bar, add some hot water from a kettle, insert a coffee-pad and screw the lid on. Turn the machine around, push a button and voilà, a perfect espresso. Finally, you can

enjoy a civilised espresso after a heavy meal of raw snake meat or

roasted grasshoppers. www.handpresso.fr

(watch the movies!)

Hang-on Glider

The Easy-Glider is a one-wheel vehicle powered by an electric motor with a foldable steering-bar and a detachable chariot. Easy to assemble, it can be used in different ways for example as a pure pulling device or as a sporting device for inline skates, skate boards or any other similar device with wheels.

The Easy-Glider is powered by a 360W electric motor and the integrated batteries provide a range of 10 to 20 km. The electricity produced during downhill driving is charged back into the batteries to increase the autonomy. The Easy-Glider has two brake systems – one C-brake for the front wheel in the form of a hand brake and two 70 mm belt brakes on the chariot in the form of a foot brake. www.easy-glider.com

Bild: Easyglider

Nr. 1 – März 20084 ●

*

Red Eye Vision

Movie characters from the Terminator to the Bionic Woman use bionic eyes to zoom in on far-off scenes, have useful facts pop into their fi eld of view, or create virtual crosshairs. Mere mortals might now be a step closer to this vision.

Engineers at the University of Washington have for the fi rst time used manufacturing techniques at microscopic scales to combine a fl ex-ible, biologically safe contact lens with an imprinted electronic circuit and lights. Looking through a completed lens, you would see what the display is generating superimposed on the world outside. The prototype device contains an electric circuit as well as red light-emitting diodes for a display, though it does not yet light up. The lenses were tested on rabbits for up to 20 minutes and the animals showed no adverse effects. A fully-fl edged display won’t be available for a while, but a version that has a basic display with just a few pixels could be operational “fairly quickly,” according to the researchers.

http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=39094

Making Ends Meet

Always on the move? The removal truck company sends you a bottle of good wine for Christmas? Then Casulo is all you need. It’s a complete set of fur-niture – including bed, wardrobe, desk, shelves and three chairs – that fi ts onto a standard Euro pallet.

The set can be set up in less than ten minutes and later disassembled and repacked. No tools are needed in the process. A packed Casulo can be transported and stored at nomi-nal expense by any shipping company. The unit is made of durable, long-lasting materials and no additional packaging materials are neces-sary when it is ready for transport. At last a solution for today’s style of life – “Here today – must move tomorrow.” www.mein-casulo.de

A Blow to the Curve

Naturally you are driving a car with the lat-est airbag technology. But what about your motorbike? No glove compartment, no airbag you might think, but think again. Dainese has developed an airbag-system for bikers.

Currently being tested under real life rac-ing conditions, the D-air system is capable of protecting areas of the rider’s body that traditional protections always failed to reach before: the shoulders, the collarbone and the neck. The entire system is housed inside a special new appendage mounted on the rider’s shoulders and back instead of the classic aerodynamic hump.

The system is managed by a sophisti-cated system of accelerometers and gyroscopes housed inside the hump; the signals are managed by a data interpretation algorithm that triggers infl ation. The trigger signal goes directly to a gas generator that infl ates the airbag in 40 milliseconds. So far the D-air system has been developed exclusively for on-track use by professional racers or expert amateurs. www.dainese.com

Bilder: Casulo

Bild: Dainese

Bild: University of Washington

www.engine-magazin.de ● 5

Innovation is Changing RulesIs innovation always good for you? Thomas Weskamp, Associate Principal at McKinsey Germany, talks about the meaning behind a much talked about word.

Sind Innovationen immer gut für das Geschäft? Thomas Weskamp, Associate Principal von McKin-sey Deutschland, spricht über die wahre Bedeutung hinter dem Mode-wort Innovation.

www.mckinsey.deWer einen Innovations-Kick von draußen braucht, fi ndet ihn vielleicht hier.

Interview

What’s your defi nition of innovation?Innovation to me means launching new ideas and inventions on the markets. But that doesn’t mean that innovation is limited only to new products: new processes and business models are also of particular importance.

Is innovation necessary even if a product sells well and is profi table?Each and every product has its own life: some seem to live forever, others only for a few years. But in any case, it’s a fact that sooner or later there’s always going to be a next-genera-tion product with a better cost effectiveness – either you sell this new product to your customers or somebody else will do it. An-other factor which is changing the rules is the so-called systematic innovation, for example green biotechnology. Other examples include digital photography, which has almost crushed the whole traditional analogue market, or the

MP3-players revolutionizing the entire music industry. Innovation can hit any successful product, so whatever happens, companies should create some innovation freedom.

What is innovation’s strongest enemy?A stereotypical, preconceived way of thinking – the attitude Einstein described as follows: “If you do what you’ve always been doing, you’ll achieve what you’ve always been achieving.” Some preconceived mindsets might have been helpful once and might sometimes be helpful even today, but they clearly limit the scope for innovation. At B2B companies, one tends to think that you should never talk to or even visit your customer’s customer or the end-consumer to understand their needs – based on the belief that this doesn’t belong to the B2B business. But in fact, those visits are often the key to identifying the possibility for innova-tion.

ability Fähigkeit, Vermögenachieve, to • erreichen, leistenagenda • Tagesordnungattitude Haltung, Einstellungbelief Glauben, Meinungcope with sth., to meistern, bewältigencrucial • wichtig, entscheidendcrush, to vernichten, erdrückencustomer Kundedismiss, to • abtun, ablehnendiverge, to abweicheneffort Anstrengung, Bemühungentire gesamt, komplettentrepreneurial •

unternehmerisch

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Unsere vereinfachte Lautschrift orientiert sich an der deutschen Aussprache und wird gesprochen, wie sie geschrieben wird. Betonte Silben sind fett gedruckt. Leider geht es nicht ganz ohne Sonderzeichen:

= stimmloses th wie in „thank you“

= stimmhaftes th wie in „the“

= kurzes, unbetontes ewie in „danke“

= langes, offenes o wie in „hoffen“

enGineLautschrift

hastily eilig, vorschnellimpact Einfl uss, Bedeutungimprove, to verbesserninitial anfänglichinvention Erfi ndunglaunch, to • einführen, startenlean dünn, magermarketability Marktfähigkeitmatter Angelegenheitmindset Denkweise, Mentalitätobservation Beobachtungpreconceived •

voreingenommen

probability • Wahrscheinlichkeitpursue, to • verfolgen, fortführenresearcher Forscherscope (Spiel)raumshrewdness • Scharfsinnsteadiness Beständigkeitsuccess Erfolgswiftly schnell, eiligtextbook Lehrbuch

Nr. 1 – März 20086 ●

Dieses Interview erschien ursprünglich in Senses, Ausgabe III 2007. Die Veröffentlichung von Auszügen daraus erfolgt mit freundlicher Genehmigung von Symrise. Mehr zum Thema Innovation im Bereich Geschmack und Geruch unter www.syrise.com

Can companies expect their employees to be innovative?One shouldn’t expect them to be innovative, but they can be stimulated for sure. When I visit companies, I sometimes think, “If only they in-vested all the efforts they put into security in innovative ability, this would really be a great place to work – not to forget, of course, that security is a pretty important matter.“

How about involving external groups in the innovation process?Oh yes, absolutely! Generally, it has a positive impact, not only on research-ers and scientists but also on all employees, because they’re improving their understanding for the customer and the end-consumer market and, thus, are also fi nding solutions the consumer is willing to pay for.

Is there something like generalities for innovation?I wouldn’t say so, but of course there are defi nitely some success factors like foresight and steadiness, plus a unique understanding of problems through partnerships and connections, as well as an excellent project management as a result of globally top-rated know-how. I would also add to this lean processes and highly motivated employees, plus the atten-tion innovation gets from the top-management. From my own experience, companies need to be good in at least some of those fi elds to be very in-novative. All these aspects then need to be implemented – for example, in a clear innovation strategy with clear goals, and with the help of external networks of course. Initial ideas and observations should be systematically lifted and developed instead of hastily turning them into projects without having the necessary background knowledge, or dismissing them as non-sense. Additionally, transparency when it comes to actual projects and the innovation portfolio helps a lot.

Is innovation always successful?Not at all, failure is always on the other side of the coin; that’s what companies should always keep in mind. Sometimes that’s not too easy to cope with because the management feels uncomfortable if the current performance diverges only a few percent from the projection. Radical in-novation – even if it’s classifi ed as leading the innovation process – may have a probability of success of less than 20 percent. To compensate that, companies need to create a whole portfolio of initiatives. But if only one or two innovations make the breakthrough, they need to compensate all the failures – at least fi nancially.

How can a company decide whether a certain innovation is worth putting on the agenda?Eventually, the market decides. Each initial management analysis of an innovation is a combination of skill and hard work. The work consists of a precise and systematic analysis enabling the management to estimate a product’s marketability. But the real skill of making innovations successful is equally as important. Sometimes an “entrepreneurial shrewdness” is more important than all the textbook knowledge. Very often it’s only the differ-ence in market positioning that’s crucial for success or failure. Further-more, many companies should check their innovations by carrying out a test on their prototypes as soon as possible. Companies tend to work on an idea far too long internally instead of swiftly trying it out in a real situa-tion. It is very important to be able to evaluate as early as possible whether pursuing an innovation economically makes sense or not. !

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Mean Green MachineAround the world in, well, 60 days. That’s the aim of the Earthrace project. Skipper Pete Bethune and his wave-piercing trimaran are on their way to break a ten-year-old record in a very up-to-date fashion: the vessel’s mean 500 hp engines are powered by green Biodiesel.

Um die Welt nicht in 80 sondern 60 Tagen. Das ist das Ziel des Earthrace Projekts. Wenn es sein muss, taucht Kapitän Pete Bethune mit seinem Trimaran selbst unter Wellen durch, um den Rekord zu brechen – mit um-weltfreundlichem Biodiesel im Tank, versteht sich.

Speedboat

“Get behind the controls of this boat and it‘s the closest you‘ll ever get to feeling like Superman,“ said Adrian Erangey, the operations manager for Earthrace, on our way to the Algarve port of Vilamoura. For a man who had suffered four broken ribs and a collapsed lung after falling out of his bunk during his last stint on board, you might have thought he would have been only too aware of his mortality. But already this ginger Dubliner was itching to get back on the boat and smash all records by circumnavigating the globe in just 60 days.

Earthrace had arrived here during a Euro-pean tour aimed at drumming up support ahead of the attempt to break the record next March. Given Portugal’s roll-call of ocean-going explor-ers such as Vasco da Gama, Bartholomeu Dias and Ferdinand Magellan, I feared that trying to

wow the locals with maritime boasts would be like telling Italians how to cook pasta. But, judg-ing from the crowds already lining the harbour at Vilamoura, even they seemed impressed by this futuristic-looking vessel.

The World’s Coolest Boat

Earthrace is not your standard petrol-guzzling powerboat. Its jaw-dropping looks have already earned it the unoffi cial mantle of the world’s coolest boat, but it is also one of the greenest. Fuelled by biodiesel and made with environ-mentally friendly products, it has on-board recycling, and all its carbon emissions are offset. But forget images of sandal-wearing sailors and lentil soup. This boat’s performance in the

Nr. 1 – März 20088 ●

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water is what turns the petrol heads on. With its 13,000-litre fuel tanks it can travel halfway round the world at speeds of up to 40 knots.

Set back on its haunches like a lion preparing to pounce, the Earthrace made the hundreds of gleaming gin palaces and lavish yachts moored in the harbour behind appear to belong to a bygone era. I half expected the boats to turn their prows

aim Ziel, Absichtbunk Schlafkojebygone • vergangencarbon (dioxide) • Kohlendioxidcircumnavigate, to •

umschiffen, umfahren

disgust Ekel, Empörungdrum up, to zusammentrommelnendeavour • Unternehmen, Bestrebungginger • rotblondgleaming glitzerndguzzle, to • schlucken, saufenhaunch • Schenkel, Keule, Laufitch, to darauf brennen, juckenjaw-dropping • atemberaubend

away in disgust at the attention lavished on this newcomer. And it will continue to be this way as Earthrace spends the next six weeks touring Spain, France and Italy before heading to Valen-cia for the start of the race on March 1.

Unlike most record-breaking endeavours, Earthrace is open to anyone. Just turn up at any of its ports of call, pay £3.50 and you’ll get a !

lavish • aufwändiglavish (sth. on sth.), to etw. m. etw. überschüttenlentil • Linsemantle • Mantel, Hüllemean hier: super, tollmoor, to • festmachen, vertäuenmortality Sterblichkeitoffset ausgleichen, aufwiegenpierce, to • durchstoßen, stechenpounce, to ergreifen, herabstoßenprow • Bugstint Arbeitsperiode, Dienstzeitsuffer, to (er-)leidenvessel Schiffwow, to • begeistern, beeindrucken

Due to its unique design, the Earthrace trimaran can cut through the waves instead of going over them, allowing higher average velocities than other speedboats.

Initiator and skipper Pete Bethune not only put all his heart and money into the project but also his body fat. (Bild: Earthrace)


Bild: Earthrace/Jim Burkett

full tour of the boat with one of the crew. For less than £30 you get a rip-roaring journey out at sea or, for the ultimate adventure, you can fork out £5,000 to join the four-man crew during one of the 12 legs of the actual race.

“It’s not every day that you get the chance to enter the record books and earn bragging rights for life,” says Erangey. “Circumnavigating the globe represents the pinnacle of powerboat chal-lenges.”

For all the talk of records, what quickly be-comes apparent is that the crew is serious about spreading the green gospel. After working for years as an oil exploration engineer in the North Sea, the ship’s New Zealand-born cap-tain, Pete Bethune, is well aware of the paucity of oil resources.

Despite a lucrative offer from Sir Richard Branson to sponsor the boat and provide its fuel, Bethune refused to compromise on his biodiesel. What better way to prove the viability of “green” fuels that produce 78 per cent less carbon emissions than by smashing the decade-old record set by Britain’s Ian Bosworth, who circumnavigated the globe in 75 days on the diesel-run Cable & Wireless boat?

Although the enthusiastic Earthrace team tirelessly bang the environmental drum, it is the boat’s design that really draws in the crowds. Its arrow-shaped hull and twin “skis” enable it to cut through oncoming waves and surf down any that hit it from behind. It can travel faster in rough seas than any other vessel.

As we arrived, Bethune was busy regaling a group of children on the jetty with swashbuckling tales of being shot at by pirates in Colombia, chased by dolphins in Mexico and water-skiing on Loch Lomond. Behind him, the Maori tat-toos that adorn the silver-and-black hulls of the boat leave you in no doubt as to where it was built. Bethune re-mortgaged his house to keep his dream afl oat, while sponsors have put in around £1 million. The rest comes from donations - the fuel from biodiesel companies, the twin engines from Cummins Motors, translation services from Push International and invaluable help from volunteers the world over.

“This job doesn’t pay, but I’m working on something I believe in and living the dream,” said Bethune. But, as I took my fi rst tentative steps down into the cramped, airless cabin, dream was not the word that sprang to mind. It quickly becomes apparent that little of the £3 million has been lavished on the interior. It may

www.earthrace.net (engl.)Offi zielle Seite des Earthrace mit Hintergründen und der aktuellen Berichterstattung vom Rekordversuch inklusive Blog, Satellitenverfolgung und Webcam.

www.deutsche-med.de/earthrace (dt./engl.)Deutscher Sponsor des Projekts mit umfangreicher Webseite auch auf Deutsch.

http://assets.earthrace.net/vid/waves%20web.wmv (engl.)Die Computersimulation zeigt, wie das Boot unter den Wellen durchtaucht: How cool is that?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UTI7fdarhI (engl.)Video über den Prototyp und den begeisterten Kapitän.

www.deutsche-med.de/earthrace/index.php?go=videos&show=high4 (engl.)Video vom Bau des Trimarans – und gute Gelegenheit sich in den neuseeländischen Dialekt einzuhören.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VK6nSJCw58 (engl.)Stimmungsvolles Video.

http://link.brightcove.com/services/link/bcpid1137692013/bclid1155263807/bctid1328557230 (engl.)Den Artikel ergänzendes Video des Autors.

adorn, to schmücken, zierenafl oat über Wasser, schwimmendapparent offensichtlicharray • Anordnungboast, to sich rühmenbrag, to angeben, prahlenchuckle, to kichern, glucksencramped beengt, überfülltcue • Stichwort, Einsatzdeafening ohrenbetäubenddin Lärmdonation Spendefork out, to berappen, ausgebengauge • Anzeige (-instrument)gospel Evangelium, Prinzipienhuddle, to sich zusammendrängenhull Rumpf, Schiffskörperjetty Landungssteg, Anlegerkettle Wasserkocherleg hier: Etappe, Abschnittlife raft Rettungsinsel

liken, to vergleichenmod-cons moderner Komfortpaucity • Mangelpinnacle Gipfel, Spitzeregale, to • erfreuen, ergötzenre-mortgage, to •

eine zweite Hypothek aufnehmen

reverberate, to • erschüttern, widerhallenrip-roaring tollsane bei gesundem Verstandslam, to bolzen, schlagensleek geschmeidig, glattsmash, to zerschlagenspew, to ausspeien, spuckenswashbuckling verwegententative • tastend, vorsichtigthrottle Gashebeltiller Ruderpinneviability • Brauchbarkeitwistfully sehnsüchtigYotel Kabinenhotel

Nr. 1 – März 200810 ●

boast state-of-the-art navigation equipment and a ground-breaking design, but the cramped interior makes a Yotel room look like a suite at a Shangri-La hotel. This boat was built for speed, pure and simple.

Raw Power, Deafening Noise

For all its sleek looks, it was only when the engines started up that you realised the raw power of Earthrace. And the noise! One pas-senger likened the deafening din of the engines reverberating around the carbon-fi bre cabin to standing by the speakers at a Led Zeppelin concert.

“It averages about 85 decibels at cruising speed. Without earplugs the crew would go deaf,” Bethune explained matter-of-factly.

I had taken a seat in the cockpit in front of a vast array of GPS controls, gauges and other boating mod-cons, just in time to see us pass a bronze statue of an old fi shing captain on the harbour wall. His large weathered hands gripped a wooden tiller as he stared wistfully out to sea, looking out for fi sh, fair winds and, perhaps, the future as the shape of Earthrace

cruised by. As if on cue, the boat slammed into overdrive. Bethune pushed the throttle forward, the guests fell back, and the boat hungrily ate up the water, spewing it over the back of the boat as everyone huddled in the cockpit. In a fl ash, that very British enclave of Vilamoura had all but disappeared.

It is hard to imagine how you stay sane living in this cramped cabin for days on end, with the deafening roar of the engines and mile upon mile of ocean ahead. It was just then that I spot-ted the axe.

“Ah, yes, that,” Erangey chuckled. ‘’That is something we hope not to use. If this boat were to fl ip over, it wouldn’t sink, but there is also no way out. That’s where the axe comes in - just make sure the hole is big enough for the life raft as well.” How comforting.

As Bethune eased back on the throttle (to 20-25 knots, the speed that Earthrace will need to maintain to beat the record), I took my chance to jump down from the cockpit to have a look around. I soon realised I had left the most com-fortable place on the boat.

In the pencil-thin galley, where foodstuffs are packed away alongside a wok, toaster and ket-tle, space is at a premium. The only luxuries !


are a few photos and a dartboard on the back of the door. “I’ll challenge anyone to even hit the board during 40ft waves,” said Erangey.

Next door were six simple bunks - four for the crew, one for a guest and the other contain-ing the emergency life raft. The team operates a hot-bed system when racing. Working in pairs, they spend two hours at the controls and two hours off, when they try to sleep wherever they can.

Sign up for a race leg and you’ll be expected to perform the same duties as the crew. The only requirement, Bethune says, is that you have some guts - just not of the beer variety.

Any doubts about Bethune’s commitment were dispelled when it emerged that he recently had liposuction and converted the extracted fat into biodiesel. However, before you think that cosmetic surgery might save the planet, it only produced 100 ml of fuel.

What the crew lacks in space is made up for in support. Almost every inch of the walls are covered with good-luck messages in dozens of languages. “When things take a turn for the worse, it’s surprising how these comments can keep you going,” says Bethune.

I was laughing at one of the messages when I got a taste of what life on the high seas might be like. We hit a wave - minuscule by Earthrace standards, but enough for the boat suddenly to dive under water, defying all the logic of a normal vessel. Water roared overhead, the wind-screen was totally submerged and for a split-second we were engulfed in darkness. Bethune wore a maniacal grin while guests fi rst yelped, then giggled with relief as the boat emerged back into sunshine. “Now imagine what it’s like in 40ft seas. A bombardment of the senses,” said Bethune.

Hull � Trimaran � new wave-piercing design� carbon, kevlar composites� 24 metres in length

Engine� 2 x 540 horsepower� 10,000 litres fuel capacity� 6000 km range� air intakes on top of wings to remain above waves

while piercing

Environment� 100 % Biodiesel� zero carbon footprint via carbon trading� non-toxic anti-foul

Start – Finish1st March 2008 – beginning of May

RouteSagunto, Spain – Azores – Puerto Rico – Panama Canal – Manzanillo, Mexico – San Diego, USA – Hawaii – Majuro, Marshall Islands – Koror, Palau – Singapore – Cochin, India – Salalah, Oman – Suez Canal – Sagunto, Spain

Earthrace Factbook

Dieser Artikel erschien ursprünglich im Telegraph, Online-Ausgabe vom 1. 12. 2007, und wird hier mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Telegraph Media Group veröffentlicht.www.telegraph.co.uk

anti-foul Unterwasseranstrichcommitment Engagement, Hingabecosmetic surgery Schönheitsoperationdefy, to • herausfordern, trotzendispel, to • beseitigen, ausräumenduty Pfl icht, Aufgabeengulf, to verschlingen, einhüllenguts Mumm, Mutliposuction • Fettabsaugungmaniacal • wahnsinnigminuscule • unbedeutend, winzigroar, to tosen, brausensocket Augenhöhlestrain, to anstrengensubmerge, to • untertauchen, eintauchenyelp, to • hier: aufschreien

As we returned to harbour, a nine-year-old boy took a turn at the wheel, his sockets straining to hold on to his eyes as he manoeuvred this metallic beast back into port under Bethune’s guidance. The grins of the adults on board told the same story.

“It is mind-blowing,” said Chris Pearman, 57, from Essex. “I know this sounds unpatriotic, given that it’s a British boat that currently holds the record, but I’ll be praying that these boys do it. I just need to save up a few pounds to take part - and lose a few to fi t inside the boat. It’s for a good cause too - I hadn’t really thought about this environmental stuff before. And be-ing in the record books won’t half sound good down the pub.” # Charles Starmer-Smith

The Earthrace trimaran looks more like a space-ship than a boat.

The ‘wings’ are actually the air-inlets for the two 540-horsepower engines. The openings are to the rear in the hope that the diesels won’t take in seawater during wave-piercing.

Bild: Deutsche Med

Bild: Earthrace

Nr. 1 – März 200812 ●

Canned SatellitesBuilding a satellite is an expensive and very delicate business, certainly not suitable as a hands-on training course for fi rst semester students of astronautics. Or is it? Soda-can-sized satellites are cheap and fun to build and help to train the basic skills for a future job in the space industry.

Einen Satelliten zu bauen ist teuer und kompliziert. Auf keinen Fall geeig-net als Praktikum für Erstsemester in der Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik. Oder etwa doch? Der Bau eines Satelliten in einer Dose ist billig und macht Spaß, ver-mittelt aber den-noch alle wichtigen Fähigkeiten für einen zukünftigen Job in der Raum-fahrtindustrie.

Cansats

Bild: Annual Cansat Competition

There are a lot of things you can do with beer and soda cans: We used to play football with them or fl ip the ring pull like a fl ying saucer (remember?). Today, we carry them obedi-ently to the next collection point to reclaim our deposit. But there are truly more fascinating things you can do with cans – what about sending them (almost) into space?

A growing number of students worldwide are trying to do exactly that. Satellites in a can, Cansats for short, are the brainchild of Prof. Bob Twiggs from the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Stanford University. In the late nineties, he was trying to think of a way to

get his students practically involved in a one-semester project without nuking the universi-ty’s budget. Not an easy task if you happen to teach rocket science where every plug and pin usually costs a fortune. So he asked his stu-dents to build a complete probe with sensors, transmitter, power supply and a parachute, but small enough to fi t into your average beverage can. Naturally, these canned satellites wouldn’t be going into space, our orbit is littered enough already, but instead were to be launched with an amateur rocket, a balloon or simply dropped from a plane. Although not exactly spacefaring, such a project nonetheless includes all aspects of a real satellite launch – multidisciplinary teams have to be formed, schedules made, mis-sions proposed, systems designed, tested and fi nally launched, and data has to be transmitted and analysed. A challenging task for undergradu-ate students indeed, but well within what can be expected from them.

The idea spread quickly to other universi-ties, mainly in the US and Japan. To motivate the students even further, competitions are held with defi ned mission goals and extra points for additional data. The standard mission descrip-tion is usually to drop a probe on a planetoid!

Vokabeldownload: www.engine-magazin.de/extrasbeverage • Getränkbrainchild Idee, geistiges Produktcanned in Dosen abgefülltchallenging herausforderndcompetition Wettbewerbdeposit Pfandhands-on praktischlaunch, to • abschießenlittered übersätnuke, to • sprengen (m. Atomwaffe)obediently • folgsam, gehorsamparachute • Fallschirmprobe • Sonde, Satellitreclaim, to zurückverlangenring pull Laschenverschluss (Dose)schedule • (Ablauf-) Plansoda can Getränkedosespacefaring Raumfahrt-,

weltraumfahrendundergraduate im Vordiplom, ohne

Abschluss


and measure atmospheric properties – with planetoids ranging from cow pastures next to the campus to military areas borrowed for the weekend.

Among the largest of these competitions is the Annual Cansat Competition in Texas organ-ised by, amongst others, the NASA and Twigg’s ARLISS – A Rocket Launch for International Student Satellites – in Nevada. ARLISS has an open class encouraging the students to try differ-ent designs such as Cansats with GPS tracking, two-part probes which split up and create an in-fl ight network, or even rovers returning to the launch point. And in the 2008 Annual Cansat Competition students can win extra points if

their satellites take a panoramic image after landing, collect some soil samples or land at predefi ned coordinates. Imagination runs wild when the teams experiment with bat-like wings, autogiro airbrakes instead of parachutes, or a rolled up metal measuring tape as landing gear.

Both competitions are mainly national events with a few entries from Japan, another strong Cansat nation. Here in Europe, the TU Delft holds an annual competition, and the European Space Agency is trying to establish at least a European, if not international, contest.

Space Master’s Pride

Although competitions can be motivating, Prof. Dr. Klaus Schilling prefers the education-al value of Cansats. He is head of the chair for Robotics and Telematics at the Julius-Maximil-ian-University Würzburg and somewhat of a space veteran, having worked on projects like the Huygens and Rosetta probes. He imported the Cansat concept directly from Stanford, where he used to work with its inventor Prof. Twiggs. “The Cansat is an ideal hands-on one-semester project and an integral part of our Space Master course,” says Schilling.

The ‘Space Master’ is a four-semester post-graduate course for bachelors in natural science or engineering designed to prepare them for a job in the space industry. The course starts in Würzburg and then moves to Kiruna in the North of Sweden. During the fi nal two semes-ters students can choose from six European Universities for further specialisation.

“At the beginning of the fi rst semester, each team of four to fi ve students, ideally with dif-ferent backgrounds, gets handed a bag with all the major components for the Cansat,” explains Schilling. These include circuit boards, transmit-ter, receiver, different sensors, battery, storage, microcontroller and, of course, a can – happily provided by a local brewery. “These are just the basic parts for a start, not a complete kit,” warns Schilling, “the students still have to fi gure out how to put them together, they must decide whether the data should be stored or transmit-ted, and of course, they must program all the software. We also encourage our students to add their own sensors or hardware features.”

A look at this semester’s little fl otilla of Cansats shows the creativity of the future Space Masters. Interestingly enough, no-one has used the original can; some used a plastic tube to show off their electronics and even a cocoa sprinkler can be seen – not a bad idea since the screw-on lid gives easy accessibility, and the holes expose the sensors to the atmosphere while

Top to bottom: Amateur rockets used for the Annu-al Cansat Competition; the popular cocoa sprinkler design; an autogiro slows the descent; a winged “bat-can”; the main parts of a cansat: sensors, electronics and antennae, a standard beer can and a parachute.Bilder: 3 x Annual Cansat Competition, mm, TU Delft.

Nr. 1 – März 200814 ●

www.spacemaster.uni-wuerzburg.de www.spacemaster.sewww.esa.int/esaHS/SEM80XMHE8F_education_0.html Website der Uni Würzburg und allgemeine Seiten mit allen Informationen zum Space Master Studiengang. Interessenten können sich noch bis zum 25. Mai 2008 für die diesjährigen Kurse bewerben.

www7.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/cubesatHomepage des deutschen Cubesats UWE 1

www.arliss.orgA Rocket Launch for International Student Satellites – einer der wichtigsten Wettbewerbe für Cansats.

www.cansatcompetition.comHomepage der Annual Cansat Competition mit Ausschreibung, Videos und vielen Bildern aus dem Jahr 2007

http://spacegrant.colorado.edu/studentsatCansat Workshops der vergangenen Jahre. Unübersichtliche, aber dennoch sehr informative Seite.

www.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=d9e22605-ab48-4ff1-a880-f83a4238dbcb&lang=enCansat-Seite der TU Delft.

at the same time protecting them. The students added GPS tracking, radiation sensors, accel-erometers or a double bottom with a spring to cushion the landing.

To spur the student’s ambition, Schilling added a little contest of his own: “The winning team will have the chance to fl y their Cansat on a high altitude balloon during the next semester in Kiruna.” The balloon will reach an altitude of 30 kilometres, that’s about 1/3 into space. Not too bad for a soda can.

But Schilling wants his students to take their satellites even further – from a can’s 0.33-litre volume to one litre – and out into orbit. His eyes start shining a little when he talks about one of the most ambitious research thesis and dissertation projects he can offer to

his students: “The Cubesat is a student-built picosatellite, a cube ten by ten by ten centime-tres with a maximum weight of one kilogram. Piggyback with a larger research satellite, it will be carried into a 700-kilometre orbit.”

From Can to Cube

The fi rst Cubesat, called UWE 1 for Univer-sity Würzburg’s Experimental satellite, was launched into orbit on October 27th, 2005. It’s still up there, but has long since completed its mis-sion – the use of a micro-Linux as an onboard operating system proved successful, the reliabil-ity of the internet protocol TCP/IP for spacecraft communication was tested and its new, highly effi cient solar cells now carry the label “space-proven”. Keep it small and simple is the major design principle for a Cubesat and, therefore, it doesn’t have thrusters and gyros to control its position but a simple magnet that roughly aligns the cube to the Earth’s magnetic fi eld.

An engineering model of the Space Master’s pride sits in a display cabinet in a corner of the workshop. Around it the students are busy pre-paring its successor, UWE 2. While the Cansat mostly trains their organisational skills, the Cubesat is the real thing, asking, among other things, for assembly under cleanroom condi-tions and thorough testing. As professionally as this testing is carried out, a few reminiscences of the good-old improvisational Cansat days can still be found – don’t dare heat your lunch in the device that looks like a small standard electric oven; it’s a heat chamber for fi xing Cubesat components with temperature-hardened glue to withstand launcher vibrations.

Although Cubesats are small and the possi-bilities for sensors and experiments are limited, Schilling sees them in a greater context: “In-stead of one large satellite, we imagine swarms of small picosatellites. The sensor resolution of a single picosatellite might be small, but their combined resolution can be much higher. What’s more, swarms of com-municating satellites are more tolerant towards malfunctions or a breakdown of a single satellite.”

The development of picosatellites clearly holds promise, and in the future more and more of them might boldly go where no can has gone before. " Matthias Meier

accelerometer • Beschleunigungsmesseraccessibility • Erreichbarkeit, Zugangalign, to ausrichtenambitious anspruchsvollbat Fledermausboldly verwegenchair Lehrstuhlcircuit board • Leiterplatte, Platinecocoa sprinkler • Kakaostreuercube Würfel, Kubuscushion, to • abdämpfen, federndare, to wagen, sich unterstehendevice Gerät, Apparatdisplay cabinet Vitrineencourage, to • ermutigen, bestärkenentry Beitrag, Teilnahme expose, to freilegen, aussetzenfi gure out, to ausrechnen, herausfi ndenfl otilla • Flottegyro • Kreiselinventor Erfi nderkit Bausatzlanding gear Landefahrwerklid Deckelmalfunction Störung, Fehlfunktionpasture • Weidepiggyback huckepackpostgraduate nach beendetem Studiumproperty Eigenschaftreceiver Empfängerreminiscence • Erinnerungrover hier: Fahrrobotersample Probeskill Fähigkeit, Könnensoil Erdreich, Bodenspring Federspur, to • anspornen, anregenswarm Schwarmthesis • Diplomarbeitthruster Schubdüsetrack sth., to etw. verfolgen, aufspüren

Cubesat UWE 1 was the fi rst German student-built satellite to be launched into space.


Pictorial

air spring

annular spring

fl at spring

gas spring

leaf spring

Technical Springs

disc (Belleville) springspiral spring volute spring

stressF!

torsion

torsion bar

bending

"

tension/compression#!/!#

elastomer spring

other

Nr. 1 – März 200816 ●

double loopgerman loop half loop hookside loopenglish loop

garter spring

closed end

closed groundend

open end

open groundend

torsion spring

extension spring

!#

compression spring

#!helical spring

barrel springconical springhourglass

spring

dimensions

D = diametred = wire diametrep = pitchn = number of turnsa = helix angle

n

D

apd


Antriebstechnik – Drive Technology

Von A wie Abschaltmoment bis Z wie Zylinderrollenlager

Technical Dictionary

Nr. 1 – März 200818 ●

Abschaltmoment disconnecting torqueAbtriebskupplung output side couplingAbtriebsmoment output torqueAchsabstand centre distanceAnpressung contact pressureAntrieb driveAntriebselement driving elementAntriebskupplung input side couplingAntriebsmoment input torqueAntriebsriemen transmission beltAntriebsscheibe drive pulleyAntriebstechnik drive technologyasbestfrei asbestos-freeAsynchronmotor asynchronous motorAusgleich compensationausrücken disengage, toAxialversatz axial misalignmentBalgenkupplung bellow couplingBolzenkupplung pin and bush couplingBremse brakeBremsscheibe brake discBremstrommel brake drumbürstenloser Motor brushless motorDämpfung dampingDistanzhülse distance ringdoppelgelenkig double jointedDoppelschrägverzah-nung

double helical gears

Doppelzahnriemen double-sided timing beltDrehmoment torqueDrehmomentbegrenzer torque limiterdrehstarr torsionally rigidDrehstrommotor three-phase current

motorDrehzahl diameterdurchrastend re-engagingdurchschlagsicher (Kupplung)

fail safe (coupling)

Elektromotor electric motorentlastet load-relievedexplosionsgeschützt explosion-proofExzentergetriebe eccentric gear mecha-

nismFeder springFederkupplung spring couplingFederscheibenkupplung spring spacer couplingFilzrad felt gear

Flachriemen fl at beltFlachriemenscheibe fl at belt pulleyFlansch fl angeFlanschkupplung fl ange couplingFliehkraftkupplung centrifugal force clutchFlüssigkeitskupplung fl uid couplingFreilauf free wheelfreilaufend freewheelingFrequenzumrichter frequency converterGanzstahlkupplung all-steel couplingGeber encoderGelenk articulated jointGeradzahnkegelrad straight bevel gearGetriebe gear (box)Getriebemotor gear motorGleichstrommotor DC- (direct current-)

motor Gleitpinsel sliding brushGleitschiene sliding railGummi-Kugelgelenk-kupplung

articulated joint rubber coupling

Gummireifenkupplung rubber tyre couplingGummischeibenkupplung rubber disc couplingHilfsantrieb auxiliary drivehochelastisch highly fl exibleHohlwelle hollow shaftHubgetriebe actuatorhydrodynamisch hydrodynamicInkremental-Drehgeber incremental encoderInduktionsmotor induction motorInnenzahnkranz internal gearKäfi g cageKäfi gläufer squirrel cageKegelrad bevel gearKegelrollenlager tapered roller bearingKegelstirnradgetriebe helical-bevel gearboxKeilriemen V-beltKeilrillenscheibe V-grooved pulleyKeilrippenriemen V-ribbed beltKeilscheibe V-belt pulleyKeilwelle spline shaftKette chainKettenkupplung chain couplingKettenrad chain wheelKettenradscheibe sprocket wheel discKettenspannrad chain tensioning wheelKettentrieb chain drive


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Klauenkupplung claw couplingKlemmfl ansch clamping fl angekoaxial coaxialKollektormotor brushed motorKommutierung commutationKondensator condenserKreuzgelenk cardan jointKugelgelenk ball-and-socket jointKugelgewindespindel ball-screw spindleKugellager ball bearingKupplung (nicht schaltbar) couplingKupplung (schaltbar) clutchLamellenkupplung multi-disc clutchLamellenpaket plate packLamellenschaltkupplung multiple disc clutchlastausgleichend load compensatingLüfter fanMehrfachkette multiple chainMembrankupplung membrane couplingMitnehmerhülse coupling sleeveNabe hubNadellager needle roller bearingNenndrehmoment nominal torqueNockenkupplung pin couplingNormmotor standard motorParallelversatz parallel misalignmentPendelrollenlager spherical roller bearingPermanentmagnetmotor permanent magnet

motorPlanetengetriebe planetary gear unitPositioniermotor positioning motorReduzierhülse reduction bushingRegelung controlRegler resolverReibbelag friction liningReibung frictionReifenkupplung ring couplingReversierbetrieb reversing operationRiemen beltRillenkugellager deep groove ball

bearingRollenkette roller chainRundzahnstange round rackRutschkupplung friction couplingRutschnabe frictional hubSchaltgetriebe change-speed gear unitSchaltmoment tripping torqueSchecke worm gearScheckengetriebe worm gear unitSchleifringläufer slip ringSchmierbüchse lubricatorSchmierung lubricationSchneckenradsatz worm and wheel setSchrägkugellager angular contact ball

bearingSchwingungstrennung vibration separationSpannring tensioning ringSpannsatz tensioning element

spielfrei rigidSpindelhubgetriebe spindle lifting gear unitSprengring snap ringSteckkupplung slip-on couplingStegwellenkupplung cross slotted couplingStellbereich setting rangeStirnrad helical gearStirnradgetriebe helical gearboxStirnrad-Schneckenge-triebe

helical-worm gearbox

Stirnzahnkupplung multi jaw couplingStoßdämpfer shock absorberStufe stagesynchron synchronousSynchronisierung synchronizerSynchronwelle synchronous shaftTachogeber tacho encoderTransformator transformerTrapezgewindespindel trapezoidal-single-

thread spindleTrennung separationTrockenreibungs-Kupp-lung

dry friction clutch

Turbokupplung high-speed couplingÜberholkupplung overrunning clutchÜberlast overloadÜbersetzung transmission ratioUmrichter inverterUntersetzung reductionVerdrehspielfrei without torsional

backlashVersatz misalignmentverschleißfrei wear freeVerstellantrieb variable speed driveVerteilgetriebe distribution gearboxVierpunktlager four-point contact

ball bearingVollwelle solid shaftWälzkörper rolling elementWelle shaftWellengelenk shaft jointWellen-Nabe-Verbin-dung

shaft-hub-connection

Wendelkupplung helix couplingWicklung windingWinkelabweichung angular misalign-

mentWinkelgetriebe right angle gearboxZahnkranzgetriebe girth gear unitZahnkupplung gear couplingZahnradgetriebe gear unitZahnriemen timing beltZahnscheibe timing belt pulleyZahnstange rackZahnwelle timing barzuschalten engage, toZylinderrollenlager cylindrical roller

bearing

From A as in actuator to W as in worm gear unit

Technical Dictionary

Nr. 1 – März 200820 ●

Drive Technology– Antriebstechnik

Actuator Hubgetriebeall-steel coupling Ganzstahlkupplungangular contact ball bearing Schrägkugellagerangular misalignment Winkelabweichungarticulated joint Gelenkarticulated joint rubber coupling

Gummi-Kugelge-lenkkupplung

asbestos-free asbestfreiasynchronous motor Asynchronmotorauxiliary drive Hilfsantriebaxial misalignment AxialversatzBall bearing Kugellagerball-and-socket joint Kugelgelenkball-screw spindle Kugelgewindespindelbellow coupling Balgenkupplungbelt Riemenbevel gear Kegelradbrake Bremsebrake disc Bremsscheibebrake drum Bremstrommelbrushed motor Kollektormotorbrushless motor bürstenloser MotorCage Käfi gcardan joint Kreuzgelenkcentre distance Achsabstandcentrifugal force clutch Fliehkraftkupplungchain Kettechain coupling Kettenkupplungchain drive Kettentriebchain tensioning wheel Kettenspannradchain wheel Kettenradchange-speed gear unit Schaltgetriebeclamping fl ange Klemmfl anschclaw coupling Klauenkupplungclutch Kupplung (schaltbar)coaxial koaxialcommutation Kommutierungcompensation Ausgleichcondenser Kondensatorcontact pressure Anpressungcontrol Regelungcoupling Kupplung (nicht

schaltbar) coupling sleeve Mitnehmerhülsecross slotted coupling Stegwellenkupplungcylindrical roller bearing ZylinderrollenlagerDamping Dämpfung

DC- (direct current-) motor Gleichstrommotordeep groove ball bearing Rillenkugellagerdiameter Drehzahldisconnecting torque Abschaltmomentdisengage, to ausrückendistance ring Distanzhülsedistribution gearbox Verteilgetriebedouble helical gears Doppelschrägver-

zahnungdouble jointed doppelgelenkigdouble-sided timing belt Doppelzahnriemendrive Antriebdrive pulley Antriebsscheibedrive technology Antriebstechnikdriving element Antriebselementdry friction clutch Trockenreibungs-

KupplungEccentric gear mechanism Exzentergetriebeelectric motor Elektromotorencoder Geberengage, to zuschaltenexplosion-proof explosionsgeschütztFail safe (coupling) durchschlagsicher

(Kupplung)fan Lüfterfelt gear Filzradfl ange Flanschfl ange coupling Flanschkupplungfl at belt Flachriemenfl at blet pulley Flachriemenscheibefl uid coupling Flüssigkeitskupplungfour-point contact ball bearing

Vierpunktlager

free wheel Freilauffreewheeling freilaufendfrequency converter Frequenzumrichterfriction Reibungfriction coupling Rutschkupplungfriction lining Reibbelagfrictional hub RutschnabeGear (box) Getriebegear coupling Zahnkupplunggear motor Getriebemotorgear unit Zahnradgetriebegirth gear unit ZahnkranzgetriebeHelical gear Stirnradhelical gearbox Stirnradgetriebe


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helical-bevel gearbox Kegelstirnradgetriebehelical-worm gearbox Stirnrad-Schnecken-

getriebehelix coupling Wendelkupplunghighly fl exible hochelastischhigh-speed coupling Turbokupplunghollow shaft Hohlwellehub Nabehydrodynamic hydrodynamischInkremental encoder Incremental-Dreh-

geberinduction motor Induktionsmotorinput side coupling Antriebskupplunginput torque Antriebsmomentinternal gear Innenzahnkranzinverter UmrichterLoad compensating lastausgleichendload-relieved entlastetlubrication Schmierunglubricator SchmierbüchseMembrane coupling Membrankupplungmisalignment Versatzmulti jaw coupling Stirnzahnkupplungmulti-disc clutch Lamellenkupplungmultiple chain Mehrfachkettemultiple disc clutch Lamellenschaltkupp-

lungNeedle roller bearing Nadellagernominal torque NenndrehmomentOutput side coupling Abtriebskupplungoutput torque Abtriebsmomentoverload Überlastoverrunning clutch ÜberholkupplungParallel misalignment Parallelversatzpermanent magnet motor Permanentmagnet-

motorpin and bush coupling Bolzenkupplungpin coupling Nockenkupplungplanetary gear unit Planetengetriebeplate pack Lamellenpaketpositioning motor PositioniermotorRack Zahnstangereduction Untersetzungreduction bushing Reduzierhülsere-engaging durchrastendresolver Reglerreversing operation Reversierbetriebright angle gearbox Winkelgetrieberigid spielfreiring coupling Reifenkupplungroller chain Rollenketterolling element Wälzkörperround rack Rundzahnstangerubber disc coupling Gummischeiben-

kupplungrubber tyre coupling GummireifenkupplungSeparation Trennungsetting range Stellbereich

shaft Welleshaft joint Wellengelenkshaft-hub-connection Wellen-Nabe-Verbin-

dungshock absorber Stoßdämpfersliding brush Gleitpinselsliding rail Gleitschieneslip ring Schleifringläuferslip-on coupling Steckkupplungsnap ring Sprengringsolid shaft Vollwellespherical roller bearing Pendelrollenlagerspindle lifting gear unit Spindelhubgetriebespline shaft Keilwellespring Federspring coupling Federkupplungspring spacer coupling Federscheibenkupp-

lungsprocket wheel disc Kettenradscheibesquirrel cage Käfi gläuferstage Stufestandard motor Normmotorstraight bevel gear Geradzahnkegelradsynchronizer Synchronisierungsynchronous synchronsynchronous shaft SynchronwelleTacho encoder Tachogebertapered roller bearing Kegelrollenlagertensioning element Spannsatztensioning ring Spannringthree-phase current motor Drehstrommotortiming bar Zahnwelletiming belt Zahnriementiming belt pulley Zahnscheibetorque Drehmomenttorque limiter Drehmomentbe-

grenzertorsionally rigid drehstarrtransformer Transformator transmission belt Antriebsriementransmission ratio Übersetzungtrapezoidal-single-thread spindle

Trapezgewindespin-del

tripping torque SchaltmomentVariable speed drive VerstellantriebV-belt KeilriemenV-belt pulley KeilscheibeV-grooved pulley Keilrillenscheibevibration separation Schwingungstren-

nungV-ribbed belt KeilrippenriemenWear free verschleißfreiwinding Wicklungwithout torsional back-lash

verdrehspielfrei

worm and wheel set Schneckenradsatzworm gear Scheckeworm gear unit Scheckengetriebe

PumpsSobald Prozesse mit Flüssigkeiten arbei-ten, sind auch Pum-pen mit im Spiel. Neben Kreisel- und Verdrängerpumpen gibt es noch viele weitere Bauarten. Wir geben einen kleinen Überblick.

Basics

Pumps are in general classifi ed as centrifugal pumps (or roto-dynamic pumps) and positive displacement pumps.

Centrifugal Pumps (Roto-Dynamic Pumps)

A centrifugal pump converts the input power to kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating the liquid with the help of a revolving device – an impeller. The most com-mon type is the volute pump. Fluid enters the pump through the eye of the impeller which rotates at high speed. The fl uid is accelerated radially outward from the pump casing. A vacuum is created at the eye of the impeller that continuously draws more fl uid into the pump. The energy transferred to the liquid corresponds to the velocity at the edge or vane tip of the impeller.

Positive Displacement Pumps

The positive displacement pump operates by alternately fi lling a cavity and then displac-ing a given volume of liquid. The positive displacement pump delivers a constant vol-ume of liquid for each cycle against varying discharge pressure or head.

Pressure and Head

In Newtonian fl uids (non-viscous liquids like water or gasoline), the term ‘head’ is used to measure the kinetic energy which a

pump creates. Head is a measurement of the height of the liquid column the pump creates from the kinetic energy the pump gives to the liquid. The main reason for using head instead of pressure to measure a centrifugal pump’s energy is that the pressure from a pump will change if the specifi c gravity (weight) of the liquid changes, but the head will not.

Different Types of Pump Head• Total Static Head - total head when the

pump is not running• Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head)

- total head when the pump is running• Static Suction Head - head on the suction

side, with pump off, if the head is higher than the pump impeller

• Static Suction Lift - head on the suction side, with pump off, if the head is lower than the pump impeller

• Static Discharge Head - head on discharge side of pump with the pump off

• Dynamic Suction Head/Lift - head on suction side of pump with pump on

• Dynamic Discharge Head - head on dis-charge side of pump with pump on

The head is measured in either feet or meters and can be converted to common units for pressure as psi or bar.

It is important to understand that the pump will pump all fl uids to the same height if the shaft is turning at the same number of rounds per minute (rpm). The only difference between the fl uids is the amount of power it takes to get the shaft to the proper rpm. The higher the specifi c grav-ity of the fl uid, the more power is required.

Cavitation

Cavitation is a common problem in pumps and control valves – causing serious wear and tear and damage. Under the wrong condi-tions, cavitation will reduce the components’ life time dramatically.

Cavitation may occur when the local static pressure in a fl uid reaches a level below the vapour pressure of the liquid at the actual temperature. According to the Bernoulli Equation, this may happen when the fl uid

Centrifugal pumps like this are very common in the processing industry.

Bilder: Wikipedia

Nr. 1 – März 200822 ●

Diese Basics sind eine auszugsweise Zusammenfassung aus der Engineering Toolbox, einer Wissens-Seite für Ingenieure. Der Nachdruck erfolgt mit freundlicher Genehmigung. Mehr zum Thema unterwww.engineeringtoolbox.com/pumps-t_34.html

accelerates in a control valve or around a pump impeller. The vaporisation itself does not cause the damage – the damage happens when the vapour almost immediately col-lapses after evaporation when the velocity is decreased and pressure increased.

Cavitation can in general be avoided by increasing the distance between the actual local static pressure in the fl uid and the vapour pressure of the fl uid at the actual temperature. This can be done by:

• reengineering components to initiate high velocities and low static pressures.

• increasing the total or local static pressure in the system.

• reducing the temperature of the fl uid.

Selecting between Centrifugal or Positive Displacement Pumps

Selecting between a centrifugal pump or a positive displacement pump is not always straightforward. The two types of pumps be-have very differently depending on specifi c parameters:

Flow Rate and Pressure Head• The centrifugal pump has a varying fl ow

depending on the system pressure or head.

• The positive displacement pump has more or less a constant fl ow regardless of the sys-tem pressure or head. Positive displace-ment pumps generally give more pressure than centrifugal pumps.

Viscosity• In the centrifugal pump, the fl ow is re-

duced when the viscosity is increased.• In the positive displacement pump, the

fl ow is increased when viscosity is in-creased.Liquids with high viscosity fi ll the clear-

ances of a positive displacement pump causing a higher volumetric effi ciency and a positive displacement pump is better suited for high viscosity applications. A centrifugal pump becomes very ineffi cient at even mod-est viscosity.

Mechanical Effi ciency• Changing the system pressure or head has

little or no effect on the fl ow rate in the positive displacement pump.

• Changing the system pressure or head has a dramatic effect on the fl ow rate in the centrifugal pump. !

Vokabeldownload: www.engine-magazin.de/extrasaccelerate, to • beschleunigenalternately abwechselndcasing Gehäusecentrifugal pump •

Kreiselpumpe

clearance Aussparungcommon gebräuchlich, häufi gcorrespond to, to mit etw. übereinstimmendevice Gerät, Apparatdischarge Austritt, Ausstoß,

Abfl ussequation Gleichungevaporation Verdampfung,

Verdunstungfl ow rate Fördermenge, Durchfl usshead Druckhöheimpeller Flügelradinitiate, to veranlassen, auslösenliquid Flüssigkeitlobe pump Drehkolbenpumpeoccur, to • auftreten, entstehenpositive displacement pump

Verdrängerpumpe

regardless of ungeachtet vonrevolving sich drehendrotary vane pump Flügelzellenpumpesuction Saug-, Einlasstip Spitzevalve Ventilvane • Schaufel, Flügelvaporisation •

Verdampfung

vapour • Dampfvolute pump Spiralgehäusepumpewear and tear •

Abnutzung, Verschleiß

Two examples of positive displacement pumps: a rotary vane pump (above) and a lobe pump (below)


WindscrapersSkyscrapers are huge obstacles di-

verting and funnelling the wind in our cities. Wind tunnel

tests limit the impact on their surround-

ings – and help to use the wind to drive ven-tilation and even generate power.

Architecture

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The fi lm is scratched and fl ickery and looks like it’s running in reverse. Men in frock coats and women in full skirts are clutching their hats and seem to be walking slowly backwards. But on second glance, they are just struggling against a strong wind.

“This was fi lmed in 1903 outside the Flatiron Building in New York, which had just been completed,” said Graeme Flynn, senior project manager at BMT Fluid Dynamics. “It was known as the world’s windiest corner. Clearly they hadn’t accounted for the effect the building had on the wind.”

Flynn’s work uses wind tunnels to design today’s skyscrapers, modelling how the sur-rounding landscape affects tall structures and how their shapes can be changed to cope with the buffeting of the wind at high altitude. A stroll around London shows these problems are not still fully understood – one notorious corner of the Canary Wharf tower has handrails for those caught in gusts.

More challenges face skyscraper architects and engineers above street level. Buildings that sway in the wind are uncomfortable for their occupants and the constant motion puts a strain on the building materials, which could lead to failure or even collapse. But as the need to save energy becomes an integral part of building de-sign, the wind can be a useful, even indispensable factor, helping to drive ventilation or heating, or generating power via turbines.

Flynn’s work centres around a wind tunnel with a 10 square metre area, on which models of buildings, placed within their neighbourhoods, can be tested, generally at 1:200-1:400 scales.

Before the airfl ow reaches the models, it is “conditioned” to mimic the wind profi le of the area. It is passed over a series of regularly spaced, hard foam “fences” of different heights. These can produce the effect of wind that has blown over the coast, woodlands, mountains or plains.

The wind tunnel is used, often with compu-tational fl uid dynamics (CFD), to tailor the aero-dynamic shape of skyscrapers. The idea is that a shape that cuts through the prevailing wind will be less likely to sway backwards and forwards.

However, as Gavin Davies, director of build-ing physics at engineering practice Ove Arup, points out, fl uid dynamics is a highly complex fi eld, and mitigating one factor can exacerbate another.

If a building is given an aerodynamic pro-fi le to reduce swaying, another play, known as vortex shedding, comes into effect. As the air fl ows past the leeward side of the structure, it is whipped into swirling vortices, which cause the structure to vibrate perpendicular to the wind

Nr. 1 – März 200824 ●

Hochhäuser sind riesige Hindernisse, die den Wind in un-seren Städten um-lenken und verstär-ken. Vorab-Tests im Windkanal helfen dies zu vermeiden – und ermöglichen es, den Wind für Klimatisierung und Energiegewinnung zu nutzen.

– the effect can be seen with a fl ag snapping in the wind off a fl agpole. The two must be bal-anced carefully, says Davies, and a compromise reached.

If the building is designed to use natural ventilation to reduce the energy demand for air conditioning, the design cannot be too aerody-namic. For air to fl ow through the building, the air pressure on the windward side has to be sig-nifi cantly higher than that on the leeward side – and aerodynamic profi ling works by evening out the pressure difference.

The Swiss Re building in London – known as the Gherkin – has suffered problems with its natural ventilation mechanisms, which some engineers believe is because its round, slippery shape equalises the pressure differential too much to allow an air-current-driving pressure difference.

Wind Turbines Inside

New laws stipulate that new buildings must be able to generate 10 per cent of their power requirement, so attention is focusing on wind energy as a generation method. Wind turbines on buildings are now commonly used.

However, building-mounted turbines have proved disappointing, as urban wind is harder to harness than rural or offshore wind. Many architects and engineers believe the addition of wind turbines is more cosmetic than practical – worthwhile for grants and regulatory compliance, but unlikely to generate much useful energy.

The type of turbine used is crucial because the characteristics of wind in cities are very differ-ent from those in the countryside. In the city, the wind is fi ckle and variable, changes direction suddenly and often, and builds up and dies down again equally quickly. A horizontal axis turbine, which works at an optimum level when facing into the wind, cannot track the direction of air fl ow fast enough. Vertical-axis turbines are proving a better option. The orientation of their blades means they will spin in the same direction regardless of where the wind is coming from.

The view among many building engineers, however, is that it will always be easier to reduce the carbon emissions impact from a sky-scraper by energy-saving methods, rather than by using renewable electricity generation.

The answer might be to incor-porate wind turbines into the fabric of the building itself, rather than just to use the building as a mounting point; but this approach will require a synthesis of all the wind design techniques.

One project that is tackling this problem head-on is taking shape, almost inevitably in China. The Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, scheduled for completion in 2009, will be a 71-storey, 303-metre-high skyscraper – but it will look unlike any other skyscraper in the world. !

Vokabeldownload: www.engine-magazin.de/extrasaccount for, to in Betracht ziehenblade Blatt, Flügelbuffet, to • hin- und herwerfencarbon • hier: Kohlendioxidclutch, to fest umklammerncompliance • Einhaltungcope with, to bewältigen, verkraftendivert, to • ablenken, umleitenequalise, to ausgleichen, gleichmacheneven out, to ausgleichen, nivellierenexacerbate, to • verschlimmern, erschwerenfabric • Gewebe, Strukturfailure • Versagen, Störungfi ckle unbeständig, fl atterhaftfl agpole Fahnenmastfoam Schaumstofffrock coat Gehrockfunnel, to trichterngherkin • Gewürzgurkeglance Blickgrant Subvention, Zuschussgust Böe, Windstoß

handrail Handlauf, Geländerharness, to • nutzbar machenin reverse rückwärtsincorporate, to einbeziehen, eingliedernindispensable unentbehrlichinevitably • unausweichlichmimic, to imitieren, nachahmenmitigate, to • entschärfen, abschwächenobstacle • Hindernisoccupant • Bewohnerperpendicular • rechtwinkligprevailing • vorherrschendrural ländlichshed, to abwerfen, loswerdenskyscraper Wolkenkratzerstipulate, to • fordern, vorschreibenstroll • Spaziergangsway, to schwankenswirl, to wirbeln, strudelntackle, to anpackentailor, to zuschneidenvortex Wirbel, Strudelwhip, to peitschen, schwingen






enGineLautschrift

The Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou (left) will have large openings (above) in its facade. Inside the open-ings, wind power turbines will produce electric power.


Dieser Beitrag ist eine gekürzte Fassung eines Artikels aus Engineer online, erschienen am 13. 11. 2007. Die Veröffentlichung erfolgt mit freundlicher Genehmi-gung von Centaur Media PLC. Der vollständige Artikel fi ndet sich unterwww.theengineer.co.uk/Articles/303005/High+powered.htm

www.bmtfm.comwww.arup.comwww.som.comwww.quietrevolution.co.ukDie im Text beschriebenen Unternehmen in der Reihenfolge ihrer Erwähnung.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDEY4M9_hqsVideo der im Einstieg beschriebenen Szene.

Bild: Quietrevolution Designed and engineered by Chicago archi-tecture fi rm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP (SOM), the tower’s slab shape is perfectly fl at on its short faces but is carved into billowing curves on the long faces, which sweep into deep horizon-tal slots around a third and two-thirds of the way up the height of the building. In each of these slots are two holes straight through the build-ing from front to back, each housing a Quiet-revolution vertical-axis turbine that helps to generate the power needed to run the building.

“Pearl River Tower is designed to be a net zero-energy building,” said Roger Frechette, di-rector of mechanical, electrical and plumbing as-pects for SOM and lead engineer on the project. “The wind turbines are just one of 32 technology strategies employed towards this goal,” he added. The building also incorporates photovoltaic panels, water cooling rather than air cooling, a passive method to remove humidity from air entering the building and many other sustainable engineering techniques.

The environmental aspect was the driving force for the design. “Form is no longer good enough; you have to have performance,” said Frechette. “Every turn, every curve, every angle on the building has a purpose.”

Next Level: Green Energy

Conventional wisdom would design the build-ing so that an aerodynamic edge faced into the wind, but SOM took the opposite tack: the building faces the wind head-on, with its long axis running east-west. The sweeping curves, designed using both wind tunnels and CFD, capture the wind and guide it up from street level and down from the top of the building into the turbine openings.

“The height of the openings above the ground was one important factor, as wind speeds increase with altitude”, explained Frechette. “Moreover,” he added, “the energy potential of the wind is proportional to the cube of its velocity, so doubling the wind speed leads to an eight-fold increase in the potential amount of energy generated.”

During testing, the designers discovered that as long as the wind was not blowing directly into the side of the building, the wind velocity into the turbine openings is not affected.

What they weren’t expecting was the enor-mous acceleration of wind speed as the air rushes through the openings. “It isn’t the wind speed that affects the velocity through the hole, it’s the pressure differential,” he added.

As the air is pushed into the curved slots, its speed increases by a factor of 2.5-3 – and the

power potential increases as the cube of the ve-locity. “Four turbines in the building is equiva-lent to 32 turbines outside the building,” he said.

The building also uses a passive method to cope with the muggy Guangzhou weather. The outer skin of the tower is an actively ventilated double wall, and air within the cavity is heated by the sun. The energy from the air is then drawn back into the building.

“It’s very hot and humid in Guangzhou, and when you take that air and cool it down enough to wring all the moisture out of it, it becomes too cold to supply the building,” said Frechette. “So, normally you’d use electric or gas heaters to back up to an acceptable temperature. We use the sun’s energy for that reheating process.”

In fact, 65 % of Pearl River Tower’s zero net-energy properties come from energy conservation strategies, with the remaining 35 % coming from the photovoltaics and wind turbines.

“We suggested to the client that he might want to remove the wind turbines from the building, because they were performing a bit less than we’d hoped,” he added. “The client said ‘Absolutely not.’ One thing that was impor-tant to him was that the building communicates what it was doing to the outside world.”

“The turbines will give the building motion and animation. As you drive past, you will clearly see that there is something different and unusual happening. We’re hoping this will make people want to look at the other 31 sus-tainable strategies.”

So, although it may be true that wind energy is mainly a cosmetic factor in today’s build-ings, it could be an integral part of the array of techniques needed to make large buildings more sustainable.

And it proves, as the windblown pedestrians of 1900s New York knew very well, that urban planners cannot ignore natural forces. "

altitude • Höhearray • große Anzahl, Reihebillow, to sich blähen, bauschencarve, to schneiden, meißelncavity • Hohlraum, Aushöhlungcube hier: dritte Potenzemploy, to einsetzen, verwenden-fold -fachmoisture Feuchtigkeitmuggy schwül, stickigplumbing • Rohrleitung, Klempnerarbeitproperty Eigenschaftslab • Platteslot Aussparung, Schachtsustainable • umweltverträglichsweep, to fegen, kehren, rauschentack hier: Weg

Vertical-axis wind turbines like the one above are ideally suited for the gusty wind conditions in cities and around buildings.

Nr. 1 – März 200826 ●

Gewinnspiel

Für den Übersetzungshel-fer bedanken wir uns bei Linguatec.www.linguatec.de

Bitte prüfen Sie vor der Teilnahme, ob Ihr Gerät mit der Software kompatibel ist. Eine Liste der unterstützen Geräte fi nden Sie unterwww.linguatec.de/products/mtr/shoot/trans_devices

Statistische Methoden bei der elektronischen Übersetzung haben den Vorteil, dass sie ...

A ... keine Grammatikkenntnisse erfordern.

B ... bei Formularen sehr genau sind.

C ... für MP3-Player geeignet sind.

Wie bedanken Sie sich bei der Sekretärin des amerikanischen Tochterunternehmens?

A Mit Schulterklopfen oder Umarmung.

B Ein paar nette Worte genügen.

C Alle Frauen lieben Blumen.

Welches ist die gebräuchlichste Form im Eng-lischen das Futur auszudrücken?

A Mit „will“.

B Mit dem einfachen Präsens.

C Mit der Verlaufsform der Gegenwart .332211

Um an der Verlosung Teil zu nehmen, schicken Sie einfach die richtigen Antworten per Post, Fax oder Mail an unsere Adresse. Der Einsende-schluss ist der 31. 5. 2008.

engine-RedaktionHoppenstedt Publishing GmbHHavelstr. 964295 DarmstadtFax 06151/[email protected]

Die Lösung des letzten Rätsels war:

1. B, 2. B, 3. B

Die glückliche Gewinner des elektronischen Vokabeltrainers ist Jürgen Ostermann aus Ibbenbüren.

Wir gratulieren.

Drei Fragen – ein Gewinn


Nach so viel Sprachübungen, Fachwissen und In-formationen haben Sie sich ein bisschen Entspan-nung verdient. Wie wär’s denn mit einem Rätsel?

Lohn der Mühe ist diesmal etwas, das Ihnen dieWartezeit auf die in unserem Artikel „Catching the Babelfi sh“ (S. 37ff) beschriebenen Überset-zungssysteme verkürzen könnte. Shoot und Trans-late ist ein Übersetzungsprogramm der besonde-ren Art für Fotohandys, Smartphones und PDAs. Programm laden und einfach englischsprachige Schriftzüge, die Sie nicht lesen können mit Ihrem Handy fotografi eren. Die Software übersetzt das Fotografi erte sofort ins Deutsche und liest es Ihnen auf Wunsch sogar vor.

Unbekannte Gerichte auf der Speisekarte? Klick und alles ist klar. Warnschilder, Ladenbeschrif-tungen, Schlagzeilen am Kiosk, Plakate, Stra-ßenschilder, Leitsystem am Flughafen? Alles kein Problem mehr. Und damit Sie auch einfach mal so etwas nachschlagen können, verfügt die Software zusätzlich noch über eine normale Wörterbuch-funktion.

Wie immer sind Mitarbeiter der Hoppen-stedt-Verlagsgruppe von der Teilnahme leider ausgeschlossen. Ebenso wie der Rechtsweg. Es hilft Nichts, um an den Übersetzungshelfer für un-terwegs zu kommen, müssen Sie die folgenden Fragen beantworten:

Solar Power Picks Up Steam

By the year 2050, it will be possible to meet a quarter of the world’s energy needs directly using solar energy. It is anticipated that solar thermal power plants will play a signifi cant role in generating this electricity.

Bis zum Jahr 2050 könnte ein Viertel des Weltenergie-bedarfs mit Solar-energie gedeckt werden. Es ist abzusehen, dass thermische Solar-kraftwerke eine wichtige Rolle dabei spielen werden.

In ShortBild: DLR

The sun delivers energy in abundance – rough-ly 10,000 times the global power requirement worldwide. Yet very little of this potential has so far been tapped. At present, only 0.1 percent of the electricity consumed around the world is generated from solar power – almost exclusive-ly by photovoltaics. Solar thermal power plants are set to change this situation. In sun-soaked regions, they offer a promising option for an environment-friendly power supply. Europe’s fi rst large-scale power plant is now being built in Andalusia.

Solar thermal power plants operate in a similar way to conventional steam power plants – but with one decisive difference: The steam is not produced by burning coal, oil or natural gas, but by solar energy alone. In the parabolic trough systems that have been in use for many years, the sunlight is focused via concave mir-rors onto an absorber tube, also known as a receiver, in order to attain the necessary high temperatures. The sun’s rays heat the ther-mal fl uid fl owing through the receiver to 350 degrees Celsius. A heat exchanger produces

steam, which then drives an electricity genera-tor via a turbine.

Research scientists at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE are devising new concepts in collaboration with industry. Their goal is to further enhance the effi ciency and cost-effectiveness of the plants. “In the new systems, linear Fresnel collectors are used in-stead of parabolic troughs,” explains Dr. Werner Platzer from the ISE. These work with fl at mirror surfaces that can be steered to track the position of the sun. The sun’s rays are focused on a central absorber tube with a highly selec-tive coating that is mounted in a fi xed position above the array of mirrors. A second refl ector hood mounted above the receiver addition-ally defl ects beams into the focal line. Water is used instead of synthetic oil as the heat transfer fl uid, enabling the advanced direct evaporation technique to be applied. The water is vapor-ized in the absorber tube, heating the steam to as much as 450 degrees Celsius. These higher temperatures enable the turbine to operate more effi ciently.

But is the new solar thermal power plant truly cost-effective? Yes indeed. Most of the components required are standard off-the-shelf products, allowing the plant to be manufac-tured at low cost. On the basis of theoretical investigations, ISE scientists have worked out that the cost of generating electricity in sunbelt regions amounts to roughly 0.12 euros per kWh. The new technology has various other ad-vantages, too: Thanks to its fl at architecture the plant is not only less susceptible to the wind, but also takes up less space than conventional parabolic trough systems.

Now the technology is to be tested in prac-tice. A demonstration plant is being built in southern Spain, with MAN Ferrostaal Power Industrie GmbH as prime contractor. The scien-tists will monitor and assess a line of collectors 100 meters long which is now under construc-tion at the Plataforma Solar de Almería. !

Birgit Niesing

anticipate, to • erwarten, voraussehencollaboration •

Zusammenarbeit

contractor Auftragnehmerdecisive • entscheidendevaporation Verdampfunghood Hauberay Strahlrequirement Bedarfsteer, to lenken, steuernsunbelt Sonnengürteltrough • Trog, Rinne

Nr. 1 – März 200828 ●

Dieser Artikel erschien ursprünglich im Fraunhofer Magazine, Ausgabe 1.2008, und wird hier mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Fraunhofer Gesellschaft veröffentlicht.www.fraunhofer.de

www.ise.fraunhofer.de (dt.)Das im Text erwähnte Fraunhoferinstitut für Solare Energiesysteme

www.manferrostaal.com (dt.)Webseite des ausführenden Unternehmens mit Infos zur Fresnel Technologie

www.spg-gmbh.com (dt.)Die Solar Power Group arbeitet ebenfalls an der Fresnel-Technologie.

B Explain

Explain the function of the following:

1 concave mirrors ______________________________________________________________2 turbine _____________________________________________________________________3 fl at mirror surfaces __________________________________________________________4 synthetic oil ________________________________________________________________

C Find

Find words or phrases in the text which mean the same as the following synonyms or expla-nations. The paragraph number is given in brackets to help you.Example: a large or great amount (para. 1) " Answer: abundance

Exercises Answers on page 50

A True or False

Read the text and then decide if the following statements are “true” or “false”.

1 The sun produces enough energy to provide all the power needed for the whole world.

2 It will always be necessary to have some form of conventional fossil fuel to operate a steam power plant, even if the amount is minimal.

3 In new systems, linear Fresnel collectors are used alongside para-bolic troughs in order to improve the effi ciency and cost effective-ness.

4 The solar thermal power plant needs no specially manufactured parts.

5 The fi rst fully functional plant is in operation in the south of Spain.

# true # false

# true # false

# true # false

# true # false

# true # false

1 accessed, used (para. 1) _________________________________2 areas which receive a lot of sunshine (para 1) _________________________________3 exclusively (para. 2) _________________________________4 to achieve, to reach (para. 2) _________________________________5 inventing, creating (para. 3) _________________________________6 to improve (para. 3) _________________________________7 to follow something (para. 3) _________________________________8 carefully chosen (para. 3) _________________________________9 arrangement (para. 3) _________________________________

10 to redirect (para. 3) _________________________________11 allowing, making possible (para. 3) _________________________________12 to be turned into steam (para. 3) _________________________________13 not specialised (para. 4) _________________________________14 calculated (para. 4) _________________________________15 approximately (para. 4) _________________________________16 vulnerable, sensitive to (para. 4) _________________________________17 evaluate (para. 5) _________________________________


Japan – Moderne Vielen Deutschen scheint Japan ein unergründliches Land zu sein. Auf den ersten Blick ist alles an-ders, die Sprache klingt fremd-artig und wir können die Schrift nicht lesen. Dazu kommt, dass das Verhalten der Menschen häufi g undurchschaubar wirkt, weil wir die soziokulturellen Gründe dafür nicht kennen oder nicht verste-hen. Es lohnt sich aber, einen Blick hinter die Kulissen zu werfen.

Kultursprung

www.bfai.dewww.diplo.dewww.ixpos.deStandardanlaufstellen für das Auslandsgeschäft.

www.djw.deDer deutsch-japanische Wirtschaftskreis (DJW) leistet praktische Hilfe bei der Planung oder Durchführung eines Japan-Vorhabens.

www.jdzb.deWissenschaftliche Konferenzen, Seminare und Workshops.

www.vdjg.deDachverband der Deutsch-Japanischen Gesellschaften.

www.jnto.deJapanische Fremdenverkehrszentrale.

Das Verhalten von Japanern erscheint uns oft rätselhaft. Es wird uns leichter verständlich, wenn wir uns mit den Denkweisen befassen, die den Verhaltensmustern zu Grunde liegen.

Japaner sehen sich je nach Situation in einer bestimmten Rolle und verhalten sich entspre-chend. Ein Japaner auf Geschäftsreise im Aus-land versteht sich als Repräsentant seiner Firma und ist bemüht, jeweils die der Unternehmens-politik entsprechende Meinung zu vertreten. Diese „offi zielle“ Meinung nennt man tatemae, im Gegensatz zu honne, der eigenen Meinung oder Haltung. Die Bereitschaft, Erwartungen gerecht zu werden, ist bei Japanern weit stärker ausgeprägt als bei Europäern oder Amerika-nern.

Dies erklärt unter anderem, warum Japaner so sehr auf ihr Äußeres achten und stets „wie aus dem Ei gepellt“ wirken. Man ist es dem Ansehen der Familie, der Firma, der Gruppe schuldig, allzeit tadellos auszusehen und sich zu benehmen. Nachlässigkeit schadet nicht nur dem persönlichen Ruf, sondern auch dem der Gemeinschaft.

Das Bedürfnis, sich gehen zu lassen, stillt man im vertrauten Umfeld, dort wo man sicher sein kann, weder das Ansehen von Familie noch Firma oder Nation zu schädigen.

Um fremde Denkweisen zu verstehen, müs-sen wir uns eigener Prinzipien bewusst werden. Im Hinblick auf Hilfsbereitschaft gilt in unserer Gesellschaft, ob der Einzelne dem Christen-tum anhängt oder nicht, der Grundsatz: Du sollst deinen Nächsten lieben wie dich selbst. Aus diesem Gebot ist der Straftatbestand der „unterlassenen Hilfeleistung“ erwachsen. Diese dem christlich-abendländischem Gedankengut entsprungene Auffassung lässt sich selbst-

verständlich nicht auf Japan übertragen. Der Buddhismus lehrt, sich nicht ungebeten in das Leben eines anderen einzumischen. Eine einmal eingegangene Verbindung kann man nicht einfach wieder aufl ösen – weshalb ein Hilfe-empfänger vielleicht darunter leidet, durch das Band der Dankbarkeit lebenslänglich gefesselt zu sein.

Streben nach Harmonie

Für Japaner bedeutet Harmonie nicht etwa Freizeitmuße als Ausgleich für ein hartes Arbeitsleben, nicht unsere „alpenländische Feier-abendidylle“ – es bezeichnet vielmehr einen allumfassenden Zustand. Harmonie herrscht, wenn alles so ist, wie es sein sollte, also wohl-geordnet, ebenmäßig, einträchtig. Auch die Gegensätze (yin und yang) und Widersprüche sind Teil einer harmonischen Einheit.

Für Japaner bildet eine feste Ordnung die Grundlage und das Gerüst für Harmonie. So wie der Mensch in der Hierarchie aller Wesen einen festen Platz einnimmt, so erkennt er in allem ein Gerüst aus Über-, Unter- und Zuord-nung, das jedem einzelnen Menschen Halt und Sicherheit verleiht.

Spontaneität, Unwillkürlichkeit, impulsiver innerer Antrieb erscheint den Japanern als Un-ordnung und Chaos. Selbstbeherrschung führt zu Ordnung und Sicherheit. Zu wissen, wie alles sein soll, ist Voraussetzung dafür, dass „alles seine Ordnung hat“. Unsicherheit birgt für Japaner Chaos. Chaos bedeutet nicht frucht-bare Urmasse (wie das griechische Wort), nicht Vielfalt, auch nicht schöpferisches Urgestüm. Chaos bedeutet schlichtweg Gefahr.

Das historische Museum der Pfalz in Speyer zeigt noch bis zum 5. 10. 2008 eine sehr sehenswerte Samurai-Ausstellung.www.samurai.speyer.de

Nr. 1 – März 200830 ●

neben Tradition

Strenge, ruhige Szenen: Eine Maiko in Kyoto, der Berg Fuji, der Kinkakuji Tempel in Kyoto, ein Tee-haus und das Feuerwerk in Miyajima bei Hiroshi-ma. (Bilder: JNTO/Sinclair)

Dieser Kultursprung ist ein kurzer Auszug aus dem Buch Reisegast in Japan von K. Thomas & B. Haschke, erschienen in Iwanowski‘s Reisebuchverlag unter ISBN 978-3-923975-82-2. Die Veröffentlichung erfolgt mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Verlags.www.iwanowski.de

Ja und Nein

Japaner sagen ungern „nein“. Eine Ablehnung klingt hart und wirkt unhöfl ich. Sie stört die Harmonie. Daher vermeiden Japaner es nach Kräften, ein „Nein“ auszusprechen.

Selbstverständlich können auch Japaner oft nicht umhin, eine Bitte abzuschlagen. In sol-chen Fällen umgehen Sie das direkte „Nein“ auf vielen verschlungenen Umwegen. Sie greifen zu dem, was wir als Ausfl üchte oder Ausreden bezeichnen.

„Lassen Sie uns noch einmal darüber nach-denken“, so lautet eine höfl iche Absage in Si-tuationen, in denen wir vielleicht schlicht und einfach „nein“ sagen würden. Eine andere Möglichkeit Ablehnung auszudrücken ist das Ignorieren – man könnte auch sagen: Japaner stellen sich manchmal tot, aus diplomatischen Gründen.

So unangenehm es ist, Ablehnung zu äußern, so bedenkenlos kann man in jeder Situation „ja“ sagen. Allerdings kann dieses „Ja“ ebenfalls erhebliche Missverständnisse auslösen. Wir gehen davon aus, dass das Wort „ja“ Zustimmung zu einer Meinung oder Ab-sicht bedeutet. Japaner hingegen bestätigen mit „ja“ lediglich, dass sie vernommen haben, was der andere sagt. Zustimmung in der Sache äußern sie anders. Schon so mancher westliche Ausländer hat sich vom japanischen „Ja“ in die Irre führen lassen, indem er es wörtlich nahm. Wer es bei Geschäftsverhand-lungen als Zustimmung zu seinen Vorschlägen auslegt und meint, nun zum nächsten Punkt übergehen zu können, sieht sich unvermittelt ernüchtert, wenn erst nach dieser „Anhö-rung“ die Beratung einsetzt.

Geschäftsleben

Eine Kooperation mit einem Partner, den man fürchtet oder vielleicht nicht einschätzen kann, gilt als wenig Erfolg versprechend. Westliche Manager, die es schätzen, ohne Umwege das Ziel anzusteuern, verscherzen sich oftmals man-gels psychologischer Kenntnisse, Geduld oder Einfühlungsvermögen wertvolle Kontakte zu ih-ren japanischen Partnern. Sie halten, nach dem Motto „Zeit ist Geld“, die einleitende Phase des persönlichen Abtastens für Verschwendung. Ist am zweiten oder dritten Tag das Geschäftliche immer noch kein Thema und erst recht kein Abschluss in Sicht, drängen sie in der Regel auf das nach ihrer Meinung nach „Wesentliche“. Das kann ins Auge gehen.

Ungeduld ist in Japan keine Tugend. Wem es nicht gelingt, sie zu zügeln oder zumindest ge-schickt zu vertuschen, kreiert unweigerlich eine unbehagliche Atmosphäre. Japaner unter Druck zu setzen oder gar zu kritisieren, tötet jede Aus-sicht auf ein „gutes kimochi“ im Keim. Damit auch den lukrativen Geschäftsabschluss. Nach japanischer Auffassung gibt es unter Gschäfts-partnern, bei denen man kein „gutes kimochi“, gegenseitiges Einvernehmen, empfi ndet, im Falle von Meinungsverschiedenheiten stets einen Gewinner und einen Verlierer, womit das Scheitern der Geschäftsbeziehung vorprogram-miert ist. Hat man hingegen eine harmonische Stimmung hergestellt und erkannt, dass man sich in der Gegenwart des anderen entspannen kann, dann sind Geschäfte mit ihm nicht nur möglich, sondern laufen wie von selbst. Denn nun ist man sicher, im Konfl iktfall ein beschä-digtes „gutes kimochi“ wieder renovieren zu können. !


Austria – Titles and Modesty

Felix Austria – happy Austria indeed. Don’t be fooled by the slow, slightly melancholic way of life, Austria’s economy is sound and the country is one of the wealthiest in Europe. And be aware that, despite many similarities to Germany, Austria is another world.

Felix Austria – glückliches Österreich. Die Gemächlichkeit und leichte Melancholie der Österreicher täuscht, denn die Wirtschaft ist gesund und Öster-reich ist eine der reichsten Natio-nen Europas. Aber Achtung, trotz der vielen Gemeinsam-keiten mit Deutsch-land ist Österreich doch eine ganz eigene Welt.

Business Partner

Bild: A. Bauer/photocase.com

Gabriela Dorn’s brow creased in concentration as she tried to think of a famous Austrian. “Well, there was Falco. Do you know him? He was very popular and his songs went to No. 1 even in America.” Indeed, Falco’s famous song ‘Rock Me Amadeus’ was an immensely popu-lar international hit.

Actually, Dorn, an intercultural trainer, was unnecessarily modest, but perhaps character-istically Austrian in her response. For a small country, Austria has produced many famous personalities through the ages, including Marie Antoinette, who married Louis XVl of France,

Franz Joseph Haydn, the classical composer, Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis and Kurt Waldheim, former UN Secretary General. More recently, Time magazine even put Arnold Schwarzenegger, former actor and world bodybuilding champion and current governor of California, on its list of the World’s 100 Most Infl uential People.

Readers of this magazine may also be inter-ested to learn that Austrian engineers invented the sewing machine (Josef Madesperger), the printing technique of lithography (Alois Sen-efelder), the fi rst turbo jet (Amselm Franz), and the fi rst Volkswagen, the people’s car (Ferdi-nand Porsche). And of course, Peter Löscher, an Austrian, currently heads the German multina-tional giant, Siemens.

But while Austrians who have achieved fame overseas seem to have larger than life personal-ities, Austrians in general seem very restrained, polite, conservative and proper. They are very concerned with punctuality, bureaucracy, rules and regulations, and due recognition. Almost any foreigner who has worked in Austria, and the locals as well, will tell you that there is a preoccupation with qualifi cations and titles. “Austrians are much more obsessed with titles,” Dorn agrees. “They will use the title Magister if they can, but Germans usually don’t bother. If you need anything or have any problem, a title will help.” German executives are often sur-prised by the very formal way their Austrian colleagues or subordinates will address them.

A Gate to the East

Germany and Austria certainly have a lot in common, and not just in history, language or cultural traits. Both countries are advanced industrial economies with a free market and a strong social welfare approach. Like Ger-many, Austria’s traditional strengths were in mining and manufacturing, though today it heavily imports energy sources from abroad. It also excels in industries such as telecom-munications, electronics, machinery, steel and construction. The Unger Steel Group, a market leader, makes both customized and ready-to-use steel products and provides engineering services. Today, it derives 60% of its business volume from outside the country, mostly in Eastern Europe.

And like Germany, an increasing number of people (67%) work in service industries such as fi nancial intermediation, property and tour-ism. Tourism is no small fi sh – its winter sport facilities, in particular skiing, and its moun-tain-climbing, spa and wellness sectors draw

Nr. 1 – März 200832 ●

www.bfai.de www.diplo.de www.ixpos.de Die Standardanlaufstellen für das Auslandsgeschäft.

www.austria.infoOffi zielle Seite des Fremdenverkehrsamts mit vielen Reiseinfos.

www.statistik.atDie österreichische Bundesanstalt für Statistik mit vielen Kennzahlen.

www.bmwa.gv.atDas österreichische Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit.

http://oesterreich.ahk.deDie deutsche Handelskammer in Österreich mit vielen Informationen zur wirtschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit.

www.ostarrichi.orgWas sind Gugging und Kasermandl? Das österreichisch-deutsche Wörterbuch erklärt’s.

http://de.euro2008.uefa.comIm Sommer wohl die wichtigste Webseite Österreichs (und der Schweiz): die Fußball-Europameisterschaft.

18 million tourists every year, most of them from Holland and Germany.

Successful though they are, Austrian com-panies such as the Raiffeisen International Bank, the Unger Steel Group or Austrian Air-lines are not exactly international household names. This, however, does not seem to bother the Austrians. The truth is, while they may not be an industrial or political giant in the EU, economically, Austria is in a very nice state. Its trade with Central and Eastern Europe has increased and its stock of direct investment in the area is about �19 billion, or 8% of its GDP. The enlargement of the EU and the fact that these new EU members are growing faster than the old ones has boosted growth and employment in Austria. Its per capita GDP in 2006 was �31,140, making Austria one of the wealthiest countries in Europe. Its unemploy-ment is only about 4%. Currently, about 45,000 Germans work in Austria, many of them young people from the eastern German states who are employed in part-time service or low-level jobs.

Why has Austria been so successful eco-nomically, especially in opening up to the east? For one, it is literally next door. For another, Austria does not have the German burden of reunifi cation, which has sapped a lot of resources and attention. And perhaps not being big, and therefore not ‘arrogant’, also helps. Besides, for all their similarities, Austria is a more particularistic or relationship-fo-cussed culture. “Austrians do not like it if they are always lumped together with Germany. I think the Austrians are more particularistic than German people, i.e. although there might be rules, regulations and contracts, it is more important to fi nd a way to deal with problems which suits all parties, and there is always a way around problems and rules.” Dorn feels that her fellow-citizens look for and value a good working atmosphere and she recom-mends small talk and the use of diplomacy in working life. It might not surprise the Ger-mans to learn that the Austrians consider them strict and direct and lacking in humour and fl exibility.

This need for diplomacy or interest in other people might be related to the fact that Austria is actually quite small. There are only about eight million people spread over 83,871 square kilometres. Since more than two million live in Vienna, the rest of Austria is very small-town in its habits. The space certainly makes it easier for people to be tolerant and more laid back. “Austrians are more tolerant and patient than Germans towards foreigners but on the other hand, they can be over tolerant too,

which I’m not sure is so good when it comes to dealing with certain political issues,” says Chua-Husar. “They are also more conserva-tive, even in business-dealings, more cautious than, and not as much into risk-taking as the Germans. And they are ‘slow workers’ com-pared to the Germans. Most things can’t be rushed; they must be ‘langsam, langsam…!”, which is of course too slow for me.”

This summer, the world will descend on Austria for Euro 2008, one of the biggest par-ties in football. The fans will be rushing to their games and Austrian traffi c police will surely have a fi eld day booking them and say-ing, ‘Langsam, langsam!’ !

Ming Wong

achieve, to erreichen, erlangenbother, to • stören, tangieren, sich

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Besessenheit

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Nähmaschine

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enGineLautschrift


keine ExplosivstoffeGroßbritannien

Auf fremden Wegen

Wer im Ausland selbst hinters Steuer steigt, sollte sich auf einiges gefasst machen. Wohl nirgends zeigt sich das Temperament einer Nation klarer als auf der Straße. Außerdem gilt es viele neue Verkehrsregeln zu beachten, wovon viele weit weniger offensichtlich sind als der Linksverkehr.

Thema

Bild: photocase.com

UnfallschwerpunktHong Kong

BahnübergangUSA

Keine Anhaltermitnehmen

USA

Mobilität auf Geschäftsreisen kennt keine Grenzen. Raus aus dem Flieger, das Gepäck vom Band geschnappt und noch auf dem Flughafen bei der Mietwagenfi rma den reservierten Wagen abgeholt. Los geht’s. Fahren im Ausland ist nun wirklich kein Problem, oder? In Wirklichkeit soll-ten wir, wenn wir den Schlüssel wieder bei der Autovermietung abgeben, erst einmal kräftig durchatmen und uns freuen, dass wieder einmal alles gut gegangen ist. Denn, Hand aufs Herz, die wenigsten von uns machen sich Gedanken über das „was wäre wenn“.

Was wäre, wenn es gekracht hätte? Aber es muss ja nicht gleich das Schlimmste sein, eine

einfache Verkehrskontrolle reicht schon. Wissen Sie, was in dem Land, in dem Sie gerade unter-wegs sind, alles zur Fahrzeugausrüstung gehört? Verbandskasten, Warnweste, Warndreieck, Parkscheiben und was noch? Kleben die nötigen Vignetten an der Scheibe und sind sie noch gültig? Sicher, die Mietwagenfi rma wird sich schon um alles Nötige gekümmert haben. Wenn bei der Kontrolle dann aber doch mal was fehlt, ist immer der Fahrer verantwortlich. Die Buße mag letztendlich der Autovermieter zahlen, der Ärger bleibt. Doch selbst ohne Polizei und bei defensiver Fahrweise lauern ständig unbekannte Gefahren. Was bedeutet der gelbe Strich am

Nr. 1 – März 200834 ●

Unübersichtliche Kuppe(gesprochen wie „Blindheit“)

Island

www.traffi csign.usAlle Schilder der USA mit Erklärungen.

http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road/publications/traffi crules/countryreports/chapter7.htmEin Streifzug durch den europäischen Schilderwald offenbart, wie groß die Unterschiede selbst im vereinten Europa sind.

http://verkehrsanwaelte.de/unfallbericht/Unfallbericht-Deutsch-Englisch.pdfHier gibt‘s den Europäischen Unfallbericht zweisprachig Englisch-Deutsch zum Runterladen.

Umsturzgefahr für LKWUSA

Achtung SchneemobileKanada

VorsichtJapan

SeitenwindgefahrArgentinien

Bordstein oder das Schild mit dem seltsamen Symbol? Im Ausland herrschen zum Teil sehr exotische Verkehrsregeln.

Und damit ist nicht nur der in England übliche Linksverkehr gemeint. Unter anderem werden Sie auch in Japan, Indien, Singapur, Australien oder Südafrika beim Über-die-Straße-Gehen zu-erst von rechts überfahren. Um die Verwirrung perfekt zu machen, gilt in den meisten Ländern trotz Linksverkehr das gewohnte rechts vor links.

Weniger Probleme macht die in Skandina-vien und 22 anderen europäischen Nationen bestehende und durchaus sinnvolle Vorgabe, selbst bei Tag mit Abblendlicht zu fahren. Bei in diesen Ländern gemieteten Autos geht das Licht meist ohnehin automatisch an. Dass Sie sich im Ausland streng an die Promillegrenze und Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkungen halten, sollte selbstverständlich sein. Zu den Scherereien mit der Polizei und den zum Teil im Vergleich zu Deutschland drastisch höheren Bußgeldern kommt unter Umständen noch der Krach mit dem Chef, wenn Sie festsitzen, weil Ihr Führer-schein eingezogen wurde. Ihren Chef dürfen Sie übrigens nicht ohne weiteres vom Auto aus anrufen. Handyverbote am Steuer nehmen welt-weit zu. Eine kurze Nachfrage bei der netten Dame von der Mietwagenfi rma erspart weiteren Ärger.

Bunte Regeln

Jetzt aber los, ab zum Kunden. Falls der keinen eigenen Gästeparkplatz hat, sollten Sie sich beim Parken die Farbe der Bordsteinkante genau ansehen. Gelb markiert in vielen Ländern ein Halte- oder Parkverbot. Besonders bunt treiben es die Engländer: Gelb bedeutet Parkverbot, eine rote Linie Halteverbot zwischen 7 und 19 Uhr und zwei rote Linien absolutes Halte- und Parkverbot – und bei Missachtung meist garan-tiertes Abschleppen. Wer in Polen bei Dunkel-heit sein Fahrzeug abstellt, sollte das Standlicht anlassen. Weniger Licht wird dagegen in der Slowakei bei Anhalten vorgeschrieben, wo Zu-satzbremsleuchten abgeklebt werden müssen.

Verunsichert? Vielleicht doch einen Wagen mit einem Fahrer mieten? In manchen Ländern haben Sie gar keine andere Wahl. Nicht nur

weil unlesbare Beschilderung und chaotische Verkehrszustände das Fahren zu einem Glücks-spiel werden lassen. Sondern weil, wie z. B. in China oder Japan, schlicht der deutsche Führerschein nicht anerkannt wird. In anderen Ländern hängt die Gültigkeit des Führerscheins dagegen davon ab, ob Sie mit dem grauen, rosafarbenen oder dem Plastik-„Lappen“ ein-reisen oder einen internationalen Führerschein dabei haben. Letzterer ist übrigens immer nur in Verbindung mit dem nationalen Führerschein gültig. Ein Sonderfall ist die USA, wo streng rechtlich gesehen unser Führerschein ungültig ist, was aber jährlich millionenfach ignoriert wird. Eine kurze Nachfrage vor der Abreise er-spart Ihnen eine peinliche Abfuhr von der sonst so freundlichen Dame am Mietwagenschalter.

Und was tun, wenn es trotz genauer Kennt-nis der Verkehrsregeln vor Ort und vorsich-tiger Fahrweise doch mal gekracht hat? Ruhe bewahren natürlich und am besten die Polizei rufen. Das kostet zwar bei Bagatellunfällen in manchen Ländern Geld, eine amtliche Beweis-sicherung zahlt sich aber spätestens dann aus, wenn Sie Ansprüche geltend machen wollen oder das Ganze der Mietwagenfi rma erklä-ren müssen. Diese sollten Sie übrigens sofort verständigen, selbst wenn es nur eine kleine Schramme ist und Sie deshalb nicht unbedingt einen neuen Wagen benötigen.

Nicht nur im europäischen Ausland ist es außerdem eine gute Idee einen europäischen Unfallbericht dabei zu haben, am besten die englische Fassung. Das Abarbeiten des Formu-lars bringt Ordnung ins Chaos nach einem Un-fall und stellt sicher, dass Sie in der Aufregung nichts Wichtiges vergessen. Falls Sie mit dem eigenen oder deutschen Firmenwagen unter-wegs sind, ist jetzt die Zeit, die grüne Versiche-rungskarte zu zücken.

Verunsichert? Vielleicht doch zu Hause bleiben und den Deal per Telefon oder Video-konferenz abwickeln? Sicher nicht. Gerade Auslandsgeschäfte leben von persönlichen Kontakten und größtmöglicher Flexibilität vor Ort. Aber gute Vorbereitung, gesunde Vorsicht und kurzes Nachdenken, bevor es losgeht, hat noch keinem Geschäft geschadet. !

Matthias Meier


Six Situations in the USA

So manche Situa-tion erfordert im Ausland eine an-dere Reaktion wie zu Hause. Testen Sie Ihr Feingefühl im Umgang mit internationalen Ge-schäftspartnern.

Cross Culture Check

Bild

: D. G

eyer

/pho

toca

se.c

om

5 You are asked to lead a small team of American colleagues. Which lea-dership style should you adopt?

! A Clearly set the goals and distribute tasks within the group. Give your team as much freedom as possible, everyone knows their job.

! B Treat the group like a coalition. Be both an expert and a mediator and try to build consensus within the group.

! C Distribute tasks to your team mem-bers and check the progress regu-larly. Establish a chain-of-command style.

3 The female secretary of your Ame-rican branch has worked overtime to fi nish your next PowerPoint presentation. What’s the best way to thank her?

! A A few nice words will do.

! B A pat on the back and a “good job, well done”.

! C All women like fl owers.

6 After a meeting, your American boss says: “Oh, and if you have a lot of time, could you please fi nish the report on the new engine.” When will you deliver the report?

! A As soon as possible, even if it means some extra hours.

! B You never had a lot of time anyway, so forget about it.

! C Maybe next week, when the busi-ness at hand slows down a bit.

1 Your American colleague is visiting Germany. Since he once invited you to his home, you would like to return the favour and show him your hometown. What do you say?

! A If you’re passing through Berlin, just stop by.

! B Are you coming to Berlin? What about visiting us for the Easter holidays?

! C Berlin is a very interesting place, you should see it. 4 It’s your fi rst meeting with your

new American customer, and he has asked you to give a presentation of your new product. How do you present?

! A You mention the product briefl y, and then start some small talk to establish a personal relationship fi rst.

! B Keep it short and concentrate on the main facts. You might throw in the occasional joke to enhance your show.

! C You show every slide and every chart you have. The more information your customer has, the less risk for him of making a wrong decision.

2 The next meeting is scheduled on the company’s casual Friday. How do you dress?

! A Jeans, sneakers, and that old chequered shirt will be good enough.

! B Dark business suit, leather shoes and tie as usual.

! C A polo shirt and good trousers are the minimum.

1B: If you really want him to come, be as precise as possible, “just stop by” is nothing more than a polite phrase anyway.2C: Casual doesn’t mean sloppy. You might leave your tie at home, but always try to look neat.3A: Try to be as correct as possible and avoid any-thing that can be misinter-preted as sexual harassment. 4B: Time is money, so con-centrate on the essentials and add the details when your customer asks for it.5A: American leaders have trust in individual perform-ance/achievment.6A: Americans generally try to avoid direct orders, so it’s just a polite way of saying: “I want that report.”

Good Behaviour

accessible zugänglich, erreichbarbranch Geschäftszweig, Filialecasual Friday Freitag, an dem lässigere

Kleidung getragen werden darf

chart Diagramm, Grafi kchequered kariertenhance, to aufwerten, steigernestablish, to herstellen, schaffenfavour Gefallen

harassment Belästigungmediator Vermittlerneat sauber, adrettoccasional gelegentlichpat freundlicher Klapsschedule, to ansetzen, einplanenslide Präsentationsfoliesloppy salopp, schlampigsneaker Turnschuhtie Krawatte

Nr. 1 – März 200836 ●

Catching theBabelfi sh

Wouldn’t it be nice to have a small device that translates your speech into any other language? Travelling would be a lot easier. If you think that’s science fi ction, like the Hitchhiker’s Babelfi sh, think again! Researchers are close to fulfi lling that dream – without the use of a fi sh.

Wäre es nicht schön, ein Gerät zu haben, das ge-sprochene Worte in jede andere Sprache übersetzen kann? Das Reisen wäre auf einmal viel einfacher. Wer denkt, das sei Sci-ence Fiction wie der berühmte Babel-fi sch, der muss jetzt umdenken. Forscher lassen diesen alten Traum langsam wahr werden – ganz ohne Fisch.

Translation

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Bild

er: i

nter

AC

T

“Aiteru heya arimasuka?” I’m speaking Japanese! And it took me less than a second to learn it. All I had to do was push a button on the small device my host handed me and ask in English for a hotel room. Only seconds later, the device squeaks my question in fl uent Japanese while the display shows my transcribed words and the translation in Japanese characters. “How much is a room for one person?” “Hitori-yo no heya wa ikura desuka?” This is fun. I go through the whole booking procedure, even ranting about missing towels and the smell of smoke in my room, while my host answers me in Japanese. Before I know it, I’m happily chat-ting away in a foreign language without even registering that I’m talking to, or better through, a machine.

The scene isn’t taking place in a Japanese cyberhotel in the year 2050, but today at the University of Karlsruhe. The device is an off-the-shelf PDA, and my host is Prof. Alexan-der Waibel, director of Interact, a joint centre between the University of Karlsruhe and the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, USA. The centre’s aim is to research technolo-gies and processes that facilitate and improve cross-cultural understanding and cross-lingual communication: A slight understatement for a system that, in Star Trek fashion, translates

natural speech in real-time into spoken words of another language.

How does this work? Waibel smiles at the stunned look in my eyes, a look that must be all-too familiar to him. “Speech-to-speech transla-tion is basically a three-stage process,” he says, this time in his native German. “It consists of automatic speech recognition, machine transla-tion, and text-to-speech synthesis.” Recognition and synthesis are, although custom-made and tightly integrated, more or less standard ap-plications. The interesting part is the machine translation. Here, Waibel and his colleagues !

Vokabeldownload: www.engine-magazin.de/extrasaim Zielsetzungconsist of, to bestehen auscustom-made maßgeschneidertdevice Gerät, Apparatfacilitate, to • erleichtern, fördernhost • Gastgeberjoint gemeinsamoff-the-shelf Standard-, serienmäßigrant, to schimpfen, schwadronierenrecognition Erkennungsqueak, to quiekenstunned fassungslostranscribe, to übertragen, abschreibenunderstatement Untertreibung


http://interact.ira.uka.de (engl.)Interact ist ein gemeinsames Forschungszentrum der Universität Karlsruhe und der Carnegie Mellon University. Unter anderem entstehen hier maschinelle Übersetzungssysteme.

www.mobytrans.com (engl.)Mobile Technologies ist eine Ausgliederung zur Kommerzialisierung der beschriebenen Technologien.

http://chil.server.de (engl.)Ein weiteres Projekt, das die Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Maschine untersucht und diese zugunsten des Menschen verbessern will.

www.ira.uka.de (dt.)Fakultät für Informatik an der Universität Karlsruhe.

take a radically different approach to the com-mercial translation software we know from our desktops.

“These systems are mainly rule-based while we rely on statistical methods,” explains Waibel. Rule-based systems try to analyze the structure and grammar of a sentence. They locate subject, verb and all the other parts that make a sen-tence, recognize tense, active, passive or indirect speech, and translate them into their equivalent in the other language. This is an approach that requires a lot of linguistic expertise and compu-tational teach-in. The resulting rigid framework generates good results on texts with an equally rigid structure like manuals, operating proce-dures or business letters. But it produces the well known slips on more ‘lyrical’ texts. While the famous ‘The Whiskey is good, but the steaks cannot be recommended’ for ‘Der Geist ist willig, doch das Fleisch ist schwach’ might be a joke, the results we get from rule-based systems are often just as funny.

Statistical machine translation, in contrast, doesn’t care about rules and grammar but instead, tries to fi gure out the probability of a word’s meaning in a certain context. The method is not unlike the way we learn our own mother tongue. As a baby, we can’t consult grammar books and dictionaries. Instead, we estimate the correct meaning of a word or the right tense from the way our parents and the people around us call things. This statistical ap-proach enables us to speak fl uently long before

we even know what a gerund, a relative clause or the past perfect is.

A method which Waibel’s team is try-ing to emulate with their computers! All they have to do is feed the computer with words and sentences and their equivalents in an-other language, the more the better. Almost no teach-in is required since the algorithms and the statistical groundwork are universal and independent from the language set. “In theory, we can teach our computers a language that we might not even know,” says Waibel, describing the advantage of the statistical method, “al-though speaking the language and knowing if something is right or wrong helps to debug the system. We also use a very limited number of rules which, for example, improve the recogni-tion of numbers and times.”

Just Speak Freely

Advances in computing power and storage capacity allow Waibel to run these systems on a laptop or even a good standard PDA. Stor-age is especially important since, as with any statistics, the more data you have, the better the results are. To train the little PDA, which knows about 10,000 terms about tourism and medical consultation, several hundred thousand words in different contexts and from different speak-ers were necessary. A laptop translator might be based on several million words. “A good source

advance Fortschrittapproach Ansatz, Herangehensweisearray Reihe, Feldattend, to teilnehmen, besuchenaudible • hörbaraudience • Publikum, Zuhörerschaftbeam Strahlbother, to sich die Mühe machenconsult, to hier: nachschlagendebug, to Fehler beseitigen, austestendish Gerichtdomain Bereich, Gebietdon, to anziehen, anlegeneloquent beredt, redegewandtemulate, to nachbilden, nachahmenencounter Begegnungestimate, to schätzen, abschätzenexpertise • Fachwissengerund Gerundium, Verlaufsformguild • Zunft, Berufsvereinheadset microphone Kopfbügelmikrophoninterpreter Übersetzer, Dolmetscherlecture Vortraglecture, to vortragenmedical consultation Arztbesuch

mental arithmetic Kopfrechnenmock-up Attrappe, Übungstestmother tongue • Muttersprachenegotiate, to verhandelnnewscast Nachrichtensendungodd seltsam, merkwürdigpick up, to merken, aufnehmenpick-up line Anmachspruchprobability Wahrscheinlichkeitrange Reichweite, Grenze recommend, to empfehlenrelative clause Relativsatzrely on, to sich verlassen aufremote entfernt, entlegenrequire, to benötigenrigid • steif, starrscroll, to rollenskip, to überspringen, auslassenslip Ausrutscher, Fehlersonic Schall-, akustischteach-in Einlernentense Tempus, Zeit (grammat.)term • Begriff, Ausdrucktopic Thema, Inhaltultrasonic transducer Ultraschallwandler

If the topic is restricted to a certain domain, e. g. tourism or medical consul-tation, speech-to-speech translation can be handled by a standard PDA.

Nr. 1 – März 200838 ●

for language sets we can employ to optimise our underlying processes are EU parliamen-tary speeches,” says Waibel. Hours and hours of debates and thousands of documents were accurately translated into several European lan-guages. A mechanical translator’s dream! “Such large data sets are a perfect base to create open domain systems,” raves Waibel.

Open domain? To give an explanation, he dons a headset microphone and starts lecturing in English. Usually I don’t have any problems following an English conversation, but this time I did. While listening, I try to confi rm the words he’s using, which are continuously transcribed by the computer. I don’t even bother to check the real-time translations of the lecture scrolling along on the screen in Portuguese and Arabic. But what really irritates me is an assistant who is trying to focus a sonic beam on my head which is whispering the lecture to me in Spanish. I, for my part, am speechless.

Sensing my linguistic overload, Waibel stops the demonstration and explains: “In contrast to domain-based systems for tourism or health care, open domain systems are not limited to a specifi c topic. They also work continu-ously without the need to press a button for every sentence. Typical applications would be monologue-like texts such as newscasts, meet-ings or lectures.” The little demonstration was a mock-up for a system that could be applied at a conference. While the speaker talks freely in his mother tongue, the international audience can follow the lecture either by reading the ‘subti-tles’ or listening to the translation.

To free the listeners from headphones, the set-up uses ultra-directional speakers. Un-like normal speakers, which emit sound in all directions, these are capable of focusing a sound into a very narrow beam, just like an acoustic searchlight. The odd sensation of a sound disap-pearing when you step out of focus is generated by an array of ultrasonic transducers. Only where their signals overlap do they create an audible interference. With such ultra-directional speak-ers a lecture room can easily be divided into a French, German, Chinese or Russian section.

But it still might be some time before we meet for a conference in Babel. The translation quality of the current open domain systems is comparable to an online translator for websites – it’s not perfect, but you get the idea. Still, it might be good enough when you want to attend a conference and happen to speak an exotic language.

“Human translators are far more eloquent,” declares Waibel, “but in real-life situations, they tend to skip sentences or parts of sentences when they can’t follow the speaker. While our

system might not be that accurate, it works continuously without skipping.” An advantage not to be underestimated: After following a translated speech test, people were asked ques-tions about the content. With a human transla-tion, 72 percent of the answers were right; with a machine translation, a close 65 percent of the answers were correct.

It seems that soon enough Waibel will be-come the public enemy of the translator’s guild. “I don’t think so,” he smiles. “There are many situations with sensitive content, for example a political debate, where the correct interpretation is far too important to leave it to a machine. We want to facilitate communication and, there-fore, concentrate on applications where the alternative would be to have no translation at all.” A typical use would be a small technical conference with no budget for several confer-ence interpreters, or a humanitarian organisation operating in a remote area with small, exotic languages. Naturally, the military is very inter-ested in speech-to-speech translation systems. Addressing the locals in Iraq or Afghanistan in their own language and being able to under-stand them, even through a machine, could de-escalate an encounter dramatically.

Never Again Speechless

And, of course, mechanical translation also has a huge commercial value. Who wouldn’t want such a PDA translation software package for his next trip to Spain, Thailand or China? Imagine being able to fi nally order the right dish in the restaurant, to extensively complain about the non-existent sea-view or to fl irt with the beauti-ful blonde at the bar – although she might not fi nd a pick-up line from a squeaky PDA overly romantic. “We are already negotiating with some companies,” is all Waibel will say. Negotiating? I want one!

But won’t we lose our interest in learning languages? Worse even, won’t we stop reading ‘engine’? Probably not! We can still do mental arithmetic in spite of pocket calculators; we still use maps in spite of GPS. But all these systems are extending our range, are getting us there faster. “Most people using our domain-based system pick up standard phrases fairly quickly and use them on their own without the PDA. Language learning is another possible applica-tion area for our technology,” adds Waibel.

As if for confi rmation, he smiles and says: “Itte rasshai.” When I stare at him blankly, he picks up the PDA, pushes a button and repeats: “Itte rasshai.” “So long.” I just learned my fi rst Japanese word. " Matthias Meier

Prof. Alexander Waibel loves to lecture about Interact’s translation software in any language – especially the ones he doesn’t know.


Crystal Ball“Cross my palm with silver and I’ll tell you all about the future.” A classic, clichéd fortune-teller’s saying, conjuring up pictures of women in headscarves looking into crystal balls. Well, there’s none of that here, just a review of the language such a fortune teller might use when talking about the future. And there’s no need for any silver either.

Das Futur im Eng-lischen ist keine Wahrsagerei son-dern folgt einfachen Regeln. Hier eine kleine Auffrischung für die Zukunft.

Grammar Review

Bild: iStockphoto.com

In this issue, we are going to revise the different forms of the future tense. I’ll start off by giving you an overview of the various possibilities. I’ll also be giving you a number of examples of the tenses as they are used in context, some of them taken directly from articles in the magazine. And by the end of this article you will have had a chance to practise using the forms yourself.

Did you spot the common theme in the last paragraph? Of course you did! For a non-native speaker, talking about the future in English is a tricky matter; it is possibly the most diffi cult tense to get consistently correct from a stylistic point of view, simply because there are so many different forms and certainly rather a lot of nuances to deal with. As I just promised above in my little presentation-like overview, here is a list of the different ways of expressing the future.

WillThe most common, and most well known, form is the ‘will future’ (will do). This is used in the following situations:• when making a straight-forward prediction: In 2050, it will be possible to meet a quarter of

the world’s energy needs using solar energy.• predictions, often together with verbs such as

‘think’, ‘hope’, ‘expect’, ‘anticipate’:It is anticipated that solar thermal power plants will play a signifi cant role.

• when you’re sure about something: It will certainly be a major achievement.• or maybe not quite so sure: We’ll probably take just over three weeks to

complete the prototype.• in ‘if’ sentences: If you sign up for a race leg, you will be

expected to do the same duties as the crew. • to make a spontaneous reaction, or an offer

of help: You stay there, I’ll get the coffee.

Going toThe next form we can mention is the ‘going to’ future (is/are going to do). Use it:

• for a plan or intention: They’re going to use the new technology to

increase effi ciency.• to make a prediction where you have some

(physical) evidence to make you quite sure about what you’re saying:

Tension is building in the area, there’s going to be a lot of trouble.

Simple present (do/does)The simple present form of the verb is also used to talk about the future, in particular when describing future facts based on timetables:• The third slot on the second day of the con-

ference begins at 13.00.

Present progressive (is/are doing)The other present tense also appears in the future, namely to talk about fi xed arrangements or appointments. If you have an appointment in your diary, you can say:• We are meeting with the representatives

from the union tomorrow afternoon.

Future progressive (will be doing)This form is mainly used in the following situ-ations:• to describe something that will be in progress

at a certain time in the future: I’m afraid I can’t meet next Tuesday as I will

be attending a conference in Paris.• to describe something that is going to hap-

pen in the natural course of events, if nothing goes wrong, so to speak:

I can pick you up; I’ll be driving that way anyway.

• to show that you will be doing something ‘continuously’ over a longer period of time:I know this sounds unpatriotic, given that it’s a British boat that currently holds the record, but I’ll be praying that these boys break the record.

Future perfect (will have done)We use this form when we want to show that something will be fi nished or completed on or

Nr. 1 – März 200840 ●

What would you say in the following situations? Use appropriate future forms and the prompts given in brackets or fi ll in the spaces available. You will fi nd the answers on page 50.

1 You’ve had a very stressful few weeks at work and now want to take a week’s holiday. Tell your colleague what you plan to do. (take a few days off)

2 Your colleague has just noticed the photocopier isn’t working. You reach for the phone and say what you are about to do. (call/technician). You now have an appointment with the technician for this afternoon. What do you say? (technician/come)

3 Tell your boss when he can expect to receive the report. (you/get/next week) Tell your boss when you expect to fi nish the report. (I/fi nish/by end of next week)

4 You’re going on a business trip to New York next week. You’re thinking about this time next week. What are you thinking? (this time next week/stand in Times Square)

5 Someone asks you to go to the meeting with them. Apologize and tell them you have already arranged to meet clients. (meet)

6 Ask a colleague about their plans for the weekend. (you/do)

7 Last year you drove 15,000 km in total. This year you expect the fi gure to double. By the end of the year, I _______________________________________________ around 30,000 km.

8 The 25th anniversary of you working in your company is approaching. By the end of the year, I _______________________________________________ here for 25 years.

9 It has been raining all day and suddenly the temperature drops to below freezing point. Make a prediction. (the roads/freeze) You were thinking of taking the car to work. You suddenly change your mind. What are you thinking now? (take/train)

10 Tell someone about the starting time of next Friday’s seminar. (8.30)

Autor David Mackie ist Freelance In-Company Trainer und Dozent für Wirt-schaftsenglisch an der EBS.Mail: [email protected]

Practice

before a certain date in the future. It is often ac-companied by the preposition ‘by’ (at the latest).• By the end of next year we will have com-

pleted the fi rst three stages of the construc-tion.

Future perfect progressive (will have been doing)

Finally, a complex form, but one which is still used relatively often. Most commonly it is used to describe how long something will have been in progress by a certain date in the future.• Next year is an anniversary. By the end of

the year we will have been producing in the Czech Republic for 10 years.

Will you remember those? Are you going to start using them more often? Will you be prac-tising regularly? Are you doing anything in the next 15 minutes? When does the fi rst practice start? Right now! Good luck! !

accompany, to • begleitenachievement Leistung, Errungenschaftanticipate erwartenapologize, to sich entschuldigenappointment Terminapproach, to sich nähernappropriate passend, geeignetattend, to teilnehmen an etw.,

besuchenconjure up, to • sich etwas ins

Gedächtnis rufenduty Pfl icht, Aufgabefortune-teller Wahrsager(in)headscarf (pl. headscarves) Kopftuchintention Absichtpalm • Handfl ächeprediction Vorhersageprompt Hinweis revise, to • wiederholenslot hier: Zeitnischespot, to erkennenstraight-forward einfachtension Spannungunion Gewerkschaft


Nr. 1 – März 200842 ●

Die englische Spra-che ist reich an bild-haften Redewen-dungen. Wir stellen die Wichtigsten, nach Themen sor-tiert, vor. Diesmal: Redewendungen aus dem Bereich Essen und Trinken.

Vocabulary


Food Idioms

to bite off more than you can chew

to take on too much work, to take on some-thing which is too demanding for you

He’s very ambitious but I think this time he might have bitten off more than he can chew.

a piece of cake

to have no problems, an easy job

I fi nished the report in no time; it was a piece of cake.

to put all your eggs in one basket

not to spread the risk

If we concentrate on the Swiss market, then we’ll be putting all of our eggs in one basket.

to bear fruit

to produce results, to show success

We’ve worked very hard on this project and now it’s fi nally beginning to bear fruit.

to eat humble pie

to admit you’ve made a mistake

Yes, it was all my fault. The others in the team made me eat humble pie.

full of beans

to be very lively, to be in a very good mood

What’s happened to John, he seems full of beans today? He managed to win the contract for the new gas station.

to get back to the salt mines

to start work again

OK, everyone, that’s a long enough break, let’s get back to the salt mines.

to cry over spilt milk

to complain about something you can no longer change

So, you’ve lost the contract but it’s no use crying over spilt milk! There are other deals around the corner.

not for all the tea in China

no matter what you offer me, I won’t do it

Jump out of an aeroplane? Me? Not for all the tea in China!

to have a lot on your plate

to have a lot of things to do, have a lot of work to do

Don’t disturb Bill right now; he’s got a lot on his plate at the moment.

Bild: Wikipedia

42 ●

False Friends


Falsche Freunde sind all jene Wörter, die häufi g verwechselt werden oder uns aus dem Deutschen vermeintlich be-kannt vorkommen, im Englischen jedoch eine ganz andere Bedeutung haben. Einige davon fi nden Sie auf dieser Seite.

Das Party-Service organisiert ein besonde-res Menü für unsere chinesischen Gäste.

Our caterers are organising a special set menu for our Chinese guests.

Our caterers are organising a special menu for our Chinese guests.

menu = Speisekarte

Do you have a menu in English?

Eine genaue Untersuchung wird sicherlich einige Fehler aufdecken.

A close inspection will without doubt reveal a number of errors.

A close inspection will without doubt cover up a number of errors.

to cover up = verheimlichen

The management were not able to cover up the mistakes that had been made. They were very quickly made public.

Er liegt auf der Intensivstation. He’s in the intensive care ward.

He’s in the intensive care station. station = Bahnhof

King’s Cross is one of the main railway stations in London.

Das Gerät kann für den Einsatz im Freien angepasst werden.

The device can be adapted for outdoor use.

The device can be adopted for outdoor use.

to adopt = annehmen, übernehmen

If the new software is successful, we will adopt it in all of our branches.

Nehmen Sie eine Probe aus der letzten Lieferung ….

Take a sample from the last delivery….

Take a probe from the last delivery…. probe = Sonde

The Mars probe was unfortunately damaged on landing.

…um die Qualität zu prüfen. .…in order to check/test the quality.

.…in order to prove the quality. to prove = beweisen

Before we can claim any compensation, our QA department will have to prove beyond doubt that the parts are really substandard.

Er macht einen professionellen und äußerst vitalen Eindruck.

He makes a professional and extremely lively/vigourous impression.

He makes a professional and extremely vital impression.

vital = äußerst wichtig

For the future of the company it is vital that we maintain our competitive edge.

Die große Lagerhalle befi ndet sich auf der linken Seite.

The large/big warehouse is on the left-hand side.

The great warehouse is on the left-hand side.

great = großartig

Steve Jobs is a great motivator.


Whose Language is it Anyway? George Bernard Shaw is supposed to have said that England and America were “two countries divided by a common language”. Today, with English taking on the role of a global language, perhaps the divide is not so much between England and America but between native and non-native speakers of English.

George Bernard Shaw soll gesagt haben, dass England und Amerika zwei Länder sind, die eine gemeinsame Sprache trennt. Heute verläuft die Trennungslinie im Englischen eher zwischen Fremd-sprachlern und Muttersprachlern.

Business

Bild: photocase.com

To most, if not all, readers of this magazine “Denglish” has become part of your daily lives – English words that have crept into use when speaking German. Naturally, the internet has played a large role in this, from “upload” and “browser”, to” surfen” and “chatten”. Others arrived via advertising and marketing, for example, “Der new Beetle” and “The bright side of Freizeit” or were adopted by young people as situations became “cool”, “uncool” or “awesome”. However, many were introduced via the business world such as “kick-off meeting”, “global player”, or “value drivers”. Germany is not alone with this trend. There is Singlish in Singapore, Japlish in Japan, Chinglish in China and of course, Franglais in France. In Germany, some people feel that there is a danger that such a trend

will debase the German language and could even lead to a loss of national identity, while others think the language is being enriched and communication improved. A lot of people forget that over the centuries English has “borrowed” words from other languages, an estimated 30,000 from French alone! But, whatever the effect English words may or may not have on the German language, the fact that English is becoming a global lan-guage seems undeniable.

With an estimated 380 million native speakers, at present English is second only to Mandarin. However, non-native speakers of English outnumber native speakers by around 4:1, with the number growing daily. Whether you approve or not, English as a lingua franca is developing. But what effect could this

Nr. 1 – März 200844 ●

have on the language itself and how it is acquired?

If we take a look at Europe, we can see what some of these effects are. In Switzer-land, where French speakers are approxi-mately one fi fth of the population, there was outrage when some German-speaking cantons introduced English into schools as the fi rst foreign language at the age of nine with French and Italian being taught two years later. More and more countries are introducing English classes much earlier than previously, often in primary schools, rather than waiting until secondary school. One consequence of this is that by secondary school age English is not treated so much as a foreign language but as a core skill which the children have and which allows other subjects such as geography to be taught in English.

Lingua Franca

This is happening even more so at universi-ties. In an attempt to standardise and har-monise university education in Europe, an agreement known as the “Bologna Process” came into force in 1999. The aim was to create a European Higher Education Area by 2010 along the lines of the English system, with the bachelor, master and doctorate degrees being adopted. It was hoped that by doing so, there would not only be standardisation in content and length of courses, but also more freedom of movement between countries for European students. In addition, European universities would become more attractive to non-European students and, thus, increase internationality and improve the university’s reputation. For this to be possible and success-ful, more and more subjects are being taught through the medium of English. This also enables universities to employ leading profes-sors, lecturers and researchers from around the world, many of whom are also non-native speakers of English.

At this point, some may ask what level and standard is the English which is being spoken in schools and universities. At the university where I teach, I fi nd that students are only critical of non-native English speak-ing lecturers if they feel that their English is not of a high standard. Generally, Germans want to be correct when speaking English and are afraid of acquiring mistakes without realising it. This is not only true of under-graduates but also business people. How-ever, in business it is far more likely that

you will be speaking English to someone from Asia, Europe or the Middle East who is a non-native speaker of English than to an American, Australian or Brit. Even within Germany, at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt the offi cial language is English, and yet no predominantly English-speak-ing country is a member of the European Monetary Union. So, what is more important – being understood and fi nalising a deal, or being accurate? More and more, the owner-ship of English is being transfered from the native to the non-native speaker.

David Graddol in his book “English Next. Why Global English may mean the end of ‘English as a foreign language’” states that one of the consequences of English as a lingua franca (ELF) is that there will be a shift from focusing on native speaker accuracy towards intelligibility. Perhaps what will develop are norms of correctness and appro-priateness. If the French, German and Span-ish participants in a meeting all understand, “we have increased turnover last year”, does it really matter that it is grammatically incorrect in British English (“we increased” is correct)? Should so much time be spent teaching or trying to learn the difference between “much” and “many” or adjectives and adverbs, which can be mixed up with-out any loss of meaning? !

Vokabeldownload: www.engine-magazin.de/extrasaccurate • korrektacquire, to erwerbenadopt, to annehmenappropriateness •

Angemessenheit

awesome • fantastisch, großartigcore Kerncreep into, to (crept, crept) einschleichendebase, to • erniedrigenenable, to ermöglichenenrich, to bereichernintelligibility •

Verständlichkeit

outnumber, to zahlenmäßig übertreffenoutrage Empörungpredominantly •

überwiegend

previously vorherprimary school Grundschulereputation Rufshift Verlagerungsubject Fach, Lehrfachundeniable • unabweisbar,

unwiderlegbar


Bild: photocase.com

Autorin Judith Fortey ist Free-lance In-Company Trainerin und Dozentin für Wirtschafts-englisch an der EBS.Mail: [email protected]

If this move away from a native speaker model continues, then some learners of Eng-lish will also have to change their mindset. I often have German businesspeople telling me how they want to broaden their vocabu-lary or learn more idiomatic or colloquial

English. However, these same people will criticise native speakers they have done business with who speak too fast or use a style of language which they don’t under-stand. Native speakers are often very poor at communicating with non-native speak-ers, and are often unaware of the problems caused through language, but non-native speakers also need to be sensitive to the lan-guage level of those they are speaking to and which may not be as advanced as their own.

It has been estimated that by 2050 half the world will be fl uent in English. What that fl uency will be like, only time will tell. One thing is for sure, for many of us it is some-thing we will not have to worry about! "

broaden, to • erweiterncolloquial • umgangssprachlichmindset Denkweise

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zuverlässig Unterstützung – aus allen Sprachen inalle Sprachen und für alle Fachgebiete.

Bournemouth One to OneEnglish Language School

Lernen Sie Englisch in EnglandIdeal für Geschäftsleute, leitendeAngestellte und Teilnehmer, dieEinzelunterricht vorziehen. Wirbieten auch Kurse für Englischkombiniert mit Golf oder mit

englischer Kultur an.Tel: 0044-1202-257775

www.bournemouth121.com

Haben Sie eine engine-Ausabe verpasst? Fehlt ein Teil unserer Serien oder das Fachwörterbuch zu einem bestimmten Thema? Kein Problem, einfach Einzelheft anfordern unter:

www.engine-magazin.de - AboserviceTel. 06151/380-366Fax 06151/380-99366

Something Missing?

Nr. 1 – März 200846 ●

Crossword


Vokabeln lassen sich nicht nur mit Karteikasten und Oktavheft pauken. Wie wär‘s denn mal mit einem Kreuz-worträtsel?

CrosswordWhat is the mysterious X? All of the words in the puzzle can be found in the articles in this issue. See if you can complete the crossword to fi nd out where the world might get most of its energy from in the future. You will fi nd the answers on page 50.

1. Wetness.

2. Rubber or plastic in a spongy form.

3. To make something change direction, e.g. a mirror might do this to the sun’s rays.

4. Plumbum.

5. Swirling water or air, a whirlwind for example.

6. A lever or a pedal that controls the speed of a vehicle.

7. A time plan.

8. To transport or carry, you can also do it with a message.

9. Something which is necessary, a need or a demand.

10. The piping system in a building, either for water or gas.

11. To follow the movement of something, e.g. on a radar.

12. The cover of a container.

13. To make something move, e.g. the wind does this to a sailboat via its sails.

14 An organisation which represents the interests of wor-kers in one particular branch of industry is a trade ___.

15. The part of the body joining your hand and your arm.

16. Alexander Graham Bell was the ______ of the telephone.

17. A new technology can ____________, or replace, an old one.

18. The piece of paper you get to prove you have paid for something in a shop.

19. What a company owes, according to its balance sheet.

20. What you need to weigh something.

21. A small nail.

22. A channel which ‘leads’, or carries, liquid or air through a system.

23. What a company owns, according to its balance sheet.

X!

Profi t & Loss Account

for the year ending Dec. 31, 2007

£ £

Turnover

1,400,000

Cost of sales:

Opening stock 40,000

Production costs 460,000

Closing stock (50,000)

450,000

(450,000)

Gross profi t 950,000

Administration expenses (250,000)

Sales expenses (125,000)

Distribution expenses (45,000)

Net operating profi t 530,000

Investment income 18,000

Interest (28,000)

Net profi t before tax 520,000

Income taxes 132,000

Net profi t after tax 388,000

Retained profi t (b/f) 120,000

Dividends (68,000)

Retained profi t (c/f) 440,000

Engines

Money, Money, MoneyIt makes the world go round, apparently, a saying which is somewhat disrespectful of our solar system. It certainly drives the business world: it’s not quality or value for money that counts, it’s the bottom line. Reason enough for us to have a brief look at the most important elements of a company’s fi nances.

Ingenieur- und Finanzwesen sind normalerweise zwei Welten. Dennoch kommen Ingenieure nicht umhin, sich mit den Grundlagen des Rechnungswe-sens auseinander zu setzen. Hier die wichtigsten Zah-len und englischen Vokabeln.

Advanced Learners

There are two main fi nancial documents that a company produces, either quarterly, half yearly or annually: the Profi t and Loss Account and the Balance Sheet. These documents provide the interested onlooker with all the information necessary to determine the fi nancial state of a company.

Let’s start with the Profi t and Loss Account. This is a record of all of the incomings and outgoings, or the income and the expenditure, in a certain period of time. After you compare all of the money that the company has brought in during their operations with what they have had to spend while doing so, you are left

with either a profi t or a loss, as the name of the document clearly indicates. Below you will fi nd a simplifi ed P&L Account for a fi ctitious manufacturing company. Please note that the terminology used here is primarily British Eng-lish. This example uses a vertical layout where any negative numbers are shown in brackets. We can start off with a little quiz, just to test yourself. Look at the defi nitions/explanations given and try to fi nd out what terms are used in the fi nancial document.

For example: Defi nition: The money the company brought in from selling their goods.Answer: Turnover

1. The money the company had to pay to the government.

2. The materials or semi-fi nished goods that were left over from the previous period.

3. The money the company spent to run the offi ces, pay the offi ce staff, etc.

4. The difference between the sales income and the manufacturing costs.

5. The money the company spent on packag-ing and transporting their goods.

6. The actual manufacturing cost of the goods sold in 2007.

7. The money the company had to pay to the bank in return for borrowing money.

8. The fi nal result of the previous period’s P&L Account.

9. The money the company paid to their shareholders.

10. The materials or semi-fi nished goods that were left over at the end of 2007.

You will fi nd the answers on page 50.

The profi t and loss calculation always begins with the turnover, which is also known as the sales income or revenue. From this, the actual production costs for the goods sold in that period are subtracted to leave the gross profi t. Following this, all of the expenses necessary for running the business on a day-to-day basis are also subtracted to leave the net operat-

Nr. 1 – März 200848 ●

ing profi t. The company might also have had some income or expenses as a result of investments or borrowing, which is known as non-operating income or expenditure and which is then subtracted or added to the above-mentioned operating profi t. This results in the net profi t before tax. After tax is paid to the state, the profi t or loss from the previ-ous period is taken into account (b/f means brought forward from previous period) and the company decides whether it is then able to pay any dividends to their shareholders. Finally, you have the bottom line, in this case the annual profi t, or of course loss, which is carried forward (c/f) to the next period. A whistle-stop tour of the trading period, and a simplifi ed version of it, but nevertheless, it sums up the most important terms in this particular document.

The Balance Sheet

That brings us to the second statement, the Balance Sheet. Unlike the P&L Account, the Balance Sheet is not concerned with the actual trading activities. Instead, it shows what the company owns (its assets) and what it owes (its liabilities) at any one point in time. Or, in other words, the Balance Sheet illustrates where the company’s money has come from (the source of funds, liabilities) and where it has gone to (the use of funds, assets). It is often described as a ‘snapshot’ of the company’s fi nances, simply because it offers an instantaneous picture of the fi nancial situation at a glance. Again, below you will fi nd our fi ctitious company’s simplifi ed Balance Sheet. This example also uses a vertical layout as opposed to the traditional T-form layout where the assets and the liabilities are shown side by side. Here, the assets are dis-played at the top, and at the bottom you can see how the assets were fi nanced. Try to match the defi nitions as you did with the P&L Account.

1. Money that customers still owe the com-pany for goods that they have bought.

2. General term for things a company owns that can be turned into cash in the near future.

3. General term for short-term debts which the company will have to meet in the near future.

4. Things a company owns and which will stay in the company for a long time.

5. Money the company has borrowed from a bank.

6. Money the company still owes to its suppli-ers.

Balance Sheet as at Dec. 31, 2007

£ £

Assets employed:Fixed assets:Patents/Licences

400,000Land & buildings

1,250,000Machines

940,000Offi ce equipment

135,000Vehicles

175,000

2,900,000Current assets:Stock

50,000Debtors 90,000Cash

85,000 225,000Current liabilities:Overdraft

(6,000)Creditors (14,000)Tax payable (80,000)Dividends payable (55,000)

(155,000)Net current assets 70,000

Total assets employed 2,970,000Financed by:

Share capital 2,000,000

Reserves 640,000

Loan 180,000

Debenture 150,000

2,970,000

Engines

7. Money the company has kept back from previous years’ profi ts.

8. Money that has been invested in the com-pany by its owners.

9. A long-term debt instrument, maybe from corporate bonds.

10. Short-term credit facility offered by a bank.

You will fi nd the answers on page 50. !

assets Aktiva, Vermögenat a glance auf einem Blickbottom line Endergebnis, Endgewinncost of sales Herstellkostencredit facility Dispositionskreditdebt instrument Schuldpapierdebts • Schuldenexpenditure • Ausgabengross profi t • Umsatzergebnis liabilities • Passivaowe, to • schuldenprimarily • hauptsächlichretain, to zurückbehaltensupplier Lieferantturnover Umsatzvalue for money Preisleistungsverhältniswhistle-stop kurz



There are different kinds of assets. Intan-gible assets are those which cannot really be ‘touched’ as they are not material in nature and include things such as patents and licences. Fixed assets, such as land, buildings and machinery, remain in a company for a longer period of time and their value is depre-ciated over a number of years. Current assets, on the other hand, are those which a company expects to become liquid in the current or next trading period and include the value of any stock in hand as well as cash and any out-standing customer payments.

Liabilities are what a company owes to oth-ers, either in the short term or the long term. In the traditional T-Form, all of the liabilities are listed together and balanced against the assets. However, in the vertical layout we have above, there is a slight difference. The current, or short term, liabilities are subtracted from the current assets to leave the net current assets, or working capital. This is added to the fi xed assets to give the total assets, which then have to be fi nanced by two main sources of funds: equity and loan capital. Equity is the same as owners’ capital and includes share capital as well as any reserves which have been built up over the years. It is in fact the money which the company owes to its owners, or investors. In the case of shareholders, they

will receive, in good times, dividends from the company in return for their investment. Loan capital is derived from external sources such as banks or the capital market in the form of corporate bonds. The company will have to pay interest on any money it borrows from external sources and this is a business expense which is deducted from the profi t.

Well, there are many other more intricate aspects of a company’s fi nances, which would require much more time and space to elabo-rate on. However, if you want to analyse what sort of state a particular company is in, you will have a pretty good idea if you are aware of the concepts and terms discussed here. "

corporate bond Industrieanleihecurrent assets Umlaufvermögencurrent liabilities Kurzfristige

Verbindlichkeitendepreciate, to • abschreibenequity Eigenkapitalfi xed assets Anlagevermögenintangible assets •

Immaterielle Vermögensgegenstände

intricate • aufwendigloan capital Fremdkapitalnet current assets Betriebskapitalreserves Gewinnrücklagen

Bild: Wikipedia

Lösungen

Grammar Review1. I’m going to take a few days off.2. I’ll call a technician./The technician is coming this

afternoon.3. You’ll get the report next week./I’ll have fi nished it by

the end of next week.4. This time next week I’ll be standing in Times Square.5. I’m sorry, I can’t come, I’m meeting some clients. 6. What are you doing at the weekend?/What are you

going to do at the weekend?7. By the end of the year, I will have driven around 30,000

km.8. By the end of the year, I will have been working here

for 25 years.9. The roads are going to freeze./I think I’ll take the train.10. Next Friday’s seminar starts at 8.30.

Advanced LearnersProfi t & Loss Account 1. Income taxes2. Opening stock3. Administration expenses4. Gross profi t5. Distribution expenses6. Cost of sales7. Interest8. Retained profi t (b/f)9. Dividends10. Closing stock

Balance Sheet1. Debtors2. Current assets3. Current liabilities4. Fixed assets5. Loan 6. Creditors 7. Reserves8. Share capital9. Debenture10. Overdraft

In Short

Explain 1. concave mirrors – direct the sun’s beams to the absorber

tube2. turbine – drives the electricity generator using the steam

from the heat exchanger3. fl at mirror surfaces – also direct the sun’s beams and

follow the sun4. synthetic oil – heat transfer fl uid used in the parabolic

trough system

Find 1. tapped 2. sun-soaked regions3. alone 4. to attain 5. devising 6. enhance 7. to track8. selective9. array 10. defl ects 11. enabling 12. vaporized 13. standard 14. worked out15. roughly16. susceptible to17. assess

True or False?1. true2. false3. false4. true5. false

Crossword1. moiSture2. fOam3. defLect4. leAd5. voRtex6. throTtle7. scHedule

8. convEy9. requiRement10. pluMbing11. trAck12. Lid13. proPel14. uniOn15. Wrist16. invEntor

17. supeRsede18. receiPt19. liabiLities20. scAles21. piN22. ducT23. asSets

Nr. 1 – März 200850 ●

Phrases


Autoren Judith Fortey und David Mackie sind Freelance In-Company Trainer und Dozenten für Wirtschafts-englisch an der EBS.Mail: [email protected]@ebs.edu

Could you read that back to me? Könnten Sie mir das bitte noch einmal vorlesen?

CheckingUnderstanding

Have you got that?/Did you get that? Haben Sie das verstanden?

Could you follow that? Konnten Sie mir folgen?

Is that clear enough? Ist das deutlich genug?

Have I forgotten anything? Habe ich irgendetwas vergessen?

Is there anything missing? Fehlt noch etwas?

Do you need any more informa-tion?

Brauchen Sie noch irgendwelche Information?

We can quote you a price of … FOB Hamburg.

Wir können Ihnen einen Preis von … FOB Hamburg anbieten.

Discussing Terms

We can deliver by week 22. Wir können zur 22. Kalenderwoche liefern.

We require payment within 30 days of receipt of invoice.

Bitte zahlen Sie innerhalb von 30 Tagen nach Erhalt der Rechnung.

Our normal terms for fi rst-time customers are …

Unsere normalen Geschäftsbedin-gungen für Erstkunden sind…

On orders over ..., we offer a discount of 3%.

Bei Bestellungen über … gewähren wir Ihnen einen Rabatt von 3%.

Goods are dispatched within 24 hours of a fi rm order.

Waren werden innerhalb von 24 Stunden nach Erhalt einer festen Bestellung versandt.

We are able to supply the items you require directly from stock.

Wir sind in der Lage, die bestellten Waren direkt ab Lager zu liefern.

@

For those of you who don’t know me already, my name is …

Für diejenigen, die mich noch nicht kennen, mein Name ist …

Getting Started

I’m here today to discuss / present / report on our latest project.

Ich bin heute hier, um (über) unser neuestes Projekt zu besprechen/präsentieren/berichten.

This morning I’m going to be talking about …

Heute Morgen werde ich über … sprechen.

Before I begin, let me give you an overview of my presentation today.

Bevor ich anfange, möchte ich Ihnen einen kurzen Überblick über meine heutige Präsentation geben.

I’ve divided my presentation up as follows …

Ich habe meine Präsentation wie folgt aufgeteilt.

There will be time at the end of my presentation for any questions you may have.

Am Ende meiner Präsentation wird genug Zeit bleiben, um eventuelle Fragen zu beantworten.

If you have any questions, please feel free to interrupt me.

Falls Sie Fragen haben, unterbre-chen Sie mich bitte.

Unsere Redewen-dungen erleichtern Ihnen das Telefo-nieren, Brief- und E-Mail-Schreiben sowie Vortragen und Präsentieren.

Egbert in the Public Eye

A journalist from a magazine, whose target group is English-speaking ex-patriots living in Germany, is interviewing Egbert for an article she plans to write.

On the Move

Bild

: Bar

bara

Koh

m

Egbert, der Ingeni-eur, ist berufl ich viel unterwegs. Immer wieder schlittert er dabei in Situationen, die uns nur zu be-kannt vorkommen. Gerüstet mit den Vokabeln und Rede-wendungen dieser Rubrik werden Sie diese Situationen das nächste Mal mit Bravour meistern.

Journalist: Good morning, Egbert. It’s so good of you to spare me some of your time as I’m sure you are a very busy man.

Egbert: My pleasure. I feel fl attered that you want to interview me. I’m not sure my life is so interesting for your readers.

Journalist: Oh you’d be surprised. We have a wide cross-section of readers from all walks of life.

Egbert: What do you mean by that?Journalist: People from all social classes and

with different occupations. From a survey we carried out, we know that we have business people from all areas: banking, the IT branch, consulting and of course engineers. But also doctors, shop assistants, au pairs, house-wives, even the odd vet and bus driver.

Egbert: That really is a cross-section.Journalist: Yes, but in addition, we discovered

that our readers consist of a number of na-tionalities. Not just British and American but also Indian, Africans from different African countries and also other non-native speak-ers who want to read an English magazine, including some Germans.

Egbert: I see. What struck me with the back-cop-ies you sent me to look at was the wide range of topics in the magazine. Even receipts.

Journalist: Receipts?Egbert: I saw a receipt for banana bread.Journalist: Oh, you mean recipe. The recipe cor-

ner started following a letter from a reader and it grew from there. But as you saw, we do try to provide something of interest for

Nr. 1 – März 200852 ●

all readers. As you probably noticed, each month we interview someone concerning their job, and that’s where you come in.

Egbert: Right, then, fi re away!Journalist: I’ll be asking questions and taking

notes, but if you don’t mind, I’d also like to record it so that I have a back up as reference.

Egbert: No problem.Journalist: Egbert Engines is a very successful,

middle-sized engineering company. Was it a success from the start?

Egbert: Success may come overnight in Hol-lywood but rarely in my line of business. After university, I worked for a couple of years but I always had the ambition to start my own company. In 1982, I took the plunge and rented premises, where I started producing compo-nents for particular types of engines.

Journalist: Did you start out alone or as a part-nership, or what?

Egbert: It wasn’t easy, but I managed to raise enough money to set up a private limited com-pany, which EE still is today.

Journalist: You started out manufacturing com-ponents, but today I believe a key competence is the production of complete engines.

Egbert: That’s right. We were working closely together with one or two key customers, including some joint projects, and it was a natural progression for our R&D department to branch out from there.

Journalist: And you’ve never looked back?Egbert: I won’t deny there have been times

when I’ve asked myself why I wasn’t work-ing for a large company and having far fewer worries, but there are no regrets and I’d do the same all over again.

Journalist: Your expansion hasn’t only taken place in Germany, though, has it?

Egbert: No, we have an offi ce in the UK and have both suppliers and customers world wide now.

Journalist: That is of interest to our readers. What problems or differences have you, as a German, come across whilst dealing with different nationalities?

Egbert: Well, one big difference is that there is often more bureaucracy in Germany. It was surprisingly easy setting up in the UK and, as an English employee pointed out, we do go in for a lot of rubber-stamping over here. However, I have had to learn to be more patient when things aren’t going as fast or as effi ciently as I’d like.

Journalist: For example?Egbert: Well, I think I’m fairly typical in want-

ing meetings to be effi cient and well run. That means, for me, having an agenda and keeping to it as well as keeping minutes to

document decisions that have been taken. Not all nationalities see effi ciency in the same way. I have recently been doing business in Asia, where it is important to spend time get-ting to know your business partners. It can lead to a feeling of frustration at times.

Journalist: Have there been any embarrassing moments for you, or do you prefer to keep them a secret?

Egbert: Oh, I’m sure I’ve made many blunders over the years without even realising them. Sometimes, however, “a little knowledge can be a dangerous thing”, as I believe the saying goes. I remember one occasion when I had broken my right wrist and had my arm in plaster. I had a business trip to the Middle East planned and before a previous visit I had been told that it was unacceptable to eat food with your left hand. Consequently, I went into a blind panic about what I would do if invited out to eat. Really, I was having sleepless nights because the trip was very important for me. I had visions of throwing food around as I struggled to eat with my !

agenda • Tagesordnungambition Ehrgeizback-copy alte Ausgabeblunder Fehltrittbranch out, to in neue Märkte eindringencross-section Querschnittdeny, to • abstreiten, leugnenembarrassing peinlichfi re away Schiessen Sie los!fl attered geschmeicheltkey competence Kernkompetenzkey customer Hauptkundeline of business Brancheminutes Protokollpatient geduldigplaster Gipspoint out, to darauf hinweisenpremises • Geschäftsräume private limited company GmbHraise, to aufbringenrarely seltenreceipt • Quittungrecipe • Kochrezeptregret Bedauernrubber-stamping Bürokratie, abstempelnsaying Sprichwortset up, to gründenstrike s.o., to (struck, struck) einem auffallensurvey • Umfragetake the plunge, to (took, taken)

den Sprung wagen

vet Tierarztworry Sorgewrist • Handgelenk






enGineLautschrift


Autorin Judith Fortey ist Free-lance In-Company Trainerin und Dozentin für Wirtschafts-englisch an der EBS.Mail: [email protected]

right hand or worse still, not eating for a week under the pretence I was on a strict diet.

Journalist: So what did you do?Egbert: I needn’t have panicked. There was

such courtesy and consideration shown to me and it wasn’t an issue at all. I managed just as I did at home.

Journalist: Has language ever caused prob-lems? Many of our readers struggle with learning German and we receive some amus-ing letters about misunderstandings that can occur.

Egbert: I’ve experienced so many over the years. When I was fi rst building up the company I didn’t have time to learn English formally so depended on books and cassettes in my free time. That led to many misunder-standings, but I think I’ve improved since then. I think it is often harder doing business with native speakers of English than non-na-tive.

Journalist: Why is that?Egbert: Because they often talk too fast and use

expressions I’m not familiar with. However,

I recently experienced a misunderstanding which had nothing to do with the language but the accent.

Journalist: An English accent?Egbert: Oh no. It was in France. We had had a

very long and hard meeting taking up all of the morning. We had been discussing certain problems that we were having concerning quality when suddenly my French counter-part announced, “I am very angry”. At least, that’s what I heard. I immediately wanted to fi nd out why and asked, “But what’s the matter, I thought we’d agreed on a solution?” He looked at me very strangely and said that we had agreed. “So, why are you angry?” I asked. To which he replied, “I am not angry, I said I’m angry”. Seeing the total look of confusion on my face, he added, “Because it is time for lunch”.

Journalist: Oh, I see. The French don’t pro-nounce the “H”.

Egbert: Exactly, he meant “hungry”, but I was hearing “angry”. We both laughed about it over lunch.

Journalist: Finally, what advice would you give our readers doing business either here in Germany or overseas?

Egbert: Always be open-minded and expect things to be different from what you are used to. That way you will be less likely to be shocked or upset.

Journalist: Thank you very much for your time, Mr Egbert.

Egbert: You’re welcome and I look forward to reading the article when it’s written. "

confusion Verwirrungconsideration Rücksichtcourtesy • Höfl ichkeitissue hier: Problemopen-minded vorurteilsfreipretence Vorwandstruggle, to sich abmühen

Nr. 1 – März 200854 ●


Leeside of Business

No Butts

leesi

de

Anthony LeeSenior Lecturer am Centre for Business Languages der EBSE-Mail: [email protected]

Despite all the talk about global warming, reducing carbon output, recycling and gener-ally caring about our little planet, one area that doesn’t appear to get much publicity is the amount of litter that is thrown onto the streets every day. When I came to Germany 20-odd years ago, one of the things that really caught my notice and impressed me was how clean the cities were. Litter was just not to be seen. Within hours of a weekly market taking place, the rubbish collectors and electric road sweep-ers would have cleared away every last trace of rubbish without leaving so much as a cabbage leaf behind. Even more amazing was the rapid clean up after a carnival procession with not one piece of confetti left lying in the street.

A stark contrast to the UK, where rubbish was everywhere and often lying on the ground beneath a half-empty rubbish bin which car-ried a notice stating “Keep Britain Tidy”. Little has changed since then, the contrast is still as strong, but perhaps both countries have slipped a little further down the tidiness scale.

One difference, however, is the type of rub-bish that is dropped. Years ago it was empty cigarette packets, sweet wrappers and, of course, chewing gum. The spread of fast food chains and the habit of eating on the go has resulted today in more plastic or cardboard being dropped, particularly within 100 metres of any well known burger chain. But what really struck me on a recent visit to London is that large areas are being turned into open-air ashtrays.

This is very much a result of the ban on smoking in public places. People now congre-gate outside offi ce blocks, restaurants, pubs, clubs, even hospitals, in order to smoke. If an ashtray is provided, it is often overfl owing, but more often than not there is a carpet of cigarette butts covering the pavement. A recent survey estimated that cigarette butts can be found on 79% of all streets in Britain and 70% of the population were either unhappy or ashamed of the litter situation. Cigarette butts are harmful, containing up to 4,000 chemicals, including hydrogen, cyanide and arsenic! Cigarette fi lters are made of plastic, cellulose and acetate, which can take up to 12 years to degrade. One butt can contaminate up to eight litres of water and they are fl ushed into waterways in huge quantities harming birds and marine life.

Many local authorities have been fi ght-ing back against litter louts with a variety of approaches. Preston, in the north of England, won an award for their “We Are Watching You” campaign. Co-ordinated by the council’s litter education offi cer, undercover colleagues would take to the streets and when they spotted some-one dropping litter, they would report back the

details to a person in a nearby special van. With the use of a loud hailer the offender would be identi-fi ed and told they had dropped litter. The approach shamed them into picking it up.

Other authorities are introduc-ing fi xed penalties which allow fi nes of between £50 and £80 to be imposed. Both methods have met with some success. Others are going for the softer approach aimed at motivating people into being more aware of the problem.

Advertising campaigns using billboards and beer mats, together with the distribution of free, individual and portable ashtrays, are among the attempts. In spite of the claims of success, I didn’t see much evidence of it.

Perhaps an entirely different approach should be taken, maybe along the lines of how chewing gum is dealt with in Singapore. I al-ways thought it was banned and impossible to buy, but recently learned otherwise. It is possi-ble to buy gum from a pharmacy, but only after you have fi lled in a form with your personal details, including your passport or ID number, and the quantity you bought. Perhaps we could take the idea one step further. What if you were only allowed to buy cigarettes if you returned the butts from the previous packet? !

20-odd etwas über 20ashtray Aschenbecherbillboard Plakatwandbutt Zigarettenkippeclaim Behauptungcongregate, to sich versammelnevidence Beweisfi ne Bußgeldharmful schädlichimpose, to auferlegenlitter Abfalllitter lout Schmutzfi nkloud hailer Megafonoffender (Straf-) Täterundercover verdeckt

Gelesen & Gehört

Wer Englisch unterrichtet, muss sich hin und wieder mit der, zum Teil be-rechtigten, Kritik auseinander setzen, dass die deutsche Sprache ohnehin viel zu sehr mit Fremdwörtern, insbesondere mit englischen Begriffen, überfl utet wird. Aber so hilfl os, wie sie manchmal scheint, ist unsere deutsche Sprache gar nicht. Zumindest schickt sie einen nicht unerheb-lichen Anteil ihrer Wörter ebenfalls ins Ausland – und nicht nur den allzu bekannten „kindergarten“ oder die „gemutlichkeit“.

So fahren die Australier gern ins „hinterland“, wo wir doch so gerne in den Outback wollen. Und „kaffeeklatsching“ wird auch in angelsäch-sischen Ländern immer beliebter. Mit dem Koffer vor dem Hotel stellt sich die Frage: „To shlep or not to shlep?“ Aber auch andere Sprachen bedie-nen sich gern beim Deutschen. Finnen laden zur „Kaffepaussi“, Japaner trinken gern ein Gläschen „kirushuwassa“ und die Ungarn fragen schon mal „vigéc – Wie geht’s?“ Eine Weltreise der ganz eigenen Art. mm

Wort-Emigranten

Ausgewanderte WörterJutta Limbach (Hg.)Hueber VerlagISBN 978-3191078911

In einer fremden Sprache lockeren Small Talk zu halten, gehört wohl zur hohen Schule des Fremdsprachenlernens. Weil uns Deutschen das schon in der Muttersprache so schwer fällt hat Susanne Watzke-Otte ihren Lockermacher gleich zweisprachig in Englisch und in Deutsch verfasst.

Rechts auf Englisch, links auf Deutsch erfahren Sie alles über diese gar nicht so beiläufi gen und in vielen Ländern auch bei Geschäften so wich-tigen „kleinen Gespräche“. In dem Büchlein geht es um die Grundlagen der Kommunikation, die richtigen Themen, Körpersprache, vermeidbare Fettnäpfchen und darum, wie sich Small Talk gezielt einsetzen lässt. mm

Klein-gespräche

Small Talk (dt./engl.)Dr. Susanne Watzke-OtteCornelsenISBN 978-3589239344

Ideenfi ndungTäglich müssen wir Ideen sammeln – sei es für die nächste Besprechung, den Vortrag auf der Konferenz, den Projektablauf oder die Neukonstruktion eines Bauteils. Doch wie diese Ideen am besten zu Papier bringen?

ListeListen sind der übliche Weg. Ein Blatt im Hoch-format und alles schön in Punkte, Unterpunkte und Unter-Unterpunkte gliedern.

Mind MapBei einer Mind Map liegt das Blatt quer und das Thema steht in der Mitte. Alle Gedanken und Ideen werden um das zentrale Thema herum niedergeschrieben und mit Strichen oder Pfeilen entsprechend ihren Beziehungen untereinander verbunden. Tragen die Pfeile noch Bezeich-nungen, die die Beziehung der Elemente untereinander erklären, wie z. B. „entsteht aus“ oder „wirkt auf“, spricht man von einer Concept Map.

Vorteile Durch das Querformat und die grafi schen Elemente sind Mind Maps übersichtlicher, Mehrfachbeziehungen lassen sich leichter als bei Listen durch entsprechende Verbindungen kennzeichnen. Das grafi sche Arbeiten bindet die für die Kreativität verantwortliche Gehirnhälfte stärker mit ein, außerdem vertieft eine malerische Ausschmückung der Mind Map das Erarbeitete und erschließt oft neue Punkte. Außerdem wird durch die freie Anordnung der Elemente nicht unnötig kreative Energie für das Ordnen von Listen und Finden von passenden Punkten verschwendet.

SoftwareIhr volles Potenzial entfaltet die Mind oder Concept Map erst mit der Verwendung einer entsprechenden Software, mit der sich die einzelnen Punkte leichter verschieben und in die letztendlich doch notwendige Ordnung bringen las-sen. Neben kommerzieller Software gibt es dafür die hier vorgestellten, sehr leistungsfähigen freien Programme, die meist von und für Universitäten entwickelt wurden.

VUE Sehr universell einsetzbare Lösung für Mind und Concept Maps mit der Möglichkeit den einzelnen Punkten Inhalte wie Webseiten oder Dateien zuzuordnen.

http://vue.uit.tufts.edu

Cmap ToolsIn Umfang und Möglichkeiten ähnlich wie VUE.

http://cmap.ihmc.us

FreemindKlassische Mind Map Lösung mit Baumdiagrammen.

http://freemind.sourceforge.net

CompendiumEher auf Entscheidungsprozesse ausge-richtete Mind Map Software.

http://compendium.open.ac.uk

SpecialMind Mapping

Nr. 1 – März 200856 ●

Linksverkehr

www.absolutely-intercultural.comWas ein Podcast ist, sollte sich ja inzwi-schen rumgesprochen haben: Radio zum Runterladen. Hier einer, der sich dem Thema interkulturelle Kommunikation annimmt. Die inzwischen über 52 Episo-den beten allerdings nicht stur Do’s and Don’ts herunter, sondern sprechen mit Menschen vor Ort über ihre Erlebnisse in fremden Kulturen oder interkulturelle Experimente. Eine bunte Mischung an Themen, multi-kulti eben.

www.friendsabroad.comhttp://babbel.comDas Web 2.0 mit seinem „Social Inter-net“ eignet sich natürlich hervorragend dazu, mit virtuellen Bekannten auf der ganzen Welt seine Fremdsprachenkennt-nisse zu verfeinern. Eine ganze Reihe von Webseiten hat sich inzwischen darauf spezialisiert Sprachlernwillige zusammen zu bringen. Die beiden genannten Seiten sind zufällig ausgewählte Beispiele, die neben Kontakten unter anderem noch Vokabel- und Aussprachetrainer bieten.

www.retro-futurismus.dewww.lib.berkeley.edu/news_events/futuristicsIn den 60ern und 70ern war die Zukunft noch rosig – oder besser gesagt bunt. Illustrationen in Fachzeitschriften und Büchern versprachen uns Reisen zum Mond und Mars, fl iegende Untertassen für jedermann, Städte am Meeresboden und Hoch- und Tiefbahnen aller Art. Die Bilder auf diesen Seiten dürften bei so manchen alte Kindheitserinnerungen wecken.

http://education-portal.com/articles/Universities_with_the_Best_Free_Online_Courses.htmlMal kurz einen Kurs am MIT belegen oder bei Stanford die Fachkenntnisse auffrischen? Kein Problem. Die Seite verlinkt freie Online-Kurse vieler bekann-ter amerikanischer Hochschulen und der Open University in England. Nach der engine-Lektüre sollte es auch mit dem Englisch-Verständnis klappen.

Zugegeben, der Titel hält nur zum Teil, was er verspricht. Dennoch erfahren Sie so manches über die Entwicklung der Traktoren und ein alter Rolls Royce spielt auch noch eine Rolle. Viel spannender dagegen sind die Erlebnisse des 84-jährigen ukrainischen Witwers Nikolai, der auf seine alten Tage noch einmal heiraten will. Der hätte den Segen seiner mit ihm in England lebenden Töchter, wäre die Braut nicht eine 36-jäh-rige Sexbome aus der Ukraine.

Die bonbonfarbene Invasion bringt das Familienleben ordentlich durcheinander. Die Töchter fürchten um das Vermögen ihres Vaters, der ihnen wiederum vorwirft mehr an ihrem Erbe als an seinem Glück in-teressiert zu sein. Eine schnelle Hochzeit, der langwierige Versuch diese annullieren zu lassen und noch so manch anderes bringen die Familie ordentlich durcheinander, um sie am Schluss dann doch wieder zusam-men zu führen. Viele Lacher und am Schluss hat man tatsächlich noch etwas über Traktoren gelernt. mm

Traktoren und späte Liebe

A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian (engl.)Marina LewyckaPenguinISBN 0-14-102052-0

Schon mal mit den Ohren unterwegs gewesen? Dieser akustische Rei-seführer entführt sich nach San Francisco und frischt so ganz nebenbei Ihre eingestaubten Englischkenntnisse wieder auf. So wie bei der Reise-vorbereitung der Bildband den Reiseführer, so ergänzt beim Sprachen lernen dieser akustische Sprachurlaub den Audiokurs auf CD.

In langsamem und gut verständlichem Englisch nimmt der Reiseführer Sie mit zu den typischen Sehenswürdigkeiten in San Francisco wie Cable Car, Chinatown, Fisherman’s Warf, Alcatraz oder Sausalito. Das richtige Vor-Ort-Gefühl entsteht durch Original Hintergrundgeräusche und ein-gestreute O-Töne der Bewohner der „City at the Bay“. Letztere fordern das Sprachverständnis dann allerdings schon etwas mehr. Im Zweifelsfall lässt sich aber alles im zugehörigen Büchlein mit Vokabelhilfe nachschla-gen. Ein kleiner Stadtplan zeigt, wo‘s lang geht. Prima zur Vorbereitung oder als Stadtführer vor Ort. mm

Hör-Reise

Sprachurlaub in San FranciscoHörbuch auf EnglischDigital PublishingISBN 978-3-89747-857-2


Mail Under Pressure

The telegraph has been dubbed the ‘Victorian Internet’, but the pneumatic tube was defi nitely its Web 2.0. Starting in the mid 19th century, many major cities built extensive networks of pneumatic tubes for the quick delivery of telegrams and letters. As outdated as this technology might seem, it was once synonymous for speed – and could be in the future.

Ab Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts ent-standen in vielen Städten Rohrpost-netze zur schnel-len Beförderung von Briefen und Telegrammen. So altmodisch wie diese Technik erscheint, war sie einst gleich-bedeutend mit Ge-schwindigkeit – und könnte es auch in Zukunft wieder sein.

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First a rumble, then a ‘plop’: That was the “you’ve got mail” of our grandfathers and the generations before them. For more than a hundred years the pneumatic tube was simply the fastest way to send handwritten mes-sages, forms and letters. Large tube networks in cities and offi ce buildings created a kind of internet for small physical objects. Telex,

fax and ultimately the internet replaced these networks, but the fact that you (still) can’t email pills, cash or other small parts makes sure that pneumatic tubes remain more than just a forgotten era in the history of telecom-munication.

The idea of using pipeline systems for the movement of large solids is attributed to

Nr. 1 – März 200858 ●

George Medhurst from Shoreham, Kent, England. In 1810, he published a pamphlet in which he proposed the use of air for conveying letters and goods in ‘packets’ (capsules), with two tubes allowing letters to be transported in both directions “without the possibility of their clashing against each other”. In one short document, Medhurst described a technology which would remain largely unchanged for a further 150 years.

And it wasn’t too long before his idea was put to good use. The arrival of the telegraph led to a huge increase in long distance com-munication. Messages travelled between cities electronically, at great speed. However, the transcribed messages still had to be physically moved within cities. Small-diameter pneu-matic tubes were well suited to the task.

London’s Air Mail

The fi rst practical implementation was between the central offi ces of the Electric and Inter-national Telegraph Company on Telegraph Street in London and their offi ces at the Stock Exchange in 1853. The system conveyed mes-sages in felt bags through a 205-metre long tube. Other systems followed, increasing the distance and improving the transport. A pneumatic tube built in 1864 in Liverpool was the fi rst system in which messages could be sent in both directions using the same pipe: capsules were propelled by compressed air in one direction, and a vacuum in the other. This technique became common for use in systems with a relatively low throughput of capsules.

But it was not until the development of the ‘double sluice valve’ by J. W. Willmott in 1870 that signifi cant networks of telegram-convey-ing tubes developed. The valve overcame the problems associated with more than one message in a tube at one time. By 1874, an extensive system of tubes was in place, linking the Central Telegram Offi ce in London with its district post offi ces and distributing around 4.5 million messages annually. By 1886, London had 94 telegram tubes totalling 55 kilometres. Although messages travel much faster through a telegraph line than through a pneumatic tube, the latter became the pre-ferred standard in inner city transmissions due to the quicker handling of messages and the prevention of transcription errors.

Street tube pipes were made of lead and were laid 30 centimetres under the street within iron ducts. Between 20 and 30 mes-sages were placed in a single carrier consisting of a cylinder of gutta percha covered with felt

sleeves, which acted as skirts within the tube. A thick felt pad was fi tted to the front of the carrier to act as a buffer on arrival. Carriers could be dispatched every few seconds and multiple carriers were allowed in long tubes. The carrier was then drawn along the tube !

www.capsu.org/capsule (engl.)Tim Howgegos umfangreiche Seite ist die Referenz zum Thema Rohrpost im Internet.

http://berliner-unterwelten.de/die-berliner-rohrpost.314.0.html (dt.)www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/1999/1020/wissenschaft/0009/index.html (dt.)Zwei Artikel zur Rohrpost in Berlin.

www.radio.cz/de/artikel/94543 (dt.)Ausführlicher Artikel von Radio Prag zur Geschichte der dortigen Rohrpost.

www.columbia.edu/~brennan/beach (engl.)Ausführliche Dokumentation von Beach’s Pneumatic Train mit vielen Berichten von Zeitzeugen.

www.lib.berkeley.edu/news_events/futuristics/pt (engl.)Kleine Galerie zu Beach’s Pneumatic Train und ähnlichen Ideen.

attribute, to • zuschreiben, zurückführencarrier Trägerclash, to zusammenstoßencompressed air Druckluftconvey, to • befördern, transportierendelivery Auslieferungdispatch, to absenden, beförderndub, to titulierenduct Kanal, Röhreextensive ausgedehnt, umfassendfelt Filzform Formulargutta percha •

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The large-diametre pneu-matic tube of the New York Post Offi ce around 1912.


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at an average speed of 30 kilometres per hour requiring pressures of up to 1.8 bar. Initially, air differentials were created by steam-driven beam engines, but by the 1930s, two electri-cally driven compressors operated all street tubes in London.

On arrival at their destination, the carriers were transferred to a house tube system. A ‘rotary switch’ acted as the link between the street and house systems. Once stopped, the carrier formed an obstruction, which caused a pressure difference. This activated a differ-ential indicator, which allowed the carrier to transfer between systems. Such a device was required since house tube systems generally operated at lower pressures. House tubes ran in loops to allow messages to be both sent and received.

Pneumatic Tube Frenzy

The London system of pneumatic tubes re-mained in use until 1962, when it was super-seded by technological developments such as telephone networks, telexes and teleprinters, a development similar to other European and American cities which also adopted the pneu-

matic tube system and operated it equally long – some almost to this day.

In 1865, Latimer Clark, working with Sie-mens, constructed two tubes in Berlin, each 864 metres long, between the Exchange and Central Telegraph stations. At its peak, Berlin had 27 tube lines – a system 254 kilometres long which connected Berlin’s post offi ces. Up to 20 cartridges were conveyed at any one time in each tube. During the bombings of the war the network proved to be a safe and reliable communication method, but its time was com-ing to an end. In 1976, the last message was sent through a tube in the eastern section of the then divided city.

In France, Paris had more than 300 kilome-tres of pneumatic tubes, known as the ‘Carte Pneumatique’, or colloquially, the ‘pneu’. The system was opened to public use in 1879 as an alternative rapid postal system. It seems to have survived longer into the electronic age than most, partly because it was a sign to Pa-

www.cargocap.com (dt./engl.)Webseite des Cargo Cap Projekts.

www.aerocom.dewww.airtube-technology.comwww.rohrpost.deEine zufällige und garantiert unvollständige Auswahl von Anbietern moderner Rohrpostsysteme.

www.kunstmuseumbern.ch/index.cfm?nav=567,1250,1610,1612&SID=1&DID=9www.yvonneleeschultz.com/work/rohrpostAuch Künstler haben die Rohrpost für sich entdeckt. Hier zwei Beispiele.

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A present-day pneumatic tube. Today these systems are mainly used in hospi-tals, but also in banks and shops to transfer cash.

Nr. 1 – März 200860 ●

risians that a message had the utmost urgency about it, and partly because for a long time the Paris telephone system was relatively unreli-able. The ‘pneu’ was fi nally shut down in 1983 having become unprofi table.

In Prague, the pneumatic tube system was opened in March 1899. The 55-kilometre long system linked the main post offi ce in the Old Town to the New Town area to the south. The system was in continuous operation until recently, mostly for the transfer of fi nancial documents between banks, something it could do better than bike messengers. The 2002 fl ooding of Prague damaged the tube network so that the operation had to be stopped.

Across the Atlantic, the Western Union Telegraph Company constructed the fi rst sys-tem in New York in 1876, presumably for the movement of telegraph messages. Philadel-phia, Boston, Chicago and St. Louis were soon to follow and at the beginning of the 20th century capsules containing up to 500 letters were travelling at 50 kilometres per hour un-der the streets of a number of cities. Extensive use was made of some of the larger systems – typically, a third of all fi rst-class letters pass-ing through the New York mail system were distributed in part via pneumatic tubes.

But the leasing costs for the system were very high and two competing delivering sys-tems, by car and by tube, had to be maintained. Finally, traffi c control systems eased the notorious traffi c congestions in the big cities and tipped the scale in favour of the mail truck. However, many systems in the US operated until the 1950s.

Variations on the Pneumatic Theme

New York was also the site of another as-tounding episode in the history of pneumatic tubes. In 1870, Alfred Beach built the fi rst subway in New York – a gigantic pneumatic tube. Its passengers entered through a grand subway station complete with a fountain and a piano player. They then boarded a luxurious cylindrical wagon 2.4 metres wide with seats for 22 passengers and were gently pushed by air to the next station – a mere 100 metres away. The novelty soon wore off, efforts to ex-tend the network were lost in political quarrels and the pneumatic train was simply forgot-ten – only to be rediscovered in 1912 during excavation work for the subway train.

Beach’s idea lives on in a recent concept that is being developed and promoted by the Ruhr University of Bochum: the Cargo Cap. Its inventors envision a large network of 1.6

metre-wide tubes in highly populated areas such as the ‘Ruhrpott’. Capsules holding two euro-pallets, driven not by compressed air but electric motors, will travel fast and autono-mously to their destination.

The fi rst tunnel for such a system still has to be dug. But modern day incarnations of the pneumatic tube live on – mainly in hospitals, but also pharmacies, factories and supermar-kets, where they distribute medication, small parts and cash.

In 1900, Charles Emory Smith, editor of the ‘Philadelphia Press’, predicted that pneumatic tube systems would eventually link every household to the rest of the network. This dream was never to be realised; at least not yet. What a shame! Imagine buying some-thing at Ebay and only an hour later hearing a familiar ‘plop’: “You’ve got mail”. #

Tim Howgego/Matthias Meier

Above: In 1870, Beach’s pneumatic train was New York’s fi rst subway, although the tracks ended after 100 metres.Below: The Cargo Cap isn’t driven by pressurized air, but moves in under-ground tubes.

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The Paige CompositorDie Linotype-Schriftsetzmaschine revolu-tionierte die gesamt Druckbranche. Doch ihr Erfi nder Ottmar Mergenthaler hatte in James Paige einen Wettbewerber mit einem bekannten Fürsprecher – Mark Twain. Mergenthaler gewann und Twain verlor sein Vermögen.

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Dieser Text ist Teil der Radioserie „Engines of Our Ingenuity“ und wird hier mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Autors und der Radiostation KUHF wiedergegeben. Den Originaltext und weitere 2000 Kurzberichte über die Geschichte der Technik fi nden Sie unter www.uh.edu/engines

Regelmäßig neu auf www.engine-magazin.de: Eine Episode der Technikgeschichte aus der Reihe „Engines of Our Ingenuity“ – komplett mit Text, Vokabelhilfe und Audio-Datei zum kostenlosen Download.

From Gutenberg down through the 19th centu-ry, typesetters all had to pick up, then position, one letter at a time. It was slow, intense work. In the early 1800s it became clear that that would have to change. The new fast presses were driving the output of printed material skyward. In the 1820s inventors began looking for ways to mechanize typesetting. In 1884 Ottmar Mergenthaler fi nally emerged from a pack of competitors with his Linotype machine. Linotype operators set type fi ve times faster than hand typesetters could.

Historian Judith Lee tells about Mergenthal-er’s most fascinating competitor. James Paige patented the Paige Compositor in 1872. Five years later he joined with the Farnham Com-pany, and they turned to their best-known investor, Mark Twain, for support. Twain was intrigued by Paige’s machine and began putting money into its development. By 1882 Paige had a functioning compositor.

On the surface, Paige was coming up roses, but he’d made two subtle mistakes in his design. The fi rst was his compulsion to keep improving it. He wasn’t ready with a production version until 1887. By then, Linotype machines had been on the market for three years. That didn’t worry Paige. He was certain he had the better machine. His Compositor could set type sixty percent faster than the Linotype. How could he lose?

Mark Twain had long since become a true believer in Paige’s Compositor. By now he’d assumed the major fi nancial responsibility in exchange for a percentage of anticipated profi ts.

Then Paige’s second mistake surfaced. The Compositor was a temperamental racehorse. The Linotype was a steady workhorse. Paige had designed his machine to function like a human being. He’d consciously copied human hand motions. Mergenthaler had made his Linotype without reference to human func-tion. He understood that machines can move in ways that humans cannot. So his Linotype was simpler, cheaper, easier to maintain, and

less liable to break down. Machine tolerances weren’t as tight.

With 18,000 parts, Paige’s Compositor was far more complicated. Of course it priced itself out of the market. It took until 1894 for the competitive failure of the Compositor to be-come complete. After that, Paige died penniless in a poorhouse and Mark Twain went bank-rupt. Twain later observed that he’d learned two things from the experience – not to invest when you can’t afford to, and not to invest when you can.

The last surviving Compositor is housed in the Mark Twain Memorial in Hartford, Con-necticut. It’s a beautiful machine, but it reminds us that good designs have to do more than carry out a function. They have to be robust and uncomplicated. Good designs fi nd that solid simplicity which is at the root of anything worthwhile. !

anticipate, to erwarten, vorhersehenassume, to übernehmen, eingehencome up roses, to erfolgreich verlaufencompetitor Wettbewerbercompulsion Zwangconsciously absichtlich, bewusstdevelopment Entwicklungemerge, to hervortreten, auftauchenexperience Erlebnisfailure Fehlschlag, Erfolglosigkeitimprove, to verbessernintrigued fasziniertinventor Erfi nderliable to, to be Gefahr laufen etw. zu tunmaintain, to warten, pfl egenroot Wurzelsteady stetig, beständigsubtle fein, zartsupport Unterstützungtypesetter Schriftsetzerworthwhile erstrebenswert

Nr. 1 – März 200862 ●

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VorschauHotline


Vorschau

Technology

Worldwide

Features

Language

Magazine

! Grammar Review: Adverbien machen im Englischen wenig Umstände. Den-noch gilt es Dinge zu beachten.

! On the Move: Egbert hat Sorgen, er muss sich mit Belästigungen am Arbeitsplatz auseinander setzen.

! Business Partner: Nicht nur die Olympiade zieht 2008 viele nach China, auch die Geschäfte.

! Kultursprung: Der Kulturschock in Irland lässt sich zum Glück mit einem Glas Guinness prima dämpfen.

! Basics: Drahtlose Datenübertragung ist in der Industrie inzwischen Stan-dard. Hier die Grundlagen.

! Technical Dictionary: Ready for Take Off? Mit den wichtigsten Vokabeln der Luftfahrttechnik auf jeden Fall.

! News & Trends: Das Neuste und Verrückteste

! Gelesen & Gehört: Neue Bücher, Sprachkurse, CD‘s und Lexika

! Wie immer haben wir für Sie fünf Reportagen aus Wissenschaft und Technik ausgesucht. Leicht zu lesen dank unserer Vokabelhilfe.

enGine erscheint vierteljährlich jeweils im letzten Monat des Quartals.

Das nächste Heft erhalten Sie am

12. 6. 2008

Ihr direkter Draht zu uns:

Redaktion:Matthias MeierTel.: 06151/380-327Fax: 06151/380-99327eMail:[email protected]

Abonnement:Walter MenzelTel.: 06151/380-366Fax: 06151/380-99366eMail:[email protected]

Anzeigen:Heike HeckmannTel.: 06151/380-310Fax: 06151/380-99310eMail:[email protected]

Redaktion

Idee und Konzept: Matthias MeierChefredaktion: Matthias Meier – verantwortlich für den redakti-

onellen InhaltSprachwissen- Anthony Lee, Judith Fortey, David Mackie,schaftliche Zentrum für Wirtschaftssprachen an derBetreuung: European Business SchoolLayout: Reinhard Foerster (verantwortlich)Titelgestaltung: Ammann, GestaltungAnschrift: Havelstraße 9, 64295 Darmstadt

Telefon: 0 61 51 / 3 80 - 3 27Telefax: 0 61 51 / 3 80 - 9 93 27E-Mail: [email protected]: www.engine-magazin.de

Verlag

Anschrift: Hoppenstedt Publishing GmbHHavelstraße 9, D-64295 DarmstadtTelefon: 0 61 51 / 3 80 - 1 30Telefax: 0 61 51 / 3 80 - 1 31E-Mail: [email protected]

Geschäftsführer: Erich Kögler, Tel.: 0 61 51 / 3 80 - 3 07Objektleitung: Heike HeckmannAnzeigenleiterin: Heike Heckmann – verantwortlich für den

Anzeigenteil, Tel.: 0 61 51 / 3 80 - 3 10E-Mail: [email protected]

Vertriebsleiter: Walter Menzel, Tel.: 0 61 51 / 3 80 - 3 66Preisliste: Derzeit Preisliste Nr. 5, gültig seit 1. 1. 2007Erscheinungs- engine erscheint mit 4 Ausgaben pro Jahr.weise: Einzelpreis 8,70 €, Jahresabonnement 32 €.Bank- Danske Bank, Hamburg, BLZ 203 205 00verbindungen: Kto. 49 89 40 23 90

IBAN: DE 42 2032 0500 4989 4023 90SWIFT-BIC: DABADEHHPostbank Schweiz, Kto. 91-45 91 75-2 EURIBAN: CH 03 090 0000 0914 5917 52SWIFT-BIC: POFICHBE

Druck: L. N. Schaffrath DruckMedien GmbH & Co. KG, Marktweg 42–50, 47608 GeldernNachdruck: Nur mit ausdrücklicher Genehmigung des Ver-

lags. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.Der Verlag haftet nicht für unverlangt einge-sandte Manuskripte, Unterlagen und Bilder.

Auslandsvertretungen

Frankreich: ABC France S.N.C., ZAC de Mercières 3, 14 Rue du Fonds Pernant, Immeuble Technopolis, F-60200 Compiègne, Tel. (00333) 44230404, Fax (00333) 44231110

GB / Irland: Hartswood Media, Mr. Paul Barrett, Hallmark House, 25 Downham Road, Ramsden Heath, Essex CM 11 1 PU, United Kingdom, Tel: (004412) 68711560, Fax: (004412) 68711567, E�Mail: [email protected]

Italien: Hoppenstedt Bonnier Information S.P.A., Ing. Giacinto Cavalliere, Largo Parolini 131, I-36061 Bassano del Grappa (VI), Tel. (00390424) 529088, Fax (00390424) 529191, E-Mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.hbiitaly.it

Niederlande: ABC Uitgevers c.v., Tako Hofstra, Hendrik Figeeweg 1c, NL-2031 BJ Haarlem, Tel. 0031/23 553 35 02, Fax 0031/23 553 35 03, Mail: [email protected]

Österreich: Compass Verlag GmbH, Tamara Epp, Matznergasse 17, A-1140 Wien, Tel. (0 04 31) 5 12 53 47, Fax (0 04 31) 8 76 37 00-1 08, E-Mail: [email protected]

Polen: Hoppenstedt Bonnier Information, Polska Sp. z.o.o., Przemyslaw Berent, ul. Kwiatka 12, PL-09 400 Płock, Tel. (004824) 3 66 33 10, Fax (004824) 36 633 33E-Mail: [email protected]

Schweiz: Hoppenstedt Publishing GmbH, Verlagsvertretung Schweiz, Michael Rebsamen, Gurtenweg 2, Postfach 151, CH-3084 Wabern, Tel. (004131) 3 48 00 05, Fax (004131) 34 800 07, E-Mail: [email protected]

Skandinavien: BSW International Marketing Bent S. Wissing, Østbanegade 11, DK-2100 Kopenhagen, Tel. (004535) 385255, Fax (004535) 385220, E-Mail: [email protected]

Tschechien: Bisnode AB – Central Europe Area, Martin Coufal, Krizikova 159/56, CZ-186 00 Prag 8 – Karlin, Tel. (004202) 66 79 92 75, Fax (004202) 66 79 92 59 60, Mobil: (0042060) 3 80 75 05, E-Mail: [email protected]

Ungarn: HBI Korlátolt Feleössegü Társaság, Litauski Kornél, Bajáki Ferenc utca 1-3, HU-1211 Budapest, Tel. (00361) 27 61 54 28, Fax (00361) 2 76 09 33,E-Mail: [email protected]

Reading Job References Correctlykeen sense of humor: knows a lot af dirty jokesstrong adherence to principles: stubborn

of great value to the organisation: turns in work on timeapproaches difÞ culties with logic: Þ nds someone else to do the jobwell organised: does too much busyworkhard worker: usually does it the hard wayconsults with superiors often: annoyingdeserves promotion: create new title to make him feel appreciateduses time effectively: clock watchervery creative: Þ nds 22 reasons to do anything except original workwill go far: relative of managementshould go far: please

The Last Straw

Nr. 1 – März 200864 ●

Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.

Anonymous

„... jeder muss im job permanently seine intangible assets mit high risk neu relaunchen und seine skills so posten, dass die benefi ts alle ratings sprengen, damit der cash-fl ow stimmt. Wichtig ist corporate-identity, die mit perfect customizing und eye catchern jedes Jahr geupgedatet wird!“ Hilmar Kopper, ehemaliger Vorstandssprecher der

Deutschen Bank

Of course it includes our P-Tree Station for your dog‛s urgent needs.

Our pneumatic dog walker PDW 1 will take your dog out while you stay at home.

Are you tired of walking your dog day after day?

Only a pneumatic dog is a happy dog!

An engineer dies and reports to the Pearly Gates. St. Peter checks his dossier and

says, “Ah, you’re an engineer - You’re in the wrong place. Go to hell.” One day, God calls Satan up on the phone and says with a sneer, “So, how’s it going down there in hell?“ Satan replies, “Hey, things are going great. We’ve got air conditioning and fl ush toilets and escalators, and there’s no telling what this engineer is going to come up with next.” God says, “What? You’ve got an engineer? That’s a mistake, send him back up.” “No way,” Satan replies. God threatens, “Send him back up here, or I’ll sue!” Satan laughs uproariously and answers, “Yeah, right. And just where are you going to get a lawyer?”

adherence Festhalten, Befolgenappreciate, to anerkennen, wert-

schätzenbusywork Beschäftigungstherapieintangible assets immaterielles VermögenPearly Gates Himmelspforterelative Verwandtersneer Spott, Hohnsue, to verklagensuperior Vorgesetzter

Pass it on*

www.engine-magazin.de

> > >»*Weitersagen: Leser werben Leser«

Ich habe einen neuen Abonnenten geworben und wähle dafür folgendes Geschenk:

❏ Cross Culture – Benimm im Ausland

❏ Trying to Save Piggy Sneed – Hör-Buch

Dieses Geschenk wird mir nach Zahlungsein-gang der Abonnement-Rechnung zugestellt.

Name: _________________________________

Vorname: _______________________________

Straße/Hausnummer: _____________________

PLZ/Ort: ________________________________

Telefon: _________________________________

Datum: _________________________________

Unterschrift: _____________________________

❏ Ja, ich möchte engine regelmäßig im Abonnement beziehen. Schicken Sie mir bitte 1 Jahr lang engine (4 Ausgaben) zum Vorzugspreis von � 32,– frei Haus. Falls ich nicht 6 Wochen vor Ablauf des vereinbarten Bezugszeit-raumes kündige, verlängert sich mein Abonnement um jeweils 1 weiteres Jahr.

❏ Ich zahle bequem und bargeldlos per Bankeinzug.

Bankleitzahl: _______________________ Konto-Nummer: _______________________

Geldinstitut: ______________________________________________________________

❏ Überweisung nach Erhalt der Rechnung

Meine Adresse:

Name: ____________________________ Vorname: ____________________________

Straße/Hausnummer: ______________________________________________________

PLZ/Ort: _________________________________________________________________

Telefon/Telefax: ___________________________________________________________

Datum: ____________________________ Unterschrift: __________________________

Einfach faxen an: Hoppenstedt Publishing GmbHengine-Aboservice, 64295 Darmstadt, Fax: 0 61 51 / 3 80 - 9 93 66

1/2008

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engine - englisch für ingenieure magazin no 01 2008.pdf

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