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Environmental Assessment Report

Full Environmental Impact Assessment Report Project Number: 41627-05 June 2011

IND: Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Development Investment Program – Tranche 4

Prepared by WAPCOS Limited for Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd.

WAPCOS Centre for Environment

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL 1-1

1.2 NEED FOR THE PROJECT 1-1

1.3 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 1-4

1.4 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY 1-4

1.5 STAGES IN AN EIA STUDY 1-4

1.6 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT 1-5

CHAPTER-2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 GENERAL 2-1

2.2 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED 2-1

2.3 PROJECT FEATURES 2-2

2.4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2-6

2.5 OTHER WORKS 2-9

2.6 LAND REQUIREMENT 2-10

2.7 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT 2-11

2.8 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL REQUIREMENT 2-11

2.9 YEAR WISE CONSTRUCTION WORKERS 2-12

2.10 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD 2-14

CHAPTER-3: METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE EIA STUDY 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1

3.2 STUDY AREA 3-1

3.3 SCOPING MATRIX 3-1

3.4 DATA COLLECTION 3-2

3.5 SUMMARY OF DATA COLLECTION 3-8

3.6 IMPACT PREDICTION 3-8

3.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND COST ESTIMATES 3-9

3.8 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION PLAN 3-9

3.9 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN 3-9

3.10 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM 3-10

CHAPTER-4 BASELINE SETTING FOR PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS 4.1 GENERAL 4-1

4.2 METEOROLOGY 4-1

4.3 GEOLOGY 4-2

4.4 SEISMOLOGY 4-3

4.5 LAND USE PATTERN 4-5

4.6 SOILS 4-7

4.7 WATER RESOURCES 4-9

4.8 WATER QUALITY 4-11

4.9 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 4-14

4.10 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 4-19

Chapter 5: BASELINE SETTING FOR ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS 5.1 GENERAL 5-1

5.2 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 5-1

5.3 AQUATIC ECOLOGY AND FISHERIES 5-16

CHAPTER – 6: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1

6.2 STUDY APPROACH 6-1

6.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA 6-3

6.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE PROJECT 6-16

6.5 ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN UNDER R&R PLAN DURING 2009-2010 6-25

6.6 BUDGETS FOR RESETTLEMENT & REHABILITATION 6-27

CHAPTER-7: PREDICTION OF IMPACTS 7.1 GENERAL 7-1

7.2 IMPACTS ON WATER ENVIRONMENT 7-3

7.3 IMPACTS ON AIR ENVIRONMENT 7-8

7.4 IMPACTS ON NOISE ENVIRONMENT 7-10

7.5 IMPACTS ON LAND ENVIRONMENT 7-13

7.6 IMPACTS ON BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 7-23

7.7 IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 7-28

7.8 IMPACTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS 7-30

WAPCOS Centre for Environment

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AAQM - Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

CAT - Catchment Area Treatment

CEIA - Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment CHC - Community Health Centre

DEM - Digital Elevation Model DPR - Detailed Project Report

EC - Electrical conductivity EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment

EIMU - Environmental Impact Management Unit EMP - Environmental Management Plan

FCC - False Color Composite

FRL - Full Reservoir Level

PFR - Pre-Feasibility Report GIS - Geological Information System

GHNP - Great Himalayan National Park

GOI - Government of India

GPP - Gross Primary Productivity

HEP - Hydroelectric Project

HRT - Head Race TunnelHPSEB - Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board

IDC - Interest During Construction IMD - India Meteorological Department

MDDL - Minimum Draw Down Level

MOEF - Ministry of Environment and Forests MOWR - Ministry of Water Resources MOU - Memorandum of Understanding

MU - Million Units

MW - Mega Watt NOC - No Objection Certificate NOx - Nitrogen Oxides NPRR - National Policy for Resettlement & Rehabilitation PAP - Project Affected People

PAF - Project Affected Families NRSA - National Remote Sensing Agency

PHC - Primary Health Centre

ROR - Record of Rights

R&R - Resettlement & RehabilitationRPM - Respirable Particulate Matter

SAV - Study Area Village

SPCB - State Pollution Control Board

SPL - Sound Pressure LevelSPM - Suspended Particulate Matter

SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Sciences SO2 - Sulphur dioxide

STP - Sewage Treatment Plant

SYI - Silt Yield Index

TRT - Tail Race Tunnel

TDS - Total Dissolved Solids

WAPCOS - Water and Power Consultancy Services (I) Limited

HPPCL EIA study for Shongtong-Karchham H.E Project (450 MW)

WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1-1

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL The Kinner Kailash Power Corporation Limited (KKPCL) promoted by Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board (HPSEB) has been renamed as Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (HPPCL). The HPPCL is the joint venture between the Government of Himachal Pradesh (GoHP) and Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board (HPSEB). The HPPCL proposes to develop the Shongtong–Karchham Hydro Electric Project on river Satluj in district Kinnaur of Himachal Pradesh. The project is envisaged as a run-of-river (RoR) Scheme on river Satluj in district Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh. The barrage site is located near village Powari and the power house is proposed to be located near village Ralli on left bank of river Satluj near confluence of river Bapsa with river Satluj. The installed capacity of Shongtong-Karchham hydro-electric project shall be 450 MW. The barrage site is located near village Powari and the power house is proposed to be located near village Ralli on NH-22 about 200 km from Shimla. The project location map along with revenue village’s boundaries and population outline enclosed as Figure-1.1. 1.2 NEED FOR THE PROJECT The installed power generation capacity in India was 1,362 MW in 1947 which increased to 64,729 MW in 1990. In spite of the significant growth, power demand has always outstripped the supply. At the end of the 10th plan, shortfall in energy availability on an all India basis is given as per Table 1.1. Table 1.1: 10th Plan, shortfall in energy availability on an all India basis Year Requirement Availability Surplus(+)/

Shortage (-) Surplus/Shortage %

Peak (MW) 2006-07 100,715 86,818 -13,897 -13.8 Energy (MU) 2006-07 690,587 624,495 -66,092 -9.6

Source: Data Management and Load Forecasting (DMLF) Division, Central Electricity Authority Based on 10th Plan actual capacity addition of 21,180 MW, a capacity addition of 78,577 MW comprising of 39,865 MW (50.7%) in central sector, 27,952 MW (35.6%) in State sector and 10,760 MW (13.7%) in private sector has been proposed during 11th Plan. Table 1.2 gives the capacity addition proposed during 11th five year plan. Table 1.2: Capacity addition proposed during 11th five year Plan Hydro Thermal Thermal Breakup Nuclear Total

Coal Lignite Gas A. Projects Commissioned Central Sector 0 0 0 0 0 220 220 ALL-INDIA 0 0 0 0 0 220 220 B. Projects Under Construction Central Sector 8,565 12,680 11,190 750 740 3,160 24,405 State Sector 3,075 13,947 12,735 450 762 0 17,022 Private Sector 2,791 4,737 2,700 0 2,037 0 7,528



Hydro Thermal Thermal Breakup Nuclear Total Coal Lignite Gas

ALL-INDIA 14,431 31,364 26,625 1,200 3,539 3,160 48,955 C. Committed Projects (Orders yet to be placed) Central Sector 1,120 14,120 13,120 250 750 0 15,240 State Sector 530 10,400 10,400 0 0 0 10,930 Private Sector 472 2,760 2,760 0 0 0 3,232 ALL-INDIA 2,122 27,280 26,280 250 750 0 29,402 D. Total Central Sector 9,685 26,800 24,310 1,000 1,454 3380 39,865 State Sector 3,605 24,347 23,135 450 762 0 27,952 Private Sector 3,263 7,497 5,460 0 2,037 0 10,760 ALL-INDIA 16,553 58,644 52,905 1,450 4,289 3,380 78,577

Source: DMLF Division, Central Electricity Authority Status of Hydro Projects in 11th Plan; The status of Hydro Projects totaling to 16,553 MW included in 11th Plan is as under: • 14,431 MW (87%) are under construction. • 1,537 MW (9.5%) have been accorded concurrence by Central Electricity Authority

(CEA)/State Government and are awaiting investment decision/work award. • 585 MW (3.5%) the DPR is ready and concurrence by CEA/State Government is

awaited. Besides capacity addition, a strong inter-state and inter regional transmission system has also been planned not only to evacuate the planned generation capacity but also to provide open access for transfer of power from surplus to deficit area. The hydro power potential of Himachal Pradesh is surplus for its own requirement. The surplus power is made available to meet the power and energy requirements in other parts of the country, through northern grid. Therefore, it is necessary to look into energy and power requirements of the northern region while planning hydropower development in Himachal Pradesh. The All India region wise generating installed capacity (MW) of power utilities including allocated shares in joint and central sector utilities are given in Table-1.3. Table 1.3: Captive generating capacity (As on 31.01.2010)

Sl. No.

Region Thermal Nuclear Hydro R.E.S @ (MNRE)

Total Coal Gas Diesel TOTAL Renewable

1 Northern 23,620.00 3,813.26 12.99 27,446.25 1,620.00 13,622.75 2,777.32 45,466.32

2 Western 29,290.50 8,143.81 17.48 37,451.79 1,840.00 7,447.50 4,918.28 51,657.57 3 Southern 19,172.50 4,690.78 939.32 24,802.60 1,100.00 1,1260.03 8,517.55 45,680.18 4 Eastern 17,635.38 190.00 17.20 17,842.58 0.00 3,882.12 344.41 22,069.11 5 North

Eastern 60.00 787.00 142.74 989.74 0.00 1,116.00 223.32 2,329.06

6 Islands 0.00 0.00 70.02 70.02 0.00 0.00 6.10 76.12 7 All India 89,778.38 17,624.85 1,199.75 108,602.98 4,560.00 37,382.40 16,786.98 167,278.36

Captive generating capacity connected to the Grid (MW) = 19,509 Source: DMLF Division, Central Electricity Authority. @ R.E.S = Renewable Energy Sources includes Small Hydro Power Projects, Biomass Gas, Biomass Power, Urban and industrial waste power and Wind Energy.



Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Satluj and Yamuna are the five major rivers of western Himalaya which pass through the Himachal Pradesh, having total hydel potential of 23,000 MW. The Satluj basin has the hydel potential of around 11,104 MW, followed by the Beas basin with 4,902 MW, the Chenab basin of 3,045 MW, the Ravi Basin with 3,105 MW and the Yamuna basin with 842 MW. Included within this is the 1,427 MW potential is under Himurja where projects, 267 MW by IPPs and 2,069 MW by HPSEB. The breakup of the total estimated Hydro Power Potential of Himachal Pradesh upto year 2025 is given in Table 1.4. Table 1.4: Hydro Power Potential of Himachal Pradesh

River Basin Assessed Potential (MW) Additional Potential identified by Total Potential

(MW) HIMURJA IPP HPSEB

Yamuna 598 201 43 - 842

Satluj 9,995 324 148 636 11,104

Beas 3,652 472 76 700 4,902

Ravi 2,284 366 - 453 3,105

Chenab 2,703 61 - 280 3,045

Total 19,235 1,427 267 2069 23,000 Source: HPPTCL Master Plan 2010. Transmission System The transmission system in the country at the end of 10th Plan (as on 31.03.2007) at 220 kV and above was 198,089 circuit km (Ckm) of transmission lines, 251,439 MVA of EHV substation capacities and 8,200 MW of HVDC. Voltage level wise details are given in Table 1.5.

Table 1.5: Summary of Transmission Capacity as on 31.03.2007

Transmission Lines Unit Quantity 765 kV Ckm 1,704 HVDC + 500 kV Ckm 5,872 HVDC Ckm 162 400 kV Ckm 75,722 230/220 kV Ckm 114,629 Total Transmission Line Ckm 198,089 Substations MW / MVA HVDC BTB MW 3,000 HVDC Bipole + Monopole MW 5,200 Total – HVDC Terminal Capacity MW 8,200 765 kV MVA 2,000 400 kV MVA 92,942 230/220 kV MVA 156,497 Total – EHV Substation Capacity MVA 251,439



1.3 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK A Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA) report is prerequisite for obtaining Environmental Clearance. HPPCL has awarded the work for Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the above mentioned project to Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) Limited (WAPCOS), a Government of India Undertaking vide letter No KKPCL /DP/ SHONGTONG-KARCHHAM /EIA & EMP- CONTRACT /Vol-II/07-1979-1800 dated 29/12/07. The Agreement for implementation of the study was signed on 30.01.2007. The principal Environmental Regulatory Agency in India is the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), Government of India. MOEF formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearance for the projects. The State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) accords No Objection Certificate (NOC) for Consent to Establish and Consent to Operate for the projects. As per the guidelines pertaining to Environmental clearance issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) dated September 14, 2006, the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA study to be approved by MoEF. In this connection Form-I along with TOR in the prescribed format was submitted to MoEF. The same was reviewed by the Environmental Appraisal Committee of River Valley Projects of MoEF, and the TOR for the EIA study was approved. A copy of the approved Terms of Reference for the CEIA study is enclosed as Annexure-1.1. 1.4 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY The brief scope of EIA study includes: • Assessment of the existing status of physico-chemical, ecological and socio-economic

aspects of environment. • Identification of potential impacts on various environmental components due to activities

envisaged during construction and operation phases of the proposed hydro-electric project. • Prediction of significant impacts on major environmental components using appropriate

mathematical/simulation models. • Delineation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining measures to minimize

adverse impacts during construction and operation phases of the proposed project. • Formulation of Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Plan. • Formulation of Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan. • Formulation of environmental quality monitoring programmes for implementation during

construction and operation phases. • Estimation of Cost for implementation of Environmental Management Plan, Resettlement &

Rehabilitation Plan, Catchment Area Treatment Plan and Environmental Monitoring Program.

1.5 STAGES IN AN EIA STUDY The purpose of this section is to enumerate the steps involved in an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study, which are described in the following paragraphs. Scoping : An exhaustive list of all likely impacts drawing information from as many sources as possible was prepared. The next step was to select a manageable number of attributes which were likely to be affected as a result of the proposed project. The various criteria applied for selection of the important impacts were follows: • Magnitude; • Extent; and • Significance.



Description of Environment: Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline levels of appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly affected by the implementation of the project. The baseline status assessed as a part of CEIA study for the proposed Shongtong-Karchham hydroelectric project involved both field work and review of data collected from various secondary sources. Prediction of Impacts: is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed Shongtong-Karchham hydroelectric project. An attempt was made to forecast future environmental conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. However, for intangible impacts, qualitative assessment has been made so that planners and decision-makers were aware of their existence as well as their possible implications. Environmental Management Plan: the approach for formulation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to maximize the positive environmental impacts and minimize the negative ones. The steps suggested as a part of EMP include modifications of plans, engineering designs, construction schedules and techniques, as well as operational and management practices. After selection of suitable environmental mitigation measures, cost required for implementation of various management measures has also been estimated as a part of the present study. Environmental Monitoring Program: An Environmental Monitoring Programme for monitoring of critical parameters during project construction and operation phases has been prepared as a part of the CEIA study to oversee the environmental safeguards, to ascertain the agreement between prediction and reality. The monitoring programme also helps in suggestion of remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but arising during construction and operation phases. The exercise will also generate data for future use and serve as a reference for assessment of impacts of hydropower projects in similar settings. 1.6 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT The document for the Comprehensive EIA study for the proposed Shongtong hydroelectric project has been presented in two volumes. Volume-I presents the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study and Volume-II delineates the Environmental Management Plan. The present document (Volume-I) outlines the findings of the EIA study for the proposed Shongtong Karchham hydroelectric project. The contents of the document are organized as follows: Chapter - 1. The Chapter gives an overview of the need for the project. The policy, legal and

administrative framework for environmental clearance has been summarized. The objectives and need for Comprehensive EIA study too have been covered.

Chapter - 2. Gives a brief description of the proposed Shongtong Karchham hydroelectric project.

Chapter - 3. Outlines the methodology adopted for conducting the Comprehensive EIA study for the proposed Shongtong hydroelectric project.

Chapter - 4. Covers, the environmental baseline conditions physico-chemical and biological aspects of the area. The baseline study involved both field work and review of



existing documents, which are necessary for identification of data which may already have been collected for other purposes.

Chapter - 5. Presents the biological aspects of environment. The study is based on collection of data from various secondary data sources. As a part of the Comprehensive EIA study, detailed ecological survey was conducted for three seasons. The findings of the ecological survey were analysed and ecological characteristics of the study area have been covered in this Chapter.

Chapter - 6. Delineates the pre-project environmental baseline conditions vis-a-vis socio-economic aspects of environment. The baseline study involved data collection using primary as well as secondary sources.

Chapter - 7 Describes the anticipated positive and negative impacts as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed Shongtong-Karchham hydro-power project. It is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. An attempt has been made to forecast future environmental conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain parameters, which cannot be quantified, qualitative assessment has been done so that planners and decision-makers are aware of their existence as well as their possible implications.



Figure – 1.1: Project Location with village boundary map



CHAPTER-2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 GENERAL The Shongtong-Karchham Hydro Electric Project is proposed to be commissioned on river Satluj in district Kinnaur of Himachal Pradesh. The project envisages as a run-of-river Scheme on Satluj River in district Kinnaur of Himachal Pradesh. The proposed barrage site is near village Powari and the power house is proposed to be located near village Ralli on left bank of river Satluj near confluence of river Bapsa with Satluj. The Shongtong-Karchham hydro-electric project is proposed to generate 450 MW of energy. The L – section and list of other hydroelectric projects in Satluj basin are shown in Figure 2.1 and 2.2. The details of Associated Hydro power projects which are downstream of Shongtong-Karchham 450 MW HEP on river Satluj are Baspa-II (300 MW) and Karchham-Wangtoo HEP (1000 MW) for which appropriate environment clearances have been taken by project promoter which are enclosed as Annexure 2.1. The salient feature of Thopan–Powari HEP which is immediate u/s of the Shongtong - Karchham Project is enclosed as Annexure 2.2. These are as per the PFR prepared following CEA requirement under the PM’s 50,000 MW initiative program. 90% dependable series for the project is also enclosed as Annexure 2.3. 2.2 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED As per the Preliminary Master Plan studies carried out for harnessing the hydel potential of Satluj river between Shongtong and Karchham, two dam sites were identified at Shongtong (bridge). However as per the Revised Master Plan studies carried out in association with Swed Power of Sweden under assistance from Swedish Government, it was pointed out that a bigger Earth and Rockfill dam is feasible just upstream of confluence of Tangling khad with Satluj river. Various alternative proposals studied for the project are described in the following paragraphs. Alternative-I In this alternative, the dam site was proposed near Shongtong bridge. Though this was the ideal site from engineering point of view, the same had to be abandoned due to administrative problems. The site was located close to the defense installation; as a result, the site was abandoned. Alternative-II Left bank alternative with dam site just near the confluence of Tangling khad with Satluj river. At this site, there is a well defined vertical rock on the left bank but no rock exposures on the left bank of the river, but the exposures are at higher elevations. To know the depth of rock one drill hole was drilled, which showed a overburden of more than 50 m. In view of the presence of more than 50 m thickness of overburden in the valley, presence of large landslides overlooking the site on the left abutment, and occurrence of large debris fan just downstream of dam axis on the left flank which could interfere with the alignment of HRT and other appurtenant structures, the site was abandoned and the possibility of locating a dam upstream was explored.



Alternative-III A dam site just downstream of steel truss bridge where there is a vertical left bank and exposure of rock on the right bank was selected for a suitable dam. This proposal envisaged a location of water conductor system of the right bank of the river as gives the shortest length of the system. The sub-surface explorations carried out at the site through four drill holes along the dam axis indicated the depth of bedrock in the river bed varies between 16.5 to 66.5 m. The bed rock is buried deeper on the right bank. Therefore, this site was not found suitable for a high dam and the possibility of a barrage as a diversion structure was studied. In order to assess the thickness of overburden and limit of slumping on right bank, subsurface explorations, comprising one exploratory drift and one drill hole on the right bank was drilled. The explorations indicated that the limit of slumping falls beyond RD 60 m in the drift. The drill hole drilled, indicated the presence of overburden down to 42 m depth. The results of these explorations indicated that the right bank is not suitable for locating intake structure, approach tunnel to Desilting chamber and Desilting chamber itself. Alternative-IV Present proposal consists of intake/sedimentation chamber, HRT and power house located on the left bank of the river. The alternatives studied have been given in Figure 2.3. 2.3 PROJECT FEATURES 2.3.1 Salient feature of the Project The Shongtong-Karchham Hydro Electric Project has been envisaged with the purpose of exploiting the potential in the Satluj River between villages Powari and Ralli. The project envisages the construction of:

• Diversion barrage, intake structure with 4 intake bays with gates and four intake tunnels passing through four sedimentation chambers.

• Head Race Tunnel 8.02 km long culminating in open surface surge shaft. • Three circular steel lined underground pressure shafts to convey water to 3 francis

turbines to generate (3 x 150 MW) 450 MW of power in an underground power house. Earlier it was envisaged for 402 MW generation capacity, however, as per approved hydrology and advice of CEA the install capacity has been revised to 450 MW taking into consideration the hydrology more efficient turbine and generator improved flow with in project component and revised power studies. This does not entail any chance in levels, relocation of any component site, project component sizes requirement of land, other natural sources including felling of trees and generation of any additional muck, as such, the capacity enhancement achieved without any additional environmental impact.

• Tail Race Tunnel of 10.0 m dia and 90 m length to discharge flow into river Satluj near village Ralli.

The salient features of the project are given in Table-2.1.



TABLE-2.1: Salient features of Shongtong-Karchham hydro-electric project Location State Himachal Pradesh District Kinnaur River Satluj Location Diversion barrage site near village Powari Power House site near village Ralli on NH-22

about 200 km from Shimla Hydrology Catchment area at barrage axis 47,132 sq km Maximum observed average 10 1,666 cumecs Daily discharge Design flood 6,819 cumecs Firm discharge for 90% availability 67.39cumecs 50% availability 131.88 cumecs Diversion Barrage Type Sloping Glacis Size 122.6m long at top of barrage Water Bay 87.0 m Top level of Barrage El. 1,958.00 m Full Reservoir Level (FRL) El. 1,956.00 m Maximum Pond Level El. 1,956.00 m Mean Draw Down Level (MDDL) El. 1,945.50 m Crest level El. 1,937.00 m Live storage 431 Ha m. Peaking 3.6 hrs River Bed Level at Barrage axis + El. 1,934.000 m Length of stilling basin 55.00 m Diversion Tunnel Type Circular concrete lined Size 10.0 m dia Length 1658.72 m Bed Slope 1 : 553 Intake structure No. of intake bays 4 Width of each bay 17.17 m Discharge through each bay 101.80 cumecs Crest level 1,938.00 m Minimum water level u/s El. 1,945.50 m No. of Intake Gates 4 Size 6.40m x 6.40 m Intake Tunnels No. of Intake Tunnels 4 Type Modified horse shoe Size 6.4 m Design discharge 487.2 cumecs Velocity 2.41 m/sec Sedimentation Chambers No. of sedimentation chambers 4 Width 15 m



Depth 31 m Length 530 m Particle size to be arrested +0.20 mm Design discharge 487.2 cumecs Flow through velocity 0.22 m/s Silt Flushing Tunnels No. of tunnels from the sedimentation Chambers connected with main silt Flushing tunnel

4

Type D-shaped Diameter 3.0 m Length 70 m Main Silt Flushing Tunnel Type D-shaped, concrete lined Diameter 6.00 m Length 2010.00 m Design discharge 81.2 cumecs Head Race Tunnel Type Circular concrete lined Diameter 10.00 m finished Length 8,042.69 m Design discharge 406 cumecs Bed slope 1:280.61 Velocity 5.17 m/sec Adits No. of Adits 3 Type D-shaped Size 7.5 m Length 368.00 m (max.) Surge Shaft No. One Type Restricted Orifice (Underground) Diameter 35.0 m Orifice Dia. 5.54 Elevation of centre line of HRT 1905.00 m Elevation at invert of surge shaft 1900.00 m Top elevation 1,982.00 m Maximum upsurge level 1,978.00 m Minimum down surge level 1,919.34 m Pressure Shaft No. 3 Type Circular steel lined (Underground) Diameter 5.80 m (Finished) Length 240.00 m each Power House/Transformer Hall cavity Type Underground Installed capacity 450 MW (3 x 150 MW) Size of machine Hall 120m (L) x 19 m (W) x 40.10 m (H) Size of transformer Hall 120 m (L) x 18 m (W) x 28 m (H) Approach adit to machine hall 8.5 m D-shaped 218.95 m long



Average gross head 142.50 m Net head 124.01 m Tail Race Tunnel Size & Type 10.00 m dia. Circular shape Length 99.66 m Normal tail water level 1,804.65 m Maximum tail water level 1,810.12 m Power Generation Installed capacity 450 MW Annual generation : 90% dependable Year 1,653.13 GWh 50% dependable year 1,887.23 GWh COST ESTIMATE (Rs. In Crores) Civil Works Rs. 1,455.65 Electro-Mechanical Works Rs. 823.51 Total base cost of Project Rs. 2,279.16 Crores (Dec, 2010 Price Level) Financial Aspects Cost per MW of installed capacity Rs. 3.77 crores Sale rate per unit (at bus bar) First year Rs. 3.31 per unit Tenth year Rs. 2.33 per unit Average for 10 years Rs. 2.82 per unit

2.3.2 Minimum Environmental Flow The length of river that have low flow will be 8.602 km. The project is expected to provide annual energy generation of about 1,735.5 MU in a 90% dependable year. Shongtong-Karchham (150 X 3 MW) HEP is run of the river scheme having three turbines of 150 MW each. It has peaking capability during low flow season i.e. in winter. This Lean flow season is considered between December to February. All turbines will operate 24 hours during high flow season from mid May to mid September. During low flow season, the project has been planned for a diurnal peaking of 3.40 hrs i.e 1.70 hrs in the morning and 1.70 hrs during evening peak hours. During lean season, turbines will operate only in the above mentioned peaking time. Only 8.88% of total generation is expected during three lean season months. During rest of the year, two turbines will normally operate with the third one also becoming occasionally operational. As per GoHP, Hydropower Policy 2007 (Annexure - 2.4), it has been made mandatory to release minimum flow of 15 percent (of average of the lean season flows) water immediately down-stream of the diversion structures to address issues concerning riparian rights, drinking water, health, aquatic life, wild life, fisheries, silt and even to honor the sensitive religious issues like cremation and other religious rites etc. on the river banks. Thus, it will be available between diversion structure and tailrace outlet, which gets augmented by contribution from the tributaries in the stretch of the river as shown in Figure - 2.4. The diagram also provides information on contribution by each tributary and cumulative discharge at confluence. The downstream discharge of 15 % (24 hours X 365 days) will be maintained at all times throughout the year. Downstream discharge will be maintained even while storing water for peaking purpose. Table 2.2 provides cumulative minimum environmental discharge in the river.



Table 2.2 Cumulative Minimum Environmental Discharge in the River S. No Flow measurement point Progressive Discharge

(cumecss) Cumulative flow (cumecss)

1 Barrage axis 10.31 10.31 2 Tangling Khad 1.414 11.724 3 Shyang Khad 0.607 12.331 4 Meber Khad 0.152 12.483 Total Cumulative environmental flow 12.483 Cumecss A separate study has been commissioned by HPPCL to determine environment flow and HPPCL is committed to maintain the same, if it is higher than 15% downstream discharge. If it is lower than 15%, HPPCL shall maintain 15% discharge i.e. whichever is higher. The task has been assigned to the National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee with following details. 1. The specific study under reference involves an estimation of environment flow required to

be released downstream of the point of diversion for maintaining aquatic life in the river. 2. The study will estimate Environment Flow Requirement (EFR) using hydrological methods

(Flow duration and modification) and make suitable recommendation for minimum environmental Flow.

3. Completion of environmental flow assessment study will take one year from the date of award of work, which has been awarded to NIH Roorkee on 30.09.2010. The results of the study will be submitted by December 2011.

Assessment of environmental flow was not a part of the approved ToR for EIA for this project. Assessed environmental flow is to be released during operation phase of the project. During operation phase there will be no flow obstruction only diversion of water through diversion tunnel. HPPCL commits to release the environmental flow as would be assessed by the NIH or 15% of lean-season discharge, whichever is higher. Findings of this study related to Environmental flow will be fed to designing aspect which cannot be done concurrently. Fish pass will be appropriately design suited for fish movement keeping the findings also in view. 2.3.3 Power Transmission As per the (CERC) Central Electricity Regulatory Commission norms, the hydropower generated from the HEP ≥ 250 MW has to be evacuated only by Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (PGCIL) right from its powerhouse/switchyard. As per the new master plan 2010 for this basin (Figure – 2.5), to save the only available corridor, the 400 kV common line from Jangi 400/220 kV Pooling Station will now LILO on one circuit to the STKHEP (Shongtong-Karchham HEP) switchyard and then carry on to Sherpa Colony pooling point. This PGCIL transmission line coming from Jangi will carry power from other upstream projects like Chango-Yangthang HEP, Yangthang-Khab HEP, Jangi-Thopan HEP and Thopan-Powari HEP etc. This common line will be constructed by PGCIL at its own cost and STKHEP will pay only wheeling charges decided by CERC. Since the work for transmission lines has to be executed by Power Grid Corporation India Ltd. at their own cost. The budget provision for transmission line has been excluded from project cost.



2.4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The proposed Shongtong-Karchham hydropower project comprises of the following components:

• Diversion works. • Diversion barrage. • Intake & Sedimentation chamber. • Head Race Tunnel. • Surge tank. • Pressure shaft and Penstock. • Power house Complex. • Tail race works. • Hydraulic gates and valves. • Power house. • Sediment Flushing Tunnel.

The above components are briefly described in the following paragraphs.

i . Diversion works Keeping in view that there is overburden of more than 50 m in the river bed, and relatively moderately wide gorge, it is considered necessary to construct a diversion tunnel to permit uninterrupted construction of the barrage in its entire length during non-monsoon period. The diversion tunnel will be 10.00 m finished dia and 1,658.72 m in length. The upstream coffer dam will be 16 m high while downstream coffer dam will be 12 m high. Both the coffer dams will be of rock fill type with impervious core. Grouting will be carried out to make cut-offs up to the bed rock for both the upstream and downstream coffer dams in view of the permeability of the overburden material.

i i . Diversion barrage The diversion barrage is proposed about 100 m downstream of Foot Bridge on river Satluj. The top of barrage has been kept at EI 1,958.00 m while the deepest level will be at EI 1,919.00 m. The maximum and minimum pond levels have been kept at EI 1,956.00 m and EI 1,945.5 m respectively. The total storage available between these pond levels is 431ha m. as against requirement of 432 Ha m. for 3.6 hour peaking.

i i i . Intake and Sedimentation chamber Intake works have been proposed on the left bank. The intake has been designed for 487.2 cumecs discharge, 406 cumecs for power generation and 81.2 cumecs for flushing the sediment as the HRT and power house complex are located on this bank. There will be four intake bays with four corresponding sedimentation chambers. The intake will have its invert at EI 1938.00 m which is 1.5 m above the crest of under sluices.

i v . Head Race Tunnel (HRT) The length of HRT from exit end of sedimentation chambers and upto junction with surge shaft is 8042.69 meter. Based on optimization studies, tunnel size has been kept as 10.00 m dia



circular tunnel. The maximum velocity in the tunnel will be 5.17 m/sec. For construction of HRT, two intermediate adits apart from adit at inlet end and adit at surge shaft end, have been provided. The length of adits varies between 100 m and 600 m.

v . Surge Tank A restricted orifice type open to sky surge shaft has been proposed at the end of HRT. The top of surge shaft has been kept at EI 1,982.00 m. The surge shaft will be of 5.54 m dia. up to EI 1,919.34 m and 35 m dia above this elevation. The orifice area required is 24.11 sq m which will be provided by an opening of 5.54 m dia in the centre. The surge shaft will be provided with reinforced concrete lining.

v i . Pressure Shafts and Penstock

The power house will be fed by 3 pressure shafts of 5.80 m dia. each. Each pressure shaft will negotiate a head of 128.5 m between centerline of HRT (1905.00m) and centre line of machine at El1, 814.65 m. The length of each pressure shaft will be 240.0m. The pressure shafts will be provided with steel liners in the entire length, the thickness of plate varying from 14 mm to 35 mm. The elevation of Pressure shaft at top level will be EL. 1905.80m.

v i i . Power House Complex

The powerhouse and transformer hall cavities are located on the left bank of river Satluj near village Ralli. The access to the machine hall and transformer hall will be through 8.5 m D-shaped adit of 218.95 m length. The powerhouse cavity will be 19 m wide, 40.10 m high and 120 m long. The powerhouse will have three vertical axis Francis turbines. The transformer hall cavity will be 18 m wide, 28m high, and 120 m long and will be parallel to PH Cavity. It will house the single phase transformers at El.1818.50 m and 400 kV GIS equipment at the floor at EI 1,828.50 m. The elevation of Power house at top level will be EL. 1834.65m.

v i i i . Tailrace Works The tailrace works will consist of a 99.66 m long tailrace tunnel of 10.00 m dia, Circular shape. An outlet structure with provision of gates has been provided at the exit end so that the tailrace works can be isolated when river is in high flood and power station is closed. The operation of draft tube gates at the junction of unit draft tubes and tail race tunnel will be carried out from a transformer hall cavity at EI 1,810.12 m.

i x . Flushing Tunnel Flushing works will consist of a 450 m long flushing tunnel of 5.00 m dia, Circular shape. Sediment flushing is to be done when we have sufficient discharge like during post-spring and during monsoon season. During monsoon season the sediment flushing will be done throughout the day as the silt quantity in river Satluj is very high. During, lean season the sediment flushing will be done once or twice in the week depending upon the discharge and silt. Since the discharge through flushing tunnel will be very less, no artificial flood like situation is likely to arise. Moreover, this river is not used for bathing or washing purposes. Habitations are located on the slopes well above the river and there are natural water springs and streams that cater to the need of people.



x. Turbines The turbine shall be vertical shaft Francis type with adequate capacity to provide 153.061 MW at generator terminals and 10% continuous overload. Each turbine shall be provided with suitable oil pressure unit, electro hydraulic governor and other requisite control equipments. Shongtong Karchham H.E.P is located on river Satluj and its water carries high silt content during peak season, as experienced in case of Nathpa - Jhakri H.E.P which is also located on the same river.

In view of high silt contents and possibility of erosion of underwater parts, the optimum speed of the turbine has been selected as 166.67 rpm with suction head 4 meters below the minimum tail water level. The weighted average efficiency of turbine shall be 93%. The speed rise and pressure rise shall not be more than 35% of synchronous speed and 20% of maximum static head respectively. The runner shall be integrally forged or forged fabricated made of stainless steel having 13% chromium and 4% Nickel with maximum carbon content of 0.06% and minimum desired strength of 80 kg/sq mm. Runner and underwater parts shall be provided with suitable hard coating against hydro abrasion to ensure high reliability and long life. 2.5 OTHER WORKS The following components are to be constructed for the project purpose. The components are as follows. i) Improvement of existing national highway Realignment or relocation of the National Highway which was originally envisaged, is no longer needed as it has already been taken up by the agency concerned as part of their own departmental program which covers the whole length of the National Highway and not just the portion falling in the project area. As of today, this work is already underway and it is not to be done as part of project activity. Therefore, EIA of the proposed project not address this issue. Approach roads to Project components along with widening of road will be done in a stretch of 10.44 km. with a width of 5/7meters within the project area of 3 sq. km. The widening of road will help in smooth movement of traffic which will take care of increase in traffic due to project activity. The details are given in Table 2.3. Table 2.3: Approach roads to Project components Description and Name of Road Length Approx in km Widening of existing HPPWD road to 5/7 m. Wide from Shongtong bridge to Powari junction village

4.44

Approach road 5/7 m. Wide from Ralli village road to top and bottom of surge shaft, proposed explosive magazine site, temporary staff quarters, site office, Adit to bottom of pressure shaft and pot head yard and approach road to Adit-3 from NH-22

5.0

Approach road to quarry site at Powari 1.0

Land required for approach roads is going to be taken in possession after the forest clearance of the project. There will be no resettlement of local population due to construction or widening of these roads as these roads are project specific no adjoining settlement. Thus, no social impact is envisaged.



Table 2.4: The proposed detail of vehicular movement Name of Project Component Distance from closest village (km) No. of vehicles/day* Barrage & Intake ½ 8 Adit-1 ½ 6 Adit-2 2 6 Adit-3 3.5 6 P/H Complex 4.0 8 TRT 5.0 4 Surge Shaft 5.0 5 Labor Camp-1 ½ 3 Labor Camp-2 5.0 3 Others 0-12 11 TOTAL 60 *All the vehicles are pollution norm compliant/pollution under control. The total no. of vehicles movement during construction phase will be 60 vehicles/day in whole project area, i.e. in a stretch of 12 km. These vehicle movements will not be at a single point source but will be at different places in the entire project area. ii) Construction of temporary bridge over river Satluj A 70 R bridge for crossing over to right bank of river Satluj will be constructed near barrage site. iii) Project headquarters, offices, colonies The availability of facilities viz., schools and college education, hospitals, market and recreation at Karchham, Bhabanagar and Reckong Peo, shall enable the staff posted on the project in the beginning to speed up the construction of project roads, buildings and also enable to start the main civil works of the project in the 1st year itself. Suitable colony sites for construction of residential and non-residential buildings have been finalized near village Ralli and Karchham respectively. The main residential and non-residential colony will be at Ralli. The building will be permanent and temporary depending upon the use to which they are likely to be put during and after construction. 2.6 LAND REQUIREMENT The total land required for the project is 77.3326 Ha. The component-wise details of land required are given in Table - 2.5. TABLE-2.5: Land required for the proposed Shongtong-Karchham, HE. Project Type Quantity (Ha) Forest 63.5015 Private 13.8311 Total 77.3326



2.7 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT The lists of major equipment to be used during construction phase are:

• Crushers • Batching plant • Aggregate processing plant • Dumpers • Transit Mixer • Excavator • Loader • Dozer • DG Sets • Compressors • Concrete pump • Ventilation Blower

2.8 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL REQUIREMENT In all a total quantity of 0.375 million cubic meters concrete is estimated to be placed in diversion barrage, Intake structure, Intake tunnels, Sedimentation chambers, feeder tunnels to HRT, Flushing tunnel,. Diversion tunnel, Head race tunnel, Surge shaft, Pressure shaft, valve chamber, Power house complex, Tail race tunnel, Outfall and Building works. Table 2.5 gives detail of availability of adequate quantities of raw material (Coarse/Fine aggregate) per year construction of Shongtong – Karchham HEP. Part of requirement of material for backfill and protection works will be met from the muck generated during excavation for underground components. Table 2.6: Detail of annual availability of adequate quantities of raw material Site No.

Name of Quarry Site Quantity (cubic meters)

1. 25 m D/S of Drift to Desanding chamber 24,241.00 2. 25 m U/S of Drift to Desanding chamber 17,622.75 3. At Barrage 8,891.25 4. At Barrage 39,337.50 5. Near Stone Crusher at Powari 30,137.25 6. U/S of Discharge site 9,975.00 7. U/S of Discharge site 17,672.00 8. Near Tangling Jhula 9,265.00 TOTAL 157,141.75 say

(157,142.00 Cu. m.) Since all the sites are in river bed thus they will replenish themselves every year. So for the 5½ years of construction phase it will comes out to be: = 157,142 x 5½ = 864,279.625 cubic meters = 0.86 million cubic meters In case the required material fall short of demand, then HPPCL will use its already existing quarry of Kashang Project at Jangi. The estimated 0.297 million cum of coarse aggregate and 0.150 million cum of fine aggregate will be required as detail hereunder. Detail of Proposed



location of Quarry site along with submergence area are shown in Figure 2.6: Table 2.7: Requirement of Fine and Coarse aggregate Description of Component Coarse Aggregate(cum) Fine Aggregate(cum) Diversion Barrage 25,000 12,500 Intake structure 7,000 35,000 Intake tunnels & Sedimentation chambers

38,250 19,125

feeder tunnels to HRT 15,225 7,500 Flushing tunnel, Diversion tunnel, gate galleries, Head race tunnel and its Adits

180,170 80,665

Surge shaft & its Adits 15,310 7,754 valve chamber & its Adit 915 0.01 Pressure shaft& its Adits 11,622 6,011 Power house complex 10,952 5,800 Tail race tunnel &Outfall 5,000 2,500 Building works 19,430 9,914 Total 297,000 150,000 Since the quarry site near the barrage lies in submergence area, thus the river bed mining material (RBM) will replenish itself annually in monsoon season. Since no gangue or mine spoil will be generated (RBM has 100% utilization rate) therefore there is no need for disposal. The quarried material (RBM) will be stacked at leveled Dumping site. As per our Muck Management Plan, excess capacity for dumping is available. The necessary approval of quarry sites will be taken after acquisition of land. The NOC/approval from the mining department will be provided. 2.9 Year wise number of construction workers. Year wise number of construction workers proposed at sites for construction camps and workers residential areas. Also distance to nearest villages, population of economic activity at these villages, summary provided in Table 2.10. Table 2.8: Year wise distribution of construction workers, starting from the year of commencement (say 2011-2012) of civil works.

Year No. of Workers No. of Dependents Total

2010-2011 80 160 240 2011-2012 650 1,300 1,950 2012-2013 1,000 2,200 3,200 2013-2014 1,000 2,200 3,200 2014-2015 1,000 2,200 3,200 2015-2016 1,000 2,200 3,200 2016-2017 1,000 2,200 3,200 2017 onwards 150 300 450



Table 2.9: Year wise distribution of construction workers, starting from the year of commencement (say 2011-2012) of civil works at different working sites Year No. of workers at

Barrage, sedimentation chamber and Adit -1

No. of workers at Adit -2

No. of workers at Power House Complex

Total

2010-2011 40 2 38 80 2011-2012 288 64 288 650 2012-2013 400 200 400 1,000 2013-2014 400 200 400 1,000 2014-2015 400 200 400 1,000 2015-2016 400 200 400 1,000 2016-2017 400 200 400 1,000 2017 onwards 75 0 75 150

Table 2.10: Proposed sites for construction camps and its distances from nearest Village S. No. Powari Tangling

(Population – 967) Barang (Population. – 1,399)

Ralli (Population. – 459)

Khawangi (Population. – 803)

Aerial (km)

R D (km)

Aerial (km)

R D (km)

Aerial (km)

R D (km)

Aerial (km)

R D (km)

Aerial (km)

R D (km)

Camp -1 (300 labor)

½ ½ ½ ½ 2½ 6 5 11 1 8

Camp-2 (700 labor)

5½ 6 4½ 5 2 9 3 8 5 11

R.D = Road Distance Table 2.11: Proposed sites for construction camps and its distances from Project Components S. No. Barrage and

Intake Adit-1 Adit-2 Adit-3 P/H Complex

Aerial (km)

R D (km)

Aerial (km)

R D (km)

Aerial (km)

R D (km)

Aerial (km)

R D (km)

Aerial (km)

R D (km)

Camp -1 0 0 0 ½ 2 3 3 4½ 4½ 5 Camp-2 5 6 4½ 5 1 2 ½ 1 1 2

R.D = Road Distance Table 2.12: Elevation (EL) of Project components, Labor Camps along with Project Affected Villages S. No. Project Component/Village Elevation (EL) in meters 1 Camp 1 1950 2 Camp 2 1860 3 Barrage 1958 4 Adit 1 1942 5 Adit 2 1896 6 Adit 3 1867 7 MAT 1828 8 Power House 1789 9 TRT outfall 1808 10 Barang Village 2600 11 Powari Village 2000 12 Khawangi Village 2150



S. No. Project Component/Village Elevation (EL) in meters 13 Tangling Village 1955 14 Ralli Village 2300 15 Mebar Village 1942.50

The main area of economic activity within the vicinity of project area nearest to camps is at Reckong-Peo which is at approx 8 km from camps. As seen from the Table 2.12 above, the villages, project components, and the labor camps are situated farther apart with nearly minimal contact due to distances involved. 2.10 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD The project is proposed to be completed within a time frame of about 66 months.



Figure 2.1: L section of Satluj River from Khab HEP to Bhakra Dam



Figure – 2.2: Other Hydro Projects on River Satluj



Figure – 2.3: Alternatives examined for project location



Figure – 2.4: Progressive discharge in River Satluj from barrage to outfall



Figure – 2.5: Power Evacuation Master Plan of Satluj Basin



Figure 2.6: Proposed location of Quarry site along with submergence area



Annexure 2.1 Details of Associated Projects downstream to Shongtong – Karchham HEP on river

Satluj BASPA – II HEP (300 MW) - Jaypee Group MoU Signing with GoHP November 1991

Implementation Agreement October 1992

Environment Clearance J-12011/1/87-1A-1, Dated 24 May, 2000

Forest Clearance 8-224/89/FC, Dated 08 Nov. 1993

Techno-Economic Clearance April 1994

Power Purchase Agreement June 1997

Commercial Generation of Power May 2003

KARCHHAM - WANGTOO HEP (1000 MW) - Jaypee Group MOU Signing with GOHP 28 August, 1993

In-Principal Clearance by CEA March, 1996

Implementation Agreement 18 November, 1999

Addendum to Implementation Agreement 28 May, 2001

Environment & Forest Clearance

J-12011/47/2005-1A-1, Dated 09/11/2005 F. No. 8-5/2002-FC, Dated 06/07/2006

Techno-Economic Clearance 31 March, 2003 Consent to establish HP SEP & PCB/ J.P. Karchham Wangtoo HEP – Kinnaur/ 2005-9127-34, Dt. 08/08/2005 and EP & PCB/ J.P. (Karchham Wangtoo HEP) Vol - III/ 2004-9236 - 43, Dt. 12/08/2005



Annexure 2.2

Details of Project Up stream to Shongtong – Karchham HEP

SALIENT FEATURES OF THOPAN-POWARI HEP

LOCATION State Himachal Pradesh District Kinnaur River Satluj Vicinity Diversion dam site near village Thopan &

Power House site near village Powari on NH-22 about 215 km from Shimla (HP)

HYDROLOGY Catchment area at diversion site. 46730 Sqkm Average runoff in 90% dependable year 5712 Mm3 Average runoff in 50% mean year 8354 Mm3

DIVERSION DAM Type Concrete Gravity Full reservoir level EL 2130.00 m. Maximum pond level EL 2133.00 m. MDDL EL 2120.00 m River Bed Level at Dam site ±EL. 2080.00 m.

SEDIMENTATION CHAMBERS No. of sedimentation chambers 3 Width 15m. Depth 27.50m. Length 530m. Particle size to be arrested +0.25 mm. Design discharge 412.50 cumecss. Flow through velocity 0.3 m/s

HEAD RACE TUNNEL Type Circular concrete lined Diameter 9.35 m finished. Length 5,840 m. Design discharge 330 cumecss.

SURGE SHAFT No One Type Restricted Orifice (Underground) Diameter 31.00 m Orifice Dia. 550 m

PRESSURE SHAFTS No. 3 Type circular steel lined(underground) Diameter 4.75 m ( Finished)



Length 320.00 m each Type ASTM - 537 Thickness varies from 15 to 35 mm

POWER HOUSE / TRANSFORMER HALL CAVITY Type Underground installed capacity 480 MW (3 x 160 MW) Size of machine hail 90 m (L) X 20 m (W)x 51 m (H) Size of transformer hall 72 m (L) X l5.5 m (W)x 25 m (H) Normal tail water elevation 1,956.00 m Average head 171.92 m Net head at 330 cumecss tunnel discharge 161.14 m

ELECTRO- MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT TURBINES No. and type 3 Francis turbines



Annexure 2.3 (90% dependable flow series of Thopan- Powari HEP)



Annexure 2.4

Himachal Pradesh Hydro Power Policy (2007) The State Policy is in consonance with National Water Policy of 2002. It makes a clear statement of objectives. Some of the statements in this policy document relevant from social and environmental viewpoint are:

• Promotion of a participatory approach and involvement of local communities and stakeholders, including women, in the management of water resources, in an effective and decisive manner in various aspects of planning, design, development and management of the water related schemes.

• Ensure ecological and environmental balance while developing water resources • Promotion of equity and social justice among individuals and groups of users in water

resource allocation and management • Ensure self-sustainability in water resources development • Provision of a well-developed information system, for water related data for resource

planning. A standardized state information system should be established with a network of data banks and data bases, integrating the State and Central level agencies and improving the quality of data collection and analysis

• Effective monitoring of policy implementation Among the important provisions included in this policy document are:

• Non-Conventional methods for augmenting availability of water such as artificial recharge of ground water and traditional water conservation practices like rainwater harvesting, including roof-top rainwater harvesting and use of such water through dual plumbing systems in all buildings need to be promoted. Pilot projects will be supported for demonstration effect. Research and development in these areas shall also be supported.

• Water resource development projects should as far as possible be planned and developed as multipurpose projects but provision for drinking water shall be a primary consideration.

• There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning, formulation, clearance and implementation of projects, including catchment area treatment and management, environmental and ecological aspects, the rehabilitation of affected people and command area development. Besides, in projects for hydropower generation involving impounding of water, adequate water shall be released round the year to meet the needs of downstream users. The sustainability evaluation of the Project shall determine.

• “Environmental Discharge” to be prescribed for the Project, which shall not be less than 15% of the available discharge at any given time. In forest areas the extraction of water shall be planned keeping in view the needs of the flora and fauna of the area. The involvement and participation of beneficiaries and other stakeholders will be encouraged at the project planning stage itself.

• All water resources projects should be examined from ecological and environmental considerations and remedial measures wherever needed should form a part of the project itself and implemented along with it. A minimum flow in the natural streams should be allowed.

• Water Harvesting should be given consideration in planning water resources. Viable projects, especially in scarce ground water areas, should be investigated and



implemented to increase the surface water availability would also help in recharging the ground water.

• All the water resources projects shall give due regard to the “ecological health” and other needs for which adequate provision shall be made on priority basis.



CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE EIA STUDY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Standard methodologies of Environment Impact Assessment were followed for conducting the Comprehensive EIA study for the proposed Shongtong-Karchham hydroelectric project. A brief account of the methodologies and matrices followed in the present study is given below under different headings. All the methods were structured for the identification, collection and organization of environmental impact data. The information thus gathered has been analyzed and presented in the form of a number of visual formats for easy interpretation and decision-making.

3.2 STUDY AREA

The study area covered as a part of the EIA study is as below (Refer Figure 3.1).

• Land to be acquired for various project appurtenances including reservoir submergence and project colony at Dakho near Kalpa.

• 10 km on either side from the periphery of reservoir submergence. • Downstream of the barrage site 10 km on either side of various project

appurtenances. • Catchment area intercepted at barrage site.

3.3 SCOPING MATRIX

Scoping is a tool which gives direction for selection of impacts due to the project activities on the environment. As a part of the study, scoping exercise was conducted selecting various type of impacts which can accrue due to hydroelectric project. Based on the project features, site conditions, various parameters to be covered as a part of the CEIA study were selected. The results of scoping analysis are presented in Table-3.1.

TABLE-3.1: Scoping Matrix for CEIA study for the proposed Shongtong-Karchham hydroelectric Project Aspects of Environment Likely Impacts Land Environment Construction phase • Increase in soil erosion

• Pollution by construction spoils • Acquisition of land for labour colonies - Solid waste from

labour camps/colonies. Operation phase • Acquisition of land for various project appurtenances

• Loss of agricultural and forest land due to submergence Water resources & water quality Construction phase • - Increase in turbidity of nearby receiving water bodies

• - Degradation of water quality due to disposal of wastes from labour, colony and construction sites

Operation phase • Modification of hydrologic regime Aquatic Ecology Construction phase • Increased pressure on riverine fisheries as a result of

indiscriminate fishing by the labour population. • Reduced productivity due to increase in turbidity levels as a

result of disposed off effluents from construction sites. Operation phase • Impacts on spawning and breeding grounds

• Degradation of riverine ecology



Aspects of Environment Likely Impacts • Impacts on migratory fish species - Impact on aquatic

ecology due to drying of the river stretch Terrestrial Ecology Construction phase • Increased pressure from labour to meet their fuel wood

requirements • Adverse impacts on flora and fauna due to increased

accessibility in the area and increased influx of human population

• Loss of forest due to construction of road and other project appurtenances

Operation phase • Loss of forests in the submergence area • Impacts on wildlife movement - Impacts on wildlife habitats

Socio-Economic Aspects Construction phase • Increased employment potential during the project

construction phase • Development of allied sectors leading to greater

employment • Pressure on existing infrastructure facilities. • Cultural conflicts and law and order issues due to

migration of labour population Operation phase • Loss of lands

• Loss of private properties • Impacts on archaeological and cultural monuments, if any • Impacts on mineral reserves, if any

Air Pollution Construction Phase • Impacts due to fuel combustion in various construction

equipment • Impacts due to increased vehicular movement • Fugitive emissions from various sources • Impacts due to emissions of DG sets

Noise Pollution Construction Phase • Noise due to operation of various construction equipment

• Noise due to increased vehicular movement • Impacts due to blasting • Increased noise levels due to operation of DG sets

Public Health Construction Phase • Increased incidence of water related diseases

• Transmission of diseases by immigrant labour population Operation phase • Increased incidence of vector borne diseases

Based on Scoping matrix, the environmental baseline data has been collected. The project details have been superimposed on environmental baseline conditions to understand the beneficial and deleterious impacts due to the construction and operation of the proposed project.

3.4 DATA COLLECTION

Detailed field studies were conducted various aspects as a part of data collection of CEIA study. Primary surveys were started in February 2008 and field studies were conducted for three seasons to collect data on flora, fauna, aquatic ecology, water quality, soil, ambient air quality and soil quality. The details are being given in Chapters -3, 4 and 5 of the EIA report. During these surveys data and information was collected on physico-chemical, biological and socio-economic aspects of the study area. In addition, detailed surveys and studies were also conducted for understanding bio-diversity in the study area.



3.4.1 Physico-chemical aspects

Geology

The regional geology around the project area highlighting geology, stratigraphy and structural features were based on the existing information on these aspects contained in Detailed Project Report (DPR) of the project.

Hydrology

Hydrological data for river Satluj as available in the Detailed Project Report (DPR) was collected and suitably incorporated in the Comprehensive EIA study.

Land use pattern

Land use pattern of the study area as well as the catchment area was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data and followed by ground truth collection and interpretation of satellite data. For this purpose digital satellite data was procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad, IRS-P6, LISS-IV. The data was processed through ERDAS software package available with WAPCOS.

Soil

The soil quality was monitored at various locations in the catchment area. Soil sampling was done at five locations in the study area. The monitoring was conducted for three seasons namely winter (February 2008), summer (May 2008) and post-monsoon (October 2008). The parameters monitored were:

• pH • Electrical Conductivity • Organic Matter • Sodium • Phosphates • Potassium • Nitrates • Cation Exchange Capacity • Sulphates • Chlorides • Ammonical Nitrogen • Particle Size Distribution

Water Quality

The existing data on water quality has been collected to evaluate river water quality on upstream and downstream of the project site. The water quality was monitored for three seasons listed as below:

• Winter season February 2008 • Summer season May 2008 • Post-monsoon season October 2008

The water samples were collected from various locations in the study area and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters. The list of various parameters analyzed is given in Table-3.2.



TABLE-3.2: Water quality parameters analyzed as a part of the field studies

pH Zinc Electrical Conductivity Cadmium TDS Magnesium Sulphates Lead Chlorides Mercury Nitrates Manganese Phosphates Hardness Sodium DO Potassium BOD Calcium COD Copper Chromium Iron Total Coliform

Ambient air quality

Ambient air quality monitoring has been carried out with a frequency of two samples per week at three locations for three seasons. The monitoring was conducted for the following seasons:

• Winter : February-March 2008 • Summer : May-June 2008 • Post-monsoon : October-November 2008

The baseline data of ambient air environment has been generated for the mentioned parameters as given below:

• Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) • Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) • Sulphur dioxide (SO2) • Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx).

Instruments used for sampling

Respirable Dust Samplers APM-451 of Envirotech Instruments are being used for monitoring Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable fraction (<10 microns) and gaseous pollution like SO2 and NOx.

Sampling and Analysis Techniques

SPM and RPM present in ambient air is sucked through the cyclone. Coarse and non-respirable dust is separated from the air stream by centrifugal forces acting on the solid particles. The separated particulates fall through the cyclone’s conical hopper and are collected in the sampling cap placed at the bottom. The fine dust (<10 micros) forming the respirable fraction of the SPM passes the cyclone and is retained by the filter paper. A tapping is provided on the suction side of the blower to provide suction for air sampling through a set of impinges.

SPM and RPM have been estimated by gravimetric method. Modified West and Gacke Method (IS-5182 Part-II, 1962) have been adopted for estimation of SO2. Jacobs



Hochheiser method (IS 5182 Part-II, 1975) has been adopted for estimation of NOx.

Ambient Noise level

Baseline noise data has been measured using a weighted sound pressure level meter. The survey was carried out in calm surrounding. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurement in the outside environment was made using sound pressure level meter. Hourly noise meter readings were taken at different sites. The survey for winter season was conducted in February 2008, likewise the survey for summer and post- monsoon seasons were conducted in the months of May 2008 and October 2008 respectively.

Noise monitoring was conducted at five locations. The noise levels were monitored continuously from 6 AM to 9 PM at each location and hourly equivalent noise level was measured. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurement in the ambient environment was made using sound pressure level meter. Based on the hourly ambient noise levels monitored for winter, summer and post monsoon seasons, day time equivalent noise levels was estimated.

3.4.2 Ecological Aspects

Terrestrial Ecology

Various sampling sites were identified in the project area keeping in view the various points: the area to be adversely affected by the activities of submergence; catchment area; area within 10 km from reservoir periphery; the land to be acquired for power house; and the site of dumping of excavated tunnel materials. The sampling sites for terrestrial ecological survey are listed as below:

• T-1: In the sub-mergence area and close to the dumping site 2 and 3 on the Satluj River (1,945 m above MSL.)

• T-2: was identified close to the barrage site near the village Powari (1,940 m above MSL.).

• T-3: was identified near the dumping site 4 on right bank (1,810 m above MSL.). • T-4: was identified near the dumping site 5 on left bank (1,810 m above MSL.). • T-5: was identified near the site of power house and close to the village Ralli on NH-

22 (1,810 m above MSL.).

As a part of the CEIA study, a detailed Ecological survey was conducted for three seasons namely winter, summer and monsoon seasons. The field study for winter, summer and monsoon seasons was conducted in the months of February 2008, May 2008 and July 2008 respectively. The objective of the study of terrestrial ecosystem was to prepare an inventory of flora, listing of rare, endangered of economically important and medicinal plant species and to determine frequency, abundance and density of different vegetation components. Considering the difficult terrain, quadrate method was used for sampling of the vegetation. Taking into consideration, the size of the vegetation patches, 25 random quadrates of 10m X 10 m size were laid to study the trees and shrubs, and 25 random quadrates of 1 m X 1 m size were laid to study the herbaceous component at each sampling site. During the survey, numbers of plants of different species in each quadrate were counted and identified. The height of individual tree was estimated using Abney level/ Binocular and the DBH of all trees having height more than 8m was measured. Based on the quadrate data, frequency, density and cover (basal area) of each species were calculated. The Importance Value Index (IVI) values for different trees species were determined based on the relative density, relative frequency and relative



cover value. The relative density and relative frequency values were used to calculate the IVI of shrubs and herbs. The volume of wood for trees was estimated using the data on DBH (measured at 1.5 m above the ground level) and height. The volume was estimated using the formula: π r2 h, where r is the radius and h is the estimated height of the bole of the tree. The data on density and volume were presented in per hectare (ha). Species diversity indices (Shannon Wiener Index) of general diversity ( H ) was computed using the following formula:

Shannon Wiener Diversity Index ( H ) = -nN

nN

i i

l

s ⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟−

∑ log21

where, H = Shannon Wiener index of diversity; ni= total no. of individuals of a species; and N= total no of individuals of all species. During the vegetation survey, herbaria were prepared for those plants which had flowers. The Red Data Book of India and other available literature, floral herbaria pertaining to the rare/ endangered species were considered to identify the endemic, rare and other threatened categories of plants. Wildlife

The wild animals were identified by direct observation during field survey and signs of their pellets, scats, pugmarks and claw marks were also considered. A binocular (10X50X) was used for bird watching and the important features were noted. The identification of avian fauna was made on the basis of available literature (Ali 1962, Gasten 1978 and Grimmett et al 2000) Interviews with the villagers and local people were also made to generate information about wild animals and avian fauna. The secondary data and reported list of wild life were also consulted. On the basis of on-site observations as well as secondary data, a check list of wild animals was prepared. The ecological status of the wild animals was categorized following IUCN Red Data Book, 1994.

Aquatic Ecology

Aquatic ecological analysis of Satluj River was made following the methods outlined in Wetzel and Likens (1991) and APHA (1998). Periphyton was collected using a timed scrapping technique following Ward (1974) with the help of a sharp knife for each replicate sample. The upper surfaces of at least cobble sized rocks were scrapped using a five-minute period. For enumeration of plankton population, bulk water samples were collected in polythene jars. For obtaining, net plankton from the water sample, 150 ml of bulk water was filtered through a 50 µm net and was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10-minute period. The sediment of the centrifuge tubes was made to concentrate and was used for enumeration of zooplankton population. A plankton chamber of 0.5 ml capacity was used for counting of plankton under the Inverted Compound Microscope. The total number of planktons present in a litre of water sample was calculated using the following formula:

Number of plankton (units l-1) = Number of plankters in 0.5 ml aliquot X 0.5 X 10 Volume of sediment concentrate X Volume of water centrifuged Primary productivity of periphyton-phytoplankton of Satluj River was determined by the 1.93 litre molded Polysterene Chamber Method in situ measurement of the rate of primary production. Three replicates were maintained for each sampling site. The experimental chamber was kept for 4 hrs under incubation in the Satluj River. The modified Winkler’s method was used for determination of oxygen in the light and dark chambers. The



calculation of primary production of phytoplankton-periphyton was made following the methods outlined in Strickland and Parsons (1960) and Benton and Werner Jr. (1972).

Respiration (R) = O2 consumed = O2 at start (-) O2 at end in dark chamber.

Gross Primary Productivity (Pg) = O2 contents of light chamber (-) O2 contents of dark chamber.

Net Primary Productivity (Pn) = Pg (-) R

Macro-zoo-benthos colonizing the substrate were collected with the help of the Surber Sampler (0.50 mm mesh net) and by hand picking from stones. Quantitative estimation of macro-zoo-benthos was based on numerical counting (individual m-2). The surface area of the stones of the sampled area was estimated by using following formula:

S = n/3(LW+LH+WH)

Where, L = length; W = width; H = height of each stone to the nearest of 0.5 cm.

An in-depth survey for fish and fisheries in the project area was done interacting with the local inhabitants, professional anglers, casual fisherman and the officials of the Department of Fisheries, GoHP. The secondary data were also collected in addition to the interview with the above section of the society. An experimental fishing was also performed for ascertaining the facts related with the fish diversity and the potential of the fisheries in the project area.

3.4.3 Socio-economic Aspects

Demography

The demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the submergence area as well as the study area have been studied through primary as well secondary sources. Detailed socio-economic census survey was conducted in all the affected villages due to the proposed project. Collection of data was completed at two levels - at village/ block and individual household level. The socio-economic survey at the village/ block level was aimed at finding out the status and extent of amenities and resources at the disposal of villages/ blocks. The household surveys were conducted with the main aim of evolving and preparing compensatory and rehabilitation packages for families who would be rendered houseless, landless and whose part of land would be acquired for various project activities. Based on the assessment of demographic profile of Project Affected Families (PAFs), Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan using guidelines and norms as per Policy laid down for R& R Scheme for Project Affected Families (PAFs) of Shongtong-Karchham hydroelectric project was formulated.



3.5 SUMMARY OF DATA COLLECTION

The summary of the data collected from various sources is outlined in Table-3.3.

TABLE-3.3: Summary of data collected from various sources

Aspect Mode of Data collection

Parameters monitored

Frequency Source

Meteorology Secondary Temperature, humidity, rainfall

- India Meteorological Department (IMD)

Water Resources

Secondary Flow, Design hydrograph and design flood hydrograph

- Detailed Project Report (DPR)

Water Quality Primary Physico- chemical and bacteriological parameters

Three seasons

Field studies for winter, summer and post-monsoon seasons

Ambient air quality

Primary RPM, SPM, SO2 and NOx

Three seasons


Noise Primary Hourly noise level Three seasons


Land use Primary and secondary

Land use pattern - NRSA and Ground truth Studies

Geology Secondary Geological characteristics of study area

- Detailed Project Report (DPR )

Soils Physico- chemical parameters

Three seasons


Terrestrial Ecology

Primary and secondary

Floral and faunal diversity

Three seasons

Field studies for winter, monsoon seasons. Secondary data as available with the Forest and Wild life Department

Aquatic Ecology Primary and Secondary

Presence and abundance of various species

Three seasons

Field studies for winter, summer and monsoon seasons. Secondary data as available with the Fisheries Department

Socio- economic aspects

Primary and secondary

Demographic and socio - economic, Public health cultural aspects

- Field studies for PAFs, Secondary data collection from Revenue Department and literature review.

3.6 IMPACT PREDICTION

Prediction is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur because of implementation of the project. Impact of project activities has been predicted using mathematical models and overlay technique (super-imposition of activity on environmental parameter). For intangible impacts qualitative assessment has been done. The environmental impacts predicted are as follows:



• Loss of land; • Displacement of population due to acquisition of private and community properties; • Impacts on hydrologic regime; • Impacts on water quality; • Increase in incidence of water-related diseases including water borne and vector-

borne diseases; • Effect on riverine fisheries including migratory fish species; • Increase in air pollution and noise level during project construction phase; • Impacts due to sewage generation from labour camps; • Impacts due to acquisition of forest land; and • Impacts due to increase in terrestrial and aquatic ecology due to increased human

interferences during project construction and operation phases.

3.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND COST ESTIMATES

Based on the environmental baseline conditions and project inputs, the adverse impacts were identified and a set of measures have been suggested as a part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for their amelioration. The management measures have been suggested for the following aspects:

• Compensatory afforestation and bio-diversity conservation plan; • Catchment Area Treatment; • Fisheries Management Plan; • Public health delivery system; • Environmental management in labour camp; • Muck Management Plan; • Restoration of quarry sites and landscaping of construction sites; • Management of Impact due to construction of roads; • Greenbelt development plan; • Control of Air Pollution; • Measure for noise control; • Water pollution control; and • Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan.

The expenditure required for implementation of these management measures has also been estimated as a part of the EMP study. 3.8 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION PLAN

As a part of the CEIA study, a socio-economic survey of project affected families was conducted. As a part of the survey, information on family profile, occupational profile, income, land holding, crop grown, assets owned, etc. was collected. Based on the findings of the survey and the norms of outlined in R&R Scheme for Project Affected.

Families of Shongtong Hydroelectric Project, a Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan have been formulated.

3.9 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN

As a part of the CEIA study, a catchment area treatment plan for the catchment area intercepted at the project site has been formulation. Various sub-watersheds have been categorized into different erosion categories, as per Silt Yield Index (SYI) method. For



high and very high erosion categories a catchment area treatment plan comprising of engineering and biological measures has been formulated.

3.10 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

It is necessary to continue monitoring of certain parameters to verify the adequacy of various measures outlined in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and to assess the implementation of mitigative measures. An environmental monitoring program for critical parameters has been suggested for implementation during project construction and operation phases. The staff, necessary equipment and agencies to be involved for implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program and costs have also been indicated.



Figure 3.1 Study Area Map

HPPCL EIA study for Shongtong-Karchham H.E Project (450MW)


CHAPTER-4

BASELINE SETTING FOR PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS 4.1 GENERAL

Before start of any Environmental Impact Assessment study, it is necessary to identify the baseline levels of relevant environmental parameters which are likely to be affected as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. A similar approach has been adopted for conducting the EIA study for the proposed Shongtong-Karchham hydroelectric Project. A Scoping Matrix as outlined in Table-3.1 of Chapter-3 was formulated to identify various issues likely to be affected as a result of the proposed project. Based on the specific inputs likely to accrue in the proposed project, aspects to be covered in the EIA study were identified. The other issues as outlined in the Scoping Matrix were then discarded. Thus, planning of baseline survey commenced with the short listing of impacts and identification of parameters for which the data needs to be collected. The baseline status has been divided into following three categories:

• Physico-chemical aspects; • Ecological aspects; and • Socio-Economic aspects. The baseline setting for physico-chemical aspects have been covered in this Chapter.

4.2 METEOROLOGY

The climate of the project area is characterized by cool and dry climate. Meteorologically, the year can be divided into three distinct seasons. Winter season sets in from the month of October and continues up to February, followed by summer season from March to June. The area receives rainfall under the influence of south-west monsoons over a period of three months from July to September.

Temperature

Temperature rises rapidly after March and the month of July is the hottest month of the year with mean daily maximum temperature going up to 23.0 °C. With the withdrawal of monsoons, by the end of October, there is a sharp decrease in temperature. The months of January and February are the coolest months of the year, with mean daily minimum temperature as low as -2.3 °C. The month wise temperature variations are depicted in Figure-4.1.

Rainfall

The total annual rainfall is about 766.5 mm per annum. The maximum rainfall is received in the months from January to March. About 55% of the rainfall is received during winter season. A part of the rainfall received during winter months is in the form of snow. The rainfall as received in various months of the year is given in Figure-4.2.

Humidity

The average `humidity’ observed in the project area is about 50% Apart from the monsoon months. Humidity is generally low from 35 to 54.2%. In monsoon months, humidity is more than 80%.



Cloud cover

In the winter season months from July to September, skies are generally heavily clouded. Heavy cloud cover persists in short spells during the winter months when the area is affected by the passing western disturbances.

The nearest meteorological station is Kalpa. The detailed data on various meteorological aspects was collected for Kalpa station. The average meteorological conditions are summarized in Table 4.1.

TABLE-4.1: Average Meteorological conditions in the Project Area

Month Mean Temp. Daily (°C) Rainfall (mm) Relative Humidity (%)

Max. Min. At 0830 hrs At 1730 hrs January 88.6 51.2 39.6 February 6.7 -2.5 121.9 54.2 45.4 March 10.7 0.2 208.7 49.6 42.4 April 17.6 4.9 60.2 44.6 37.6 May 21.7 7.9 36.3 51.6 42.6 June 22.6 10.9 42.3 67.6 54.2 July 23.0 13.3 41.2 81.4 64.2 August 22.3 12.9 39.7 83.8 68.6 September 21.1 9.5 33.6 72.0 60.8 October 19.7 5.0 2.5 45.6 40.2 November 14.7 1.9 63.2 40.4 35.4 December 10.0 -1.1 28.3 45.4 36.0 Average 16.4 5.1 57.3 47.3 Total 766.5 Source: India Meteorological Department (IMD), Kapla station average of 5 year data.

Wind Direction

Seasonal (summer, winter and monsoon) two year period wind direction based on the nearest representative meteorological station (Aerial distance of 350 meters) the wind rose diagram of project area from November 2008 to December 2010 are given in Figure 4.3. It is to be noted that project is located in a steep river gorge with cliffs and very Steep Mountain slopes on both sides of the river. Wind can thus move in only two directions (either upstream (u/s) or downstream (d/s)). However, there are no houses situated up to at least 500 m (vertical distance) from the project sites.

HPPCL, as per its corporate policy is going to install its own project specific metrological station in the project area.

4.3 GEOLOGY

Regional Geology

The project area and its surroundings expose one of the oldest stack of rocks in the core Himalayas (Central Crystalines). This metamorphic sequence is characterised by polyphase regional metamorphism varying from green schists facies to amphibolite facies. These rocks in this part of Himalayas have been categorized in to Vakirata Group comprising of felspathic gneiss, quartzite, high grade schists and magmatites, which are exposed in an accurate



pattern. This rest over the rocks belonging to the Jutogh, Salkhala and Rampur Groups along Vakirata Thrust.

These rocks are intruded by Rakcham and Nako granites. The Vakirata Group of rocks extends towards NE along Satluj and Spiti valleys up to Shipki La and Sumdo. The Vakirata Group has further been divided in to three formations, viz- Kharo, Morang and Shiasu, of which the rocks belonging to Kharo Formations are exposed in the area around the proposed project.

Geology of Project Area

Barrage Site

The river Satluj near barrage site flows towards south through a moderately wide valley having moderately sloping right bank and steep left flank. Along the barrage axis, riverine deposits mixed with slope wash deposits are present from river bed level (+1,932 m elevation) to + 1950 m elevation. Between El +1,950 m and El + 2,050 m quartz biotite gneisses belonging to Kharo formation of Vakirata groups of rocks is exposed along a precipitous rocky slope. The rock strikes, in general, in N 25° to 300 W-S 25° to 300 E with 40° to 45°dips towards NE. The rocks are moderately jointed and some of the joints are observed to be extending for more than 100 m. These rocks are traversed by five sets of joints which include foliation joints.

Head Race Tunnel (HRT)

The HRT will have to negotiate two major drainages, i.e. Tangling and Shyong. Keeping in huge thickness of Tangling fan and presence of thick fluviglacial deposit in view, it is apprehended that there are chances of these being encountered in HRT. The fan deposits consists of big boulders of granite gneiss and quartzite, probably brought down by palaeo landslide and glaciers.

Power House

In view of steep valley slopes in this reach, unstable slopes at frequent interval and problem of avalanches, an underground power house site near village Ralli on the left bank of river Satluj has been selected. At this site thinly foliated quartzites with thin schist band trending in N 400 to N 65°W-S400E, S65°E and dipping at 200 to 450 in a NE direction i.e.; upstream are exposed along a steep slope. The site for power house has been selected downstream of the nallah so that it does not block the approach or the tail race tunnel outlet of the underground power house site. The elevation of Power house at top level will be EL. 1834.65m.

The quarzites at this location are thinly foliated and are closely jointed. The quartzites are exposed for a distance of 110 m upstream and 260 m downstream of the proposed power house location along the National Highway-22. Further downstream the area on the left abutment is covered with thick slide debris material. The quartzites are interlaced with thin schist bands and are schistose at places

4.4 SEISMOLOGY

The project area is located in Shimla Seismo Tectonic Block of Western Himalayas. This block is bounded by Sundernagar Fault in West and Kaurik Sumdo Fault in the east. Historical data indicates that largest earthquake experienced in this block is Kinnaur earthquake of January 1975 (M= 6.8).



Apart from seismic events that have occurred in this seismic block, major earthquakes like Kangra Earthquake of April 1905 (M= +8), earthquake of 1916 (M=7.5), earthquake of 1966 (M= 7 and the Uttarkashi Earthquake of 1991 (M=6.5) have been recorded in adjoining seismic blocks within a distance of 200 km of the project site. The origin of these seismic events has been attributed to various tectonic features, which extend in to this seismic block. The location of various tectonic features like Kaurik Sumdo Fault, Raura Fault, Vakirata thrust and Jutogh thrust in the vicinity of the project area and categorisation of the project area in zone-IV, of siesmic zoning map of India indicate that necessary seismic coefficient has to be incorporated in the designs of various structures of the project. Detailed evaluation of seismic status of the area becomes more necessary due to its location in the category having highest seismic risk.

The project area falls under seismic zone-IV, as per the seismic zoning Map of India given in IS: 1894: 2002 i.e. highest seismic zone in Western Himalayas. In the past, the region has been affected with a number of strong earthquakes. Since year 1720, 17 nos. of earthquakes of intensity greater than 5 on Richter scale have been reported in the area. The most devastating earthquake recorded in the region, is the Kangra earthquake of 1905, which caused considerable damage to life and property in district Kangra. Other major earthquakes are Chamba-1945, 1947, 1950 (M=6.5, 6.6, & 5.5); Dharamshala 1978, 1986 (M= 5 & 5.7) and Kathua-1980 (M=5.3). The major earthquake causing considerable damage in last 100 years in the region are given in Table- 4.2.

TABLE-4.2 List of major earthquakes in the region in last 100 years

Year Earthquake Magnitude 1905 Kangra 7.8 1906 Kullu 6.4 1930 Sultanpur 6.0 1945 Chamba 6.0 1947 Chamba 6.0 1950 Chamba 6.0 1951 Chamba-Udhampur 6.0 1955 Lahual-Spiti 6.0 1962 Chamba-Udhampur 6.0 1975 Kinnaur 6.8 1978 Dharamshala 5.0 1980 Kathua 5.3 1986 Dharamshala 5.7 1986 Uttarkashi 6.6 2004 Kangra 5.1

Source: Amateur Seismic Centre, Pune, 2007

The important earthquakes within 200 km of the proposed Shongtong-Karchham Hydroelectric site are given below in Table-4.3.



TABLE-4.3 Important Earthquake Within 200 km from Shongtong-Karchham Hydro-Electric project Site

Date Epicenter Magnitude Latitude (N) Longitude (E)

05.03.1842 30.00 78.00 6.5 16.06.1902 31.00 79.00 6.0 04.04.1905 32.25 76.25 8.0 13.06.1906 31.00 79.00 6.0 28.02.1908 32.00 77.00 7.0 20.10.1937 31.10 78.00 6.0 12.05.1939 32.50 78.00 6.3 22.06.1945 32.80 76.90 6.5 10.06.1947 32.60 75.90 6.0 27.06.1955 32.50 78.50 6.0 12.04.1963 32.00 78.79 6.0 19.01.1975 32.35 78.76 6.8 20.01.1991 30.75 78.86 6.6 (mb) 7.1 (ms)

In order to monitor impact of blasting, Seismograph at an appropriate location will be established and monitoring done in association with representatives of Gram Panchayat. Water resources and houses in all villages and their vicinity shall be inventorized by HPPCL to develop a baseline in case of any claim. Damages occurring subsequently as may be attributed to project construction shall be either restored or compensated at project cost. A Dam break analysis along with inundation map is under process.

4.5 LAND USE PATTERN The land utilization for the Kinnaur district is given in Table-4.4 and total land requirement of the project is summarized in Table-4.5.

TABLE-4.4: Land utilization for the district Kinnaur S. No. Land Utilization Area (Ha) 1. Geographical area by village papers 623,742 2. Forests 37,579 3. Net available for cultivation

i. Barren & un-culturable land 130,859 ii. Land put to non-agriculture Uses 124,602

4. Other cultivated land i. Permanent pastures and other grazing land 317,697 ii. Culturable waste 3,610 iii. Land under misc. tree crops and graves not

included in net area sown 84

5. Fallow land i. Current fallows 1,770 ii. Other fallows 57

6. Net area sown 7,484 7. Total cropped area 8,745 8. Area sown more than once 1,261 9. Intensity of cropping 116.85%

Source: Directorate of Land Records, Himachal Pradesh



TABLE-4.5 Land required for various project appurtenances

S. No.

Name of Components of Project

Ownership-wise land requirement Total land required (Perm/Temp) Area of forest land (ha) Area of private land (ha) Grand

Total Temporary Permanent Total

Temporary Permanent Sub- Total Temporary Permanent Sub- Total

1 Diversion barrage, diversion tunnel and supporting structure

3.0000 30.221 33.221 - 0.7498 0.7498 33.9708 3.0000 30.9708 33.9708

2 Head Race Tunnel and Adits

1.5426 9.7449 11.2875 - - - 11.2875 1.5426 9.7449 11.2875

3 Surge shaft and associate structures

- 1.2125 1.2125 - - - 1.2125 - 1.2125 1.2125

4 Pressure shaft (U/G)

- 0.3608 0.3608 - - - 0.3608 - 0.3608 0.3608

5 Power House, tail race tunnel and associate structure

0.5000 0.9470 1.4470 - - - 1.4470 0.5000 0.9470 1.4470

6 6 nos. Dumping Area

5.1000 - 5.1000 3.1944 - 3.1944 8.2944 8.2944 - 8.2944

7 Approach Roads - 4.3416 4.3416 - - - 4.3416 - 4.3416 4.3416 8 Job facilities and

other requirement 2.0970 8.1073 10.2043 - 9.5038 9.5038 19.7081 2.0970 17,6111 19.7081

9. Quarry 1.8500 - 1.8500 - - - 1.8500 1.8500 - 1.8500 Total 14.0896 54.9351 69.0247 3.1944 10.2536 13.4480 82.4727 17.2840 65.1887 82.4727

Unit-Ha



The project area has a typical mountainous terrain with moderate to high relief. The altitude varies from 1500 to over 3000 m from the mean sea level. There are no habitations along the river from Diversion structure to TRT. The national highway-22 follows the river, and otherwise it is too steep for habitation.

Forests are the major land use category. As a part of EIA study, digital satellite data of the area is being procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad for assessing the land use pattern. The data is processed in house using sophisticated image processing software like ERDAS-Imagine to study the land use, land cover and forest details. Ground truth verification studies are to be undertaken to verify the signatures of various land use category which then will be used to classify the satellite imagery. The FCC and the classified imagery of the study area are given in Figures 4.4 and 4.5 respectively. The land use pattern of the study area is described in Table-4.6.

TABLE - 4.6: Land use pattern of the study area based on satellite data Type of land Area in Ha (%) Dense vegetation 13,577 (25.93) Open Vegetation 10,133 (19.35) Alpine Pasture 5,793 (11.06) Barren land 13,712 (26.19) Snow cover 7,454 (14.24) Agriculture 846 (1.62) Settlements 235 (0.45) Water bodies 605 (1.16) Total 52,355 (100.0)

The major land use category of land in the study area is forest land as it accounts for 45.26% of the study area. Area under agriculture is only 1.62% of the total study area. Pasture account for about 11.06% of the study area. Settlements and snow cover account for about 0.45% and 14.24%, respectively of the total study area.

4.6 SOILS

Soil is the product of geological, chemical and biological interactions. The soils in the region vary according to altitude and climate. The soil in the project area and study area are young like any other region of Himalayas. The vegetal cover is one of the most important influencing factors characterizing the soil types in a region. Soil on the slope above 30o, due to erosion and mass wasting processing, are generally shallow and usually have very thin surface horizons. Such soils have medium to coarse texture. Residual soils are well developed on level summits of lesser Himalayas, Subsoil are deep and heavily textured.

As a part of field studies, soil depth at various locations in the catchment area have been collected during winter, summer and post-monsoon seasons, which were then analyzed. The sampling stations are shown in Figure - 4.6. The results of the analysis of soil samples for the winter (February 2008), summer (May 2008) and post - monsoon (October 2008) seasons are given in Tables 4.7 to 4.9 respectively.



TABLE - 4.7: Results of soil sampling analysis of study area in winter season

Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

pH 7.30 7.65 7.17 7.15 7.80 Electrical Conductivity µomhs/cm 46.90 23.90 35.40 49.80 70.50 Organic matter (%) 1.60 0.45 2.14 0.87 0.38 Nitrates (mg/kg) 6.20 5.30 8.50 7.50 13.00 Sodium (mg/kg) 110.88 82.31 47.63 99.98 103.76 Magnesium (mg/kg) 247.41 480.70 184.40 78.90 291.80 Chlorides (mg/kg) 168.00 199.50 94.50 136.50 126.00 Sulphates (mg/kg) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Phosphates (mg/kg) 704.24 418.02 564.80 259.15 693.41 Copper (mg/kg) 6.04 15.96 6.45 1.59 12.92 Manganese (mg/kg) 137.86 94.28 29.04 20.00 42.75 Chromium (mg/kg) 21.68 26.89 18.79 15.82 20.75 Barium (mg/kg) 58.44 55.37 48.53 45.66 47.34 Potassium (mg/kg) 3791.02 4100.37 1994.30 1228.61 2254.82 Lead (mg/kg) 18.03 29.98 30.00 20.00 6.19 Cyanide (mg/kg) ND ND ND ND ND

TABLE - 4.8: Results of soil sampling analysis of study area in summer season

Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 pH 7.46 7.53 7.62 7.31 7.45 Electrical Conductivity µomhs/cm 73.70 56.60 86.90 89.60 76.5 Organic matter (%) 0.29 0.31 5.04 0.32 0.30 Nitrates (mg/kg) 7.10 8.30 8.70 9.70 8.80 Sodium (mg/kg) 139.17 38.55 144.99 173.82 96.31 Magnesium (mg/kg) 621.30 107.80 373.90 541.60 187.60 Chlorides (mg/kg) 105.00 157.00 168.00 115.50 105.00 Sulphates (mg/kg) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Phosphates (mg/kg) 601.42 329.06 559.97 874.62 446.11 Copper (mg/kg) 56.17 3.89 20.80 23.01 4.69 Manganese (mg/kg) 251.10 85.39 108.50 38.86 160.68 Chromium (mg/kg) 30.97 17.63 24.20 24.25 19.61 Barium (mg/kg) 50.21 43.04 49.55 50.19 51.90 Potassium (mg/kg) 5,715.99 1,113.50 4,444.78 3,259.95 1,107.78 Lead (mg/kg) 59.05 16.00 22.40 22.16 24.30 Cyanide (mg/kg) ND ND ND ND ND

TABLE - 4.9: Results of soil sampling analysis of study area in post-monsoon season Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 pH 7.32 7.42 7.51 7.29 7.34 Electrical Conductivity µomhs/cm 67.80 48.65 79.85 84.50 79.5 Organic matter (%) 0.32 0.33 5.60 0.52 0.40 Nitrates (mg/kg) 6.70 9.30 8.90 9.80 9.20 Sodium (mg/kg) 145.12 46.15 156.46 165.57 89.45 Magnesium (mg/kg) 616.20 105.60 358.70 518.40 168.50 Chlorides (mg/kg) 105.00 157.00 168.00 115.50 105.00 Sulphates (mg/kg) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1



Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Phosphates (mg/kg) 601.42 329.06 559.97 874.62 446.11 Copper (mg/kg) 56.17 3.89 20.80 23.01 4.69 Manganese (mg/kg) 251.10 85.39 108.50 38.86 160.68 Chromium (mg/kg) 30.97 17.63 24.20 24.25 19.61 Barium (mg/kg) 50.21 43.04 49.55 50.19 51.90 Potassium (mg/kg) 5,715.99 1,113.50 4,444.78 3,259.95 1,107.78 Lead (mg/kg) 59.05 16.00 22.40 22.16 24.30 Cyanide (mg/kg) ND ND ND ND ND

The pH of soil at various sites lies within neutral range. The levels of NPK indicate moderate to high soil productivity. The sodium levels do not indicate any potential for soil salinization or adverse impacts on soil productivity.

In a hydroelectric project, no significant impact on soil quality is expected barring, soil pollution at local level due to disposal of construction waste. For amelioration of such impacts appropriate management measures are recommended.

4.7 WATER RESOURCES

4.7.1 Water Resources

Shontong-Karchham Hydro Electric Project is a run of river scheme project on River Satluj with all the project components proposed to be located on the left bank of Satluj river to harness the available hydel potential of the river. The river Satluj rises near Rakas Tal which is fed by Mansarovar Lake at an altitude of 4,570 m above mean sea level and passes through the Tibetan province of `Nari Khorsam'. The principal source i.e. lake Mansarovar is fed by glaciers of Ganglung, Gaungni. The southern glaciers of Kailash, Peak Kamer and Peak Riva Phargul also feed the river. The river then traverses through plateau between Zakhar and Ladakh ranges. The river flows through a very deep (915 m) channel and is fed by glaciers. The river Satluj is joined by several tributaries in `Nari Khorsam' which include Zangchu, Drama Yankti, Chonak, Manglan, Trunsaco, Sumna, Trape, etc. The banks in the Tibetan portion are less eroded because the activities of geological agents like surface runoff, water, snow, etc. are limited. There is no vegetation in the area and when the snow melts, deep channels are formed on the surface. The river Satluj enters India near Shipkila after traversing a distance of 320 km in the Tibetan province of Nari Khorsam. On entering the Indian portion, river takes a south-westerly direction and traverses for a distance of 320 km to reach Bhakra gorge, crossing which, it enters the plains of Punjab.

The principal tributaries of river Satluj below Shipkila i.e. in India are Spiti, Kashming, Baspa, Bhaba, Nogli, Kurpan, Nauli, Sholding, Seer, Bharari, Ali and Gambher Khad, river Spiti which confluences at Namgia, at 14 km upstream of Pooh is the biggest tributary.

The total catchment area intercepted up to Shongtong barrage site is 47,132 km2. The altitude in the catchment area drained by river Spiti varies from 3,048 m to 4,570 m. The rainfall in the area is scarce. The area is devoid of vegetation and melting snow forms deep flow channels. Majority of the silt carried by the river comes mainly from the Spiti area, where due to degraded status of the catchment, high soil erosion rates are observed. The catchment area from Namgia to Shongtong dam site is bounded hills of moderate height and the altitude varies from 1,936 m to 3,048 m. The area has little rainfall but witnesses heavy snow fall. The runoff due to melting of snow is the chief source of water. At higher elevations `Chilgoza' plantations are observed. The



area has steep slopes with little vegetal cover and very little rain. The river is perennial in nature as it is fed by snow melt. About one-fourth of the catchment is under snow. The final series as approved by CWC (Central Water Commission) for the project planning along with Power potential studies using the above approved series as submitted to CEA (Central Electricity Authority) is enclosed as Annexure 4.1. Initially installed capacity of the project is 402 MW as approved by CEA vide letter copy enclosed as per Annexure 4.1.

As per the Project Report 2002, the design flood has been estimated using various methods for flood frequency analysis is given in Table-4.10.

TABLE-4.10: Design Flood estimated for the Shongtong hydroelectric Project Return period year Maximum flood average Inst. Flood 1.15 time of maximum

flood 5 1,785.81 2,053.68 10 2,163.47 2,488.00 20 2,525.83 2,904.71 50 2,995.37 3,444.67 100 3,346.38 3,848.34 200 3,472.27 3,993.11 500 3,849.94 4,427.43

1,000 4,479.39 5,151.30 Source: Project Report 2002. 4.7.2 Water resources study The Water Sources inventory for Shongtong–Karchham HEP was carried out to assess the total discharge in river Satluj from different water sources, a study of major and minor waterfalls flowing in to Satluj River was carried out in different villages in the catchment area of the project. The study includes photography and measurement of discharge per minute for each of these water sources. This study will help in comparing pre-project and post-project scenario of the water resources of the catchment area of the project. The above mentioned inventory for project is attached as Annexure 4.2. 4.7.3 Climate Change At present there are no studies available to show the effect of climate change on flow regime, including during the next decade or so and consequent effect of the same on generation capacity. However, the ecological flow downstream is related with inflow; as such, 15% of average lean months’ flow shall always be maintained downstream during the life of the project. Recently a draft report (still under finalization) has been made available through a separate study of ADB called Integrated Water Resource Management {ADB RSC-C00666 (IND)}. The said report assesses the impact of climate change in short, medium and long term. As per this report, there is no serious adverse impact on the project in the medium term (up to 30 years). Even after this, the hydrology is apparently not going to change much. Moreover, as a climate change adaptation measure, a storage project at the top of the catchment (within Indian territory) has been planned to arrest silt and to make assured regulated water availability for all the downstream projects in a cascade.



4.7.4 Water use

As such there is no population dependent on the water flow of the river to be diverted except for washing of remains of cremation (as per Hindu rights) which takes 100 litre/body. This requirement can be easily met from 15% of lean season discharge.

The major sources of water in the project area are rivers and nallahs, which flow adjacent to the habitations. These are used to meet the major water requirements in the project as well as study area. The water is conveyed to the point of consumption, i.e. habitations, through open channels, which is then utilized for meeting domestic consumption. The water of river Satluj in the intervening catchment is not used for meeting domestic requirements.

Majority of the cropped area is rain fed. The study area in general, depends on rainfall for irrigation. Rainwater and snow are absorbed within the soil, which then percolates through pores and crevices and reappears in the form of springs. During monsoons, number and discharge of the springs increases. The supply of water in the perennial springs gets reduced in winter and summer seasons. Spring water is generally collected in a tank and stored for irrigation during the periods of scarcity. The spring water is also used for meeting domestic requirements in many areas. The water is carried through surface channels called `gools' into the fields located at lower levels.

4.8 WATER QUALITY

The major sources of water in the project area are river and nallahs, which flows adjacent to the habitation. These are used to meet the major water requirement in the project area as well as study area. The water is conveyed to the point of consumption i.e. habitations and agriculture field through open channel, then utilized for meeting various requirement. There are no major industries in the catchment. Likewise, pollution load from domestic sources is also insignificant.

As a part of the field studies, water samples from river Satluj and other tributaries from various locations were collected and analysed for various physico-chemical parameters. The various sampling locations are shown in Figure-4.6 and are listed as below:

W1- About 100m upstream of proposed barrage site; W2- About 500 m downstream to the barrage site; W3- Near Tangl ing Khad; W4- Near proposed Power house site; and W5- Drinking water at Powari village.

The water sampling results for three seasons namely winter (February 2008), summer (May 2008) and post-monsoon (October 2008) are given in Tables-4.12 to 4.14 respectively. The drinking water quality standards are enclosed as Annexure-II.

TABLE-4.12: Water quality in the study area in winter season

Parameter W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 pH 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.5 Electrical conductivity (µs/cm) 451 210 290 203 263 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 279 130 179 125 163 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 844 466 60 558 80 Total alkalinity (CaCO3), mg/l 196.8 98.4 118 118 118



Parameter W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 Carbonates, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil D.O., mg/l 9.7 10.2 9.2 9.6 10.1 BOD, mg/l 2.3 3.2 2.1 2.7 13.2 COD, mg/l 13.8 18.4 13.8 18.5 27.6 Nitrate as NO3, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Phosphate as PO4, mg/l 0.28 0.28 BDL 0.16 0.40 Fluoride as F, mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.2 BDL Chloride as Cl, mg/l 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 Sulphate as SO4, mg/l 46 45.3 56 49 86 Sodium as Na, mg/l 13 11 11 8 9 Potassium as K, mg/l 1 1 2 1 1 Calcium as Ca, mg/l 48.2 34.7 44.2 28.4 38.7 Magnesium as Mg, mg/l 18.3 1.9 1.9 4.8 3.3 Oil & Grease, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Phenolic Compound BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Manganese, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Chromium, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cyanides, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml 14 21 21 21 12

TABLE-4.13: Water quality in the study area in summer season Parameter W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 pH 7.8 7.3 7.5 7.3 7.6 Electrical conductivity (µs/cm) 380 230 310 240 267 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 285 150 210 150 172 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 854 475 70 558 80 Total alkalinity (CaCO3), mg/l 208 97 120 128 121 Carbonates, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil D.O., mg/l 9.5 10.0 9.0 9.3 9.8 BOD, mg/l 2.5 2.7 2.1 2.8 3.2 COD, mg/l 13.3 18.4 12.6 17.5 17.2 Nitrate as NO3, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Phosphate as PO4, mg/l 0.28 0.25 BDL 0.17 0.31 Fluoride as F, mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.2 BDL Chloride as Cl, mg/l 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 Sulphate as SO4, mg/l 47 43 57 49 75 Sodium as Na, mg/l 13 14 12 9 10 Potassium as K, mg/l 1 1 2 1 1 Calcium as Ca, mg/l 49.2 35.7 45.3 30.4 39.7 Magnesium as Mg, mg/l 2.3 2.4 2.5 5.2 4.3 Oil & Grease, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Phenolic Compound BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Manganese, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Chromium, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cyanides, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml 18 29 31 32 15



TABLE-4.14: Water quality in the study area in post-monsoon season Parameter W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 pH 7.6 7.4 7.45 7.2 7.5 Electrical conductivity (µs/cm) 410 236 315 229 258 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 292 158 219 142 168 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 814 464 82 578 92 Total alkalinity (CaCO3), mg/l 203 94 115 127 114 Carbonates, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil D.O., mg/l 9.3 9.8 9.1 9.4 9.7 Parameter W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 BOD, mg/l 2.4 2.8 2.3 2.9 2.1 COD, mg/l 12.7 19.4 13.8 16.8 18.4 Nitrate as NO3, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Phosphate as PO4, mg/l 0.26 0.24 BDL 0.19 0.36 Fluoride as F, mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.1 BDL Chloride as Cl, mg/l 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 Sulphate as SO4, mg/l 49 44 59 49 79 Sodium as Na, mg/l 15 13 14 11 12 Potassium as K, mg/l 1 1 2 1 1 Calcium as Ca, mg/l 47.4 39.8 48.4 32.6 41.2 Magnesium as Mg, mg/l 2.4 2.5 2.6 4.9 4.5 Oil & Grease, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Phenolic Compound BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Manganese, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Copper, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zinc, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Chromium, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cyanides, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml 12 22 32 33 12

The total alkalinity in various water samples were varies from 98.4 to 196.8 mg/l, 97.0 to 208.0 mg/l and 94 to 203 mg/l in winter, summer and post-monsoon seasons respectively. The low calcium and magnesium levels are responsible for soft nature of water. The non-carbonate hardness accounts for the balance hardness. Normally non-carbonate hardness can be removed by boiling. The calcium values in the three seasons covered as a part of the study ranges from 29 to 49 mg/l. The calcium values were below the permissible limit of 75 mg/l and cause for rejection limit of 200 mg/l for drinking water purposes. The calcium hardness ranges from 70 to 124 mg/l and the total hardness ranges from 85 to 140 mg/l. The hardness values were below the permissible limit of 200 mg/l (Annexure 4.3) and cause for rejection limit of 600 mg/l for drinking water purposes. Thus, it is concluded that hardness values are low. The low Electric Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolve Solids (TDS) values indicate the lower concentration of cations and anions. The concentration of TDS level ranged from 125 to 279 mg/l, 150 to 285 mg/l and 142 to 292 mg/l in winter, summer and post-monsoon seasons respectively, which is much lower than the permissible limit of 500 mg/l specified for domestic use. This is also reflected by the fact that the concentration of most of the cations and anions are well within the permissible limit. The fluorides level was lower than the permissible limit (1mg/l) for drinking purposes. Use of water with such fluorides level could lead to dental curies.

The BOD values are well within the permissible limits, which indicate the absence of organic pollution loading. This is mainly due to the low population density and absence of industries in



the area. The low COD values also indicate the absence of chemical pollution loading in the area. The marginal quantity of pollution load, which enters river Satluj, gets diluted. In fact, even for the minimum flow, there is more than adequate water available for dilution. Level of heavy metal in the water of the project area is below the permissible limit used for drinking purposes. The Total Coliform count is very low and it ranges from 12-21, 15-32 and 12-33 in winter season, summer season and post monsoon seasons respectively in the study area. The Water Quality Standards prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards for Class-A Surface waters, i.e., Water that can be used for domestic purpose without any conventional treatment, except for disinfection is 50 MPN/100 ml. Hence, it has been concluded that water quality in the area is quite good.

4.9 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

The ambient air quality with respect to the study area around the proposed site forms the baseline information. The study area represents rural environment. The sources of air pollution in the region are vehicular traffic, dust arising from unpaved village roads and domestic fuel burning. The prime objective of the baseline air quality study was to establish the existing ambient air quality of the area.

Selection of Sampling Locations

The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been established through a scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring network and is based on the following considerations:

- Meteorological conditions on synoptic scale; - Representatives of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline status - Representation of likely affected area.

Three Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) locations were selected taking care of above-mentioned points.

Detail methodology for study of ambient air quality is given in Chapter -3.





SPM and RPM have been estimated by gravimetric method. Modified West and Gacke Method (IS-5182 Part-II, 1962) have been adopted for estimation of SO2. Jacobs Hochheiser method (IS 5182 Part-II, 1975) has been adopted for estimation of NOx.



Result of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

The summary of result of ambient air quality monitoring conducted for various seasons are given in Tables-4.15 to 4.17. The summary of findings of ambient air quality monitoring survey is given in Table-4.18 to 4.20. The ambient air quality standards are given in Annexure-4.4.The results of Air Quality of Kashang HEP has been attached as Annexure-4.5 for reference.

TABLE-4.15: Results of ambient air quality monitoring for winter season

Station Date of Monitoring

SPM RPM SO2 NOx

21.02.08 to < 5 < 5 22.02.08 124.3 41

25.02.08 to < 5 < 5 Det Ralli 26.02.08 102.3 31.7 01.03.08 to < 5 < 5 02.03.08 128 42.0 06.03.08 to < 5 < 5 07.03.08 116.7 35.1 Power 21.02.08 to < 5 < 5 House 22.02.08 131 45.3 25.02.08 to < 5 < 5 26.02.08 121.6 38.0 01.03.08 to < 5 < 5 02.03.08 127.3 41.6 06.03.08 to < 5 < 5 07.03.08 114.3 39.2 21.02.08 to < 5 < 5 22.02.08 125.3 43.4 25.02.08 to < 5 < 5 Near 26.02.08 137.6 48.4 Barrage 01.03.08 to < 5 < 5 02.03.08 136.2 48.2 06.03.08 to < 5 < 5 07.03.08 133.7 41.2

Unit: (µg/m3)

TABLE- 4.16: Results of ambient air quality monitoring for summer season Unit: (µg/m3)


SPM RPM SO2 NO,

22.05.08 to

23.05.08 135 46.2 < 5 < 5

26.05.08 to Det Ralli 27.05.08 98.3 30.3 < 5 < 5 31.05.08 to 01.06.08 145.1 48.3 < 5 < 5 05.06.08 to




SPM RPM SO2 NO,

06.06.08 112.7 35.1 < 5 < 5 22.05.08 to 23.05.08 132.5 45.7 < 5 < 5 26.05.08 to Power 27.05.08 115.6 35.1 < 5 < 5 House 31.05.08 to 01.06.08 134.3 43.2 < 5 < 5 05.06.08 to 06.06.08 112.3 35.1 < 5 < 5 22.05.08 to 23.05.08 122.6 38.0 < 5 < 5 26.05.08 to Near 27.05.08 135.1 45.8 < 5 < 5 Barrage 31.05.08 to 01.06.08 140.4 49.2 < 5 < 5 05.06.08 to 06.06.08 131.2 42.1 < 5 < 5

TABLE-4.17: Results of ambient air quality monitoring for post monsoon season


SPM RPM SO2 NOx

22.10.08 to

23.10.08 126 44.2 < 5 < 5

26.10.08 to Det Ralli 27.10.08 97.4 31.4 < 5 < 5 31.10.08 to 01.11.08 123.2 45.6 < 5 < 5 05.11.08 to 06.11.08 111.4 33.2 < 5 < 5 22.10.08 to 23.10.08 129.4 48.2 < 5 < 5 26.10.08 to Power 27.10.08 113.9 35.7 < 5 < 5 House 31.10.08 to 01.11.08 124.6 42.1 < 5 < 5 05.10.08 to 06.10.08 119.4 34.2 < 5 < 5 22.10.08 to 23.10.08 128.6 41.8 < 5 < 5 26.10.08 to Near 27.10.08 124.2 42.3 < 5 < 5 Barrage 31.10.08 to 01.11.08 122.6 42.4 < 5 < 5 05.11.08 to




SPM RPM SO2 NOx

06.11.08 128.8 45.0 < 5 < 5 Unit: (µg/m3)

TABLE-4.18: Summary of ambient air quality monitoring in the study area for winter season

Station Average Maximum Minimum

RPM Det Ralli 37.45 42.0 31.7 Power House 41.03 45.3 38.0 Near Barrage 45.3 48.4 41.2 SPM Det Ralli 117.83 128.0 102.3 Power House 123.55 131.0 114.3 Near Barrage 133.2 137.6 125.3 SO2 Det Ralli < 5 < 5 < 5Power House < 5 < 5 < 5Near Barrage < 5 < 5 < 5NOx Det Ralli < 5 < 5 < 5Power House < 5 < 5 < 5Near Barrage < 5 < 5 < 5

Source: Primary survey (Unit: µg/m3)

TABLE-4.19: Summary of ambient air quality monitoring in the study area for summer season

Station Average Maximum Minimum RPM Det Ralli 39.98 48.3 30.3 Power House 39.78 45.7 35.1 Near Barrage 43.78 49.2 38.0 SPM Det Ralli 122.78 145.1 98.3 Power House 123.67 134.3 112.3 Near Barrage 132.32 140.4 122.6 SO2 Det Ralli < 5 < 5 < 5 Power House < 5 < 5 < 5 Near Barrage < 5 < 5 < 5 Nox Det Ralli < 5 < 5 < 5 Power House < 5 < 5 < 5 Near Barrage < 5 < 5 < 5

(Unit: µg/m3)



TABLE-4.20: Summary of ambient air quality monitoring in the study area for post-monsoon season Station Average Maximum Minimum RPM Det Ralli 38.6 45.6 31.4 Power House 40.05 48.2 34.2 Near Barrage 42.87 45 41.8 SPM

Det Ralli 114.5 126.0 97.4 Power House 121.82 129.4 113.9 Near Barrage 126.05 128.8 122.6 SO2 Det Ralli < 5 < 5 < 5 Power House < 5 < 5 < 5 Near Barrage < 5 < 5 < 5 Nox Det Ralli < 5 < 5 < 5 Power House < 5 < 5 < 5 Near Barrage < 5 < 5 < 5

(Unit: µg/m3)

Observations on NOx levels

As a part of ambient air quality survey, it was seen that in all the stations the NOx level was below detectable limit. i.e it was < 5 µg/m3. The NOx level observed at various sampling stations was well below the permissible limit of 80 µg/m3 for residential and rural areas.

Observation on ambient SO2 levels

As a part of ambient air quality survey, it was seen that in all the stations the SO2 level was below detectable limit. i.e. it was < 5 µg/m3. The SO2 level observed at various stations was well below the permissible limit of 80 µg/m3 specified for residential and rural areas.

Observations on ambient SPM levels

The maximum SPM level observed in survey conducted during the survey was observed to be 145.1 µg/m3 in summer season near Det Ralli. The average SPM level at various monitoring stations ranged from 102.3 µg/m3 to 137.6 µg/m3, 98.3 µg/m3 to 145.1 µg/m3 and 97.4 µg/m3 to129.4 µg/m3 in winter season, summer season and post monsoon season respectively. The minimum SPM level was observed 97.4 µg/m3 at the station near Det Ralli in post-monsoon season, which is much below the permissible limit of 200 µg/m3 specified for residential, rural and other areas at various stations covered during the survey. But in some station SPM level is above the permissible limit.

Observations on ambient RPM levels

The average RPM levels as observed at various stations in the study area ranged from 31.7 µg/m3 to 48.4 µg/m3, 30.3 µg/m3 to 49.2 µg/m3 and 31.4 µg/m3 to 48.2 µg/m3 in winter season,



summer season and post monsoon season respectively. The highest RPM value was recorded as 49.2 µg/m3 at near Barrage in summer season. The highest values of RPM monitored during the field survey were above the permissible limit of 100 µ g/m3 for residential and rural areas.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the ambient air quality survey conducted it can be concluded that the ambient air quality is quite good in the area. The values of various parameters were well below the permissible limits specified for residential, rural and other areas.

4.10 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

The hourly ambient noise levels monitored for winter, summer and post monsoon seasons are given in Tables-4.21 to 4.23 respectively. The day time equivalent noise levels estimated are given in Table-4.24. The noise standards for various categories are given in Annexure-4.6. Detail methodology for study of ambient Noise levels is given in Chapter -3.

TABLE-4.21: Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area for winter season Time Det Ralli Power House Powari Near

suspension bridge

Near Barrage

8 -9 A.M. 35 36 37 35 34 9-10 A.M. 37 37 35 36 32 10-11 A.M. 35 38 40 38 31 11 AM - 12 Noon 36 36 37 35 36 1 –2 PM 37 36 38 34 37 2 – 3 PM 36 35 34 35 38 3 – 4 PM 35 38 32 36 36 4 – 5 PM 37 36 34 36 37 5 – 6 PM 37 39 34 35 37 6 – 7 PM 36 36 36 36 32 7 – 8 PM 36 35 33 36 34 8 – 9PM 36 37 33 34 33

(Unit: dB(A))

TABLE-4.22: Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area for summer season Time Det Ralli Power House Powari Near

suspension bridge

Near Barrage

8 - 9 AM 36 34 38 35 32 9 - 10 A M 32 32 38 33 34 10 - 11 AM 31 31 40 36 32 11 AM - 12 Noon 34 36 37 34 32 1 –2 PM 35 37 38 32 32 2 – 3 PM 32 38 34 32 32 3 – 4 PM 31 36 32 34 32 4 – 5 PM 34 37 34 35 32 5 – 6 PM 32 34 34 35 31 6 – 7 PM 31 32 36 36 36



7 – 8 PM 30 30 30 34 31 8 – 9 PM 30 30 30 30 31

(Unit: dB (A))

TABLE-4.23: Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area for Post monsoon season Time Det Ralli Power

House Powari Near

suspension bridge

Near Barrage

8 -9 A M 35 33 37 36 33 9-10 A M 31 31 38 32 35 10-11 A M 32 32 39 35 33 11 AM - 12 Noon 33 35 36 34 34 1 –2 PM 34 36 38 33 32 2 – 3 PM 33 37 34 32 32 3 – 4 PM 32 37 32 34 32 4 – 5 PM 35 36 33 34 33 5 – 6 PM 31 33 35 34 32 6 – 7 PM 31 31 33 36 35 7 – 8 PM 30 30 30 33 31 8 – 9 PM 30 30 30 30 31

(Unit: dB(A))

TABLE-4.24 Day time equivalent noise level at various sampling locations

S. NO. Location Zone Lday (dB(A)) Winter Det Ralli Rural 35.2 Power House Rural 35.8 Powari Rural 34.9 Near suspension bridge Rural 34.6 Near Barrage Rural 34.3 Summer Det Ralli Rural 31.8 Power House Rural 33.8 Powari Rural 35.1 Near suspension bridge Rural 33.2 Near Barrage Rural 31.5 Post monsoon Det Ralli Residential 31.6 Power House Residential 33.2 Powari Residential 34.5 Near suspension bridge Residential 32.9 Near Barrage Residential 31.9

The day time equivalent noise level in winter and summer seasons at various sampling stations ranged from 34 to 36 dB(A), 31 to 36 dB(A). Likewise, day time equivalent noise level in post-



monsoon season ranged from 31 to 35 dB(A) at various sampling stations which were well within the permissible limit specified for rural area (Refer Annexure 4.5).



Figure 4.3: Wind rose diagram of project area from November 2008 to December 2010



Figure 4.4 Satellite Imagery of the Study Area



Figure 4.5 Land use classification of the Study Area



Figure 4.6 Project Layout


Annexure 4.1


Final Approved Hydrological Series by CWC


Annexure 4.1



Annexure 4.1


Computed Discharge data of Satluj river at Shongtong w.e.f. 6/1972 to 5/ 2006 (34 years data)

Period 1972-73 1973-74 1974-75 1975-76 1976-77 I 358.89 747.32 255.30 565.67 665.43 II 502.32 1408.55 407.74 941.33 479.86 III 667.30 1208.69 341.80 927.68 363.46 I 708.19 1033.39 389.37 623.43 650.41 II 657.18 1062.94 833.09 1014.98 898.20 III 770.13 870.47 833.15 866.46 1022.46 I 684.17 750.82 842.28 956.26 635.63 II 601.19 767.60 832.84 1037.52 528.09 III 477.00 782.01 568.45 691.06 425.48 I 408.42 734.18 403.45 465.88 370.90 II 282.48 476.65 269.46 326.30 237.61 III 175.15 354.54 215.44 244.79 191.48 I 151.64 203.35 139.07 198.62 156.55 II 132.49 156.89 125.28 171.52 126.46 III 110.88 136.55 104.21 147.36 118.58 I 100.58 116.05 94.72 132.39 107.33 II 92.23 104.51 85.95 116.11 97.81 III 84.66 89.40 71.43 97.65 90.14 I 79.12 79.76 70.98 85.87 77.18 II 72.05 71.81 68.29 77.81 68.78 III 70.59 70.51 63.54 77.03 67.88 I 68.29 69.13 60.71 71.50 67.11 II 66.13 67.06 62.01 68.90 65.16 III 65.45 67.90 66.71 67.72 60.98 I 65.24 65.90 73.54 67.20 62.52 II 66.46 63.33 76.83 67.56 60.34 III 66.33 63.46 77.86 70.98 64.33 I 67.01 70.51 91.88 77.19 70.81 II 70.61 72.82 106.26 75.76 73.81 III 111.14 90.30 109.43 84.71 74.50 I 139.38 101.07 141.62 87.47 83.40 II 179.47 118.30 143.54 112.97 81.58 III 501.28 151.84 220.06 219.25 90.74 I 985.59 197.40 271.08 218.87 90.07 II 447.39 191.38 501.32 287.00 102.93 III 620.25 152.07 425.48 396.44 201.95

5543.91 8952.46 5470.74 7617.37 5713.74 3886.57 2255.09 2862.25 2719.65 1900.98 9430.48 11207.55 8332.99 10337.02 7614.72

1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82 317.35 657.94 269.40 582.44 357.22 215.20 539.64 698.50 718.61 377.41 484.48 942.35 1579.68 985.07 799.05 1073.20 1054.57 1112.73 964.69 682.78 1148.86 924.74 1280.84 1098.78 883.02 906.76 899.33 1042.73 1006.45 1072.23 1188.16 1183.86 933.39 1045.39 1121.24 742.50 1026.72 872.28 655.72 950.53


Annexure 4.1


576.47 628.13 655.39 543.65 618.87 517.17 586.04 516.79 445.86 427.99 379.47 433.20 305.20 346.58 301.22 262.73 289.61 193.78 259.52 241.51 184.29 217.58 177.16 202.16 162.08 153.76 181.65 155.75 155.83 132.81 138.49 158.71 138.49 135.78 121.87 126.11 128.65 131.01 116.68 118.58 114.62 118.47 114.15 104.61 100.08 106.80 110.08 110.62 93.75 89.69 100.79 98.12 96.75 83.15 83.97 94.19 90.00 84.48 76.85 78.32 86.75 84.14 79.14 75.33 72.69 76.82 77.60 73.97 71.28 72.89 71.96 78.15 71.90 66.43 69.65 72.30 79.74 71.75 69.64 67.09 72.41 76.92 71.49 68.02 66.41 71.71 78.65 72.64 68.01 71.50 72.50 85.23 74.36 67.16 70.18 74.44 83.35 73.63 70.39 71.54 83.39 98.48 65.68 71.26 72.19 88.20 111.69 88.09 77.62 80.08 92.42 152.35 98.90 83.52 123.74

138.28 197.72 121.74 139.77 136.82 153.04 239.37 166.96 182.44 188.30 288.80 306.28 246.31 360.83 283.30 453.83 281.46 291.79 395.14 226.63 491.79 230.00 355.06 498.71 286.31 6877.43 8050.88 8320.08 7609.30 6913.21 3007.18 2956.61 2669.61 2942.97 2501.44 9884.61 11007.49 10989.70 10552.27 9414.65

1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 534.78 714.76 815.00 434.35 219.12 1059.96 585.28 619.13 506.73 674.23 845.05 842.40 603.70 595.50 1196.61 1114.23 873.77 657.04 594.08 790.13 1087.46 584.57 399.56 646.27 945.59 1121.94 1081.06 645.14 699.26 1171.22 1049.55 1124.80 581.73 549.05 908.99 1008.71 906.28 646.47 667.99 762.41 596.84 983.61 628.40 577.29 544.15 401.41 722.60 451.03 446.78 426.38 340.36 521.02 254.80 284.11 250.16 232.14 295.32 147.45 219.77 193.30 162.12 261.30 111.06 167.51 141.42 150.07 187.56 94.70 174.72 123.54 134.12 160.60 84.70 126.59 105.55 121.33 136.99 73.91 105.11 94.47 107.64 119.92 64.52 91.46 87.47 95.90 97.59 59.59 80.80 81.91 85.60 93.38 55.86 71.08 78.24


Annexure 4.1


81.82 84.13 53.52 65.11 75.66 77.04 77.06 50.39 61.17 71.33 71.75 72.52 48.23 55.55 67.61 72.51 69.52 45.06 52.33 64.92 73.66 65.44 45.80 50.62 63.13 69.99 64.64 43.41 52.60 61.98 67.91 64.65 42.87 53.81 63.42 71.43 65.57 44.34 53.70 64.33 70.66 70.71 50.87 59.65 65.41 84.88 85.94 55.99 67.08 75.28 92.80 100.22 60.57 68.59 89.48 104.27 101.45 64.19 76.94 102.93 115.01 108.58 78.38 118.54 96.97 150.43 155.29 100.68 158.81 145.96 256.73 191.79 136.79 200.42 156.05 483.16 300.78 158.10 335.23 145.63 495.06 471.21 429.63 174.27 256.98

8262.87 8157.01 5681.86 5484.89 7130.62 2916.55 2834.57 1823.98 2210.81 2100.93

11179.42 10991.58 7505.84 7695.71 9231.54

1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 613.76 491.70 749.01 648.46 892.66 528.45 489.97 549.40 522.37 1104.51 617.08 860.59 554.58 1118.07 959.96 883.64 840.06 614.08 939.90 1242.73 772.70 897.48 887.23 797.16 1078.20 897.26 979.82 1009.61 692.89 1003.00 674.80 898.98 592.85 753.06 784.77 613.19 752.88 606.66 751.85 561.48 579.01 519.91 595.78 620.03 603.56 477.53 391.51 388.97 503.70 520.18 343.77 286.97 268.40 386.78 381.67 279.08 319.98 226.70 288.05 249.89 184.16 194.66 165.43 214.80 212.16 145.36 154.66 134.23 176.68 160.23 128.95 129.32 122.08 142.98 151.30 106.75 117.26 111.63 126.62 158.15 106.11 110.47 100.93 120.86 129.71 96.66 101.98 94.75 114.09 122.03 90.89 94.33 89.09 106.41 123.77 85.11 89.88 83.88 101.62 115.06 78.92 87.62 82.59 95.56 129.83 78.93 83.13 73.75 77.98 109.24 77.94 79.11 73.48 74.68 111.24 74.42 77.24 73.49 74.83 106.44 64.79 74.79 74.60 75.35 106.39 58.30 73.49 74.50 75.91 99.73 58.14 72.66 73.38 76.45 111.12 62.46 76.29 73.94 79.34 99.32 68.24 79.69 78.73 85.42 109.54


Annexure 4.1


73.99 88.39 140.59 107.33 115.01 84.08 92.08 100.75 155.47 114.75 202.07 98.94 123.65 135.99 140.31 268.38 100.28 174.95 163.61 171.29 384.27 119.33 250.75 261.56 213.63 459.29 222.81 737.62 385.96 330.96 474.92 426.20 639.21 486.04 302.57 6417.11 6807.57 6223.46 7044.19 8244.74 3096.75 2514.71 3316.56 3108.84 3111.86 9513.86 9322.29 9540.02 10153.02 11356.59

1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 373.84 364.94 508.52 482.59 415.53 587.40 507.75 437.85 659.49 806.58 791.37 413.85 847.56 373.65 1198.16 461.99 494.50 1005.00 553.51 540.57 687.95 649.10 858.40 594.81 677.97 857.62 447.48 1066.42 598.87 669.69 704.55 505.34 1083.50 680.98 687.42 611.12 417.08 720.94 619.60 861.86 561.43 385.46 741.33 547.20 452.41 475.54 335.73 574.06 476.62 378.09 322.11 314.31 324.61 307.89 306.56 203.57 204.70 203.04 217.96 215.95 195.41 172.92 181.53 158.79 177.37 159.81 136.97 160.26 144.40 143.09 133.82 122.70 138.17 122.44 125.80 128.22 120.28 129.28 109.89 117.25 114.63 110.73 123.47 105.62 108.50 116.38 110.76 117.11 99.69 103.63 105.33 100.97 111.43 94.54 98.29 101.36 99.14 106.38 90.26 91.19 92.52 90.29 102.87 87.71 86.90 97.39 85.19 98.44 84.87 82.93 90.39 84.46 92.94 77.82 73.98 89.02 82.43 87.83 75.55 73.35 90.20 81.15 87.05 75.42 73.74 94.87 81.06 90.68 76.29 73.53 97.33 81.38 90.39 77.05 72.99 94.14 81.93 90.72 79.67 74.56 95.70 91.89 87.51 90.58 79.76

100.14 99.17 101.48 94.09 77.28 97.01 105.05 96.20 98.89 80.18

121.20 98.98 104.07 158.11 91.74 187.07 106.47 126.10 244.66 115.80 355.37 168.57 173.83 272.21 154.64 206.90 203.07 371.46 252.99 107.23 325.61 427.26 312.75 382.70 162.36 5857.70 4426.39 7388.22 5380.34 6326.63 2889.32 2599.21 2805.34 2777.50 2146.00 8747.01 7025.60 10193.56 8157.85 8472.64


Annexure 4.1


1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 222.42 515.55 278.18 247.38 204.20 330.38 406.41 515.43 363.94 285.62 465.45 995.48 620.00 406.26 258.98 462.14 1069.93 695.60 389.30 353.55 591.68 907.58 686.33 494.89 438.47 587.12 664.21 765.63 661.02 461.37 525.25 712.38 1183.77 676.04 412.01 526.79 730.86 745.26 449.91 446.43 376.68 506.76 662.15 376.85 344.38 273.84 337.99 349.22 333.51 258.93 235.80 284.81 285.61 228.79 171.40 144.05 299.83 230.86 161.77 120.14 97.90 208.65 163.66 118.37 96.28 73.29 185.52 134.22 108.53 89.23 60.68 169.63 120.02 101.37 83.33 64.98 136.18 109.48 98.22 80.33 74.72 125.02 101.42 93.79 73.15 117.50 114.56 92.99 86.50 63.92 107.79 109.46 87.43 80.58 57.34 101.63 102.16 82.81 73.55 53.47 93.61 98.14 78.29 72.14 51.05 64.77 93.11 77.09 68.73 49.70 59.93 88.81 75.75 66.72 47.98 53.95 87.36 76.21 66.14 46.65 54.16 86.18 74.77 62.99 46.95 54.16 82.59 74.37 63.61 48.80 54.35 82.06 73.05 64.16 48.66 58.06 82.94 75.31 64.84 55.90 64.57 84.59 77.78 63.32 62.40 67.45 86.10 81.42 69.04 69.24 86.27 120.22 91.86 73.74 77.72 92.61 151.64 101.89 79.48 92.56 159.64 267.92 112.49 86.29 126.59 215.51 273.15 130.10 117.20 179.80 235.92 329.89 284.95 176.42 550.74 573.40 379.32 306.66 147.31 359.63 4179.64 6521.78 6186.37 4227.52 3314.03 2385.03 3126.57 2363.36 1845.15 2213.90 6564.67 9648.35 8549.72 6072.67 5527.92

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 480.44 820.86 214.03 227.52 656.89 746.85 336.37 377.18 547.27 669.02 352.65 816.52 620.15 687.18 460.15 874.15 550.08 605.68 377.40 898.93 460.24 591.61 402.48 766.16 484.47 551.79 443.94 720.01 504.29 436.47 445.57 546.81 420.84 362.45 311.37 423.02 290.44 328.89 226.84 374.55


Annexure 4.1


242.82 242.22 235.73 275.96 152.13 198.35 159.99 206.55 112.86 135.72 115.07 127.56 98.26 104.09 99.10 103.63 90.32 92.30 88.12 87.20 83.42 84.62 82.90 78.18 79.06 77.82 70.98 74.29 74.56 66.58 62.47 73.68 72.69 61.74 56.55 68.83 68.92 57.44 52.56 60.14 56.85 54.69 50.61 60.04 42.21 53.93 48.57 57.62 33.85 54.04 48.11 55.81 34.41 43.12 44.73 58.73 49.06 43.64 47.09 56.13 51.29 49.26 50.57 55.41 51.34 50.30 50.79 64.25 59.47 52.45 56.78 63.81 59.53 57.20 64.82 64.29 84.22 63.39 70.15 63.37 84.46 61.76 75.23 71.43

143.89 63.25 85.29 80.36 171.74 72.90 136.27 137.15 193.87 90.46 238.32 305.46 404.60 179.50 203.06 431.63 559.15 223.40 152.65 610.46 4750.07 5474.58 3488.47 5724.64 2451.20 1668.37 1802.46 2583.90 7201.27 7142.95 5290.94 8308.54

Power Studies for Shongtong HEP Year wise Computations for Unrestricted Energy In GWH NET HEAD = 124.01 m EFFICIENCY= 0.9114

Month Period 1972-73 1973-74 1974-75 1975-76 1976-77 I 95.50 198.86 67.94 150.52 177.07 June II 133.67 374.82 108.50 250.49 127.69 III 177.57 321.63 90.95 246.86 96.72 I 188.45 274.99 103.61 165.90 173.07 July II 174.88 282.85 221.68 270.09 239.01 III 225.42 254.80 243.87 253.62 299.28 I 182.06 199.79 224.13 254.46 169.14 Aug. II 159.98 204.26 221.62 276.08 140.52 III 139.62 228.90 166.39 202.28 124.54 I 108.68 195.37 107.36 123.97 98.70 Sept. II 75.17 126.84 71.70 86.83 63.23 III 46.61 94.34 57.33 65.14 50.95 I 40.35 54.11 37.01 52.85 41.66 Oct. II 35.26 41.75 33.34 45.64 33.65 III 32.46 39.97 30.50 43.13 34.71 I 26.76 30.88 25.21 35.23 28.56 Nov. II 24.54 27.81 22.87 30.90 26.03 III 22.53 23.79 19.01 25.98 23.99


Annexure 4.1


I 21.05 21.22 18.89 22.85 20.54 Dec. II 19.17 19.11 18.17 20.71 18.30 III 20.66 20.64 18.60 22.55 19.87 I 18.17 18.39 16.16 19.03 17.86 Jan. II 17.60 17.84 16.50 18.34 17.34 III 19.16 19.87 19.53 19.82 17.85 I 17.36 17.54 19.57 17.88 16.64 Feb. II 17.69 16.85 20.44 17.98 16.06 III 14.12 13.51 16.57 17.00 13.69 I 17.83 18.76 24.45 20.54 18.84 March II 18.79 19.38 28.28 20.16 19.64 III 32.53 26.43 32.03 24.79 21.81 I 37.09 26.90 37.69 23.28 22.19 April II 47.76 31.48 38.20 30.06 21.71 III 133.39 40.40 58.56 58.34 24.15 I 262.27 52.53 72.14 58.24 23.97 May II 119.05 50.93 133.40 76.37 27.39 III 181.55 44.51 124.54 116.04 59.11 TOTAL ENERGY 2904.74 3452.05 2566.73 3183.94 2345.48 OCT. TO MAY N/M 1197.14 694.60 881.64 837.70 585.54 JUNE TO SEPT.M 1707.60 2757.45 1685.09 2346.24 1759.94

1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 84.45 175.08 71.69 154.99 95.06 142.31 190.20 57.27 143.60 185.87 191.22 100.43 282.06 155.74

128.92 250.76 420.35 262.13 212.63 224.87 224.16 285.58 280.62 296.10 256.70 181.69 296.50 232.51 305.71 246.07 340.83 292.39 234.97 289.37 155.55 265.42 263.24 305.22 294.60 313.85 328.40 316.44 316.17 315.03 248.37 278.18 298.36 279.29 299.31 197.58 273.21 232.12 174.49 252.94 268.42 241.16 168.74 183.86 191.84 159.13 181.15 174.70 287.91 137.62 155.95 137.52 118.64 113.89 106.81 192.29 100.98 115.27 81.21 92.22 80.15 90.57 138.64 69.91 77.06 51.56 69.06 64.27 61.77 78.58 49.04 57.90 47.14 53.79 43.13 43.14 69.53 40.91 48.34 41.45 41.47 35.34 39.93 49.91 40.54 46.46 40.54 39.74 35.67 39.26 47.01 33.56 34.23 34.86 31.05 31.56 32.29 36.45 30.50 31.53 30.37 27.84 26.63 28.64 31.91 28.42 29.29 29.44 24.95 23.87 25.52 25.97 26.82 26.11 25.74 22.13 22.34 22.78 24.85 25.06 23.95 22.48 20.45 20.84 21.77 22.39 25.39 24.63 23.17 22.05 21.28 22.55 22.56 20.44 20.65 19.68 18.97 19.40 19.09 19.30 19.15 20.80 19.13 17.68 18.53 19.29 18.50 21.16 23.34 21.00 20.38 19.64 21.56 19.15 19.27 20.47 19.02 18.10 17.67 18.62 17.20 19.08 20.93 19.33 18.10 19.03 18.07 17.20 15.43 18.14 17.81 14.30 14.94 15.21 15.70 19.81 22.18 19.59 18.73 19.04 18.80 18.82 22.19 26.20 17.48 18.96 19.21 22.59 22.87


Annexure 4.1


25.82 32.69 25.78 22.72 23.44 27.16 29.33 24.59 40.54 26.32 22.23 32.93 27.75 27.00 36.80 52.61 32.40 37.19 36.41 30.60 28.89 40.72 63.70 44.43 48.55 50.11 40.03 41.32 76.85 81.50 65.54 96.02 75.39 68.31 51.04

120.77 74.90 77.64 105.15 60.31 128.57 80.04 143.95 67.32 103.93 145.98 83.81 144.91 137.93 3044.63 3388.16 3386.97 3250.26 2899.88 3441.52 3387.37 926.28 908.40 824.28 906.51 770.49 896.46 874.87 2118.34 2479.75 2562.69 2343.75 2129.39 2545.07 2512.51

1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 216.87 115.58 58.31 163.32 130.84 199.31 172.56 237.54 164.75 134.84 179.41 140.62 130.38 146.19 139.00 293.91 160.65 158.46 318.42 164.21 229.00 147.57 297.52 255.45 174.84 158.08 210.25 235.14 223.54 163.41 250.11 330.69 106.32 171.97 251.62 205.62 238.82 236.09 212.12 286.91 188.84 204.68 342.83 262.64 286.80 295.52 202.82 293.59 154.80 146.10 241.88 179.56 239.22 157.76 200.39 208.83 172.03 177.75 202.88 163.17 200.34 161.43 200.07 149.41 183.94 168.98 159.28 169.48 152.18 174.39 181.49 176.67 120.02 118.89 113.46 127.07 104.18 103.51 134.03 138.42 67.80 75.60 66.57 91.48 76.36 71.42 102.92 101.56 39.24 58.48 51.44 74.26 85.15 60.32 76.65 66.49 29.55 44.57 37.63 49.01 51.80 44.02 57.16 56.45 25.20 46.49 32.87 38.68 41.15 35.72 47.01 42.64 24.79 37.05 30.89 37.75 37.85 35.73 41.85 44.29 19.67 27.97 25.14 28.41 31.20 29.70 33.69 42.08 17.17 24.34 23.28 28.24 29.40 26.86 32.16 34.52 15.86 21.50 21.80 25.72 27.14 25.21 30.36 32.47 14.86 18.91 20.82 24.19 25.10 23.71 28.31 32.94 14.24 17.32 20.13 22.65 23.92 22.32 27.04 30.62 14.75 17.90 20.88 23.10 25.65 24.18 27.97 38.00 12.83 14.78 17.99 21.00 22.12 19.62 20.75 29.07 11.99 13.92 17.28 20.74 21.05 19.55 19.87 29.60 13.41 14.82 18.48 21.78 22.61 21.51 21.90 31.16 11.55 14.00 16.49 17.24 19.90 19.85 20.05 28.31 11.41 14.32 16.88 15.51 19.56 19.83 20.20 26.54 9.44 11.43 13.69 13.92 15.47 15.62 16.28 26.61

13.54 15.87 17.40 16.62 20.30 19.68 21.11 26.43 14.90 17.85 20.03 18.16 21.21 20.95 22.73 29.15 17.73 20.08 26.19 21.66 25.87 41.15 31.42 33.67 17.08 20.47 27.39 22.37 24.50 26.81 41.37 30.53 20.86 31.54 25.80 53.77 26.33 32.90 36.19 37.34 26.79 42.26 38.84 71.42 26.68 46.55 43.54 45.58 36.40 53.33 41.52 102.25 31.75 66.72 69.60 56.85 42.07 89.21 38.75 122.22 59.29 196.28 102.70 88.07 125.76 51.01 75.22 139.01 124.75 187.10 142.27 88.57 2311.94 2370.40 2841.76 2931.98 2871.43 2938.53 3125.23 3500.94 561.85 680.96 645.41 955.41 774.60 1021.59 955.55 961.47 1750.09 1689.43 2196.35 1976.57 2096.83 1916.94 2169.68 2539.47


Annexure 4.1


1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 99.48 97.11 135.32 128.42 110.57 59.19 137.19 156.31 135.11 116.51 175.49 214.63 87.92 108.15 210.58 110.13 225.54 99.43 318.83 123.86 264.90 122.94 131.59 267.43 147.29 143.85 122.98 284.71 183.07 172.73 228.42 158.28 180.41 157.45 241.51 251.03 130.98 312.15 175.29 196.03 171.86 194.42 187.48 134.47 288.32 181.21 182.92 139.77 189.57 162.62 110.98 191.84 164.87 229.34 140.18 194.48 164.34 112.83 217.00 160.17 132.43 110.26 148.33 126.54 89.34 152.76 126.83 100.61 72.87 89.94 85.71 83.64 86.38 81.93 81.58 62.75 75.79 54.17 54.47 54.03 58.00 57.46 38.33 79.79 52.00 46.01 48.31 42.25 47.20 26.05 55.52 42.52 36.45 42.64 38.43 38.08 19.50 49.37 39.17 35.91 40.44 35.84 36.82 17.76 49.65 34.12 32.01 34.40 29.24 31.20 17.29 36.24 30.50 29.47 32.86 28.11 28.87 19.88 33.27 30.97 29.47 31.16 26.53 27.58 31.27 30.48 28.03 26.87 29.65 25.16 26.16 28.68 29.13 26.97 26.38 28.31 24.02 24.27 27.04 27.19 27.08 26.43 30.11 25.67 25.44 27.40 28.73 25.92 22.67 26.19 22.58 22.07 17.23 24.78 24.05 22.47 24.73 20.71 19.69 15.95 23.63 26.06 24.13 25.71 22.12 21.47 15.79 25.57 24.00 21.59 23.17 20.07 19.62 14.41 22.93 25.24 21.57 24.13 20.30 19.57 14.41 21.98 20.72 17.33 19.24 18.45 15.54 11.57 17.47 25.05 21.80 24.14 21.20 19.84 15.45 22.07 25.46 24.45 23.29 24.10 21.22 17.18 22.51 29.31 29.03 29.71 27.54 22.62 19.74 25.20 25.82 27.95 25.60 26.32 21.34 22.96 31.99 32.25 26.34 27.69 42.07 24.41 24.64 40.35 49.78 28.33 33.56 65.10 30.81 42.48 71.29 94.56 44.86 46.26 72.44 41.15 57.35 72.69 55.06 54.04 98.85 67.32 28.53 62.78 87.78 95.31 125.06 91.55 112.02 47.52 167.84 111.03

2694.24 2164.00 3137.38 2514.80 2609.67 2022.06 2969.62 889.97 800.63 861.68 857.58 661.01 734.67 960.85 1804.27 1363.37 2275.70 1657.22 1948.66 1287.39 2008.77

1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 74.02 65.83 54.34 127.85 218.43 56.95 60.54

137.16 96.84 76.00 174.80 198.74 89.51 100.37 164.98 108.11 68.91 145.63 178.03 93.84 217.28 185.10 103.59 94.08 165.02 182.86 122.45 232.61 182.63 131.69 116.68 146.38 161.17 100.43 239.21 224.11 193.49 135.05 134.72 173.17 117.81 224.26 315.00 179.89 109.64 128.92 146.83 118.13 191.60 198.31 119.72 118.79 134.19 116.14 118.57 145.51 193.82 110.31 100.80 123.18 106.09 91.14 123.82 92.93 88.75 68.90 77.29 87.52 60.36 99.67


Annexure 4.1


76.00 60.88 45.61 64.62 64.46 62.73 73.43 61.43 43.05 31.97 40.48 52.78 42.57 54.96 43.55 31.50 25.62 30.03 36.12 30.62 33.94 35.72 28.88 23.75 26.15 27.70 26.37 27.58 35.13 29.67 24.39 26.44 27.02 25.79 25.52 29.13 26.14 21.37 22.20 22.52 22.06 20.80 26.99 24.96 19.47 21.04 20.71 18.89 19.77 24.74 23.02 17.01 19.84 17.72 16.62 19.61 23.27 21.44 15.26 19.34 16.43 15.05 18.32 22.04 19.57 14.23 18.34 15.28 13.99 16.00 22.92 21.11 14.94 16.64 16.01 14.82 17.57 20.51 18.29 13.22 11.23 14.35 12.92 15.33 20.16 17.75 12.77 9.01 14.38 12.80 14.85 22.31 19.36 13.66 10.07 12.62 13.09 17.19 19.90 16.76 12.49 13.05 11.61 12.53 14.94 19.79 16.93 12.98 13.65 13.11 13.46 14.74 17.49 13.66 10.36 12.30 12.05 10.81 13.68 20.04 17.25 14.88 15.82 13.96 15.11 16.98 20.70 16.85 16.61 15.84 15.22 17.25 17.11 23.83 20.21 20.27 24.65 18.55 20.53 18.55 24.45 19.62 20.68 22.48 16.43 20.02 19.01 27.11 21.15 24.63 38.29 16.83 22.70 21.38 29.93 22.96 33.69 45.70 19.40 36.26 36.50 34.62 31.19 47.85 51.59 24.07 63.42 81.28 75.82 46.95 146.55 107.66 47.77 54.03 114.86 89.76 43.12 105.27 163.67 65.39 44.68 178.69

2635.41 1870.49 1702.71 2218.10 2201.45 1628.32 2557.46 729.91 568.34 681.93 755.03 515.24 553.83 794.20 1905.50 1302.15 1020.78 1463.07 1686.22 1074.49 1763.26

SHONGTONG HYDRO- ELECTRIC PROJECT SUMMARY

Year

Annual Inflow

Mons Inflow

Non-Mons Inflow

Annual Energy

Non-Mons Energy Mons Energy

Total June- Sept. Oct. - May Total Oct. - May June- Sept. Mcum Mcum Mcum GWH GWH GWH

1972-73 9430.48 5543.91 3886.57 2904.74 1197.14 1707.60 1973-74 11207.55 8952.46 2255.09 3452.05 694.60 2757.45 1974-75 8332.99 5470.74 2862.25 2566.73 881.64 1685.09 1975-76 10337.02 7617.37 2719.65 3183.94 837.70 2346.24 1976-77 7614.72 5713.74 1900.98 2345.48 585.54 1759.94 1977-78 9884.61 6877.43 3007.18 3044.63 926.28 2118.34 1978-79 11007.49 8050.88 2956.61 3388.16 908.40 2479.75 1979-80 10989.70 8320.08 2669.61 3386.97 824.28 2562.69 1980-81 10552.27 7609.30 2942.97 3250.26 906.51 2343.75 1981-82 9414.65 6913.21 2501.44 2899.88 770.49 2129.39 1982-83 11179.42 8262.87 2916.55 3441.52 896.46 2545.07 1983-84 10991.58 8157.01 2834.57 3387.37 874.87 2512.51 1984-85 7505.84 5681.86 1823.98 2311.94 561.85 1750.09 1985-86 7695.71 5484.89 2210.81 2370.40 680.96 1689.43 1986-87 9231.54 7130.62 2100.93 2841.76 645.41 2196.35 1987-88 9513.86 6417.11 3096.75 2931.98 955.41 1976.57 1988-89 9322.29 6807.57 2514.71 2871.43 774.60 2096.83


Annexure 4.1


1989-90 9540.02 6223.46 3316.56 2938.53 1021.59 1916.94 1990-91 10153.02 7044.19 3108.84 3125.23 955.55 2169.68 1991-92 11356.59 8244.74 3111.86 3500.94 961.47 2539.47 1992-93 8747.01 5857.70 2889.32 2694.24 889.97 1804.27 1993-94 7025.60 4426.39 2599.21 2164.00 800.63 1363.37 1994-95 10193.56 7388.22 2805.34 3137.38 861.68 2275.70 1995-96 8157.85 5380.34 2777.50 2514.80 857.58 1657.22 1996-97 8472.64 6326.63 2146.00 2609.67 661.01 1948.66 1997-98 6564.67 4179.64 2385.03 2022.06 734.67 1287.39 1998-99 9648.35 6521.78 3126.57 2969.62 960.85 2008.77

1999-2000 8549.72 6186.37 2363.36 2635.41 729.91 1905.50 2000-01 6072.67 4227.52 1845.15 1870.49 568.34 1302.15 2001-02 5527.92 3314.03 2213.90 1702.71 681.93 1020.78 2002-03 7201.27 4750.07 2451.20 2218.10 755.03 1463.07 2003-04 7142.95 5474.58 1668.37 2201.45 515.24 1686.22 2004-05 5290.94 3488.47 1802.46 1628.32 553.83 1074.49 2005-06 8308.54 5724.64 2583.90 2557.46 794.20 1763.26

COMPUTATIONS FOR DEPENDABLE YEAR ON THE BASIS OF RUNOFF

90% dependable year=0.9x34= 30.6 31

50% dependable year=0.5x34= 17 17

S. No.

ANNUAL RUNOFF

RUNOFF IN Mcum IN

REMARKSDescending Order % DEP.

YEAR YEAR IN Mcum. YEAR IN Mcum. 1 1972-73 9430.48 11356.59 2.86 2 1973-74 11207.55 11207.55 5.71 3 1974-75 8332.99 11179.42 8.57 4 1975-76 10337.02 11007.49 11.43 5 1976-77 7614.72 10991.58 14.29 6 1977-78 9884.61 10989.70 17.14 7 1978-79 11007.49 10552.27 20.00 8 1979-80 10989.70 10330.84 22.86 9 1980-81 10552.27 10193.56 25.71 10 1981-82 9414.65 10153.02 28.57 11 1982-83 11179.42 9884.61 31.43 12 1983-84 10991.58 9648.35 34.29 13 1984-85 7505.84 9540.02 37.14 14 1985-86 7695.71 9513.86 40.00 15 1986-87 9231.54 9430.48 42.86 16 1987-88 9513.86 9414.65 45.71 17 1988-89 9322.29 1988-89 9322.29 48.57 50% 18 1989-90 9540.02 9231.54 51.43 mean 19 1990-91 10153.02 8747.01 54.29 year 20 1991-92 11356.59 8549.72 57.14 21 1992-93 8747.01 8472.64 60.00 22 1993-94 7025.60 8339.77 62.86 23 1994-95 10193.56 8308.54 65.71


Annexure 4.1


24 1995-96 8157.85 8157.85 68.57 25 1996-97 8472.64 7695.71 71.43 26 1997-98 6564.67 7614.72 74.29 27 1998-99 9648.35 7505.84 77.14 28 1999-2000 8549.72 7201.27 80.00 29 2000-01 6072.67 7142.95 82.86 30 2001-02 5527.92 7025.60 85.71 31 2002-03 7201.27 1997-98 6564.67 88.57 90% 32 2003-04 7142.95 6072.67 91.43 mean 33 2004-05 5290.94 5527.92 94.29 year 34 2005-06 8308.54 5290.94 97.14

SHONGTONG HYDRO- ELECTRIC PROJECT COMPUTATIONS FOR DEPENDABLE YEAR ON THE BASIS OF ENERGY



S.No. ANNUAL ENERGY ENERGY IN GWH

REM-ARKS DESCENDING ORDER YEAR IN GWH. YEAR IN GWH.

1 1972-73 2904.74 3500.94 2 1973-74 3452.05 3452.05 3 1974-75 2566.73 3441.52 4 1975-76 3183.94 3388.16 5 1976-77 2345.48 3387.37 6 1977-78 3044.63 3386.97 7 1978-79 3388.16 3250.26 8 1979-80 3386.97 3183.94 9 1980-81 3250.26 3137.38 10 1981-82 2899.88 3125.23 11 1982-83 3441.52 3044.63 12 1983-84 3387.37 2969.62 13 1984-85 2311.94 2938.53 14 1985-86 2370.40 2931.98 15 1986-87 2841.76 2904.74 16 1987-88 2931.98 2899.88 17 1988-89 2871.43 1988-89 2871.43 50% 18 1989-90 2938.53 2841.76 mean. 19 1990-91 3125.23 2694.24 year. 20 1991-92 3500.94 2635.41 21 1992-93 2694.24 2609.67 22 1993-94 2164.00 2566.73 23 1994-95 3137.38 2557.46 24 1995-96 2514.80 2514.80 25 1996-97 2609.67 2370.40 26 1997-98 2022.06 2345.48 27 1998-99 2969.62 2311.94 28 1999-2000 2635.41 2218.10 29 2000-01 1870.49 2201.45 30 2001-02 1702.71 2164.00 31 2002-03 2218.10 1997-98 2022.06 90% 32 2003-04 2201.45 1870.49 Dep.


Annexure 4.1


33 2004-05 1628.32 1702.71 year. 34 2005-06 2557.46 1628.32

SHONGTONG HYDRO- ELECTRIC PROJECT Discharges of 90%dep.& 50% dependable year.Year

MONTH PERIOD 90% dep.yr 50% dep. yr

1997-98 1988-89 I 222.42 491.70

JUN II 330.38 489.97 III 465.45 860.59 I 462.14 840.06

JUL II 591.68 897.48 III 587.12 979.82 I 525.25 898.98

AUG II 526.79 752.88 III 376.68 519.91 I 273.84 391.51

SEP II 235.80 286.97 III 144.05 319.98 I 97.90 194.66

OCT II 73.29 154.66 III 60.68 129.32 I 64.98 117.26

NOV II 74.72 110.47 III 117.50 101.98 I 107.79 94.33

DEC II 101.63 89.88 III 93.61 87.62 I 64.77 83.13

JAN II 59.93 79.11 III 53.95 77.24 I 54.16 74.79

FEB II 54.16 73.49 III 54.35 72.66 I 58.06 76.29

MAR II 64.57 79.69 III 67.45 88.39 I 86.27 92.08

APR II 92.61 98.94 III 159.64 100.28 I 215.51 119.33

MAY II 235.92 222.81 III 573.40 426.20

SHONGTONG HYDRO- ELECTRIC PROJECT POWER & ENERGY GENERATION IN 90% DEP. YEAR

Net Head = 124 mtr Efficiency. = 0.9114 inc. in MW = 25.00 MW

Average discharge in lean period= 71.59


Annexure 4.1


MONTH PERIOD 90% Dep.

Less water releases

15% of the average of

lean period

discharge

Net disch. in

90% Dep. Year

Un-Restricted Restricted Disch. 1997-

98 Power Energy Power Energy MW GWH MW GWH

275 I 222 10.74 211.68 234.70 56.33 234.70 56.33

JUN II 330 10.74 319.64 354.41 85.06 261.25 62.70 III 465 10.74 454.71 504.16 121.00 261.25 62.70 I 462 10.74 451.40 500.49 120.12 261.25 62.70

JUL II 592 10.74 580.94 644.12 154.59 261.25 62.70 III 587 10.74 576.38 639.06 168.71 261.25 68.97 I 525 10.74 514.51 570.47 136.91 261.25 62.70

AUG II 527 10.74 516.06 572.18 137.32 261.25 62.70 III 377 10.74 365.94 405.74 107.12 261.25 68.97 I 274 10.74 263.10 291.71 70.01 261.25 62.70

SEP II 236 10.74 225.06 249.54 59.89 249.54 59.89 III 144 10.74 133.31 147.81 35.47 147.81 35.47 I 98 10.74 87.16 96.64 23.19 96.64 23.19

OCT II 73 10.74 62.55 69.35 16.64 69.35 16.64 III 61 10.74 49.94 55.37 14.62 55.37 14.62 I 65 10.74 54.24 60.14 14.43 60.14 14.43

NOV II 75 10.74 63.98 70.94 17.02 70.94 17.02 III 117 10.74 106.76 118.37 28.41 118.37 28.41 I 108 10.74 97.05 107.60 25.82 107.60 25.82

DEC II 102 10.74 90.89 100.77 24.19 100.77 24.19 III 94 10.74 82.87 91.89 24.26 91.89 24.26 I 65 10.74 54.03 59.90 14.38 59.90 14.38

JAN II 60 10.74 49.19 54.54 13.09 54.54 13.09 III 54 10.74 43.21 47.91 12.65 47.91 12.65 I 54 10.74 43.42 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55

FEB II 54 10.74 43.42 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 III 54 10.74 43.61 48.35 9.28 48.35 9.28 I 58 10.74 47.32 52.47 12.59 52.47 12.59

MAR II 65 10.74 53.83 59.68 14.32 59.68 14.32 III 67 10.74 56.71 62.88 16.60 62.88 16.60 I 86 10.74 75.53 83.75 20.10 83.75 20.10

APR II 93 10.74 81.87 90.78 21.79 90.78 21.79 III 160 10.74 148.91 165.10 39.62 165.10 39.62 I 216 10.74 204.77 227.04 54.49 227.04 54.49

MAY II 236 10.74 225.18 249.67 59.92 249.67 59.92 III 573 10.74 562.66 623.85 164.70 261.25 68.97

TOTAL ENERGY 1917.75 1298.03 PLANT LOAD FACTOR 0.54 INC. INCREASE IN ENERGY 0.00 GWH / MW 4.72 % AGE UTILISATION 67.69 PLF (LEAN- SEASON) 0.25 95% availibilty of 261.25


Annexure 4.1


Power


Net Head = 124 m Eff. = 0.9114 inc. in MW = 25.00 MW349.35

Restricted Restricted Restricted Restricted

Power Energy Power Energy Power Energy Power Energy MW GWH MW GWH MW GWH MW GWH 300 325 350 375

234.70 56.33 234.70 56.33 234.70 56.33 234.70 56.33 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 354.41 85.06 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 75.24 308.75 81.51 332.50 87.78 356.25 94.05 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 75.24 308.75 81.51 332.50 87.78 356.25 94.05 285.00 68.40 291.71 70.01 291.71 70.01 291.71 70.01 249.54 59.89 249.54 59.89 249.54 59.89 249.54 59.89 147.81 35.47 147.81 35.47 147.81 35.47 147.81 35.47 96.64 23.19 96.64 23.19 96.64 23.19 96.64 23.19 69.35 16.64 69.35 16.64 69.35 16.64 69.35 16.64 55.37 14.62 55.37 14.62 55.37 14.62 55.37 14.62 60.14 14.43 60.14 14.43 60.14 14.43 60.14 14.43 70.94 17.02 70.94 17.02 70.94 17.02 70.94 17.02

118.37 28.41 118.37 28.41 118.37 28.41 118.37 28.41 107.60 25.82 107.60 25.82 107.60 25.82 107.60 25.82 100.77 24.19 100.77 24.19 100.77 24.19 100.77 24.19 91.89 24.26 91.89 24.26 91.89 24.26 91.89 24.26 59.90 14.38 59.90 14.38 59.90 14.38 59.90 14.38 54.54 13.09 54.54 13.09 54.54 13.09 54.54 13.09 47.91 12.65 47.91 12.65 47.91 12.65 47.91 12.65 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.35 9.28 48.35 9.28 48.35 9.28 48.35 9.28 52.47 12.59 52.47 12.59 52.47 12.59 52.47 12.59 59.68 14.32 59.68 14.32 59.68 14.32 59.68 14.32 62.88 16.60 62.88 16.60 62.88 16.60 62.88 16.60 83.75 20.10 83.75 20.10 83.75 20.10 83.75 20.10 90.78 21.79 90.78 21.79 90.78 21.79 90.78 21.79

165.10 39.62 165.10 39.62 165.10 39.62 165.10 39.62 227.04 54.49 227.04 54.49 227.04 54.49 227.04 54.49 249.67 59.92 249.67 59.92 249.67 59.92 249.67 59.92 285.00 75.24 308.75 81.51 332.50 87.78 356.25 94.05

TOTAL ENERGY 1356.74 1411.36 1464.37 1516.94 PLANT LOAD FACTOR 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46 INC.INCREASE IN ENERGY 58.71 54.62 53.01 52.57


Annexure 4.1


GWH / MW 4.52 4.34 4.18 4.05 % AGE UTILISATION 70.75 73.59 76.36 79.10 PLF (LEAN- SEASON) 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18

285.00 308.75 332.50 356.25


Net Head = 124 mtr Eff. = 0.9114 inc. in MW = 25.00 MW



234.70 56.33 234.70 56.33 234.70 56.33 234.70 56.33 354.41 85.06 354.41 85.06 354.41 85.06 354.41 85.06 380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 427.50 102.60 451.25 108.30 380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 427.50 102.60 451.25 108.30 380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 427.50 102.60 451.25 108.30 380.00 100.32 403.75 106.59 427.50 112.86 451.25 119.13 380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 427.50 102.60 451.25 108.30 380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 427.50 102.60 451.25 108.30 380.00 100.32 403.75 106.59 405.74 107.12 405.74 107.12 291.71 70.01 291.71 70.01 291.71 70.01 291.71 70.01 249.54 59.89 249.54 59.89 249.54 59.89 249.54 59.89 147.81 35.47 147.81 35.47 147.81 35.47 147.81 35.47 96.64 23.19 96.64 23.19 96.64 23.19 96.64 23.19 69.35 16.64 69.35 16.64 69.35 16.64 69.35 16.64 55.37 14.62 55.37 14.62 55.37 14.62 55.37 14.62 60.14 14.43 60.14 14.43 60.14 14.43 60.14 14.43 70.94 17.02 70.94 17.02 70.94 17.02 70.94 17.02

118.37 28.41 118.37 28.41 118.37 28.41 118.37 28.41 107.60 25.82 107.60 25.82 107.60 25.82 107.60 25.82 100.77 24.19 100.77 24.19 100.77 24.19 100.77 24.19 91.89 24.26 91.89 24.26 91.89 24.26 91.89 24.26 59.90 14.38 59.90 14.38 59.90 14.38 59.90 14.38 54.54 13.09 54.54 13.09 54.54 13.09 54.54 13.09 47.91 12.65 47.91 12.65 47.91 12.65 47.91 12.65 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.35 9.28 48.35 9.28 48.35 9.28 48.35 9.28 52.47 12.59 52.47 12.59 52.47 12.59 52.47 12.59 59.68 14.32 59.68 14.32 59.68 14.32 59.68 14.32 62.88 16.60 62.88 16.60 62.88 16.60 62.88 16.60 83.75 20.10 83.75 20.10 83.75 20.10 83.75 20.10 90.78 21.79 90.78 21.79 90.78 21.79 90.78 21.79

165.10 39.62 165.10 39.62 165.10 39.62 165.10 39.62 227.04 54.49 227.04 54.49 227.04 54.49 227.04 54.49 249.67 59.92 249.67 59.92 249.67 59.92 249.67 59.92 380.00 100.32 403.75 106.59 427.50 112.86 451.25 119.13

TOTAL ENERGY 1564.25 1611.56 1653.13 1694.17 PLANT LOAD 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.41


Annexure 4.1


FACTOR INC.INCREASE IN ENERGY 47.31 47.31 41.57 41.04 GWH / MW 3.91 3.79 3.67 3.57 % AGE UTILISATION 81.57 84.03 86.20 88.34 PLF (LEAN- SEASON) 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14

380.00 403.75 427.50 451.25



Restricted Restricted Restricted Restricted Restricted

Power Energy Power Energy Power Energy Power Energy Power Energy MW GWH MW GWH MW GWH MW GWH MW GWH 500 525 550 575 600

234.70 56.33 234.70 56.33 234.70 56.33 234.70 56.33 234.70 56.33 354.41 85.06 354.41 85.06 354.41 85.06 354.41 85.06 354.41 85.06 475.00 114.00 498.75 119.70 504.16 121.00 504.16 121.00 504.16 121.00 475.00 114.00 498.75 119.70 500.49 120.12 500.49 120.12 500.49 120.12 475.00 114.00 498.75 119.70 522.50 125.40 546.25 131.10 570.00 136.80 475.00 125.40 498.75 131.67 522.50 137.94 546.25 144.21 570.00 150.48 475.00 114.00 498.75 119.70 522.50 125.40 546.25 131.10 570.00 136.80 475.00 114.00 498.75 119.70 522.50 125.40 546.25 131.10 570.00 136.80 405.74 107.12 405.74 107.12 405.74 107.12 405.74 107.12 405.74 107.12 291.71 70.01 291.71 70.01 291.71 70.01 291.71 70.01 291.71 70.01 249.54 59.89 249.54 59.89 249.54 59.89 249.54 59.89 249.54 59.89 147.81 35.47 147.81 35.47 147.81 35.47 147.81 35.47 147.81 35.47 96.64 23.19 96.64 23.19 96.64 23.19 96.64 23.19 96.64 23.19 69.35 16.64 69.35 16.64 69.35 16.64 69.35 16.64 69.35 16.64 55.37 14.62 55.37 14.62 55.37 14.62 55.37 14.62 55.37 14.62 60.14 14.43 60.14 14.43 60.14 14.43 60.14 14.43 60.14 14.43 70.94 17.02 70.94 17.02 70.94 17.02 70.94 17.02 70.94 17.02

118.37 28.41 118.37 28.41 118.37 28.41 118.37 28.41 118.37 28.41 107.60 25.82 107.60 25.82 107.60 25.82 107.60 25.82 107.60 25.82 100.77 24.19 100.77 24.19 100.77 24.19 100.77 24.19 100.77 24.19 91.89 24.26 91.89 24.26 91.89 24.26 91.89 24.26 91.89 24.26 59.90 14.38 59.90 14.38 59.90 14.38 59.90 14.38 59.90 14.38 54.54 13.09 54.54 13.09 54.54 13.09 54.54 13.09 54.54 13.09 47.91 12.65 47.91 12.65 47.91 12.65 47.91 12.65 47.91 12.65 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.14 11.55 48.35 9.28 48.35 9.28 48.35 9.28 48.35 9.28 48.35 9.28 52.47 12.59 52.47 12.59 52.47 12.59 52.47 12.59 52.47 12.59 59.68 14.32 59.68 14.32 59.68 14.32 59.68 14.32 59.68 14.32 62.88 16.60 62.88 16.60 62.88 16.60 62.88 16.60 62.88 16.60 83.75 20.10 83.75 20.10 83.75 20.10 83.75 20.10 83.75 20.10 90.78 21.79 90.78 21.79 90.78 21.79 90.78 21.79 90.78 21.79

165.10 39.62 165.10 39.62 165.10 39.62 165.10 39.62 165.10 39.62


Annexure 4.1


227.04 54.49 227.04 54.49 227.04 54.49 227.04 54.49 227.04 54.49 249.67 59.92 249.67 59.92 249.67 59.92 249.67 59.92 249.67 59.92 475.00 125.40 498.75 131.67 522.50 137.94 546.25 144.21 570.00 150.48

TOTAL ENERGY 1735.21 1776.25 1807.60 1837.24 1866.88 Plant load factor 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.36 INC. Increase in Energy 41.04 41.04 31.36 29.64 29.64 GWH / MW 3.47 3.38 3.29 3.20 3.11 % AGE UTILISATION 90.48 92.62 94.26 95.80 97.35 PLF (LEAN- SEASON) 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11

475.00 498.75 522.50 546.25 570.00

SHONGTONG HYDRO- ELECTRIC PROJECT ENERGY AT 95% AVAILABILITY IN 90% DEP. YEAR

MONTH PERIOD 90% Dep. Power Energy Net Dis. MW GWH at 95%m/c

1997-98 450 Availability I 211.68 234.70 56.33

JUN II 319.64 354.41 85.06 III 454.71 427.50 102.60 I 451.40 427.50 102.60

JUL II 580.94 427.50 102.60 III 576.38 427.50 112.86 I 514.51 427.50 102.60

AUG II 516.06 427.50 102.60 III 365.94 405.74 107.12 I 263.10 291.71 70.01

SEP II 225.06 249.54 59.89 III 133.31 147.81 35.47 I 87.16 96.64 23.19

OCT II 62.55 69.35 16.64 III 49.94 55.37 14.62 I 54.24 60.14 14.43

NOV II 63.98 70.94 17.02 III 106.76 118.37 28.41 I 97.05 107.60 25.82

DEC II 90.89 100.77 24.19 III 82.87 91.89 24.26 I 54.03 59.90 14.38

JAN II 49.19 54.54 13.09 III 43.21 47.91 12.65 I 43.42 48.14 11.55

FEB II 43.42 48.14 11.55 III 43.61 48.35 9.28 I 47.32 52.47 12.59

MAR II 53.83 59.68 14.32 III 56.71 62.88 16.60 I 75.53 83.75 20.10


Annexure 4.1


APR II 81.87 90.78 21.79 III 148.91 165.10 39.62 I 204.77 227.04 54.49

MAY II 225.18 249.67 59.92 III 562.66 427.50 112.86 TOTAL ENERGY= 1653.13


Net Head = 124 mtr Efficiency = 0.9114 inc. in MW = 25.00 MW



Less water releases 15%

of the average of lean period discharge

Net disch.in

90% Dep. Year

Un-Restricted Restricted Disch.

1988-89 Power Energy Power Energy MW GWH MW GWH 275

I 492 12.20 479.50 531.64 127.59 261.25 62.70 JUN II 490 12.20 477.77 529.73 127.13 261.25 62.70

III 861 12.20 848.39 940.65 225.76 261.25 62.70 I 840 12.20 827.86 917.89 220.29 261.25 62.70

JUL II 897 12.20 885.28 981.56 235.57 261.25 62.70 III 980 12.20 967.62 1072.85 283.23 261.25 68.97 I 899 12.20 886.78 983.22 235.97 261.25 62.70

AUG II 753 12.20 740.68 821.23 197.10 261.25 62.70 III 520 12.20 507.70 562.91 148.61 261.25 68.97 I 392 12.20 379.30 420.55 100.93 261.25 62.70

SEP II 287 12.20 274.76 304.64 73.11 261.25 62.70 III 320 12.20 307.77 341.24 81.90 261.25 62.70 I 195 12.20 182.45 202.29 48.55 202.29 48.55

OCT II 155 12.20 142.45 157.95 37.91 157.95 37.91 III 129 12.20 117.11 129.85 34.28 129.85 34.28 I 117 12.20 105.06 116.48 27.96 116.48 27.96

NOV II 110 12.20 98.26 108.95 26.15 108.95 26.15 III 102 12.20 89.77 99.54 23.89 99.54 23.89 I 94 12.20 82.13 91.06 21.85 91.06 21.85

DEC II 90 12.20 77.68 86.13 20.67 86.13 20.67 III 88 12.20 75.41 83.61 22.07 83.61 22.07 I 83 12.20 70.93 78.64 18.87 78.64 18.87

JAN II 79 12.20 66.91 74.19 17.80 74.19 17.80 III 77 12.20 65.04 72.11 19.04 72.11 19.04 I 75 12.20 62.58 69.39 16.65 69.39 16.65

FEB II 73 12.20 61.29 67.95 16.31 67.95 16.31 III 73 12.20 60.45 67.03 12.87 67.03 12.87 I 76 12.20 64.08 71.05 17.05 71.05 17.05

MAR II 80 12.20 67.49 74.83 17.96 74.83 17.96 III 88 12.20 76.19 84.47 22.30 84.47 22.30 I 92 12.20 79.87 88.56 21.25 88.56 21.25

APR II 99 12.20 86.73 96.17 23.08 96.17 23.08 III 100 12.20 88.08 97.65 23.44 97.65 23.44


Annexure 4.1


I 119 12.20 107.12 118.77 28.50 118.77 28.50 MAY II 223 12.20 210.60 233.50 56.04 233.50 56.04

III 426 12.20 414.00 459.02 121.18 261.25 68.97

Total energy 2752.89 1408.42Plant load factor 0.58 Increase in energy 0.00 GWH / MW 5.12 % Utilisation 51.16 PLF (Lean- Season) 0.28 95% Availability of Power 261.25



285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 75.24 308.75 81.51 332.50 87.78 356.25 94.05 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 75.24 308.75 81.51 332.50 87.78 356.25 94.05 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 356.25 85.50 285.00 68.40 304.64 73.11 304.64 73.11 304.64 73.11 285.00 68.40 308.75 74.10 332.50 79.80 341.24 81.90 202.29 48.55 202.29 48.55 202.29 48.55 202.29 48.55 157.95 37.91 157.95 37.91 157.95 37.91 157.95 37.91 129.85 34.28 129.85 34.28 129.85 34.28 129.85 34.28 116.48 27.96 116.48 27.96 116.48 27.96 116.48 27.96 108.95 26.15 108.95 26.15 108.95 26.15 108.95 26.15 99.54 23.89 99.54 23.89 99.54 23.89 99.54 23.89 91.06 21.85 91.06 21.85 91.06 21.85 91.06 21.85 86.13 20.67 86.13 20.67 86.13 20.67 86.13 20.67 83.61 22.07 83.61 22.07 83.61 22.07 83.61 22.07 78.64 18.87 78.64 18.87 78.64 18.87 78.64 18.87 74.19 17.80 74.19 17.80 74.19 17.80 74.19 17.80 72.11 19.04 72.11 19.04 72.11 19.04 72.11 19.04 69.39 16.65 69.39 16.65 69.39 16.65 69.39 16.65 67.95 16.31 67.95 16.31 67.95 16.31 67.95 16.31 67.03 12.87 67.03 12.87 67.03 12.87 67.03 12.87 71.05 17.05 71.05 17.05 71.05 17.05 71.05 17.05 74.83 17.96 74.83 17.96 74.83 17.96 74.83 17.96 84.47 22.30 84.47 22.30 84.47 22.30 84.47 22.30 88.56 21.25 88.56 21.25 88.56 21.25 88.56 21.25 96.17 23.08 96.17 23.08 96.17 23.08 96.17 23.08 97.65 23.44 97.65 23.44 97.65 23.44 97.65 23.44

118.77 28.50 118.77 28.50 118.77 28.50 118.77 28.50


Annexure 4.1


233.50 56.04 233.50 56.04 233.50 56.04 233.50 56.04 285.00 75.24 308.75 81.51 332.50 87.78 356.25 94.05

TOTAL ENERGY 1484.23 1559.05 1629.16 1695.67 PLANT LOAD FACTOR 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.52 INC.INCREASE IN ENERGY 75.81 74.82 70.11 66.51 GWH / MW 4.95 4.80 4.65 4.52 % AGE UTILISATION 53.92 56.63 59.18 61.60 PLF (LEAN- SEASON) 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21

285.00 308.75 332.50 356.25



380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 427.50 102.60 451.25 108.30 380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 427.50 102.60 451.25 108.30 380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 427.50 102.60 451.25 108.30 380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 427.50 102.60 451.25 108.30 380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 427.50 102.60 451.25 108.30 380.00 100.32 403.75 106.59 427.50 112.86 451.25 119.13 380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 427.50 102.60 451.25 108.30 380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 427.50 102.60 451.25 108.30 380.00 100.32 403.75 106.59 427.50 112.86 451.25 119.13 380.00 91.20 403.75 96.90 420.55 100.93 420.55 100.93 304.64 73.11 304.64 73.11 304.64 73.11 304.64 73.11 341.24 81.90 341.24 81.90 341.24 81.90 341.24 81.90 202.29 48.55 202.29 48.55 202.29 48.55 202.29 48.55 157.95 37.91 157.95 37.91 157.95 37.91 157.95 37.91 129.85 34.28 129.85 34.28 129.85 34.28 129.85 34.28 116.48 27.96 116.48 27.96 116.48 27.96 116.48 27.96 108.95 26.15 108.95 26.15 108.95 26.15 108.95 26.15 99.54 23.89 99.54 23.89 99.54 23.89 99.54 23.89 91.06 21.85 91.06 21.85 91.06 21.85 91.06 21.85 86.13 20.67 86.13 20.67 86.13 20.67 86.13 20.67 83.61 22.07 83.61 22.07 83.61 22.07 83.61 22.07 78.64 18.87 78.64 18.87 78.64 18.87 78.64 18.87 74.19 17.80 74.19 17.80 74.19 17.80 74.19 17.80 72.11 19.04 72.11 19.04 72.11 19.04 72.11 19.04 69.39 16.65 69.39 16.65 69.39 16.65 69.39 16.65 67.95 16.31 67.95 16.31 67.95 16.31 67.95 16.31 67.03 12.87 67.03 12.87 67.03 12.87 67.03 12.87 71.05 17.05 71.05 17.05 71.05 17.05 71.05 17.05 74.83 17.96 74.83 17.96 74.83 17.96 74.83 17.96 84.47 22.30 84.47 22.30 84.47 22.30 84.47 22.30 88.56 21.25 88.56 21.25 88.56 21.25 88.56 21.25 96.17 23.08 96.17 23.08 96.17 23.08 96.17 23.08


Annexure 4.1


97.65 23.44 97.65 23.44 97.65 23.44 97.65 23.44 118.77 28.50 118.77 28.50 118.77 28.50 118.77 28.50 233.50 56.04 233.50 56.04 233.50 56.04 233.50 56.04 380.00 100.32 403.75 106.59 427.50 112.86 451.25 119.13


380.00 403.75 427.50 451.25



475.00 114.00 498.75 119.70 522.50 125.40 531.64 127.59 475.00 114.00 498.75 119.70 522.50 125.40 529.73 127.13 475.00 114.00 498.75 119.70 522.50 125.40 546.25 131.10 475.00 114.00 498.75 119.70 522.50 125.40 546.25 131.10 475.00 114.00 498.75 119.70 522.50 125.40 546.25 131.10 475.00 125.40 498.75 131.67 522.50 137.94 546.25 144.21 475.00 114.00 498.75 119.70 522.50 125.40 546.25 131.10 475.00 114.00 498.75 119.70 522.50 125.40 546.25 131.10 475.00 125.40 498.75 131.67 522.50 137.94 546.25 144.21 420.55 100.93 420.55 100.93 420.55 100.93 420.55 100.93 304.64 73.11 304.64 73.11 304.64 73.11 304.64 73.11 341.24 81.90 341.24 81.90 341.24 81.90 341.24 81.90 202.29 48.55 202.29 48.55 202.29 48.55 202.29 48.55 157.95 37.91 157.95 37.91 157.95 37.91 157.95 37.91 129.85 34.28 129.85 34.28 129.85 34.28 129.85 34.28 116.48 27.96 116.48 27.96 116.48 27.96 116.48 27.96 108.95 26.15 108.95 26.15 108.95 26.15 108.95 26.15 99.54 23.89 99.54 23.89 99.54 23.89 99.54 23.89 91.06 21.85 91.06 21.85 91.06 21.85 91.06 21.85 86.13 20.67 86.13 20.67 86.13 20.67 86.13 20.67 83.61 22.07 83.61 22.07 83.61 22.07 83.61 22.07 78.64 18.87 78.64 18.87 78.64 18.87 78.64 18.87 74.19 17.80 74.19 17.80 74.19 17.80 74.19 17.80 72.11 19.04 72.11 19.04 72.11 19.04 72.11 19.04 69.39 16.65 69.39 16.65 69.39 16.65 69.39 16.65 67.95 16.31 67.95 16.31 67.95 16.31 67.95 16.31 67.03 12.87 67.03 12.87 67.03 12.87 67.03 12.87 71.05 17.05 71.05 17.05 71.05 17.05 71.05 17.05 74.83 17.96 74.83 17.96 74.83 17.96 74.83 17.96 84.47 22.30 84.47 22.30 84.47 22.30 84.47 22.30 88.56 21.25 88.56 21.25 88.56 21.25 88.56 21.25


Annexure 4.1


96.17 23.08 96.17 23.08 96.17 23.08 96.17 23.08 97.65 23.44 97.65 23.44 97.65 23.44 97.65 23.44 118.77 28.50 118.77 28.50 118.77 28.50 118.77 28.50 233.50 56.04 233.50 56.04 233.50 56.04 233.50 56.04 459.02 121.18 459.02 121.18 459.02 121.18 459.02 121.18

TOTAL ENERGY 2000.43 2052.87 2105.31 2150.28 Plant load factor 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43 Inc. increase in energy 54.49 52.44 52.44 44.97 Gwh / mw 4.00 3.91 3.83 3.74 % Age utilisation 72.67 74.57 76.48 78.11 PLF (lean- season) 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13

475.00 498.75 522.50 546.25 SHONGTONG HYDRO- ELECTRIC PROJECT

ENERGY AT 95% AVAILABILITY IN 50% MEAN YEAR

MONTH PERIOD 50% Mean. Power Energy Net Dis. MW GWH at 95%m/c

1988-89 450 Availability I 491.70 427.50 102.60

JUN II 489.97 427.50 102.60 III 860.59 427.50 102.60 I 840.06 427.50 102.60

JUL II 897.48 427.50 102.60 III 979.82 427.50 112.86 I 898.98 427.50 102.60

AUG II 752.88 427.50 102.60 III 519.91 427.50 112.86 I 391.51 420.55 100.93

SEP II 286.97 304.64 73.11 III 319.98 341.24 81.90 I 194.66 202.29 48.55

OCT II 154.66 157.95 37.91 III 129.32 129.85 34.28 I 117.26 116.48 27.96

NOV II 110.47 108.95 26.15 III 101.98 99.54 23.89 I 94.33 91.06 21.85

DEC II 89.88 86.13 20.67 III 87.62 83.61 22.07 I 83.13 78.64 18.87

JAN II 79.11 74.19 17.80 III 77.24 72.11 19.04 I 74.79 69.39 16.65

FEB II 73.49 67.95 16.31 III 72.66 67.03 12.87 I 76.29 71.05 17.05

MAR II 79.69 74.83 17.96 III 88.39 84.47 22.30 I 92.08 88.56 21.25

APR II 98.94 96.17 23.08 III 100.28 97.65 23.44


Annexure 4.1


I 119.33 118.77 28.50 MAY II 222.81 233.50 56.04

III 426.20 427.50 112.86 TOTAL ENERGY= 1887.23


Annexure 4.1


Letter from CEA for capacity up gradation of STKHEP



Annexure 4.2

List of water sources in the project affected area of Shongtong Karchham HEP, 450 MW

Name of Source Discharge Time Gram Panchayat Mebar

Date 19.11.2010Potharng Nala 72 l \ minute 4:30 pm Koyato Nala 100 L\ minute 4:30 pm Listi 180 L\ minute 4:32 pm Langthelu (Dharangche Nala) 1500 L\ minute 5:55 pm

Date 20.11.2010Dhjarangche Nala 48 L\ minute 9:30am Shogaley 72 L\ minute 9:40am Nagaso 5 L\ minute 10:30am Shormo 51.4 L\ minute 11:20am Bulgar Nala 400 L\ minute 11:55am (Dakelach Nala Runing) 24 L\ minute 12:30 pm Gane Nagas 90 L\ minute 12:50 pm Kusum Nala 45 L\ minute 12:55 pm Kulang Khad 180 L\ minute 4:30 pm

Date 21.11.2010Jhakharang Nala 72 L\ minute 5:30 pm Baspa garang (Jagat Bahadur) Damang Chango 9 L\ minute 9:30am Damang Chango (Bal Bahadur) 0.16 L\ minute 9:40am Damang Dhank 6 L\ minute 10:00am Yotch Garang (Parmeshwar Negi) 48 L\ minute 10:30am Yotch Garang (Bhupinder Negi) Fayang Chaden (Bhupinder Negi) 8 L\ minute 10:40am Limkate (Baspa Nala) 90 L\ minute 12:05 pm Baro (Surjeet Negi) 20 L\ minute 12:30 pm

Ralli Village

Yanpiyang 2.5 L\ minute 4:30am

Gram Panchayat Barang

Date 23.11.2010Nalo Nagas (Mangal Sen) 0.33 L\ minute 11:15am Kare (Madan) 1 L\ minute 11:47am Batuka (Raj Mohan) 2\1\2 L\ minute 12:25 pm Kanka (Near School) 2 L\ minute 12:55 pm Konka-1 (Near School) 1 L\ minute 1:00 pm Leparang (Kalam Sukh) 1\2 L\ minute 2:05 pm Ramo (Derta land) 10.5 L\ minute 2:35 pm Ramo (Prem Lal) 2 L\ minute 2:40 pm Ramo (Vidya Krishan) 2 L\ minute 2:50 pm Ramo ( Near Ranbir House) 5 L\ minute 3:00 pm Ramo (Ranbir Singh) 1\2 L\ minute 3:10 pm Choko Nala (IPH) 144 L\ minute 3:40 pm

Date 24.11.2010Choko Nala (Om Prakash) 600 L\ minute 12:05 pm



Name of Source Discharge Time Choko Nala (Om Prakash) 36 L\ minute 12:10 pm Kholanka Nagas 216 L\ minute 12:40 pm Reyang Sho (Jawahri Lal) 216 L\ minute 2:05 pm Reyang Sho (Jawahri Lal) 72 L\ minute 2:08 pm Reyang Sho (Agya Ram) 108 L\ minute 2:10 pm Reyang Sho (Jawahri Lal) 192 L\ minute 3:25 pm Choko Nala (Jiyu lal 12 L\ minute 3:45 pm Gotangden (Prem Kumar) 2 L\ minute 4:15 pm Gotangden (Manning) 120 L\ minute 4:50 pm Teg Running (Lambardar) 120 L\ minute 5:30 pm

Date 22.11.2010Dumte Nagas-1 (Sashi) 600 L\ minute 1:00 pm Dumte Nagas-2 (Sashi) 200 L\ minute 1:10 pm Dumte Nagas-3 (Hoshiar Singh) 60 L\ minute 1:30 pm Dumte Nagas-4 (Sashi) 4 L\ minute 2:06 pm Dumte Nagas-5 (Sashi) 5 L\ minute 2:10 pm Golpang (Agya Ram) 1 L\ minute 2:30 pm Kare Nagas (Near Roop Singh House) 1 L\ minute 2:45 pm Tinchpa-1 (Bhajan Dass) 4 L\ minute 3:15 pm Tinchpa-2 (Bhajan Dass) 12 L\ minute 3:25 pm Kuta (Vimal) 0.3 L\ minute 3:50 pm Kuta Saring (Raghunath) 0.5 L\ minute 4:30 pm

Date 02.12.2010Konke (Sunder Lal) 0.25 L\ minute 11:30am Khiyawang (Rameshwar Singh) 1 L\ minute 11:45am Soling (Ashok Negi) 4 L\ minute 1:40 pm Kholanka (Ram Singh) 2 L\ minute 1:50 pm Kholanka (Burgur Sen) 3 L\ minute 2:05 pm Kholanka (Jawal Sen) 3.6 L\ minute 2:30 pm Kholanka (On path) 135 L\ minute 2:40 pm Soling (Murthu Devi) 0.16 L\ minute 2:50 pm Skamlinge (Bhajan Das) 0.05 L\ minute 3:30 pm Seryo (Sanjeev) 0.025 L\ minute 3:35 pm

Date 06.12.2010Marua (Chhetan Nargu) 16 L\ minute 12:15 pm Deksho (Rajmohan & Sandeep) 120 L\ minute 12:55 pm Nagaso (Sandeep) 900 L\ minute 1:15 pm Nagaso-II (Sandeep) 5,400 L\ minute 1:25 pm Labale (Shakti Devi) 60 L\ minute 1:35 pm Tangnal Labale 450 L\ minute 2:00 pm Sharmi (Shashibhushan 12 L\ minute 2:25 pm &Naresh Mehta) Nalo (Jigu Lal) 60 L\ minute 3:15 pm

Date 10.12.2010Ticharothen (Shashi Negi) 2 L\ minute 1:30 pm Liche Nala 2400 L\ minute 4:30 pm Date 11-12-10

Raldhang Nala

2:36 pm



Name of Source Discharge Time Gram Panchayat Powari

Date 14.12.2010

Rocknagas Kangrang (Krishan Dev)

10 L\ minute 12:10 pm

Shonchaden 5 L\ minute 12:50 pm Kangrang garang 5400 L\ minute 3:15 pm Kangrang garang 336 L\ minute 3:15 pm Varoo Nala 72 L\ minute 3:30 pm

Date 16.12.2010Gotangden Nagasti (Lafan Chand 2 L\ minute 12:05 pm & Uma Singh) Gotangden Nagasti (Lafan Chand 1 L\ minute 12:15 pm Baleyo (Hukum Singh) 24 L\ minute 1:05 pm Panugo (Sudesh Kumar) 36 L\ minute 1:30 pm Panugo Kuwang (Govt. Land) 16 L\ minute 1:55 pm Dakho (Rajender Singh) 25 L\ minute 2:10 pm Fore (Kedar Chand) 8 L\ minute 3:30 pm Fore (Lafan Chand) 6 L\ minute 3:35 pm Salich Runing-I (Sahi Ram) 1 L\2 minute 4:20 pm Salich Runing-II (Sahi Ram) 12 L\ minute 4:22 pm Ankalangti (Govt. Land) 48 L\ minute 4:35 pm Salich Runing-III (Sahi Ram) 5 L\ minute 4:40 pm

Date 20.12.2010Palesti (Sartal Singh) 60 L\ minute 12: 05 pm Dumchader (Krishan Gopal) 15 L\ minute 12: 20 pm Guthuden (Krishan Gopal) 60 L\ minute 12: 45 pm Guthuden (Prakash Thangi) 4 L\ minute 12: 55 pm Kholangden 45 L\ minute 1: 05 pm Khawangra (Veerbhadra) 30 L\ minute 1: 45 pm Wazeer bawdi 18 L\ minute 2: 45 pm Kulizar 32 L\ minute 3: 00 pm Homticho 8 L\ minute 3: 30 pm Khogruden 6 L\ minute 3: 50 pm Homticho-II 10 L\ minute 4: 05 pm

Date 21.12.2010Kholgaden-I (Hira Singh) 120 L\ minute 11: 45am Kholgaden-II (Govt. Land) 180 L\ minute 12: 05 pm Thithrioden 24 L\ minute 3: 00 pm Chamansho 2 L\ minute 3: 30 pm

Gram Panchayat Khawangi

Date 18.02.2011Pickicho (Yashwant Singh) 36 L\ minute 10:40AM Pichicho-II -do- 30 L\ minute 10:45AM Chona-I (Bupender Singh) 12 L\ minute 11:30am Chona-II -do- 60 L\ minute 11:35am Chona-III 18 L\ minute 11:40am Chona-iv 24 L\ minute 11:50am Chona Nagas-I 225 L\ minute 12:10 pm Balgarang-I (Mahesh) 52 L\ minute 1:20 pm Balgarang-II -do- 42.8 L\ minute 1:25 pm



Name of Source Discharge Time Balgarang-III -do- 60 L\ minute 1:28 pm Jangnaloo (Baldev Singh) 78 L\ minute 2:35 pm Thawabayo (Sujan Singh) 20 L\ minute 3:45 pm Bansi Niwas (Suraj Bansi) 6 L\ minute 3:55 pm Jawangai (Baldev Singh) 21.6 L\ minute 4:05 pm Dolingche (Anit Negi) 3 L\ minute 4:07 pm Bargarang (Narender) 2 L\ minute 4:10 pm Bargarang (Rattan Prakash) 2 L\ minute 4:15 pm

Date 19.02.2011Danicho Saring-I (Virender) 3 L\ minute 12:15 pm Danicho Saring-II (Virender) 11 L\ minute 12:20 pm Kimrang (Gori Shanker) 22 L\ minute 12:40 pm Shaksho-I (Arun Bandhari) 8 L\ minute 1:20 pm Shaksho-II (Arun Bandhari) 4 L\ minute 1:25 pm Shaksho-III (Arun Bandhari) 30 L\ minute 1:30 pm Shaksho-IV (Arun Bandhari) 30 L\ minute 1:40 pm Ontrang 70 L\ minute 2:05 pm Darro (Near Old School) 13 L\ minute 2:15 pm Changrang (Dinesh Negi) 24 L\ minute 3:00 pm

Date 20.02.2011Baruat 25 L\ minute 11.30am Kharshang-II (Sher Singh) 96 L\ minute 11.45am Kabare-II (Surinder Kumar) 48 L\ minute 12.05 pm Kabare (Cheering) 36 L\ minute 12.08 pm Kabare-I (Surinder Negi) 12 L\ minute 12.15 pm KabareMain (Surinder Singh) 2 L\ minute 12.25 pm Kabare-IV (Bhag Singh) 25 L\ minute 01.05 pm Kharshang-I (Praveen Kumar) 30 L\ minute 1.30 pm Ontrang-II (Vijay Kumar) 8 L\ minute 1:55 pm Ontrang-Main (Sukh Path) 120 L\ minute 2:00 pm Ontrang (Narsum Devi) 8 L\ minute 2:05 pm Kamantang (Mohan Kumari) 16 L\ minute 2:30 pm Sutre (Gori Shankar) 24 L\ minute 2:40 pm Domrya (Rattan Prakash) 6 L\ minute 3:05 pm Yalcharang 90 L\ minute 3:20 pm Khomto (Dev Raj) 12 L\ minute 3:30 pm Khane Rim (Bhajan Singh) 10 L\ minute 3:40 pm Khawangi Khas (Devta Sahib) 10 L\ minute 4:10 pm

Date: 21.02.2011Kabre-V (Keshvi Nand) 2 L\ minute 11:20am Kabre-VI (Dil Bhadhur) 16 L\ minute 11:25am Tainalang-I (Bupender Singh) 8 L\ minute 11:40am Tainalang-II (Bupender Singh) 50 L\ minute 11:45am Shakuthang (Sukh Path) 120 L\ minute 12:05 pm Tainalang-III (Jai Dev) 12 L\ minute 12:15 pm Tainalang-IV (Rishi Ram) 96 L\ minute 12:30 pm Tainalang-V (Lal Chand) 50 L\ minute 12:45 pm Tainalang-VI (Vidya Basker) 48 L\ minute 12:55 pm Tainalang-VII (Vidya Basker) 72 L\ minute 1:05 pm Markaging Nagas 450 L\ minute 1:30 pm Durga Nagas 850 L\ minute 1:55 pm Pangshu Nagas (Budh Raj) 300 L\ minute 2:10 pm Dakho (Rishi Ram) 6 L\ minute 2:15 pm Kagrah (Rattan Singh) 5 L\ minute 2:30 pm



Name of Source Discharge Time Kagrah (Public) 3 L\ minute 2:35 pm Kagrah-I (Manjeet) 5 L\ minute 2:40 pm Powari 50 L\ minute 3.00 pm Powari-I 4 L\ minute 3.05 pm Torti (Kanta Devi) 72 L\ minute 3.15 pm Torti-I (Bhisham Lal) 50 L\ minute 3.30 pm Ralo 5 L\ minute 3.45 pm Ralo-I 10 L\ minute 3.50 pm Ralo-II 10 L\ minute 4.00 pm



Annexure-4.5



CHAPTER-4

BASELINE SETTING FOR PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS 4.1 GENERAL

Before start of any Environmental Impact Assessment study, it is necessary to identify the baseline levels of relevant environmental parameters which are likely to be affected as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. A similar approach has been adopted for conducting the EIA study for the proposed Shongtong-Karchham hydroelectric Project. A Scoping Matrix as outlined in Table-3.1 of Chapter-3 was formulated to identify various issues likely to be affected as a result of the proposed project. Based on the specific inputs likely to accrue in the proposed project, aspects to be covered in the EIA study were identified. The other issues as outlined in the Scoping Matrix were then discarded. Thus, planning of baseline survey commenced with the short listing of impacts and identification of parameters for which the data needs to be collected. The baseline status has been divided into following three categories:

• Physico-chemical aspects; • Ecological aspects; and • Socio-Economic aspects. The baseline setting for physico-chemical aspects have been covered in this Chapter.

4.2 METEOROLOGY

The climate of the project area is characterized by cool and dry climate. Meteorologically, the year can be divided into three distinct seasons. Winter season sets in from the month of October and continues up to February, followed by summer season from March to June. The area receives rainfall under the influence of south-west monsoons over a period of three months from July to September.

Temperature

Temperature rises rapidly after March and the month of July is the hottest month of the year with mean daily maximum temperature going up to 23.0 °C. With the withdrawal of monsoons, by the end of October, there is a sharp decrease in temperature. The months of January and February are the coolest months of the year, with mean daily minimum temperature as low as -2.3 °C. The month wise temperature variations are depicted in Figure-4.1.

Rainfall

The total annual rainfall is about 766.5 mm per annum. The maximum rainfall is received in the months from January to March. About 55% of the rainfall is received during winter season. A part of the rainfall received during winter months is in the form of snow. The rainfall as received in various months of the year is given in Figure-4.2.

Humidity

The average `humidity’ observed in the project area is about 50% Apart from the monsoon months. Humidity is generally low from 35 to 54.2%. In monsoon months, humidity is more than 80%.