english 9 - word formation
TRANSCRIPT
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Morpheme Smallest grammatical unit of language It may or may not stand alone
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Morpheme Free Morpheme – can function
independently as words and can appear with other words
Bound Morpheme – appears only parts of words. Most common type is affixes (prefixes, infixes and suffixes)
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TYPES OF WORD FORMATION Compounding Clipping Blending Acronym Eponym Borrowing Derivation
Back-Formation
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COMPOUNDING It is the process of joining or combining two or
more words to make a longer wordExample:Rain + Coat = RaincoatBasket + Ball = BasketballWork + Room = Workroom
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COMPOUNDINGExample:Rain + Coat = RaincoatBasket + Ball = BasketballAirplane + Port = AirportBrain + Storm = BrainstormChair + Man = ChairmanWork + Room = Workroom
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CLIPPING It is the process in which a word is reduced or
shortened without changing the meaning of the word
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CLIPPING Types of Clipping:
1. Back Clipping – removing the end portion of a word
2. Fore Clipping – removing the beginning portion of a word
3. Middle Clipping – retaining only the middle part of a word
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CLIPPINGExample: Bike – Bicycle Gas – Gasoline Math – Mathematics Gym – Gymnasium Fridge – Refrigerator Sub – Submarine
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BLENDING It is the process in which parts of two or more
words combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words
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BLENDINGExample: Camera + Recorder = Camcorder Cybernetic + Organism = Cyborg Emotion + Icon = Emoticon Information + Commercial = Infomercial Internet + Citizen = Netizen Smoke + Fog = Smog
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ACRONYMS A word or name formed as
an abbreviation from the initial components in a phrase or a word, usually in the form of individual letters.
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ACRONYMSExample: RADAR – Radio Detection and Ranging NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization NASA – National Aeronautics and Space
Administration OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries
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EPONYMS A word formation process in which a new
word is formed from the name of a real fictitious person.
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EPONYMSExample: America – Amerigo Vespucci August – Augustus Caesar Celsius – Anders Celsius Mach – Ernst Mach Volcano – Vulcan, Roman God of Fire Victorian – Queen Victoria of England
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BORROWING A word formation process in which a word
from one language is borrowed directly into another language.
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BORROWINGExample: Algebra (Arabic) Democracy (Greek) Cookie (Dutch) Haiku (Japanese) Murder (French) Pizza (Italian) Yo-Yo (Tagalog)
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DERIVATION A type of word formation process in which a
derivational affix attaches to the base form of a word to create a new word.
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DERIVATION
Aero (air) – AeroplaneAgri (related to farming) – Agriculture Anti (against or opposed to) – Anti-CommunistCardio (related to the heart) – Cardiology
-Cycle (circle or cycle) – bicycle, tricycle-ess (feminine) – duchess -ful (characterized by or fullness) – beautiful
Prefixes Suffixes
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BACK-FORMATION A word formation process in which an actual
or supposed derivational affix detaches from the base form of a word to create a new word.
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BACK-FORMATIONExample: Automate – Automation Babysit – Babysitter Blockbust – Blockbuster Brainwash – Brainwashing Commentate – Commentator Destruct – Destruction