word formation in english
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Word Formation in English . Conversion Conversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form. For example, the verb release is converted to the noun release. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Word Formation in English
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ConversionConversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form. For example, the verb release is converted to the noun release.
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In the English language conversion is unusually prominent as a word-formation process.
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There are two kinds of conversion: full conversion and partial conversion.
Full conversion is conversion of an adjective into a noun which has all features of a noun.
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Partial conversion is conversion, where a word of one word class appears in a function which is characteristic of another word class.
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Conversion to noun:
There are two types of conversion to noun.
1) De-verbal
This type includes the following kinds.The de-verbal nouns may be used:
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1)to denote the state of mind or sensation.Desire: v. To long for, to wish n. strong longing, earnest wish
dismay: v. To fill with dismay n. strong feeling of fear and hopelessness
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b) to denote an event or activity: attempt v: to try, to make a start at doing something n. effort to do something.Fall: v. To come or go down freely n. act of falling
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Release: v. To allow to go, to set free. n. releasing or being released.
Search: v. To examine, to look carefully at. n. act of searching
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swim: v. To move the body through water by using arms, legs, fins, the tail, etc.
n. act or period of swimming
The deverbal nouns of this kind are used dynamically.
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c) as object of the given verb:
Catch:
Her husband was a good catch ( that which is caught). They say he’s got a fortune in the bank.
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d) as subject of the given verb:bore: He became a bore( one that causes boredom) at last.
cheat: A cheat is a person who cheats.
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e) as instrument of the given verb:
cover:
put the cover ( something with which to cover things) on the kettle and the water will boil.
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Wrench:
where is your wrench (spanner)?
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f) as manner of the given verb:
walk:
I can know him at once by his walk ( manner of walking).
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lie:
the lie ( the way or position in which something lies) of the land.
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g) as place of the given verb:
divide:
a period marking the divide.
(something that divides, especially watershed between two eras of American history.)
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rise:
He sat at the top of a small rise ( an upward slope; small hill).
turn: Take a turn to the right, please. A path full of twists and turns ( a place at which something turns, turns off or turns back.
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2) De-adjectival:
This conversion can be explained in terms of a fixed adjective plus noun phrase from which the noun has been ellipted.
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Typical examples are:
I’d like two pints of bitter, please. ( type of beer)
They ‘re running in the final. ( the final race)
As a foot-baller, he is a natural. ( a naturally skilled player)
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Daily( daily newspaper)Comic (comic actor)Regular ( regular customer)Roast( roast beef)Young marrieds ( married people)
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Annual ( annual book or magazine)Bimonthly ( bimonthly magazine)Biweekly ( biweekly magazine)Weekly ( weekly magazine)Monthly ( monthly magazine)Perennial ( perennial plant)
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Conversion to verb:There are two types of conversion to verb.
1) Denominal:
This type has seven kinds.A) to put in N: Bottle: to put into a bottle Corner: to put into a difficult position
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B) to give N or to provide with N…
coat: to give a coat to
commission: to give a commission to
mask: to give a mask to
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C) to deprive of N:core: to remove the core from
skin: to take the skin off
peel: to take the skin off fruit, vegetables etc.
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D) to do with N;knife: to cut or stab with a knife
brake: to stop by means of a brake
finger: to touch with the fingers
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E) to be or act as N with respect:
father: to act as a father to
nurse: to act as a nurse to
pilot: to act as a pilot to
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F) to make or change…into N:
cash: to change into cash
group: to make into a group
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G) to send or go by N: mail: to send by mail
telegraph: to send news, etc. by telegraph
bicycle: to go by bicycle
boat: to travel by motor-car
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canoe:
to travel by canoe
Most of the verbs in this type are transitive verbs, with the exception of a few words.
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a) (transitive verb) to make adj. or to make more adj.
Calm: to make calm Dirty: to make or become
dirty
2) De-adjectival:
This type has two kinds:
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Don’t dirty your hands.
White shoes dirty very easily
This type can be used as transitive verbs and intransitive verbs:
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b)(intransitive verb) to become adj.Dry: to become dry
Empty: to become empty
Narrow: to become narrow
Yellow: to become yellow
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Grey: to become greyBlue: to become blue
This kind can also be used as transitive verbs and intransitive verbs:
Dry your wet hands.
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Sometimes a phrasal verb is derived from an adjective by the addition of a particle:
Smooth out: to make smooth
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Calm down: to become calm
Sober up: to become sober
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Sometimes a verb is derived from an adjective plus a suffix:
Blacken: to become black
Black: to make black
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C. Conversion to adjective:
This category has only one type.
Denominal:A brick garage: The garage is brick.
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Minor categories of conversion:
There are three less minor categories of conversion, chiefly used informally.
1)Conversion to nouns:
This type has three kinds.
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A) conversion from closed-system words to nouns.There are two postulated major word classes in the English language: open class and closed class. An open class is one whose membership is in principle indefinite or unlimited, whereas a closed class is one whose membership is fixed or limited.
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New items are constantly being added to the open class, as new ideas, inventions, etc, appear. Nouns, verbs, adjective and adverbs are open-class items. New items are not regularly added to the closed class as they are in the case of open-class items. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-system words.
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Examples are:But(i.e. the word but) contains three letters.
His speech contains too many ifs and buts.
It tells you about the how and the why of flight.
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B)Conversion from affixes to nouns:
Very occasionally, an affix may be converted to nouns, e.g.
This is the age of isms
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C) Conversion from phrases to nouns: Phrases or combinations of more than one word, may sometimes be reduced to noun status by conversion, e.g. Whenever I gamble, my horse is one of the also-rans. ( one of the horses which also ran but was not among the winners.)
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2)Conversion to verbs This conversion is conversion from closed-class words and non-lexical items to verbs. It is chiefly used informally:
They downed tools in protest.
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3)Conversion to adjectives:
This conversion is the conversion from phrases to adjectives.
An up-in-the-air feeling: I feel very up in the air ( with reference to cheerful spirits)
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Conversion may be reclassified into three types according to the same word-classes; the change of secondary word class—nouns, the change of secondary word class---verbs and the change of secondary word class---adjectives.
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The change of secondary word class---nouns: This type has four kinds.1) noncount nouns- count nouns:a) a unit of N:Two coffees ( two cups of coffee)Two sugars ( two lumps of sugar)
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b)a kind of N:
Some paints are more lasting than others.This is a better bread than the one I baked yesterday.
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c) an instance of N: ( with abstract nouns)
May I ask a favour of you?The difficulties of English grammar;A home truth ( a fact about someone which is unpleasant for him but true.)Small kindnessesA miserable failureA great injustice