environment friendly power plant

7/31/2019 Environment Friendly Power Plant

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Parameters forConstructing

Environmentally SafePower Plant

~ByVarun KumarGirja Shanker

Mukesh VermaNavneet Yadav

Nirav Dhruv

Venkateshwar Rao


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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Types of power plants

Power infrastructure in India

Pollution in power plants

Pollution control

Environmental concerns

Conclusion


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TYPES OF POWERPLANTS

RENEWABLE

NON RENEWABLE


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RENEWABLE POWERPLANTS

HYDRO

WIND

SOLAR BIOMASS

TIDAL

GEOTHERMAL


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NON RENEWABLE POWERPLANTS

THERMAL

GAS NUCLEAR

DIESEL


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POWER INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA

Generating Capacity (31.03.2007)

*Excluding Captive generation capacity of about 41000 MW

Thermal 86,015 65.0%

Hydro 34,654 26.2%

Nuclear 3,900 2.9%

Renewable 7760 5.9%

TOTAL 132,329* 100.0%

Centra

Sec to

3 4 %

Sta te S ec t

53 %

Privat

Sec to

1 3 %

(70,096 MW)

(45,121 MW)(17,112 MW)

Total Generation2006-07: 662 TWh

Large Capacity addition is required to meet the demand


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POLLUTION IN POWERPOLLUTION IN POWER

PLANTPLANT

AIRAIR

WATERWATER SOUNDSOUND

SOLID WASTESOLID WASTE

HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTE THERMAL WASTETHERMAL WASTE


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Turbine

Turbine

CondCond

APHAPH

ESPESP

Water

Intake

Blow

Down

Colony

& DrainageMain Plant DrainMain Plant Drain

BoilerBoiler

Boiler

Blow down

ASH PONDASH POND

AAQ

AAQ

ASPHASPH

S

T

A

CK

Flue GasFlue Gas

Cooling

Tower

Environmental Concerns in TPP

Control Room

HalonChlorine Storage

AAQ

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AIR POLLUTION

PARAMETERS MONITOREDSPM

RSPM

Sox

NOx

CO

CO2


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Key to Understanding: POLLUTIONFine Particles Reduce Visibility

Chicago - Summer 2000.

Hazy Day : PM 2.5 > 35 g/m3Chicago - Summer 2000.

Clear Day : PM 2.5 < 5 g/m3 12


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WASTE WATER FROM AWASTE WATER FROM A

THERMAL POWER PLANTTHERMAL POWER PLANT1.) EFFLUENTS WITH HIGH TOTAL1.) EFFLUENTS WITH HIGH TOTAL

DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)

BLOW DOWN FROM CONDENSER CWBLOW DOWN FROM CONDENSER CWSYSTEM.SYSTEM.

NEUTRALISED WASTE FROM DM PLANTNEUTRALISED WASTE FROM DM PLANT

& SOFTENING PLANT.& SOFTENING PLANT.


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2.) EFFLUENTS WITH HIGH TOTAL SUSPENDED2.) EFFLUENTS WITH HIGH TOTAL SUSPENDED

SOLIDS (TSS)SOLIDS (TSS)

COAL HANDLING PLANTCOAL HANDLING PLANT

SERVICE WATER SYSTEM WASTESERVICE WATER SYSTEM WASTE

SLUDGE FROM PT PLANTSLUDGE FROM PT PLANT

BACKWASH WASTE WATER OF GRAVITYBACKWASH WASTE WATER OF GRAVITYFILTER & SOFTENING PLANTFILTER & SOFTENING PLANT

3.) EFFLUENTS HAVING HIGH OIL CONTENT3.) EFFLUENTS HAVING HIGH OIL CONTENTOILY WASTE FROM FUEL OIL HANDLINGOILY WASTE FROM FUEL OIL HANDLING

SYSTEM & OTHER OIL HANDLING AREAS.SYSTEM & OTHER OIL HANDLING AREAS.


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4.)4.)EFFLUENTS HAVING HIGH TEMPERATUREEFFLUENTS HAVING HIGH TEMPERATURE

BOILER BLOW-DOWN WATERBOILER BLOW-DOWN WATER

RETURN WATER OF CONDENSERRETURN WATER OF CONDENSER

COOLINGCOOLINGSYSTEMS IN PLANTS OPERATING ONSYSTEMS IN PLANTS OPERATING ON

ONCEONCE

THROUGH TYPE CIRCULATING WATERTHROUGH TYPE CIRCULATING WATER

SYSTEM.SYSTEM.


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PARAMETERS MONITORED

pHCONDUCTIVITY

TDSTSSBODCOD

O&GHEAVY METALS LIKE Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn, Pb,Hg, As etc.


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THERMAL POLLUTION

Increase in watertemperature thatadversely affects

organisms that livethere (coolingequipment)

Thermal plume:

area that is warmedfrom a coolingwater discharge

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NOISE POLLUTION

TURBINE FLOOR

BLOW DOWN

VARIOUS MAINTENANCE WORKS DUE TO RUNNING EQUIPMENTS

AMBIENT NOISEAMBIENT NOISE


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AMBIENT NOISEAMBIENT NOISE

STANDARDSSTANDARDS

AREA CATEGORY OF AREA/ZONE LIMITSIN dB

CODE DAY TIME NIGHT TIME

(A) INDUSTRIAL AREA 75 70

(B) COMMERCIAL AREA 65 55

(C) RESIDENTIAL AREA 55 45

(D) SILENCE ZONE 50 40


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POLLUTION CONTROL

OUTPUT CONTROL: pollution controltechnologies, deal with pollutants after

produced

INPUT CONTROL: pollution prevention,dont make the pollutant

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ENVIRONMENTALCONCERNS

Emission Control

Effluent Management

Resource ConservationAsh Utilization

Waste Management


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A JOURNEY TOWARDSZERO EMISSION

FROM RASAYAN SHAKTI

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Introduction

What is a zero emission plant?

Technology to control PM/SPM

Some technologies for SOX/NOxreduction Combustion modifications

clean up systems

Technologies for CO2 captureCO2 sequestration

ZERO EMISSION

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ZERO EMISSION POWERPLANT

Power plant emissions can be Unwanted content in the exhaust gas (CO2,

NOx, CO, VOC, SO2, dioxin, smoke,particles, steam plume..)

Ash, cooling water, spill water, lube oil Noise and vibrations

Transports of fuel and ash, fuel preparation

In a Zero emission power plant

all emissions are there but are low as aresult of good engineering required by laws,directives and regulations to reach globalstandards.

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Technology to controlPM/SPM

ESP

SUPPORT OF CHEMICAL DOSING

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ESP PROCESS STEPS

Collectingelectrode,grounded

Rapping mechanismDischarge electrode withNegative high tension (20-60kV)

1

2

3

4 5

Dust layer1.Electron emission

2.Dust particle charging

3.Migration

4.dust collection

5.Rapping

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Desirables for Stack EmissionDesirables for Stack Emission

ReductionReduction

Optimum Electrical Resistivityof the fly ash108-1011

Higher Moisture in flue gas.

Lower Flue gas temp

Higher Sulpher in flue gas.

Proper Gas flow distribution

Minimum Un-burnt in fly ash

Particle size distribution

Advance ESP controller/ Ele. Energy for

fly ash.

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FLUE GAS CHEMICAL CONDITIONING

1. FLUE GAS

HUMIDIFICATION

2. SO3 DOSING

3. AMMONIA

DOSING

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AMMONIA DOSING

SYSTEM AT ESP INLET

FOR STACK EMMISSIONCONTROL

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Ammonium sulphate is the outcome of neutralization of excess sulpher

present in flue gas.

AMMONIA DOSING

CHEMICAL CHANGE Ammonia combine with SOX and transforms it to

Ammonium sulphate & Ammonium bisulphate.

ADVANTAGE

Ammonium bisulphate molecules (being adhesive in nature)

increases the adhesion strength of dust collected on

electrodes and falls in the form of lumps while rapping and

thus reduces the re-entertainmentloss

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LAYOUT FOR AMMONIA DOSING IN ESP


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PASS-D PASS-C PASS-B PASS-A

DUCT

PASS-A

LAYOUT FOR AMMONIA DOSING IN ESP

ZERO METER

WATER SPRAY

AMMONIA CYLINDER

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AMMONIA DOSING UNIT # 3

AVERAGE

AMMONIA DOSING RATE

STACK LEVEL

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Simple layout.

System installation in house with

available resources.

Easy to operate.

BENIFITSSTACK SPM

LEVEL < 100

MG/NM3

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The rate of NOx is proportional to pressureand residence time and exponentiallyincreasing with flame temperature

Generally NO2 is produced at lower flame

temperature & NO at higher

NO2 at high concentrations look like yellowish

smoke

BASICS OF NOX

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SOME TECHNOLOGIES FORNOX REDUCTION

Water-steam injection

Exhaust gas clean up in catalyticreactor

Catalytic combustion

Catalytic absorption in SCONOX

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WATER-STEAM INJECTION

-- NOx is reduced by cooling down the flame with HNOx is reduced by cooling down the flame with H22O -O -

200

100

0.5 1.0 1.5

Fuel/Air Equivalence Ratio

Water Injection

Steam InjectionLean PremixCombustion

NOx

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EXHAUST GAS CLEAN UPSelective Catalytic Reactor

Ammonia is mixed into the combustion air afterthe gas turbine

In the catalytic reactor the ammonia reacts withNOx to produce N2 and H20

90% efficiency Works between certain temperature limits, thus

has to be positioned in an exhaust gas boiler

Deterioration of catalytic elements: average 6

years life SCR is most often combined with a DLE

combustion system to reach NOx levels around 3-5 ppm

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CATALYTIC NO


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CATALYTIC NOX

ABSORPTION

The SCONOX system uses catalytic absorption

The absorption elements works at lowertemperatures than the SCR

They are regenerated with H2 to form H20and N2

The SCONOX reactor is built up of a numberof elements with individual dampers on each

element, upstream and downstream The regeneration is an ongoing process in

which elements are shut off by the dampersand blown by H2 for a minute

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The H2 is generated from the fuel gas by asteam reformer

95 97% NOx removal efficiency

~ 4 times more expensive than SCR butthere is a growing market in the US,

perhaps in Norway and Japan


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Catalytic NOx absorption

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CARBON SEQUESTRATION

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CARBON SEQUESTRATIONCARBON SEQUESTRATION

It is a family of methods for capturing andpermanently isolating gases that couldcontribute to global climate change

Stores CO2 removed from the atmosphere orcaptured from emissions and stores it inanother form somewhere else (a carbon sink)

CARBON SEQUESTRATION WILL HAVE TO BE DEPLOYEDVERY RAPIDLY AT AN ENORMOUS SCALE FOR SAFEGHG STABILIZATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE

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Carbon Sequestration: General


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Carbon Sequestration: GeneralModes

Ocean Sequest.. Direct, deep-ocean

injection

Geological Sequest.. Saline Reservoirs Old Oil/Gas fields

Coal Beds

Soil/PlantSequestration

ChemicalSequestration Creating terrestrialsolids Creating hydrates Basalt injection Absorption into

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Carbon Sequestration: General


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Carbon Sequestration: GeneralModes

Ocean &

Geologicalmodes have thehighest storagecapacity, whichwould coverfrom 50 to >250years of currentemissionvolumes. They

also have longtermsequestrationpotential

DOE, Carbon Sequestration Roadmap46


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NEW ERA APPROACH

KYOTO PROTOCOL (1997)

UN CLIMATE CONFERENCE BALI(2007)

EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT


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EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT

Effluent Treatment Plants

Sewage Treatment Plants

Ash Water Recycling Systems

Neutralization pits

Coal Settling Pits

Oil Skimmers


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Coal Slurry : Coal particles are settled byretention and dozing coagulant aid.

Oily Waste : Oil is recovered by installingskimmers and the oil recovered is reused.


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P.T. Plant Waste : Filter backwash wasteis recycled to clarifiers. Clarifier sludge issent to the ash handling system.

Main Plant Waste : Treated in lamellaclarifiers.

Final discharge : Continuous onlinemonitoring is done for important

parameters

EFFLUENT TREATMENT


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EFFLUENT TREATMENTPLANT


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RESOURCE CONSERVATION

8 .

0 .6 0 . 7

8 .0

0 .50 .7

7 .

0 . 30 .

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

2 0 0 3 - 0 4 2 0 0 4 - 0 5 2 0 0 5 - 0 6

O p e r a t i o n a l P e r fo r m a n

A u x . P o w e r C o n s . ( % )S p . O i l C o n s . ( m l / k w h )S p . C o a l / k g

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Vindhyac

hal

Kahalg

aon

Ta

lcher

VSTP

P-II

SIPAT

C

ycleofConcen

trationforWa

ter

Reduction in Consumption of Coal , Oil & WaterReduction in Consumption of Coal , Oil & Water

LAND MANAGEMENTLAND MANAGEMENT


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Land requirement reduced from 1 acre / MW to0.7 acre / MW through :

- Efficient Layout Design- Ash Pond Height Increase

- Ash Utilization

LAND MANAGEMENTLAND MANAGEMENT

AFFORESTATIONAFFORESTATION

17 Million Trees of different speciesincluding Jatropa (Energy Plantation)

planted in and around power stations

RECLAMATION OFRECLAMATION OF


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RECLAMATION OFRECLAMATION OF

ABANDONED ASH PONDSABANDONED ASH PONDS

Abandoned Ash Dykes reclaimed at:- Ramagundam STPS

- Rihand STPS

ASH POND MANAGEMENTASH POND MANAGEMENT


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ASH POND MANAGEMENTASH POND MANAGEMENT

Continuous water cover in the Ash pond Arrangement of Water Sprinklers

Green Cover at Ash PondLand reclamation

NTPC Vindhyachal


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y

It is obvious from above discussion that thermalPower plant may cause serious damage to

ecologyIf proper eco-considerations are not

incorporated.Use of effective pollution control equipment may

Minimize adverse ecological impact.

CONCLUSION &

RECOMENDATION


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environment friendly power plant

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