eppchi society and tech pulchowk
TRANSCRIPT
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Nagendra Raj Sitoula
Associate Professor
Msc In Environmental Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
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NRS 2
Course Objective:
To familiarize the students with their roles
in the society, ethical and legal
environment in which engineering is
practiced, contract administration,
regulatory environment and contemporary
issues in Engineering
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Exponential growth
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deforestation
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Fuel consumption
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causes of international tensions
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Drinking Water crisis
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History of Engineering Practices [3
hours]
1. Man and Society
2. Technology and Society
3. History of Engineering Practice in Eastern
Society
4. History of Engineering Practice in Western
society
5. Engineering Practices in Nepal
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Profession and Ethics [6 hours]
1. Profession: Definition and Characteristics
2. Professional Institutions
3. Relation of an Engineer with Client,
Contractor and Fellow Engineers
4. Ethics, Code of Ethics and Engineering Ethics
5. Moral Dilemma and Ethical Decision Making
6. Detailed Duties of an Engineer and Architect
7. Liability and Negligence
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Professional Practices in Nepal [3
hours]
1. Public Sector practices
2. Private Sector Practices
3. General Job Descriptions of Fresh Graduates
in both Public and Private Sector
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Contract Management [6 hours]
1. Methods of work execution/contracting
2. Types of Contracts
3. Tendering Procedure
4. Contract agreement
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Regulatory Environment [5 hours]
◦ Nepal Engineering Council Act
◦ Labor Law
◦ Intellectual Property Right
◦ Building Codes and Bylaws
◦ Company Registration
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Contemporary Issues in Engineering [3
hours]
1. Globalization and Cross Cultural Issues
2. Public Private Partnership
3. Safety, Risk and Benefit Analysis
4. Development and Environment
5. Conflict and Dispute Management
Chapter 7
Case Studies based on Engineering
Practices [4 hours]
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P Ethi
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P- Ethics
What is
The term society is derived from the Latin word ―socius‖ which means companion, associate, comrade or businesspartner. It indicates that man lives in company of otherpeople.
Man is a social animal. It is difficult to live without society.No infant could reach maturity without the care of otherpeople.
According to Maclver, family was the first form of thesociety. Society means collection of individuals united by
certain relations or modes of behavior which make themoff from others who do not enter into these relations.
Aristotle said ―Man is a social animal‖. Man needs societyfor his living, working and enjoying life.
Society refers to the group of people, but to the complexpattern of the norms of interaction that arise among them.
For the health of society it is essential that there must be alike minded and unlike minded people. Likeness bringsrecognition whereas unlikeness helps in generating new ideas. Invisible likeness and active cooperation is the
backbone of society.
Man forms the society and develops standard and norms.
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What is society?
Society is the union itself the sumof formal relation whichassociating individual are bound
together . GIDDINGS JF Cuber says group of individuals who have lived together longenough to become organised andconsidered themselves and toconsidered as a unit more or lessdistinct from other human units
members of a group live together and
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What is community
members of a group live together and
share no particular interest but the basic condition of
common life.
Man cannot live in isolation.
Man is linked in many ways to his fellows in many ways who form a group. By living together for years
in a definite part of territory, a sort of relation with
people or social likeness is established. This fact of
social living, likeness among these in specific area
gives birth to community. Community is a cluster of
people living with a narrow territorial radius, who
share a common way of life.
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Elements of community
Followings are the elements of community:
people sharing the common feeling and basic conditions of a
common life.
people residing in a definite locality form a community. It occupiesa territorial area.
Feeling of community sentiments is another important
characteristic of a community. It means a feeling of belonging
together. In cities and towns feeling of sentiments lacks
drastically. In village one can still find feeling of communitysentiments.
Unlike crowd, community is of permanent nature.
is not created and made by an act of will but its emergence is quite
natural.
Likeness in language and customs is significant elements . Ends and objectives of community are wider and natural not
artificial.
has no legal status. It can neither sue nor to be sued.
Every community has some specific and particular name.
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Social structure institution)
SOCIETY
RELIGION
ECONOMY
FAMILY
EDUCATION
STATE
CULTURE
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Social structure institution)
To survive, every society must successfully address the same fundamental
social needs. Talcot Parsons identified six basic fundamental social needs
as follows:
All societies must organize the activities of the members to obtain the
basic goods and services necessary for survival (such as food, clothing,shelter, fuel, potable water).
Societies must protect their members from both external and internal
threats. External threats includes invasion by other societies and
destructive natural disasters like hurricanes, tornadoes and earthquakes.
Internal threats include crime like robbery, murder, rape and health
epidemics like AIDS, measles, polio, and the flu.
All societies must replace members lost by death or emigration.
Whenever societies gain new members, they must transmit knowledge of
the rights, obligations, responsibilities, and expectations of appropriate
behavior to the new members. New members must also be taught the
skills they will need to participate as productive member of the society. All society must motivate both new and continuing members to fulfill
their responsibilities and conform to expected behaviors.
Finally, societies must develop mechanisms for solving conflicts.
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Five basic institutions can be
found in all known societies.
The Family: The family is the institution whose
manifest function is to contribute new members to
society. Family also teaches the new members what
is expected of them, and they try to motivatemembers to fulfill those expectations. Families may
reinforce race, gender, and class inequalities in the
way they transmit expectations regarding
appropriate behaviors and goals.
The Religion: Religion manifestly motivates
members to comply with their responsibilities and
obligations by assigning meaning and purpose to
such activities. Religion attempts to reinforce the
family‘s transmission of appropriate behaviors and
goals to new members of society, and it parallels the
family‘s role as a mechanism of conflict resolution.
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Five basic institutions can be found in all known societies.
The Economy: In U.S. the institutions of the economy includes
corporations, organized markets, the banking community,
international trade associations, labor unions, and consumer
organizations. The purpose of economic institutions is primarily
to produce and distribute goods and services throughout society.They also discipline and motivate members of society to perform
their role in the production, distribution, and consumption of
goods and services.
Education: The manifest function of education is to transmit the
skills that all young members of society need to becomeproductive members of the economy as adults. Educational
institutions can also be powerful mechanisms for social change.
When skills taught by school include independent, critical, and
creative thinking, they produce the potential for challenges to
society to alter inequalities and discrimination.
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Five basic institutions can be
found in all known societies.
The State:
State protects society‘s members
from both external and internal threats. The
state also establishes penal and codes to
formally define standards of acceptable andunacceptable behaviors, responsibilities and
obligations, and it specifies sanctions for
violations of these standards. Finally, the state
aid the economy by developing social welfare
programs that distribute goods and services to
individuals the economy can not support. By
enhancing the ability of the poor to consume
goods and services, state directly support the
private producers and the economy. The statemay reinforce other inequalities as well.
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Essential elements of society
Essential elements of society
Plurality: Society is composed of population of all ages and of the both the sexes.
Stability: A society is permanent in character. The social life is organized mainly on
the basis of division of labor.
Likeness: In earlier societies, the sense of likeness was focused on kinship i.e. blood
relationships. In modern societies, the concept has been broadened by the principle
of nationality. A society would not be possible without some mutual
understanding and that understanding depends on the likeness which each
apprehends (understand) in the others.
Differences: Society also includes differences. All our social systems involve
relationship in which differences complement one another. For example: In a
family, apart from biological differences of gender, there are other differences ofopinions, diversities of interests and etc. In social life, there is an indefinite
interplay of likeness and differences of cooperation and conflict of agreement and
dissent.
Interdependence: It is also an essential element to constitute a society. Family is an
example of interdependency. Today, even the countries depend on each other.
Cooperation: Without cooperation no society can exists. The members of a familycooperate with each other to live happily.
Common territory:
Culture : is totality of learned socially transmitted behaviors
Mutual interaction : etc
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Features of society
Society is universal having no assigned boundary and limits.
Members of the society are interdependent and family is the force
of biological inter-dependence of society.
Society is invisible whose existence can only be felt. It is a mutual
interaction of individuals and groups.
Liberty is an essential element of society.
Active cooperation is the backbone of society.
Likeness of members is an essential pre-requisite of society. In view of the above features, a society is web of social
relationship. Maclver opined that family was the first form of
society.
As the time elapsed numerous social groups of different types
came into existence. Presently, society constitutes many types ofassociations, institutions and communities engaged in the welfare
of humanity.
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Characteristics of society
Society is invisible whose existence can only be felt.
Status is very essential aspect of society and groups.
Society consists of people: Society is composed of people. Nopeople no society.
Mutual interaction and mutual awareness: Individuals are incontinuous interaction with other individuals of the society.Social interaction takes through mutual awareness.
Society depends on likeness, mutual understanding (earlier basedon kinship – blood relationship, now nationality).
Society rests on differences in opinion, interest and gender etc.
Society implies interdependence. Society is dynamic. No society can ever remain constant for any
length of time; changeability is the inherent quality of society.
Society has its own ways of controlling the behavior of itsmembers.
Interdependencies and cooperation are important elements of
society. Members of the society depend to each other in many waysand extend cooperation. Family is an example of interdependency.
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Comparison between community and
society
1. Population is very essential for the formation of acommunity.
Population is essential but more important is that themembers should have feeling of oneness as well.
2. For community, some locality or area is essential. Society needs no area and the people living in faroff areas can form a society.
3. Its scope is narrow and localized. It is homogenous
group.
It has wide scope and is thus of more heterogeneous
character.4. Community came after society and in a community
there cannot be many communities.Society came prior to community and its scope iswide, as it embraces many communities.
5. Common objectives are loosely coordinated. Common objectives are closely coordinated.
6. Members are supposed to obey the commands andthus they have less chances of personal development.
Chances of personal development are much more ascompared with the community.
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Origin of societies
Devine theory
Contact theories
Evolution theories
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Types of society
Hunting societies
Pastoral societies
Horticultural societies
Agricultural societies
Industrial societies
Ancient communism societies
Slave age societies
Feudal societies
Capitalism
Socialism
Communism
Stone age
Copper age
Iron age
Silicon age
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What is social change?
1. Social change is the change in the society. Change
is a dynamic and on-going process.
2.
Change is a law of nature and social change is theprogressive transformation of society.
3. Man is a dynamic being.
4. society never remains static.
5. Similarly, a society is subject to constant change.
6. Social change has taken place in all societies at
all times. Society changes with the changes in the
social relationship. Some societies are resistant to
change but no society can prevent change.
P- EthicsWhat is social change?
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P Ethics
Different writers have defined social change differently. Some of them
are:
Maclver : Social change is the change in the human relationship.M.P.Jenson : Social change may be defined as modification in ways of
doing and thinking of people.
When people focus their collective power and work together toward a
common goal social change can happen. Social change is the
change in society due to the alteration in patterns of culture,
social structure, and social behavior over time. It includes the
complex interaction of environment, technology, political,
economic, religious and human action.
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Theories of social change
Evolution theory
Functionalist theory
Conflict theory
Cyclical theory
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Factors affecting social change
Sociologists have identified a number of specific factors that may
generate changes in all societies. Some of the major sources of
social change are:
Cultural innovation: Three sources of cultural innovation areinvention, discovery, and diffusion. Changes in patterns of
culture, social structure, and social behavior causes social change
over time.
Physical environment: The physical environment has a strong
influence on the culture and social structures of a society.
Environmental disasters like hurricanes, tornadoes, fires,
earthquake causes quick social change and greenhouse effect etc
causes slow change. Geographically less accessible societies or cut
off from other societies by oceans, deserts, mountain ranges,
jungles have tended to change less.
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P Ethics
Factors affecting social change
Technology: A major source of social change is technology. The
practical applications of technology for example use of computer,
mobiles creates social change. Way of life has been influenced by
various technologies ranging from kitchen gadgets toautomobiles.
Population: Significant decrease or increase in population size or
growth rates may disrupt social life that causes social change.
Human action: Social movements, social conflicts, collective
human action like invasions, occupations by foreign powers, wars,
subversions, and colonization etc causes social change.
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Development and underdevelopment
One of the most significant of all social changes is the transition from pre-industrial to an industrial type ofsociety. Based on the socioeconomic development of the
society, the societies of the world have been grouped into three categories as first world, second world, and the third world.
First world: Countries such as North America, WesternEurope, Australia, Japan, Singapore etc. are grouped as first
world. These countries are industrialized, stable and
developed. Second world: Countries such as Eastern Europe, Malesia
etc. are grouped as second world. They are lessindustrialized and developed.
Third world: Countries like Nepal, Bangaladesh etc. aregrouped as third world. They are less industrialized and
underdeveloped.
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Characteristics of developing
countries
Characteristics of developing countries are:
Poverty Unemployment Limited access to education and health care Poor level of nutrition and health Immature and unbalanced economies Unstable political climate Male dominated societies Belief in religion Lack of scientific/technical infrastructure Less respect for time
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Cultures of East and West
Cultures of East and West
There is a difference between the cultures of East
and West. Western culture attaches significant values to the material gains achieved byindividuals. Hence, the Western cultureevaluates things giving more and more comfort to the individual.
Eastern culture attaches significant values tohigh morality, power of truth, achieved byindividuals and achievements in religiousactivities etc are regarded higher than thoseacquiring materialistic and physical objects.
Eastern culture to the group of people is a family,a community and a society as a whole. Easternculture especially exhibits due respect to the old.
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Western values
Western values
Achievements and success
Activity and work Moral orientation Efficiency and practicability Progress Material comfort Equality Freedom Use of technology Individualistic High concern over time
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technology
The term refers to how input is transferred to output. Technologyis a systematic knowledge which facilitates in the use of machinesand tools. One of the most distinctive of all human characteristicsis that men are tool-using animals. People have used increasingly
sophisticated techniques to act on the social and the natural worldfor thousands of years and they have done so in many ways thathave transformed, and continue to transform, the very conditionsof life on this planet.
Over the generations, simple tools and machines made by human beings such as the knife, the wheel, the plough, the compass, the
clocks, the printing press, the steam engines, the nuclear reactors, the computer, the mobile phones, etc have dramatically influencedour social and natural surroundings. These all are the examples of
technologies, the practical application of scientific or otherknowledge.
Technology and social change are intimately connected,particularly in the modern world, where rapid technological andsocial change tends to go hand in hand. Many people in modernsocieties seem to implicitly assume that technologicaldevelopment and human progress is much the same thing.
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Impact and consequences of technology on society
According to Wikipedia - Technology and
society or technology and culture refers to the cyclical co-dependence, co-influence, co-production of technology and society upon the other (technology upon culture, and vice-versa). This synergistic relationshipoccurred from the dawn of humankind, with the invention of the simple tools; andcontinues into modern technologies such as the printing press and computers.
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Impact and consequences of technology on
1. Modern examples of technological development
2. Economics and technological development
3. Values
4. Ethics
Challenges traditional ethical norms:
Creates an aggregation of effects:
Changes the distribution of justice:
Provides great power:
5. Lifestyle
6. Institutions and groups
7. International
8. Environment
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technological development
Modern examples of
There are extraordinary number of examples how science
and technology has helped us that can be seen in society
today.
The mobile phone is the great example of modern
technology.
The invention of the mobile phone, which did, and still does,
greatly influence society and the way people live their lives.
Now many people are accessible to talk to whoever they
want no matter where any of the two people are.
All these little changes in mobile phones, like Internet
access, are further examples of the cycle of co-production.
Ti li
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…. influenced the way we live our lives.
Time line
today’s modern media player.
At the beginning, cassettes
that method was large and cumbersome
so the manufactures developed compact disks,
which were smaller and could hold more data.
Later, compact disks were again too large and did not hold
enough data that forced today’s manufactures to create MP3
players, which are small and holds large amount of data. Today’s society determined the course of events that many
manufactures took to improving their products so today’s
consumers will purchase their products.
L ki b k i t i t hi t i b id t
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics
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Economics and technological development
Looking back into ancient history, economics can be said to
have arrived on the scene when the occasional, spontaneous
exchange of goods and services begin to occur on a less
occasional, less spontaneous basis.
Clearly, regardless of the goods and services bartered,some amount of technology was involved — if no more than in
the making of shell and bead jewelry. So, from the very
beginning, technology had encouraged the development of
more elaborate economies.
In the modern world, superior technologies give rise torobust economies. In a well-functioning, robust economy,
economic excess naturally flows into greater use of
technology, because technology is such an inseparable part
of human society.
Many foundations and other nonprofit organizationscontribute to the development of technology.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics
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Values
The implementation of technology influences the values of a
society by changing expectations and realities. The
implementation of technology is also influenced by values.
Three major interrelated values of technological innovationsare:
Mechanistic world view : Viewing the universe as a collection
of parts, (like a machine), that can be individually analyzed
and understood.
Efficiency : A value, originally applied only to machines, butnow applied to all aspects of society, so that each element is
expected to attain a higher and higher percentage of its
maximal possible performance, output, or ability.
Social progress : The belief that there is such a thing as
social progress, and that, in the main, it is beneficent.
According to Winston (2003) four major ethical implications
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_progresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_progresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_society
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Ethics
According to Winston (2003), four major ethical implications
of technological development are:
Challenges traditional ethical norms:
Because technology impacts relationships among individuals,
it challenges how individuals deal with each other, even inethical ways.
Creates an aggregation of effects:
One of the greatest problems with technology is that its
detrimental effects are often small, but cumulative. Such is
the case with the pollution from the burning of fossil fuels in
automobiles. Each individual automobile creates a very
small, almost negligible, amount of pollution, however the
cumulative effect could possibly contribute to the global
warming effect. Other examples include accumulations of
chemical pollutants in the human body, urbanization effectson the environment, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_society
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Justice
Changes the distribution of justice:
The important quality with technology tends to have higher
access to justice systems. Or, justice is not distributed
equally to those with technology versus those without.
Provides great power:
Not only does technology amplify the ability, and hence the
strength, of humans, it also provides a great strategic
advantage to the human(s) who hold the greatest amount of
technology.
For example, Bill Gates has considerable influence (even
outside of the computer industry) in the course of human
affairs due to his successful implementation of computer
technology.
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Lifestyle
In many ways, technology simplifies life.
The rise of a leisure class
A more informed society, which can make quicker responses
to events and trends
Global networking
Creates denser social circles
Cheaper prices
Greater specialization in jobs
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technology complicates life .
In other ways, technology complicates life .
Pollution is a serious problem in a technologically advanced
society (from acid rain to Chernobyl and Bhopal)
The increase in transportation technology has brought
congestion in some areas
New forms of danger existing as a consequence of new
forms of technology, such as the first generation of nuclear
reactors
New forms of entertainment, such as video games and
internet access could have possible social effects on areas
such as academic performance
Increased probability of some diseases and disorders, such
as obesity
Social separation of singular human interaction. Technology
has increased the need to talk to more people faster.
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Institutions and groups
Technology often enables organizational and bureaucratic
group structures that otherwise and heretofore were simply
not possible. Examples of this might include:
The rise of very large organizations: e.g., governments, the
military, health and social welfare institutions, supranational
corporations.
The commercialization of leisure: sports events, products,
etc.
The almost instantaneous dispersal of information
(especially news) and entertainment around the world.
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International
Technology enables greater knowledge of international
issues, values, and cultures. Mostly due to mass
transportation and mass media, the world seems to be amuch smaller place, due to the following, among others:
Globalization of ideas
encourage of values
Population growth and control
Others
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Influence of technology
Technology provides an understanding, and an
appreciation for the world around us.
Influence of technological change on society
Family system and technological change
Religion and technological change
Rural life and technological change
Urban life and technological change
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Influence of technological change on society
Mass production of goods through machines automation
Faster means of transportation
Mass communication
Availability of labor saving device
Faster pace of life
Commercialized recreation
Emphasis on high degree of specialization
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Family system and technological change
Technological change has affected traditional family system
in the following new changes:
Emergence of nuclear family
Women’s involvement in male dominated area of work
Change in standard of living
New way of socialization of the children
Change in orthodox values
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Some demerits brought by technological change to the family system are:
Some demerits to the family system are:
Mechanical life-style Formal type of relationships
Change in existing social customs
Less family ties between family members
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Religion and technological change
Some of the effects of technological change on religion are:
Analysis of religious doctrines and traditions
The rigidity in caste system has been relaxed
Men are free from religious rituals
Religion has become the secondary thing not a primary one
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Rural life and technological change
Some of the effects of technological change on
rural life are:
Migration towards urban areas
Increase in consciousness of rural people
Change in method of farming
Life become comfortable than before Change in life pattern
Urban life and technological change
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Urban life and technological change
Some of the effects of technological change on
urban life are:
Shortage of land and houses
Increase in slums
Problem of transportation
Increase in crimes Expensive life
Money has become the most important thing
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Social application: Solve human/ social problem
such as◦ Medical diagnosis
◦ Computer assisted instruction
◦ Government program planning
◦ Environmental quality control
◦ Law enforcement
Employment and productivity:◦ Increase in employment and productivity
◦ Reduction in some type of job
Impact on competition:◦ Allows large organisation to become more efficient or
gain strategic competitive advantage
◦ Small firms are driven out
NRS IOE 66
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Impact on individuality:
◦ Reduce human relationship◦ Inflexible.
Impact on quality of life:
◦ Production of better quality goods/services at low
costs/effort/time◦ Increase in leisure time
◦ Eliminated monotonous tasks (upgraded quality of life)
Impact on privacy:
◦ Collect, store, integrate, interchange and retrieve-easy.◦ Lost privacy
◦Theft, crime
NRS IOE 67
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Printing press
The printing press is a mechanical device for printing
multiple copies of a text on sheets of paper. Building on
movable type which made its way to Europe fromChina in the 1300s, the use of movable type to mass
produce printed works was popularized by a German
goldsmith and eventual printer, Johannes Gutenberg,
in the 1450s. While there are several local claims for the
invention of the printing press in other parts of
Europe, including Laurens Janszoon Coster in the
Netherlands and Panfilo Castaldi in Italy, Gutenberg is
credited by most scholars with its invention.
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Printing press
Five hundred years ago when the printing press was
invented there was a shift from laborious manuscriptmaking to a print technology allowing large numbers
of copies of written work to be created quickly, giving
greater access to information and setting the stage for a
slow but important transformation of societal literacy.
Through the use of the printing press literature became more
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Printing press
Through the use of the printing press, literature became more
commonplace than a rare commodity.
More copies being circulated of books meant more readers and
more exposure of writing style and technique.
Writers become better at their craft through reading others and
the accessibility made this possible.
This made literature not only more common, but better.
written material became available to the common people
books could be mass produced
newspapers could be produced in large numbers
ideas/scientific knowledge could be easily communicated.
copyright laws were passed helped standardise grammar/spelling
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Gun powder
Chinese Taoist alchemists were the major force behind
the early invention of gunpowder. Emperor Wu Di
(156-87 B.C.) of the Han dynasty financed researchdone by the alchemists on the secrets of eternal life.
The alchemists experimented with the sulphur and
saltpeter heating the substances in order to transform
them. The alchemist Wei Boyang wrote the Book of the
Kinship of the Three detailing the experiments made by
the alchemists.
During the 8th century Tang dynasty, sulphur and
saltpeter were first combined with charcoal to create
an explosive called huoyao or gunpowder. A substance that did not encourage eternal life, however,
gunpowder was used to treat skin diseases and as a
fumigant to kill insects before its advantage as
a weapon was made clear.
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrockethistory.htmhttp://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrockethistory.htm
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gunpowder
The Chinese began experimenting with the gunpowder
filled tubes. At some point, they attached bamboo tubes
to arrows and launched them with bows. Soon theydiscovered that these gunpowder tubes could launch
themselves just by the power produced from the
escaping gas. The true rocket was born.
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Organic chemistry
Chemistry and society
The name organic chemistry came from the word organism.
Prior to 1828, all organic compounds had been obtained from
organisms or their remains.
The scientific philosophy back then was that the synthesis of
organic compounds could only be produced within living matter
while inorganic compounds were synthesized from non-living
matter.
A theory known as "Vitalism" stated that a "vital force" from
living organisms was necessary to make an organic compound.
1828, a German chemist Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) amazed the
since community by using the inorganic compound ammonium
cyanate, NH4OCN to synthesize urea, H2NCONH2, an organic
substance found in the urine of many animals.
This led to the disappearance of the "Vitalism" theory.
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Organic chemistry
Chemistry and society
For the first two-thirds of the 20th century, chemistry
was seen by many as the science of the future. The potential of chemical products for enriching
society appeared to be unlimited.
Increasingly, however, and especially in the public
mind, the negative aspects of chemistry have come to the fore.
Disposal of chemical by-products at waste-disposal
sites of limited capacity has resulted in environmental
and health problems of enormous concern.
The legitimate use of drugs for the medically
supervised treatment of diseases has been tainted by
the growing misuse of mood-altering drugs.
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Mechanization
Mechanization or mechanisation is providing human operators
with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of
work.
It can also refer to the use of machines to replace manual labor oranimals.
A step beyond mechanization is automation.
the term is most often used in industry.
The addition of powered machine tools, such as the steam
powered lathe dramatically reduced the amount of time needed to
carry out various tasks, and improves productivity.
Today very little construction of any sort is carried out with hand
tools.
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Mechanization
At the beginning of the 19th century, mechanization
changed the world.
Now, it looks as if automation might have a similarimpact on society.
Automating difficult, hazardous, and tedious jobs
makes a better work environment for humans.
Robots are remarkable automation tools that havecaptured our imaginations.
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Mechanization
The invention of the steam engine at the end of the 18th century
marked the advent of the Industrial Revolution.
The social and economic impact of the Industrial Revolution on allcountries that embraced it can hardly be overstated.
Though individual strains quickly resulted and a host of new
social problems, none can argue against the increased standard of
living that resulted.
There are those that argue the current expansion of automationand robotics will have an equally profound impact on our society.
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mechanization
Machines have been enhancing human productivity
throughout history, but it wasn't until the IndustrialRevolution that mechanization escalated to alleviate
drudgeries of manual labor and increase productivity
across the board.
Machines became the backbone of production and
manufacturing, but human operators retained their
essential role in controlling the machines.
Slowly, technologies have been developed to reduce
this dependence on human controllers.
Pre-Industrial-Revolution controllers included waterdelivery controlled by clock type mechanisms and
wind aims that kept windmills facing the dominant
winds.
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Political and societal limitation
One-to-one reciprocity.
One-to-many and many-to-one
Generalized reciprocity
Plato‘s Crito, Socrates considers whether citizens
might have a duty of gratitude to obey the laws of the
state, in much the way they have duties of gratitude to
their parents. Many other philosophers haveconsidered similar questions.
political philosophy, history of; for other traditions,
Political philosophy in classical Islam;
Political philosophy, Indian; African philosophy,Anglophone;
Marxism, Chinese;Bushi philosophy; Shō toku
constitution; Sunzi; Marxist thought in Latin America.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critohttp://www.rep.routledge.com/article/S043http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H012http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/F083http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/Z007http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/Z007http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G005http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G104http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G054http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/ZA013http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/ZA013http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G054http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G107http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G104http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G005http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/Z007http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/Z007http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/F083http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H012http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/S043http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato
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Politcal and societal limitation
Economic analysis
Legal analysis
Philosophical analysis (ethics)
Justice and happiness (Aristotle) (GOOD)
Epicurus 3 century BC pleasure , healthy,
friendship
Buddha 500 BC
No killing Respect for life
No stealing Respect for others property
No sexual misconduct Respect for our pure nature
No lying
Respect for honesty
No intoxicants
Respect for a clear mind
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Cultural motivation and limitation
All human behavior is caused. People have a reason for doing
whatever they do.
All human behavior is directed toward achieving a goal. People do
things to accomplish something. Their behavior is not random. Each person is unique because of different heredity and
environment. No two people are alike, so no two people have
exactly the same characteristics.
Most of the traditional theories research methodologies do not
distinguish between different genders and cultures.Today at the time of increased globalization, lots of people seek
employment in other countries and it seems that their prime
motivator is higher wages, thus conclusions of some theories that
money is not prime motivator is uncertain. (any comments)
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Area of forest in new york‘
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Fuel consumption
Economic problems emerge due to scarcity of
resources
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Alternative use and scarce resources
resources.
We do not get adequate resources from the nature to
satisfy all our needs.
Thus an economic man always chooses for whichpurposes the resources are to be utilised.
Economics is the science of scarcity and it studies
how the scarce resources are allocated in between
different uses
“Economics is the science which studies humanbehavior as a relationship between ends and scarce
means which have alternative uses."
Wants are unlimited.
No economic problem would have arisen if man's wants
had been limited
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Alternative use and scarce resources
had been limited.
But in the real life there is no end of wants.
Wants come to half after the death of a man.
Wants rise one after another.
Wants differ in intensity.
Some wants are more intense than others.
As the wants differ in intensity, people allocate
resources to maximise their want satisfaction.
As against wants means to satisfy these wants are
limited.
Unlimited resources would pose no economic problem
as all wants would have been satisfied with unlimited
resources.
Thus there would have been no problem of choosing
between the wants and allocating resources between
them.
The resources refer to natural productive resources,
man made capital goods consumer goods time
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Alternative use and scarce resources
man-made capital goods, consumer goods, time
available with man etc.
The scarce resources have alternative uses.
The scan resources can be put into various uses.Monetary resources can either be utilised for the
production of consumer goods or for the production of
capital goods.
The owner has to decide for which use resources
should be allocated. If the resources would have single use only the
question of choice would not have arisen.
It is because of the alternative uses of resources we
have to decide the best allocation of resources.
With limited wants and unlimited resources a humanbeing faces the problem of choice.
The problem of choice arises due to the presence of
limited resources and the resources are alternatively
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Alternative use and scarce resources
limited resources and the resources are alternatively
used.
In the face of limited resources a man has to choose
which want to satisfy first and which want to reject. He arranges different wants in order of their necessity
for him.
The most urgent wants are satisfied and the less urgent
wants are postponed for future.
The Professor Robbin remarks, when time and meansfor achieving ends are limited and capable of
alternative application and the ends are capable of
being distinguished in order of importance, then
behavior necessarily assume the form of choice."
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scarcity
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Discussion
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causes of international tensions
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Drinking Water crisis
A comprehensive report by former World Bank chief
economist Nicholas Stern undertaken on behalf of
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Climate change and GDP
economist Nicholas Stern undertaken on behalf of
the UK government documents both the costs of
climate change and of options for mitigation and
adaptation. The Stern report estimates the cost of a changed
climate could be from 5 percent to 20 percent of
global GDP.
Costs include those related to losses from declining
agricultural production, heat-waves, droughts,flooding events, extreme precipitation, biodiversity
loss, disease spread, and soil erosion.
Conversely, the study estimates that a stabilization at
500-550 ppm CO2equivalent CO2e, a measure of the
contribution of six key greenhouse gases) will cost
the global community roughly 1 percent of GDP by
2050.
Necessary changes the power sector.
Policies called for in the Stern report include a strong
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Climate change and GDP
Policies called for in the Stern report include a strong
carbon signal through taxes, trading, or regulation,
and research and development into low carbon-
intensive technologies. In addition, Stern suggests that activities to curtail
greenhouse gas emissions will be substantially more
expensive if action is delayed rather than initiated in
the near future:
if we fail to act within the next decade or two,stabilization at 550 ppm CO2e may be too challenging
to achieve at all.
, Hydrology Professor Uri Shamir
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causes of international tensions
once noted: ‗If there is a political
will for peace, water will not be
a hindrance. If you want reasons
to fight, water will give you
ample opportunities‘
Peace
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causes of international tensions
Conflict
Climate change Food security
Water
Route
Sustainable security focuses on the interconnected, long- term drivers of insecurity, including:
Cli h l f i f i
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causes of international tensions
• Climate change: loss of infrastructure, resource scarcityand the mass displacement of peoples, leading to civilunrest, intercommunal violence and internationalinstability.
• Competition over resources: competition for increasinglyscarce resources – including food, water and energy –especially from unstable parts of the world.
• Marginalisation of the majority world: increasing socio-economic divisions and the political, economic and culturalmarginalisation of the vast majority of the world‘spopulation.
• Global militarisation: the increased use of military forceas a security measure and the further spread of military technologies (including chemical, biological, radiologicaland nuclear weapons).
ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY ANDECONOMY; GENERAL AND
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Why engineering and safety?
ECONOMY; GENERAL ANDMISCELLANEOUS//MATHEMATICS, COMPUTING, ANDINFORMATION SCIENCE; HEALTHHAZARDS; RISK ASSESSMENT;OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY;REGULATIONS; COST BENEFIT
ANALYSIS; DECISION MAKING;PRODUCTIVITY; HAZARDS;SAFETY
Marginalisation is an issue both between and withinnations, with income inequality labeled as a driver ofi it th d d i lit i
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causes of international tensions
insecurity a common thread, and inequality in powerrelations highlighted by the role of unelected forcese.g. the military.
• Militarisation is an issue both at a local level (theavailability of small arms and light weapons,particularly those with an entrenched and seeminglyintractable culture of violence), and at a regionallevel e.g. arms race dynamics in Asia feedinginsecurity.
• Environmental issues (including climate change
and competition over resources) will feed into waterand food insecurity, and affect nations that rely onnatural resources. Natural disasters will occur moreoften because of a changing climate, and this willplace demands on some already fragile governments
C t– b fit d th i k t
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Risk, cost benefit and engineering
decision
Cost– benefi t and other risk acceptance
studies are routinely conducted by the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, theEnvironmental Protection Agency, the
Federal Aviation Administration, and other
agencies. These studies are particularly
useful for low probability–high consequence
events where public safety is a key criterionfor decision making. This includes the
design and assessment of buildings, bridges,
levees, and other infrastructure systems for
protection against seismic, flood, hurricaneand other natural hazards.
Since the events of SEP 11 there has been much focus
on preventing or mitigating damage and casualties
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causes of international tensions
on preventing or mitigating damage and casualties
caused by terrorist activity. For example, since 2001
over $300 billion has been spent
by US government agencies on counterterrorism(CT) protective measures in the US homeland. Of
this, approximately $90 billion has been spent by the
US government on ‘protecting critical infrastructure
and key resources
A key issue is whether this CT expenditure has been invested in a manner that optimises public
safety in a cost-effective manner.
This is why the 9-11 Commission report, amongst
others, called on the US government to implement
security measures that reflect assessment of risks andcost effectiveness
Technology advances risk are unavoidable
Engineers are in social experimentation
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risk
Engineers are in social experimentation
Multiple responsibilities
Social benefit and risk
risk /risk/
Noun:A situation involving exposure to danger:
"flouting the law was too much of a
risk".Verb:Expose (someone or something valued) to
danger, harm, or loss: "he risked his life to save his
dog".Synonyms:noun . hazard - peril - jeopardy -danger - venture - chance
verb . hazard - venture - jeopardize - adventure -
chance
RISK ANALYSIS
Possible alternatives
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causes of international tensions
Possible alternatives
Specify objectives and measure the effect
Identify consequences
Quantify the alternatives
Analyses the alternatives
MANAGING RISK
Deal with uncertaintiesFocus Specific classes of risk
Commitment to immediate solution
Inflexibility in risk analysis
Risk management does not promote consensus,
collaboration cooperation
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Cost / Benefit / Risk Analysis
Cost / Benefit
1. Define, or breakdown the plan / decision /process into its elements by drawing up a
flowchart or list of inputs, outputs, activities
and events.
2. Calculate, research or estimate the cost and
benefit associated with each element. (Include
if possible direct, indirect, financial and social
costs and benefits)
3. Compare the sum of the costs with the sum
of the benefits.
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Cost / Benefit / Risk Analysis
Benefit / Risk
4. Rank the elements into a hierarchy thatreflects their impact of their potential success /
failure on the whole process. If the variation in
the potential impact of the ranked elements is
significant, then:
5. Assign weighting values to each element.
6. Estimate the likelihood of success or failure
of each element.
7. Multiply the likelihood of success or failure
for each element by its weighting value.
8. Compare the risk (result of 7) with the costs
and benefits associated with (3).
en·gi·neer·ing /ˌenjəˈni(ə)riNG/
N Th b h f i d
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What is engineering
Noun: The branch of science and technology concerned with the
design, building, and use ofengines, machines, andstructures.
The work done by, or theoccupation of, an engineer.
Synonyms :technique - technics
Engineering is the practical application of
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What is Engineering?
g g p ppscience and math to solve problems, and it iseverywhere in the world around you.
From the start to the end of each day,engineering technologies improve the ways that we communicate, work, travel, stay healthy, andentertain ourselves.
Engineers are problem-solvers who want to
make things work more efficiently and quicklyand less expensively.
From computer chips and satellites to medicaldevices and renewable energy technologies,engineering makes our modern life possible.
In particular, engineers have a wide range ofstudy options and career paths that let themdesign, build, and manage those ideas intoreality.
ed·u·ca·tion
[ej-oo -key-shuh n] Show IPA
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what is education?
u 1. the act or process of imparting or acquiring generalknowledge, developing the powers ofreasoning andjudgment, and generally of prepari
ng oneself or othersintellectually for mature life. 2. the act or process of imparting or acquiring pa
rticularknowledge or skills, as for a profession.
3.a degree, level, or kind of schooling: a universit y education.
4. the result produced by instruction, training, or study: toshow one's education.
5. the science or art of teaching; pedagogics.
1. instruction, schooling, learning. EDUCATION, TRAINING imp
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Synonyms of education
ly a
discipline and development by means of study and learning.
EDUCATION
is the development of the abilities of the mind(learning to know): a liberal education. TRAINING is practical
education (learning to do) or practice, usually under supervi
sion,
in some art, trade, or profession: training in art, teacher trai
ning. 4. learning, knowledge, enlightenment. EDUCATION, CUL
TURE are
often used interchangeably to mean the results of schooling.
EDUCATION, however, suggests chiefly the information acqui
red. CULTURE is a mode of thought and feeling encouraged by
education. It suggests an aspiration toward, and an apprecia
tionof high intellectual and esthetic ideals: The level of culture i
n country depends upon the education of its people.
What Is Education? is a profound philosophical explorationof how we transmit knowledge in human society and how
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What is Education?
of how we transmit knowledge in human society and how we think about accomplishing that vital task.
Most contemporary approaches to education follow astrictly empirical track, aiming to discover pragmaticsolutions for teachers and school administrators.
Jackson argues that we need to learn not just how toimprove on current practices but also how to think about
what education means—in short, we need to answer Dewey
by constantly rethinking education from the ground up.Guiding us through the many facets of Dewey‘s comments, Jackson also calls on Hegel, Kant, and Paul Tillich to shedlight on how a society does, can, and should transmit truthand knowledge to successive generations.
Teasing out the implications in these thinkers‘ worksultimately leads Jackson to the conclusion that education is
at root a moral enterprise.
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Before the Industrial Revolution in
the late 18th century there were
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History of engineering
the late 18th century, there were
only two kinds of engineers:
Military engineers – who built
fortifications, catapults, and later,
cannons
Civil engineers – who built bridges,harbors, aqueducts, buildings and
other structures
Engineering is an incredibly broad field which involves the
harnessing of mathematical and scientific concepts to create
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engineering
practical and useful things, ranging from automobiles to
wind turbines. This field is huge, encompassing people in a
wide range of industries, and some people call it ―theinvisible science,‖ because engineers are often unsung and
unheralded, despite the fact that the work they do is very
important. Many colleges and universities offer courses in
engineering, for people who are interested in pursuing this
field as a career.
Engineering is a very ancient field of human endeavor. Early
humans utilized their knowledge of the natural world to
figure out things like irrigation schemes and how to build
boats which didn't sink. Over time, as humans learned more
about science and mathematics, engineering got more
complex, and this field paved the way for the modern society
we live in today. Chances are that you are benefiting from a
product of engineering right now, as you are probably using a
computer to read this article.
There are a number of subfields encompassed by engineering.
Among these are mechanical, computer, electrical, military,
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engineering
civil, environmental, aerospace, and chemical engineering. All
of these fields require different types of training; aerospace
engineers, for example, learn a great deal about physics andspace in the course of their work, while environmental
engineers consider issues like pollution control and the
impact of humans on their environment.
An engineering education is based on a strong
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What is engineering?
foundation in math and science.
Additional courses emphasize the application of this
knowledge to a specific engineering field.
Studies in the social sciences and the humanities give
the engineer a broader education.
Engineering Technology Council of the AmericanSociety for Engineering Education.
E i i h l i h f i i hi h
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What is engineering?
Engineering technology is the profession in which a knowledge of mathematics and natural sciences
gained by higher education, experience, and practice is devoted primarily to the implementation and extension of existing technology for the benefit of humanity.
Engineering technology education focuses primarily
on the applied aspects of science and engineering aimed at preparing graduates for practice in that portion of the technological spectrum closest to product improvement, manufacturing, construction, and engineering operational functions.
Thus engineering technology is the application ofengineering principles and modern technology tohelp solve or prevent technical problems.
Update and expand your technical skills
and knowledge
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Education and training
and knowledge
Understand and apply new technologies
Solve on-the-job problems
Network with your peers
Industry expects an increasing shortage of high qualityengineers over the next years.
Industry and universities are in good agreement on the
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Engineering education & training in 21st century
Industry and universities are in good agreement on the ways in which university engineering courses should be improved to provide graduates better motivated and
attuned to the needs of industry and business. Research quality has benefited from the strong focus
on research performance and increased funding forresearch.
We must now turn that focus on teaching and makeour learning and teaching approaches for engineeringstudents fit for 21st Century ‗learners‘ and able todeliver the knowledge and skills industry needs.
This requires increased funding for engineeringcourses and an increase in the perceived status of andreward for innovative teaching in our strongest
universities.
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Ethi
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Ethics,
environment, equality,
sustainability etc