environmental issues - unibg · 2013. 3. 6. · • plant a tree today foundation (patt) • prbo...
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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
POLITICAL ISSUES
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
- Oil production- Water control and energy production- Land grabbing- Deforestation- …
- Different SOCIAL ACTORS:private, public, local communities
- Different GOALS:economic income, state power and control, local everyday life and survival
- Different SPATIAL SCALES:global, national, regional, local
Geography of Environment and Tourism
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION and SOCIAL ACTORS
�GLOBAL SCALE
Intergovernmental organisations
�REGIONAL SCALE
Regional institutions: political unions
�NATIONAL SCALE
The State and the environmental insitutions (ministeriesand other institutions) � LEGALITY
�LOCAL SCALE
Local institutions, associations, chefferies � LEGITIMACY
WorldwideIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)Earth System Governance ProjectGlobal Environment Facility (GEF)
RegionalEuropean Environment Agency (EEA)Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA)
Local governmentsICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
INTERNATIONAL NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS• 350.org• Anti-nuclear movement• Antinea Foundation• A Rocha• Biofuelwatch• Biosphere Expeditions• Bioversity International• BirdLife International• Confederation of European Environmental
Engineering Societies• Conservation International• Dancing Star Foundation• Earth Charter Initiative• Earthwatch• Forests and the European Union Resource Network• Fauna and Flora International• Forest Stewardship Council• Friends of Nature• Friends of the Earth• Gaia Mater (the mother Earth)• Global Footprint Network• Global Witness• Great Transition Initiative• Green Actors of West Africa (GAWA)• Green Cross International• Greenpeace• IDEAS For Us• Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)• International Analog Forestry Network
• International Network for Sustainable Energy(INFORSE)
• The Mountain Institute• Mountain Wilderness• NatureServe• Panthera Corporation• Plant A Tree Today Foundation (PATT)• PRBO Conservation Science• Project AWARE• Rainforest Alliance• Sandwatch• Seeds of Survival of USC Canada• Society for the Environment (SocEnv)• Taiga Rescue Network (TRN)• The Climate Project• The Nature Conservancy• The Resource Foundation• Wetlands International• Wildlife Conservation Society• Wolf Preservation Foundation (WPF)• World Business Council for Sustainable Development• Worldchanging• World Conservation Union (WCN)• World Land Trust(WLT)• World Resources Institute (WRI)• World Union for Protection of Life (WUPL)• Worldwatch Institute• World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)• Xerces Society• Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative
Geography of Environment and Tourism
NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (SOME EXAMPLES)Australia•Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and CommunitiesBrazil•Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA)Canada•Environment CanadaDenmark•Danish Ministry of Climate and EnergyGermany•Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear SafetyHong Kong•Environmental Protection DepartmentIndia•Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)•Gujarat Pollution Control Board•Ministry of Environment and ForestsIndonesia•Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature ConservationRepublic of Ireland•Environmental Protection AgencyIsle of Man•Manx National Heritage
Philippines•Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesPortugal•Ministry for Environment and Spatial PlanningRepublic of China (Taiwan)•Environmental Protection AdministrationUnited Kingdom•Department for Environment, Food and Rural AffairsEngland•English Heritage•Environment Agency•Natural EnglandNorthern Ireland•Northern Ireland Environment AgencyUnited StatesMain article: List of environmental agencies in the United States•Environmental Protection Agency•Fish and Wildlife Service•National Park ServiceNative American Nations•Inter-Tribal Environmental Council
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
High natural value protection: CONSERVATION
Anthropic pressure control:
PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
PROTECTED AREAS
WHAT IS A PROTECTED AREA?
1.1 Category Ia — Strict Nature Reserve1.2 Category Ib — Wilderness Area1.3 Category II — National Park1.4 Category III — Natural Monument or Feature1.5 Category IV — Habitat/Species Management Area1.6 Category V — Protected Landscape/Seascape1.7 Category VI – Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources
Following IUCN classification
WHAT IS A PROTECTED AREA
FROM A GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE?
TERRITORY
���� THE RESULT OF A PROCESS OF TERRITORIALISATION
- Denomination: what kind of denomination?
- Reification: what kind of territorial transformation?
- Structuration: what kind of function?
When? By whom ? Why? Where?
SPACE/ PLACE NATURE/ ENVIRONMENTNODE/NETWORK
INSIDER PERSPECTIVE
A place for conservation and development: prevention, denial/economic income, potential?
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
A strategic role at the global scale: sustainability, Development goals…
OUTSIDERS
A place to experiment the relationship human beings/nature: opportunities (recreation, research, …)
PROTECTED AREAS AND DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES
Geography of Environment and Tourism
Geography of Environment and Tourism
Parco regionale dei Colli of Bergamo
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN AFRICA
FROM FORTRESS CONSERVATIONEmpty spaceNo human activityConservationismThe idea of «Closed areas»
TO COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATIONLively spaceDifferent human activitiesLocal developmentThe new set of «Open areas»
The first protected areas around the world such as Yosemite in 1864 and Yellowstone National Park in 1872 were founded by the colonial or classical conservation method.
Classical conservation created protected areas to protect wilderness and wildlife areas of pristine wilderness that was untouched and uninhabited by humans. All people inhabiting these areas were removed from the land and displaced onto marginal land surrounding or near by the newly protected land. It is estimated that 20 million people were displaced from their land.
In 1975 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the World Parks Congress recognized the rights of indigenous people and to recognize their rights of the protected areas.
More policy changes came about that increased the rights of indigenous people.
Community-based conservation came into action from these changes.
This conservation strategy was has been applied in Africa and widely until the 1970s when indigenous people started to fight for their rights and land.
COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATION
Conservation
= an intelligent use of natural resources
Local development
SUSTAINABILITY
Protected areasconservation
Landscape and territorial planning
New perspective!
Community Based Conservation means also
“Governance, Equity, Participation and Benefit Sharing”:
• Developing better practices and stronger patterns of accountability in PA governance.
• Recognising and promoting various PA governance types in national and regional systems to support people’s participation and community conserved areas through specific policies and legal, financial and community means.
• Establishing policies and institutional mechanism to facilitate the above with full participation of indigenous and local communities.
• Seeking prior informed consent before any indigenous community is relocated for the establishment of a protected area.
• Better appreciating and understanding local knowledge, the priorities, practices and values of indigenous and local communities.
• Identifying and removing barriers preventing adequate participation of local and indigenous communities in all stages of protected area planning, establishment, governance and management.
IUCN LIST OF PARTICIPATION TYPOLOGIES
• Passive Participation Participation does not take the responses of the participants into consideration and where the outcome is predetermined. Information sharedbelongsonly to external institutions.
• Participation in Information Giving People give answers to questions where they do not have the opportunity to influence the context of the interview and often the findings are not shared.
• Participation by Consultation People are consulted and their views are taken into account. However, it does not involve their decision-making.
• Participation for Participation involves people taking incentives in Materials and Incentives cash or kind for their services provided. In such cases the disadvantage is that there is no stake in being involved once the incentives end.
• Functional Participation Participation occurs by forming into groups with predetermined objectives. Such participation generally occurs only after major decisions have been already taken.
• Interactive Participation People participate in information generation and its subsequent analyses that lead to action plans and implementation. It involves different methoologies seeking various local perspectives thereby involving people in decision-making about the use and quality of information.
• Self Mobilization Being independent of any external interventions, people participate and take initiatives to change systems. They develop contacts for external inputs, but retain control over the way resources are managed.
PROTECTED AREAS GOVERNANCE TODAY
FROM PASSIVE TO
ACTIVE CONSERVATION
Passive participation
Aids for lost land and resources
New ways of business
buffer zonesCompensation
Tourism
(guide, ranger, game ranching,…)
Handicraft
Environmental education
CO-MANAGEMENT OR CONTRACT
AGREEMENT between authorities and local communities
Negotiation of State resources
Local people participate in management
Full participation of local communities in management
Active participation
Land property and resources property
Equal distribution of revenew
Decentralisation of power (local institutions, localcommunities, NGO)
Geography of Environment and Tourism
Origins of Peace Parks/Transfrontierconservation area (TFCA)
On 27 May 1990, Anton Rupert, President of WWF South Africa (then called the Southern African Nature Foundation) had a meeting in Maputo with Mozambique's President Joaquim Chissano, to discuss the possibility of establishing a permanent link between some of the protected areas in southern Mozambique and their adjacentcounterparts in South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.
The concept of trans-border protected area cooperation through the establishment of peace parks had already been acceptedinternationally. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) had long been promoting their establishment.
� relatively large areas that straddle frontiers between two or more countries and cover large-scale natural systems encompassing one or more protected areas. Very often both human and animal populations traditionally migrated across or straddled the political boundaries concerned. In essence, TFCAs therefore extend far beyond designated protected areas, and can incorporate such innovative approaches as biosphere reserves and a wide range of community-based natural resource management programmes.
Southern African Peace Parks
Transboundary Biosphere Reserves (TBRs)
As borders between states are political rather than ecological, social and cultural, ecosystems often occur across national boundaries, and may be subject to different, or even conflicting, management and land use practices.
TBRs provide a tool for common management. A TBR is an official recognition at the international level and by a UN institution of a political will to co-operate in the conservation and sustainable use, through common management, of a shared ecosystem.
It also represents a commitment of two or more countries to apply together the Seville Strategy (1995) for biosphere reserves “to promote the management of each biosphere reserve essentially as a ‘pact’ between the local community and society as awhole. Management should be open, evolving and adaptive”
BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN THE WORLD
W TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE
Service Géographique de l’AOF, Carte générale de l’Afrique Occidentale Française , 1:1.500.000, dessinée par Gugelmann et Roume, 1906-1908, feuille n ° 4 « Côte d’Ivoire et Dahomey »
The colonial classification in 1954
SIGAP
• territorial dynamics of communities• identify the stakeholders
Participatory methodologyfor field research and cartography
Data typology
Participation techniques
Digital processing
Landscape elements, localknowledge
Recovering the individual for the representation of landscape
GIS and multimedia systems
Traditional status of peripheral villages to W
Park
TAMBARIGA
MADJOARI
MATAMBIMA
KOGDJOARI NAMOUNYOURI
DIAPAGA
PARTIAGA
NAGARÉ
KOTCHARI
NAMPOANPUOLI
LOGOBOU
TAMBAGA
YIRINI
DIABOANLI
SABORGKUOLI
TINDANGOU
YOBRI
NAMOUNOU
MARIDAGA
HOUARÉ
MORIDÉNI
KIND-KOMBOU
MAHAADAGANAMPOASIGA
SABORGKPÉLA
PARC NATIONAL PENDJARI
Concession de chasse de Ouamou
Réserve Totale de Faune de
Singou
Concession
de chasse
de
Kourtiagou
Concession de chasse
de Konkombouri
PARC D’ARLY
Concession de chasse
de Pagou-Tandougou
Concession de chasse
de Koakrana
Réserve Totale de Faune
de Madjoari
Réserve Totale de Faune de Arly
RBT/W
GANGALINDI
N. Inhabitants/village
5-500
501-2000
3501-6500
2001-3500
Limit protected area
Western Africa: the Cliff of Gobnangou (Burkina Faso)
Yirini visual landscape modelling
compound
subsistence crop
cotton
Village infrastructures
church
mosque
school
drilled wellhealth center mill
dug well cotton market
women meeting place
mango tree market/ men meeting place
cimitery
religious altar
Village chief (Bado)
Geomancer (Parkiamo)
Cantor (Bantioagou)
Compound chief (Diédano)
Religious hyerarchy Religious sites
sacred place
Lineage
Tankoano
Nioula
Combary
Timbangou
Ouoba
LompoCouldiaty
Sacred places accessibility
Bado only
Bado and Parkiamo
Yirini inhabitants
Goulmou inhabitants
LocalRegional
Competence of the religious authority on the sacred place
The sacred landscape in the Gourmantché culture: the v illage of Yirini
MULTIMAPWWW.MULTIMAP-PARCW.ORGWWW.SIGAPONLUS/MULTIMAP