word formation in english
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Lexicon. Characteristics of word formation in English.
Prefixation, suffixation and compounding..
Unit 10
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1. Lexicon
1.1. Lexicography.
1.2.The Evolution of the modern dictionary.
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Types of Lexicography
Alphabetical lexicography
Thematic Lexicography
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Products of lexicography
If account for size 20-volume Oxford
Dictionary The Concise
Oxford Dictionary The Pocket Oxford
Dictionary The Collins Gem
If account for type Monolingual Bilingual Multilingual Phonetical Etymologies Synonyms and
antonyms.etc.
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The evolution of modern dictionaries.
First English to English word list
“A Table Alphabeticall”by Robert Cawdrey 1603. It contained 2,500 words.
By the 50´s of XVII Century
“Etylomologies” were Included in dictionaries as well
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In 1700, John Kersey dares to add frequent words in dictionaries.
The gratest figure in English lexicography in
the XVIII was Samuel Johnson.
The gratest lexicographical effort ever made was
The Oxford English Dictionary.
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Dictionaries in America
Noah Webster is the great pioneer in lexicography.
His dictonary published in 1828 had the title “An American Dictionary of the English Language”
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English word formation Affixation. Compounding. Conversion. Other devices: reduplication,
clipping, blending, acronyms.
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Prefixation Characteristics of prefixes
Generally they do not alter the word class of the base.
The are normally written together with the base as a single word.
Main stress falls normally on the base. They can be grouped according to their
meaning.
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Negative Prefixes “un-” unfair, unadorned,
unfortunately. “non-” non-conformist, non-existent. “in-” invisible, illogical, impossible,
irresponsible. “a(n)-” amoral, atheist. “dis-” disloyal, disobey, disfavour
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Reversible Prefixes “un-” undo, undress, unhorse.
“de-” defrost, depoliticize.
“dis-” discouraging, disheartened,desinterested.
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Pejorative Prefixes “mis-” mishear, misconduct,
misleading, misrepresentation.
“mal-” maltreat, malformed, malfunction.
“pseudo-” pseudo-scientific, pseudo- classicism.
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Prefixes of degree and size “arch-” archduke, archenemy. “super-” supermarket, superman. “out-” outlive, outdo, outrun. “sur-” surcharge, “sub-” subnormal, substandard. “over-”/under-” overdo, undertook “hyper-/ultra-” hypersensitive. “mini-/macro-/micro-” microwave.
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Prefixes of attitude “co-” cooperative, cohabit, co-
director, co-proprietor. “counter-” counter-espionage,
counter-attack. “anti-/pro-” anti-nuclear, anti-
democracy.
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Locative Prefixes “super-” super-structure. “sub-” subway, subconscious,
subdivide. “inter-” international, intermarry,
interwave, interplay. “trans-” transatlantic, transplant.
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Prefixes of time and order “fore-” foretell, foreman, forewarn. “pre-/post-” pre-historial, pre-
marital. “ex-” ex-minister, ex-wife. “re-” rebuild, relocation, re-elegible.
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Number Prefixes
“uni-/mono-” monosyllable, unilateral.
“bi-/di-” dichotomy, bifocal.
“multi-/poly-/pluri” multiracial
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Conversion prefixes “be-” bewigged, bewitch, bedazzle,
befriend ( a dog ).
“en-/em-” endanger, empower.
“a-” afloat.
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To Summarize Negative Prefixes. Reversible Prefixes. Pejorative Prefixes. Prefixes of degree and size. Prefixes of attitude. Locative prefixes. Prefixes of time and order. Number Prefixes. Conversion Prefixes.
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Suffixation Characteristics of suffixes.
They normally alter the word type of the base.
Suffixes rarely have a distinct meaning on their own.
The change the word into which they are included into another part of speech.
The can be classified according to the speech part they form, or according to the type of base the are added to.
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Noun suffixes Occupational.
“-eer” engineer, auctitioneer.
“-ster” gangster, gamester, trickster.
“-er” Londoner, banker
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Noun Suffixes Diminutive and femenine.
“-let” booklet, owlet, piglet.
“-ette” cigarrette, kitchenette.
“-ess” countess, hostess.
“-y” Johnny, daddy, pussy
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Noun Suffixes ( Abstract ) Status, domain, etc.
“-hood” boyhood, brotherhood, flasehood, likelihood.
“-ship” friendship, companionship
“-dom”,”-ocracy”, “-ery/-ry”.
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Noun Suffixes
Quantity.
“-ful” handful, spoonful
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Noun/adjective suffixes
“-ite” Israelite, Rafaelite.“-(i)an” Shakespearian, Elizabethan.“-ese” Japanese.“-ist” novelist, violinist, typist.“-ism” Cummunism, Imperialistm.
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De-verbal suffixes
“-er” worker, onlooker, drinker.“-ant” inhabitant, occupant.“-ation” operation, exploration.“-ment” arrangement, argument.“-al” approval, refusal“-ing” swimming, living, painting, building.“-age” package, peerage, shortage.“-ee” trainee, employee.
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De-adjectival suffixes
“-ness” goodness, happiness, selfishness.
“-ity”/”-able”/”-ible”/”-al” readable, readability, sentimental, sentimentality.
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Verb suffixes
“-ify” certify, identify.
“-ize” scandalize, organise.
“-en” blacken, sadden.
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Adjective Suffixes“-able” readable, drinkable.“-al” chemical, criminal, special.“-ful” beautiful, plentiful.“-ed” blue-eyed, odd-shaped.“-en” wooden, leaden.“-ic” Germanic, specific.“-ish” foolish, boyish, snobbish.“-less” helpless, hopeless.“-like” friendly, child-like
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Adverb suffixes
“-ly” happily, freely, instantly.
“-wards” onwards, eastwards.
“-wise” clockwise.
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To Summarize Suffixes Noun Suffixes. Noun/Adjective suffixes. De-verbal suffixes. De-adjectival suffixes. Verb suffixes. Adjective suffixes. Adverb suffixes.
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Compounding.
Oil paperPaperclipPaper aeroplane(to)wallpaperWastepaperWastepaper basket
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Characteristics of compounds. The can be written together, (solid)
separately or with a hyphen. Phonologically are identified as for having
the main stress on the first element. blackbird ´_____,_____ a species of bird. blackbird _____ ´_____ a bird which is back
They can consist of two or three words. sister-in-law, baby-sitter, air-conditioner.
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Other compound nouns come from... Verb + Noun.
pickpoket. Verb + Verb.
make-belive. Adjective + Noun.
fast-food.
Particle + Nounoverkill.
Adverb + Noun.new generation
Verb + Particlepress down
Phrase compoundsWhisky and soda
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Groups of compound nouns.
Compound nouns can be countable, uncountable, singular or plural and grouped like that.
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Common countable compound nouns. Address book Air conditioner Air raid Baby-sitter Bank account Brother-in-law Bus-stop Can opener
Heart attack High school Human being Letter-box Passer-by Pen-friend Polar bear Police station.
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Common uncoutable compound nouns Birth control Central heating Common sense Dry-cleaning Family planning Fancy dress Fast-food Income tax
Lost property Mail order Make up Old age Remote control Social security First aid Water-skiing
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Common singular compound nouns
Cost of living Fire brigade Generation gap Human race
Mother-tongue Public sector Solar system Welfare state.
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Common plural compound nouns.
Armed forces Civil rights High heels Human rights Luxury goods
Road works Social services Winter sports Yellow pages
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Compound adjectives.
They are made up of two or more words, usually written with hyphens between them. They may be qualitative classifying or colour adjectives.
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Common patterns to make compound adjectives.
Adjective or number + noun + “-ed”red-haired
Adjective or adverb + past participlelow-paid
Adjective, adverb or noun +present participle
good-looking
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Rule for compound adjectives A few compound adjectives are
made up of more than two words and they are often written with hyphens when they are used in front of nouns, and without hyphens when they are used as the complement of a link verb.
It was a free-and-easy relatioship. That book is out of date.
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Groups of Compound adjectives.
Compound qualitative adjectives
Absent minded. Easy-going. Low-paid Nice looking Old fashioned Open-minded
Second-class Starry-eyed Tender-hearted Well-behaved Well-dressed Well-known.
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Groups of Compound adjectives.
Compound classifying adjectives
Audio-visual Brand-new Built-up Deep-sea Duty-free
Long-distance Made-up North-east One-way Second-hand Tax-free Top-secret
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Groups of Compound adjectives.
Compound colour adjectives
Blood-red Bottle-green Nut-brown
Royal-blue Sky-blue Snow-white.
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Compound Verbs. They are usually written with an
hyphen. Pattern formation:
noun + verb “sky-dive”verb + noun “shun-pike”verb + verb “freeze-dry”adjective + verb “double-book”particle + verb “overbook”
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Groups of compound verbs
Intransitive compound verbs:Baby-sit hitch-hikeIce-skate roller-skateWater-ski window-shopTransitive compound verbs:Back-comb ill-treatDry-clean tape recordCompound verbs used in transitive or intransitive clauses:Bottle-feed sight-readMass-produce spring-cleanShrt-circuit tie-dye