establishment of national gis of korea

2. AN OUTLINE OF THE KOREAN HOUSING MARKET

Establishment of National GIS of Korea

Korea RResearch IInstitute ffor HHuman SSettlements

KRIHS SPECIAL REPORT2007

Geospatial Information Research Center

Copyright 2007 Korea ResearchInstitute for Human Settlements

All rights reserved. Printed in theRepublic of Korea. No part of thispublication may be reproduced inany manner without writtenpermission from KRIHS except inthe case of brief quotationsembodied in critical articles andreviews. For more information,please address inquiries to: KoreaResearch Institute for HumanSettlements, 224 Simin-ro, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 431-712, Korea.

Anyang: Korea Research Institutefor Human Settlements, 2007

p.cmIncludes bibliographical referencesISBN 978-89-8182-528-7

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Supply and use of computers have become widespread since the mid 1980's inKorea. In line with this, public institutions and local governments began to useGeographic Information Systems (GIS), and as GIS application was graduallyextended, the need for national standards and criteria has been raised that areessential for data compatibility. GIS also became spotlighted as a means by which onecan accurately identify and effectively manage underground facilities, following twotragic events: an underground storage tank explosion that occurred in Seoul in 1994,and an explosion at a Daegu subway construction site which occurred in 1995. Underthis backdrop, the need for the National GIS (NGIS) was actively discussed,culminating in the initiation of the NGIS Project in 1995. Under the NGIS Project, aMaster Plan has been established every five years. Also, under the initiative, thenation has expanded infrastructure for national spatial information through variousefforts including framework data construction, standards setting-up, technologydevelopment, GIS education and distribution network construction.

During the first five years of the project (1995~2000), the infrastructure forfundamental spatial information was constructed, which included converting existingpaper topographic maps into digital maps, and digitizing cadastral maps,underground facilities maps and road network maps. The next 6 years of the project(2001~2005) set up the institutional infrastructure such as establishment of relatedlaws. Also, a GIS-based administrative information system was established andapplied for each individual sector. Since 2005, the nation has been promoting a projectof advancing the National Spatial Data Infrastructure targeting informatization of thenational territory to accommodate the ubiquitous information environment.

Korea has expanded infrastructure for national spatial information over the past 12years, successfully implementing the NGIS Project. On this basis, public institutionshave improved their administrative efficiency and public services. Also, privateenterprises have contributed to activating the service industry exploiting geospatialinformation. It is my wish that this report, which summarizes the progress, will befrequently referred to by GIS experts overseas who are interested in the NGIS Projectof Korea. In particular, I hope that this report will be useful for developing countriesin Asia, who wish to learn from experiences and know-hows on NGIS construction ofKorea.

Byung-Sun Choe, Ph. D.President

Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements

FOREWORD

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Foreword

Authors

Acronyms and Abbreviations

1. Outline of Korea National GIS Sakong, Ho-Sang

1) Background and Purpose2) Process and Status of NGIS Project3) Functions and Roles of Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements4) Future Plan

2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure 1) Framework Data Shin, Dong-Bin

2) NGIS Standard Kim, Mi-Jeong

3) National Geographic Information Clearinghouse Shin, Dong-Bin

4) NGIS Technology Development Chung, Moon-Sub

5) GIS Education Han, Shun-Hee

6) Institutions and Organizations Lee, Young-Joo

7) Research Projects for NGIS Seo, Ki-Hwan

3. Major NGIS Projects1) Korea Land Information Systems Choe, Byong-Nam & Kim, Kirl

2) Roads and Underground Facilities Management SystemsKim, Jung-Hoon & Han, Jay-II

3) Korea Planning Support Systems Kim, Kirl

Contents

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Authors

Authors

Choe, Byong-Nam Research Fellow of KRIHS. Ph.D. in Management Information Systems, KoreaAdvanced Institute of Science and Technology. Major research fields are National GIS policy and analysis, anddesign of GIS applications. Recent research works include 「A Study on the Basic Framework of the NationalTerritorial Policy Decision Support Systems」(2007), 「Development of Korea Planning Support Systems」(2006~2007), 「Strategies for Creating Cyber National Territory toward the Ubiquitous World(II)」(2005),「Integrated Spatiotemporal Simulation Model for National Territorial Policy(I, II)」(2005~2006), 「Strategies forImplementation GIS-based Local e-Government」(2004), 「Development of Land Information Systems」(1998~2004), 「Methods and Strategies for Construction Land Use Monitoring System」(2003), and 「A Study onthe 2nd(2000) and 3rd(2005) National GIS Master Plan」. ([email protected])

Chung, Moon-Sub Research Fellow of KRIHS. Completed Ph.D. course in Geomatics, Inha University.Major research fields are National Territorial Information System and GIS policy. Recent research worksinclude 「Strategies for Building Disaster Prevention Territory Using GIS」(2006), 「Strategies of DigitalNetworked Territory for Ubiquitous World」(2005), 「Vision and Policy Issues for National GeographicInformation System in Korea」(2004), 「Strategies for Integrated National Territorial Information System」(2003),

「A Study on the Strategies for National Spatial Data Infrastructure」(2003), 「A Study on the Appraisal forNational Geographic Information System」(2002) and 「A Study on Strategies for Local GovernmentInformatization Using GIS」(2000). ([email protected])

Han, Jay-Il Assistant Research Fellow of KRIHS. Master of Science in Civil Engineering, MyongjiUniversity. Major research fields are National Geographic Framework Database, National GeographicInformation Standards, and Roads & Underground Facilities Database management. Recent research worksinclude 「R&D on Intelligent Urban Underground Facilities Management」(2007), 「Strategies for NGISStandards」(2006), 「Methods to Integrate and Manage National Framework Data」(2006), and 「A Study on thePromotion of Integrated Management Plan of Roads and Underground Facilities Database」(2003).([email protected])

Han, Shun-Hee Associate Research Fellow of KRIHS. Bachelor in Computer Engineering, DonggukUniversity. Major research fields are National GIS policy and statistics. Recent research works include「Methods to Survey on the Status of Use of Territory in North Korea」(2006), 「Strategies for Creating CyberNational Territory toward the Ubiquitous World(II)」(2005), 「A Study on the 3rd NGIS Master Plan」(2004),「Assembling Geographic Information in North Korea : Focusing on Non-Field Survey Methodology」(2004),「The Study on the Accuracy Measurement Methods of Geographic Information」(2002), 「Cyber TerritoryConstruction in Digital Age」(2001), and 「Land Use Interpretation Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery ofKaeseong, North Korea」(2001). ([email protected])

Kim, Jung-Hoon Research Fellow of KRIHS. Ph.D. in Town and Country Planning, University ofNewcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Major research fields are National GIS policy and u-City. Recent research worksinclude 「The Study on the Planning System for the Realization of u-City」(2007), 「The National Strategies forthe Realization of u-City」(2006), 「A Study on the Application of Land Form Standards for the Rational Choiceof Available Lands For Developmen」(2005), and 「A Study on Implementation Strategies of Urban InformationSystem Based on Common-Use Program for facilities Management」(2004). ([email protected])

Kim, Kirl Associate Research Fellow of KRIHS. Ph.D. in Geography, Florida State University. Majorresearch areas are urban geography, quantitative geography and GIS. Recent research papers include 「AStudy on the Basic Frameworks of the National Territorial Policy Decision Support Systems」(2007), 「KoreaPlanning Support Systems」(2006~2007), 「The Strategies of Developing the Korea Planning Support Systems」(2007), and 「The Causes and Factors Generating Gentrification in Seoul」(2007). ([email protected])

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Authors

Kim, Mi-Jeong Associate Research Fellow of KRIHS. Ph.D. in Geography, Konkuk University. Majorresearch fields are National GIS policy and analysis, and land information system. Major research worksinclude 「Methods and Strategies for Land Use Regulation Information System」(2005), 「3rd National GISMaster Plan」(2005), 「Development of Land Information Systems」(1998~2005), 「Strategies for ImplementationGIS_based Local e-Government」(2004), and 「Methods and Strategies for Construction Land Use MonitoringSystem」(2003). ([email protected])

Lee, Young-Joo Associate Research Fellow of KRIHS. Ph.D. in Media and Governance, Keio University.Major research areas are National GIS policy and business GIS. Major research projects and studies include「Assessment and Establishment of Action Program for National GIS Projects」(2006), 「A Study on a WhitePaper of the 2nd National GIS Project」(2006), and 「A Study on the 3rd National GIS Master Plan」(2005).([email protected])

Sakong, Ho-Sang Director of the Geospatial Information Research Center of KRIHS. Ph.D. in UrbanPlanning, University of Seoul. Major research projects and studies concerning national policy of GIS/RemoteSensing include 「NGIS Strategies for Preparing Paradigm Shift of Geospatial Information」(2007), 「SupportStudy of NGIS Policy and Implementation」(2006), 「A Study on the 3rd NGIS Master Plan」(2004), 「Strategiesfor Integrated National Territorial Information System」(2003), and 「Urban Analysis through Integration ofRemotely Sensed Data and GIS」(2002). ([email protected])

Seo, Ki-Hwan Associate Research Fellow of KRIHS. Master in Geographic Information Systems,Kyungpook National University. Major research fields are spatial decision support and GIS. Recent researchworks include 「Strategies for NGIS in Preparation for Paradigm Shift in Geospatial Information」(2007),

「Methods to Survey on the Status of Use of Territory in North Korea」(2006), 「Assembling North Korea'sGeographic Information to Promote Cooperation between South and North Korea」(2005), 「A Study on the 3rdNational GIS Master Plan」(2004), and 「Strategies for Integrated National Territorial Information System」(2003). ([email protected])

Shin, Dong-Bin Research Fellow of KRIHS. P.E, Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, Yonsei University. Majorresearch fields are National GIS policy, Geographic Information Circulation and Quality Control of GISDatabase. Recent research works include 「Strategies for Enhancing National Geographic InformationClearinghouse」(2006), 「A Study on the Promotion of Integrated Management Plan of Roads and UndergroundFacilities Database」(2003), 「A Study on Implementation Strategies to Build Framework Database」(2002), 「AStudy on the Audit of Underground Facility Database」(2002), 「A Study on a White Paper of the 1st NationalGIS Construction Project」(2002), and 「A Study on the Unified Management for Roads and UndergroundFacilities Database」(2002). ([email protected])

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

GIS Geographic Information Systems

KLIS Korea Land Information Systems

KOPSS Korea Planning Support Systems

KRIHS Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements

LBS Location Based Service

LMIS Land Management Information System

MCIE Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy

MIC Ministry of Information and Communication

MOCT Ministry of Construction and Transportation

MOGAHA Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs

NGIC National Geographic Information Clearinghouse

NGIS National Geographic Information Systems

NSDI National Spatial Data Infrastructure

PBLIS Parcel-based Land Information System

WAMP Widely Applicable Management Program

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1. Outline of Korea National GIS

1) Background and Purpose

In Korea, the concept of a Geographic Information System (GIS) was introduced in thelate 1980's. On an independent basis, some local governments, public institutions andprivate sector companies began to carry out GIS projects. With multiple GIS projectsbeing conducted by separate institutions, problems arose such as duplicated dataimplementation, lack of compatibility and quality deterioration. It soon became evi-dent that it was necessary to formulate national standards and present a diversity ofstandards so as to prevent waste and improve data interoperability. That is, a well-structured arrangement and planned promotion was required.

In addition, Korea was faced with a range of problems that includedenvironmental pollution, traffic jams, and a lack of basic infrastructure, as a result ofrapid industrialization and urbanization that had occurred in the past 20 years (fromthe beginning of the 1990s). The necessity of new analysis and a managementtechnique for solving it became conspicuous. Specifically, the occurrence of a city gassupply base explosion in Ahyeon-dong, Seoul in 1994, and a subway construction sitegas pipe explosion in Sangin-dong, Daegu in 1995 became decisive moments for theintroduction of the NGIS.

Accordingly, the Korean government established the ‘NGIS Master Plan’ andbegan to actively execute the NGIS Project in May 1998, in order to establish theNational Spatial Information Infrastructure (NSDI) systematically and consistently.

2) Process and Status of NGIS Project

The first NGIS Project (1995~2000) was intended to construct spatial information, withthe goals of strengthening national competitiveness and improving administrativeproductivity. In order to realize these goals, the government constructed spatial infor-mation DB and established NGIS standards and developed GIS software. In this peri-od, the government concentrated on the computerization of the national basemap,which was the basis of national spatial information. That is, it computerized the topo-graphic map published by the government at the scales of 1/5000, 1/25000, and

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Description 1st NGIS Master Plan 2nd NGIS Master Plan 3rd NGIS Master Plan

Vision

To construct national spa-tial data, to strengthennational competitivenessand to improve ministrativeproductivity

To realize a digital nationalterritory by expanding theNSDI

To create infrastructure forrealization of ubiquitouscountry

Objectives

Spatial DB constructionNational standard accep-tance and GIS S/W devel-opmentEstablishment of basicspatial DB standard

Development of digitalnational territory founda-tionInternet utilization andapplication of geographicinformationCore technology develop-ment and industry promo-tionContinuous developmentof infrastructure environ-ment, such as standardiza-tion and GIS education

Realization of GIS-based e-GovernmentImprovement of quality oflife through GISCreation of new business-es by using GIS

Strategies

Construction of basic spa-tial DB infrastructureSpatial data standardiza-tionGovernment GIS applica-tion system developmentImprovement of relatedregulations

Expansion of the NSDIImprovement of distribu-tion systemStrong support from gov-ernment Strengthening of mutualpartnershipMaximization of public-centered service

Expansion and substantial-ization of fundamental geo-graphic informationMaximization of GIS usePromotion of developmentof GIS core technologyEstablishment of NGIS stan-dard systemAdvancement of GIS policy

〈Table 1〉Vision of NGIS Master Plan

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1/50000, and also computerized the Cadastral Map, Land Use Map, and the road net-work. In addition, the government formulated the standards required for data con-struction, and developed the related technologies. In 2000, it laid the groundwork forthe NGIS, through formulating and executing the 「Act on the Implementation andUtilization of the National Geographic Information System (NGIS Law)」.

The second NGIS Project (2001~2005) was aimed at realizing a digital nationalterritory through the expansion of the NSDI. In order to actualize this, theinfrastructure environment was continuously constructed through a range ofinitiatives, and this included the arrangement of the foundation of the digital nationalterritory, the distribution of geographic information via the Internet, core GIStechnology development & industry support, standardization and manpowercultivation. In this period, the government concentrated on establishing theapplication system with the framework data. The framework data includedadministrative districts, traffic, marine & water resources, cadastre, geodetic controlpoints, topography, facilities, satellite images and aerial photos: geographicalinformation that became the most basic framework of the nation. In addition, thegovernment executed the application system construction project in each ministryusing the implemented geographic information. It also established an infrastructurethat enabled public institutions to share information each other and acquiregeographical information easily, which was the national geographic informationdistribution network.

The third NGIS Project (2006~2010) set the goal of building up the infrastructurefor the realization of Ubiquitous territory. To achieve this goal, the government hasexpanded, reinforced, and maximized GIS utilization, developed GIS's coretechnologies, established a NGIS standard system, and advanced GIS policy. Theconcept of ubiquitous territory refers to an environment in which everyone canacquire and utilize spatial information easily, anytime and anywhere. To achieve this,the government plans to complete the framework data construction, to build theintegrated GIS DB, and to develop the Intelligent National Territorial InformationTechnology before 2010.

For the first NGIS Project, a budget of approximate 280 billion won wasinvested, including national expenses and the local government's expense. For thesecond NGIS Project, a budget of approximate 550 billion won was spent(onlynational expense). Finally, a total budget of 1.5 trillion won is scheduled to be requiredfor the third NGIS Project.

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Description 1st NGIS Project 2nd NGIS Project 3rd NGIS Project

Topographical map andcadastral map computeri-zationConstruction of ‘special’maps, such as land utiliza-tion status map

Construction of frame-work data by sector, suchas road, river, building andcultural heritage

Inclusion of StatisticalDistricts in framework dataCompletion of frameworkdata construction by 2010

Underground facilitiesmap construction

GIS application systemdevelopment, such as landutilization, environment,agriculture and marineand GIS education

Linkage and integration ofindividual GIS applicationsystems

Formulation of DB con-struction-related standards,such as national basemapand ‘special’ mapsFormulation of geographi-cal information exchangeand distribution-relatedstandards

Formulation of 1 standardfor framework data, 13standards for geographicalinformation construction, 5standards for distribution,and 4 standards for theapplication system

Re-establishment of frame-work data standardModification and supple-mentation of existing stan-dardsStrengthening of standardapplication PR

Mapping technology, DBTool, GIS S/W technologydevelopment

Technology developmentsuch as 3-dimensional GIS,and high-precision satelliteimage processing

Intelligent National TerritorialInformation TechnologyDevelopment project

Manpower cultivationthrough informatizationlabor projectOff-line GIS education

Off-line and On-line GISeducationEducation materials andpractice program develop-ment

Operation of 15 GIS educa-tion universitiesProduction of On-line edu-cation contents

Pilot NGIC project promotion NGIC establishment: Atotal of 139 types andabout 700,000 cases regis-tered

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〈Table 2〉Accomplishments of NGIS Project

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3) Functions and Roles of Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements

Because the NGIS Project has involved the active participation of many ministries,including the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, the Ministry of GovernmentAdministration and Home Affairs (MOGAHA), the Ministry of the Environment, theMinistry of Information and Communication (MIC) and the Ministry of Commerce,Industry and Energy (MCIE), as well as the Ministry of Construction and Transportation(MOCT), the role of the NGIS Management Agency is very important. As the NGISManagement Agency of the NGIS Promotion Committee, the Korea Research Institutefor Human Settlements (KRIHS) has taken the initiative in executing the NGIS Projectby developing related policies and by monitoring the project. The KRIHS establishedthe 1st, 2nd and 3rd NGIS Master Plan, and has constantly developed NGIS policies andstrategies through its research. In particular, the KRIHS has directly executed the frame-work data, standards, distribution, and GIS education project, which are the core factorsof the NSDI, and has developed the related policies. That is, it has played the role of apolicy brain.

The KRIHS planned the NGIS Project conducted by the government, and took theinitiative in developing the technology and system while executing the policy functions.Its representative project is the Korea Land Information Systems (KLIS). For this project,the KRIHS conducted basic research, experimental research and a pilot project. Theproject was then implemented by the MOCT. In addition, the KRIHS has established theGIS analysis technique and analysis model through basic research, and has recentlyconcentrated on the Decision Support System using GIS.

4) Future Plan

As shown in <Figure 1>, the Korean government has resolved 'infrastructure develop-ment for the realization of ubiquitous national territory’ as the policy principle behindthe currently-implemented third NGIS Project. The goal of the project encompasses thepublic sector, the civil sector and industrial sector. The public sector goals target the cen-tral government and the local governments, and include realization of GIS-based e-gov-ernment. The civil sector goals include the promotion of civil safety and conveniencethrough the utilization of GIS. Also, the industrial sector will research new industrialdevelopments, such as the service utilizing GIS and g-Contents development. Strategiesfor the third NGIS Project are as follows;

Firstly, strengthen the NSDI, such as the framework data, standard, distribution

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technology development, and GIS education. It is necessary to modify, supplement andupdate the NSDI continuously, not simply execute for a certain period. Accordingly, thethird NGIS Project will concentrate on reinforcing and enhancing the NSDI.

Secondly, maximize the application value of the NGIS. It intends to executenational territory informatization, to enable active responses to changes in theinformation environment. It will also establish the Integrated Land Information System,which links or integrates individually operated information systems, to easily applyspatial information anytime and anywhere. In order to develop the technology toconnect the GIS with the ubiquitous information environment, the korean governmentis expected to execute the Intelligent National Territorial Information TechnologyDevelopment Project, for 5 years starting from this year.

Thirdly, construct a user-oriented NGIS. In the beginning of the NGIS Project, thefocus was on building the NSDI. However, in this stabilization phase, the NGIS Projectaims to construct custom-made geographic information, or an application systemdesired by users.

Lastly, because the NGIS is one part of national information infrastructure, theNGIS Project will not independently execute the project, but collaborate with othernational informatization-related projects. For example, it is effective to maintain acooperative relationship with e-government projects and IT-based projects.

The NSDI is the important national infrastructure required for continuousterritory development, support for the nation’s economic activity, development of a safeand convenient living environment, and efficient & productive administration. Untilnow, the focus has been on the GIS establishment of the public sector, by the central andthe local governments. However, a course of development must be pursued that allowsfor the activation of GIS-based private industry, and the expansion of GIS contents in thepublic service.

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〈Figure 1〉3rd NGIS Master Plan Schema

MainProjects

Strategies

Realization ofGIS-based

e-Government

Improvement ofquality of lifethrough GIS

Creation ofnew businesses

by using GISObjectives

Creation of Infrastructurefor Realization of Ubiquitous Country

Vision

Expansion andsubstantiation

of NGIS infrastructure

Construction ofuser-oriented national

spatial information

Expansion and substantiation offundamental geographic information

Maximization of GIS use

Promotion of development ofGIS core technologies

Establishment of NGIS standard system

Advancement of GIS policy

Maximization ofNGIS use value

Cooperation with nationalinformatization project

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2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure

2. Present Status of National Spatial DataInfrastructure

1) Framework Data

(1) Outline of Framework Data

As the information society has developed, the demand for applied geographic data inthe private sector and public sector has substantially increased. This demand for geo-graphic data has continuously increased on all fronts; from individuals, public institu-tions, and industry. To effectively respond to this increasing demand, while ensuringreliability and preventing waste from overlapping construction, geographic data mustbe constructed and supplied at the national level. Most countries around the worldhave constructed the most basic geographic information and supplied it to the public.This can be referred to as framework data. Recognizing the importance and necessityof framework data, Korea has been also promoting framework data construction as apriority task of the NGIS Project.

In Korea, a definition for framework data and the items of framework data isprescribed in the NGIS Law. According to the NGIS Law, there must be geographicinformation that becomes a basic framework in construction and application of theNGIS as requisites of framework data. Secondly, there must be basic geographicinformation, which is extensive and is required by a range of users. Thirdly, theremust be many types of geographic information that add or overlap, diagrammaticallyor spatially.

Also, the object of the framework data is specified in the 「Enforcement Decree ofthe Implementation and Utilization of the National Geographic Information SystemACT」. Framework data, as specified by the president, means administrative districts,transportation, marine & water resources (including the sewer system), land register,geodetic control points, topography, facilities (including national cultural heritage andthe designated cultural heritage of Si & Do), satellite images & aerial photos, andother geographic information designated by the head of the related centraladministrative organ by the committee’s review. As the Statistical District is includedin the above framework data, it has been adjusted into 10 fields.

As prescribed in the NGIS Law, because the framework data is the informationthat provides the most basic framework, and is the NSDI that is commonly used inextensive and varied fields, the framework data must be built according to strictstandards and guidelines.

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(2) Framework Data Construction to Date

In the period of the first NGIS Project (1995~2000), the framework data constructionproject was not conducted in a strict sense. This was because there was a fundamentalcondition required prior to constructing the framework data. At that time, there wereno existing standards with regard to construction of geographic information in digitalform. Accordingly, in this period, research was performed to determine a plan for con-structing framework data that was suitable for our needs. Also, we carried out taskssuch as construction of framework data of an experimental level for a project areaprior to fully promoting the project.

〈Figure 2> Framework Data Items

OverlappingUtilization

Administrative district

Transportation

Facilities

Water resources

Ocean

Cadastre

Geodetic control point

Topography

Spatial imagery

Statistical district

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For the second NGIS Project period (2001~2005), the framework data wasactively constructed. In 2004, the framework data model standards of administrativedistrict, transportation, facilities and water resources fields were formulated. In 2005,the framework data construction for the transportation, facility and water resourcesfields were completed. In addition, the framework data-related DB constructionproject has been constantly executed for the ocean, spatial imagery, geodetic controlpoint and cadastre.

(3) Method of Framework Data Construction

Because the framework data are composed of 10 different items, it is difficult for oneorganization to implement completely. For this reason, it is desirable that a legally oroccupationally related public institution should implement and continue to maintainthe framework data. Therefore, as shown in <Figure 3>, the boundary of the adminis-trative district is the responsibility of the MOGAHA, while transportation is the

〈Figure 3> Institutions in Charge of Framework Data Construction

Administrative district

Transportation

Facilities

Cadastre

Water resources

Ocean

Topography

Geodetic control point

Spatial imagery

Statistics

Ministry of Government Administration and Home AffairsMinistry of Construction and Transportation

National Geographic Information Institute

National Geographic Information InstituteCultural Heritage Administration

Ministry of Government Administration and Home AffairsMinistry of Construction and Transportation

National Geographic Information InstituteKorea Water Resource Corporation

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and FisheriesNational Oceanographic Research Institute

National Geographic Information Institute

Korea National Statistical Office

Primary Institution

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responsibility of the National Geographic Information Institute. Also, the shoreline isthe responsibility of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, and the topogra-phy, geodetic control points and spatial imagery is the responsibility of the NationalGeographic Information Institute. Finally, the statistical district is the responsibility ofthe Korea National Statistical Office. In other words, a responsible organization hasbeen designated for each item.

Institutions that implement the framework data will implement and update thedata by determining the object of implementation, the level of quality, the productionmethod and the production plan for each field through discussions with the MOCT.

(4) Status of Framework Data Construction

The most desirable situation would be to newly develop framework data according tocurrent requirements in terms of quality. However, as this would involve a lot of timeand expense, the framework data have been implemented through application of adigital topographic map. That is, the procedure to connect a structured editing andattribute information after extracting the geographic information layer from the Digi-tal Topographic Map has been additionally executed.

As the status of the framework data implementation shown in <Table 3>, thetransportation, facilities, cadastre and water resource sectors were completelyimplemented, and have been continuously updated as of the end of 2006. Theadministrative district, ocean, topography, and geodetic control point sectors arecurrently under construction. The spatial imagery and statistical district sectors arescheduled to be implemented beginning in 2008.

Because the framework data have been constructed applying digital topographicmap layers, its quality in terms of accuracy and precision is low. To improving this, anenhancement process must be constantly executed. Also, in order avoid overlap of theframework data’s application, a ’framework data integration and managementinstitution’, which synthetically manages all items of framework data, will bedesignated and managed. In addition, all items of framework data are scheduled to becompletely constructed by 2010.

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(5) Future Plan

The goal of the framework data implementation project of the third NGIS Project(2006~2010) is to complete implementation of framework data and to improve itsquality. In order to complete implementation of framework data by 2010, cooperationamong institutions that implement the framework data is crucial. Accordingly, thecooperation system of the institutions implementing the framework data is to bestrengthened, mainly by the MOCT. Next, the requisites of framework data must bedefinitely determined, in order to improve the quality of framework data. Becauseframework data are currently extracted from the digital topographic map, there is aninsufficient requisite as topographic information. Accordingly, the requirements ofquality will be determined, such as time accuracy, position accuracy, attribute accura-cy, completeness and consistency. As the framework data is widely utilized by all,everyone should be able to easily utilize it. To this end, the framework data must beaccessible via the Internet, from anywhere and at any time. If possible, it must be pro-vided free of charge. Therefore, the framework data are scheduled to be providedeffectively through the National Geographic Information Clearinghouse (NGIC).

Completed In progress Planned

Administrative district Administrative and legal boundary ○

TransportationRoad boundary and road center line ○

Railway boundary and railway center line ○

FacilitiesBuilding ○

Cultural heritage ○

Cadastre Cadastre ○

Water resourcesRiver center, river boundary, lake & reservoir,river valley boundary ○

OceanShoreline, ocean boundary, submarinetopography, ocean control point ○

Topography Digital elevation model ○

Control point Geodetic control point ○

Spatial imagery Orthoimage, orthophoto ○

Statistics Statistical district ○

〈Table 3〉Present Status of Framework Data Construction

Field Item

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2) NGIS Standard

(1) Overview

When the NGIS Project is executed according to the prescribed standards, budgetwaste can be prevented, and synergy can be created through improved efficiency andinter-connectedness between projects. Accordingly, GIS standardization has been pur-sued from the earliest stages of the NGIS Master Plan.

Standardization means determining a common system and following it, so as toenable a range of different users to share data or a system. The system requires data, amethod of making the data, and a method of exchanging the data. Also, to enablemultiple users to follow it, there needs to be reasonable discussion and the approval ofan authorized organization. For such a system, the standard system is composed of anobject of standardization, a method of standardization, procedures of standardization,and organization of standardization. That is, it is necessary to establish what will bestandardized, which method will be used for the standard, which procedures will beexecuted for the standard, and who will make the standard. Accordingly, the GISstandard system to be established for the NGIS was composed of the object of GISstandardization, the method of GIS standardization, the procedures of GISstandardization, and the organization of GIS standardization.

〈Figure 4〉NGIS Standard System

GIS Standardization Targets- Spatial data implementation- Maintenance & updating- Distribution & service

GIS Standard Method- Data standard- Procedure standard- Technology standard

Procedures of GISStandardization

- Development (updating) procedure- Maintenance procedure- Standard application

Organization of GISStandardization

- Organization formulation- Role and detailed duties

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(2) Performance of GIS Standardization

① The 1st and 2nd stages of NGIS standardization

In the 10-year period from 1995 to 2005, 73 GIS-related standards were developed.These included the standard for implementation of spatial data for effective executionof the NGIS Project, the spatial information exchange and distribution-related stan-dard, and the standard for the interface or architecture for improving the efficiency ofGIS application system.

With regard to the standard for implementing spatial information, there weremostly the standards for the production of digital drawings, such as the nationalbasemap, thematic map and underground facilities map. To this end, about 49 relatedstandards were developed. With regard to the standard for continuously maintainingand updating implemented spatial information, one standard was developed. Withregard to the standard for providing spatial information and system, a total of 23standards for data exchange, web service, mobile service and others were developed.Its development was focused on the individual unit project.

Object Method GIS Standards

BuildingSpatialInformation

Data standardDesign guideline for geographic framework data model, Geographicdata model standard, Standard for underground facility map for NGIS,Digital map integrated standard for NGIS, etc.

Process standardGeographic information-Quality evaluation procedures, Geographicinformation-Procedures for item registration, etc.

Technology standard -

Maintenance & Updating

Data standard Metadata standard for geographic information management

Process standard -

Technology standard -

Service

Data standardGeographic information-portrayal, Exchange standard of nationalframework database based on GML, etc.

Process standard -

Technology standard Web feature service, Function for mobile GIS services, etc.

〈Table 4〉Standards Developed for Period of the 1st and 2nd NGIS MasterPlan (example)

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② The 3rd stage of NGIS standardization

From 2006, the NGIS standard is intended to actually modify the standard of frame-work data implementation for the NSDI. In addition, a GIS standard to support imple-mentation of spatial information infrastructure by objects of GIS standardization willbe selected as shown in <Table 5>, and then related standards by year will be devel-oped. In addition, continuous maintenance will be executed for developed GIS stan-dards. By actively promoting the developed and maintained GIS standards, it will beable to be applied in diverse fields.

Object Method GIS Standards

Building

Spatial

Info

Data standardSpecification for imagery and gridded data, Data model for movingfeatures, Extended UFIS for u-Service, etc.

Process standard 3-dimensional geographic information specification using GIS DB

Technology standard Sensor data model for u-Service

Main-

tenance

&

Updating

Data standardProfile for geographic information metadata, Metadata for imagerygeographic information, etc.

Process standardGuideline for GIS standard application in public sector, Guideline for GISimplementation in public sector, Geographic information updating process,Quality control for geographic information web service

Technology standard Guideline for integrating geographic information service based on web service

Service

Data standard3-dimensional geographic information portrayal based on web service,XML encoding based on imagery data, Simple portrayal model for movingfeature, Semantic web framework for geographic information web service

Process standard Geographic information service workflow, SQL for moving feature query

Technology standard

Sensor service interface for u-Service, Common service for GIS integrationin public sector, Geographic information RSS service interface, Commoninterface for geographic information web service, Geographic informationcataloguing service interface

〈Table 5〉Standards to be Developed During Period of the 3rd NGIS MasterPlan (example)

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(3) Organization of GIS Standard

The NGIS Promotion Committee is composed of a total of 5 subcommittees. Amongthem, the standardization subcommittee is in charge of standardization. In order toactively perform standardization, a working group and a technical advisory commit-tee operate under the standardization subcommittee.

The standardization subcommittee executes decision-making duties such asdrawing mutual agreements among standard-related institutions. The standardizationsubcommittee must report to the MCIE, the MIC, and the MOCT. The working groupexecutes ordinary duties such as the public subscription and acceptance of standardsin relation to GIS Standard. The Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, theKorea Research Institute for Human Settlements, the National Information SocietyAgency, and the Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute have jointly executedthe GIS Standard. The technical advice team is in charge of technical review &modification of developed standards, the pilot application of the proposed standardand the evaluation of application results. This team is organized by private expertswho are experienced in performing actual standardization, or of implementing thesystem and data by utilizing the standard.

〈Figure 5〉Formation of Standardization Subcommittee

Korea OceanResearch &

DevelopmentInstitute

Korean Agencyfor Technologyand Standards

NationalInformation

Society Agency

KRIHS

Standardization Subcommittee

(MCIE, MIC & MOCT)

Working GroupTechnical

Advice Team

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The standardization subcommittee needs to have close cooperation with othersubcommittees such as the framework data subcommittee, the utilization &distribution subcommittee, and the technology development subcommittee. That is,when the framework data subcommittee, the utilization & distribution subcommittee,and the technology development subcommittee related to the GIS standard establish astandard execution plan for developing the GIS standard, they submit it to thestandardization subcommittee, and the standardization subcommittee reviews thesubmitted plan and standard for overlap. Therefore, there is a mutual partnership ofthe subcommittees. In addition, when each subcommittee develops the GIS standard,the standardization subcommittee executes active supports for it.

(4) Process of GIS Standardization

The NGIS standard is formulated through a five-phase process. The first phase is theexploration and public subscription of the GIS standard to be developed. This phaseexplores the standard required for implementation of the national spatial informationinfrastructure, and to publicly subscribe it to the standard experts. Through it, it isexpected that the development of the standard will be participated in more practicaland diversified fields. The second phase is the development of the standard selectedin the phase of public subscription. The third phase is the procedure for improving theapplication by evaluating and reviewing the developed standard. The fourth phase isthe determination of the standard’s level; for example, a determination of whether thedeveloped standard is suitable as a national standard, or as a group standard. Follow-ing this, the determined national standard will be presented as a national standard,and will improve the position of Korea’s standard.

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〈Figure 6〉Procedures of GIS Standard Development

International standard

Registration asthe national standard

No Yes

Review of the nationalstandard proposalappropriateness

Standard (proposal) review

Standard (proposal) development

Exploration andpublic subscription

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3) National Geographic Information Clearinghouse

(1) Background

As the NGIS Project has been actively executed from 1995, multiple public institu-tions, including the central government, local governments and government-investedinstitutions, have implemented the spatial data required for the project. However, asthere is no amicable information exchange among the institutions that implement thespatial data, data are repeatedly implemented, or implemented data is not commonlyutilized. That is, problems of inefficiency occur. In order to solve such problem and tosearch & utilize the spatial data without any restriction of time and space, anywhereand at any time, the NGIC project was launched. It has been conducted since 2000 bythe MOCT, according to the second NGIS Master Plan. As the result, the NGIC, whichcan distribute the spatial data produced by nationwide public institutions online, hasbeen established.

(2) NGIC Construction

① Components

The NGIC is composed of the NGIC center, the regional gateway, supplier anddemander, as shown in <Figure 7>. Each component is explained in the following. TheNGIC center is the core institution to synthetically manage the spatial data imple-mented by the NGIS Project and various GIS projects. The regional gateway is theinstitution that sells or distributes the spatial data and metadata produced by theregion. The supplier is the institution which entrusts and sells the implemented andowned spatial data to the NGIC center or the regional gateway. Finally, the demanderis the individual, enterprise, research center or institution that purchases the spatialdata and uses it according to its own purpose. The demander researches the spatialdata by accessing the NGIC center, and the center informs the demander of the meta-data research result of the regional gateway. The demander can confirm the spatialdata through the preview function, and then can download the data.

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The NGIC is currently operated by the NGIS Division of the MOCT. Regionalgateways are operated by 9 institutions, as shown in <Figure 8>.

〈Figure 7> Components of the NGIC

Center of National

Geographic Information

Clearinghouse


User

Distribution Gateway AccessInternet

Korea Financial Telecommunications & Clearings Institute


RegionalGateway


Supplier

GeographicInformation

Search

Electronic Payment

Payment

Geographic Information Download

Distribution Status Information

Sale Price Payment

Geographic Information Sale on Commission

〈Figure 8〉Regional Gateways by Region

Seoul Regional Gateway

Honam Regional Gateway (Gwangju)

Jeju Regional Gateway

Gangwon Regional Gateway (Chuncheon)

Gyeongbuk Regional Gateway (Daegu)

Gyeongnam Regional Gateway (Busan)

Gyeonggi Regional Gateway

Distribution Center (MOCT)

National Geographic Information Institute Regional Gateway

Chungcheong Regional Gateway (Daejeon)

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② Configuration Diagram of the NGIC

The NGIC provides the spatial data owned by the central ministries, local govern-ments and public institutions to the demander. The system configuration of the NGICis described in <Figure 9>, and it provides the function of distributing the file-baseddata and the feature-based spatial data. It is connected to the PG (Payment Gateway)service of Korea Financial Telecommunications & Clearing Institute, to enable elec-tronic payment for the sale of data. The NGIC center plays the role of an NGIC gate-way, and manages the regional gateway and the distribution record information. Eachregional gateway operates its own independent system, which distributes the spatialdata of the corresponding region.

〈Figure 9> Configuration Diagram of the NGIC

Customer

Decoding & Download module

Metadata registration management

Regional Gateway homepage


Payment Gateway module

Coding module

MapBrowser

PaymentGateway

Payment Gateway module

Center of NGIC (MOCT)

Supplier management tool

File-based distribution

File+spatial DB-based distribution

Customer access Supplier access Payment route Internal route

Web Browser

Metadatainformation (File-based)

RDBMS

Metadatainformation (File-based)

RDBMS

Geographic information (Layer-based spatial data)

SpatialDBMS

Regional Gateway management toolCoding/Compression module

Payment module

Data re-announcementMetadata registration management


Distribution Gatewaywww.ngic.go.kr

Management tool

Regional Gateway listMember informationDistribution history

KFTC

* KFTC: Korea Financial Telecommunications and Clearings Institute

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③ Method for Geographic Information Utilization

The NGIC provides about 150 kinds of diversified spatial data, including digital topo-graphic map, a detailed soil map, a green naturality map, and a land cover map, asshown in <Figure 10>. As of October 2007, about 760,000 spatial data elements havebeen provided through the NGIC.

In order to use the spatial data and the related service through the NGIC, theuser must access www.ngic.go.kr. As costs have been collected in the past through thesale of spatial data, there is more charged data available than free data. Users cansearch for spatial data using index map search, string search, or map number searchmethods. After the user finds the required data, the user can make an online paymentand then download the data. Data that has been designated as “Free” can bedownloaded from the main page, without search procedures or payment. The usercan preview the data in advance, and can also inquire regarding the history of datathrough the provided metadata.

〈Figure 10> Example of Spatial Data Provided by the NGIC

Digital Topographic Map Detailed Soil Map Green Naturality Map

Land Cover Map Road Network Map Framework Data

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(3) Implementation Plan

Following implementation of a quantitatively and qualitatively-advanced NGIC, weintend to make improvements to it that enable the user to utilize the spatial data moreeasily and rapidly. The advanced NGIC provides not only simple data but also a rangeof services that can utilize the spatial data together. Examples of provided servicesinclude a satellite image service, a format conversion service and a user communityservice.

In order to provide various spatial data and application services by developingthe existing performance, we intend to expand our partnerships with the privatesector and to increase the variety of content and the convenience to the user. We planto create added value and to activate related industries through spreading, utilizingand promoting such spatial data. In addition, we plan to provide a service brokerfunction, as shown in <Figure 11>, to enable the government, public and privateservice providers to register each spatial data utilization service with the NGIC. Theservice broker plays the role of collecting and providing the registered service.Through the service broker, the spatial data-related services can be utilized in theNGIC.

〈Figure 11〉Service Framework Concept Map Customized for Korea

Mobile GIS APP

Other Business APP

Desktop GlS APP

Web Browser

Broker + Provider(NGIC Center)

Requestor(User. Other system, etc.)

Provider(Regional gateway,

Distribution node, etc.)

Application Services

Catalog Services

Bind

Find &Bind

Publish

Processing Services

Related institutions/Private connection system

Portrayal Services

Data Services

Geographic data

Metadata information

Geographic data

Metadata information

Broker function of SOA model

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4) NGIS Technology Development

(1) Overview

A part of the NSDI, the NGIS technology development project formed the basis ofimplementation through the first and second NGIS Project. As of 2007, the third tech-nology development project required for the enhancement of GIS application systemfor the ubiquitous era has been conducted. During the first planning period (1995~2000), the GIS technology infrastructure was developed, as the Ministry of Scienceand Technology executed the GIS technology development in 4 sectors. During the2nd planning period (2001~2005), the MIC conducted the GIS technology develop-ment project. During the third planning period (2006~2010), the MOCT is scheduledto conduct the Intelligent National Territorial Information Technology Development infive sectors, to build the geospatial information society.

(2) Accomplishments to Date

① The 1st NGIS Technology Development

For the 1st NGIS technology development, the Ministry of Science and Technologyconducted the GIS technology development project in four sectors, with the goal ofdeveloping GIS technology through foreign technical cooperation and independenttechnology development.

In the DBMS Independent basic S/W technology, the projects of GIS APItechnology development, GIS analysis operational S/W technology, DB Tooltechnology, and GIS system integration technology were conducted. Mappingtechnology, data acquisition and modification software, data processing & three-dimensional topographic analysis software, as well as map print and map designautomation software were developed, utilizing GIS input & output and spatialanalysis technology software. For DB TOOL technology development, the spatialobject management & storage system and the RDBMS & OODBMS interface weredeveloped through the development of the DBMS interface for GIS data application.In GIS system integration technology, the system integration technology, GISadvanced technology monitoring & technology diffusion, GIS application S/W for thepublic facilities management system, GIS data edition and integrated managementtechnology and three-dimensional spatial analysis S/W in the Internet environmentwere developed.

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② The 2nd NGIS Technology Development

For the 2nd NGIS technology development project, the Open GIS and imagingprocess-related technology development was promoted for GIS S/W development,with the support of the MIC. In the Open GIS component technology development,the data supply, common core, spatial information distribution and GIS applicationcomponent were developed with the goal of developing open middleware S/W tosupport two-way compatibility and data sharing of spatial information in the distribu-tion environment. In the three-dimensional GIS S/W development, the software forimplementing and processing large-capacity three dimensional geographic informa-tion, such as three dimensional geographic information & facility configuration extrac-tion, four-dimensional space-time data processing, efficient automation modeling,three-dimensional information, and the core components to efficiently store, search,manage, analyze and visualize visual information.

In terms of high-resolution satellite imagery processing technologydevelopment, the design & realization of satellite image data input/output & sharedstandard data structure and the common view, the development of core componentsorganized into 9 categories and container realization, the basic research on test bedimplementation for the verification of developed technology and the high-precisionsatellite image-related policy research were executed. In the spatial image informationintegration technology development, the application method research in the fields ofthe core technology for the integration of multi-sensor spatial image information, thepublic sector utilization business of multi-sensor spatial image information processingtechnology, multi-sensor spatial image information standardization and the relatedspatial information were executed.

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③ Application of NGIS Technology Development

Various GIS technology development projects were conducted under the auspices ofthe 1st and 2nd NGIS technology development projects. With the introduction of

Project Title PeriodInstitutionin Charge

The First

DBMS Independent GIS Basic S/W- GIS API Development- GIS Analysis S/W Development- GIS Operation S/W Development- GIS User Interface Technology Development

1995~1999

Ministry ofScience andTechnology

Mapping Technology Development- Data acquisition and modification S/W development- Data processing and three-dimensional topographic S/W development- Map printing and map design automation S/W development

DB Tool- Spatial object management system development- Spatial object storage system development- RDBMS Interface development- OODBMS Interface development

GIS System Integration- System integration development- GIS advanced technology monitoring and spread- Public facility management GIS application software development- GIS data editing and integrated management technology development- Internet environment three-dimensional spatial analysis S/W development

The Second

Open GIS component technology development 1999~2001

Ministry ofInformation andTelecommunication

3-dimensional GIS S/W technology development 2000~2002

High-precision satellite image processing technology development 2001~2003

Spatial information(4S)-connected technology support business2001~2003

Multi-sensor spatial image information integration technologydevelopment

2004~2006

〈Table 6〉Results of the 1st and 2nd NGIS Technology Development

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advanced GIS technology development and the utilization of independent manpower,active GIS projects were executed, but there has been an insufficient application of thedeveloped technology. To solve this problem, we plan to develop the component tech-nology and core technology required for GIS application system and then to con-tribute to domestic and foreign GIS projects, with the goal of supporting the spatialinformation society of the ubiquitous era, in the third NGIS technology developmentproduct.

(3) Implementation Plan

In the third NGIS Project, which began in 2006, the five sectors’ Intelligent NationalTerritorial Information Technology Development project is scheduled to be conductedmainly by the MOCT (Korea Institute of Construction & Transportation TechnologyEvaluation and Planning) in order to respond to the change in the national informati-zation paradigm and to execute customized technology development for the geo-graphic information demander.

① Overview

The Intelligent National Territorial Information Technology Development projectintends to contribute to the improvement of quality of life in the public and privatesectors by advancing the spatial information technology under the vision of ’Infras-tructure building for ubiquitous territory actualization’. To this end, real-time territorymanagement, convenient city operation and safe construction will be supportedthrough the development of the primary territorial information technology for territo-rial spaces, cities, and SOC. In this project, the technology development projects of fivesectors including the spatial information infrastructure, territory monitoring, city facil-ity intelligence, construction informatization and u-GIS combination are scheduled by2010, mainly by the intellectual territory information division of the Korea Institute ofConstruction & Transportation Technology Evaluation and Planning.

② Contents of Implementation

In the spatial information-based infrastructure project, base infrastructure improve-ment, spatial information acquisition equipment development, and construction ofobject-based territory spatial information are planned for spatial information infra-structure innovation. In the territory monitoring project, air & ground monitoringtechnology, integrated monitoring management system, and monitoring data applica-tion system development for real-time territory monitoring are scheduled. In the

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urban facility intelligence project, the Intelligent underground facility managementtechnology, the advanced IT-based ground facility management technology, and theurban space information integration platform technology development projects arescheduled, with the goal of establishing an intelligent urban space information infra-structure.

In the u-GIS-based construction informatization project, the developmentprojects of u-GIS spatial information processing technology, the next-generationvisualization technology, the indoor spatial information management technology, andcustomized territory information technology are planned, with the goal of realizingsafe and convenient construction spaces. In the u-GIS core combination technologyproject, the development projects of u-GIS spatial information processing technology,next-generation visualization technology, indoor spatial information managementtechnology, and customized territory information technology for the inducement ofadoption of the u-GIS standard and technology are planned. When the IntelligentNational Territorial Information Technology Innovation Project is successfullycompleted in 2010, it will promote innovative territory management, and contribute tothe improvement of the quality of people’s lives by obtaining the core technology ofthe next-generation territory information system.

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〈Figure 12〉3rd GIS Technology Development Plan

Core Task Major TechnologiesDirections

Spatial information-based

infrastructure

Spatial information

infrastructure innovation

- Based infrastructure- Spatial information acquisition equipment development- Implementation of object-based territory spatial information

Territory monitoring

Real-time territory

monitoring

- Air & ground monitoring technology- Integrated monitoring management system- Monitoring data application system

Urban facility intelligence

- Intelligent underground facility management technology- IT-based ground facility management technology- Urban space information integration platform

Establishment of intelligent urban space information

infrastructure

u-GIS-based construction

informatization

- Spatial information construction technology for construction drawing- Location-based construction resources management technology- u-GIS-based ground information management

Realization of safe and

convenient construction

space

u-GIS core combination technology

- u-GIS spatial information processing technology- Next-generation visualization technology- Indoor spatial information management technology- Customized territory information technology

Induction of u-GIS

standard and technology

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5) GIS Education

(1) Background and Purposes of GIS Education

The government has recognized the importance of GIS for many years now, havingconducted the first NGIS Project beginning in 1995. However, at that time, many peo-ple did not fully understand the concepts and the potential applications of GIS. Inlight of this, to ensure the successful execution of the NGIS Project, it was necessary toquickly and effectively educate the central government and local government officialswho were to be involved in the project. Several important GIS-based application sys-tems have been introduced, implemented and operated by the central government,local governments and public institutions, and these include the KLIS, the urbaninformation system, and the underground facilities system. However, as the officialsin charge lacked the sufficient ability to use the system, and as many of these officialswere frequently replaced, there were difficulties in operating these GIS applicationsystems. When a GIS application system is not satisfactorily utilized and operated, theeffectiveness of the NGIS Project is likely to be reduced. For this reason, GIS educationhas been provided to public officials, industry personnel, teachers and general citi-zens.

Target ofEducation

Education Goals

Public Officials

Improve ability to utilize the NGIS application systemImprove working ability by providing theoretical education and practical educa-tion on GIS Promote understanding of the NGIS

Industrial

Workforce

Providing the chance to receive re-education on GIS and to learn new technologyrapidly

Secondary SchoolTeachers

Improve learning ability through improving understanding of geographic infor-mation shown in textbooks

Student &

General Citizens

Improve understanding and ability to utilize GIS

〈Table 7〉GIS Education Goal by Target

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The purpose of GIS education is to systematically cultivate the human resourcesrequired for construction, maintenance and application of various types of the NGIS.In addition, GIS education is intended to ensure the satisfactory performance of theNGIS Project, and to stimulate its development and application infrastructure byincreasing national interest in GIS, by promoting its concept and applications. <Table7> describes the GIS education goals by the object of education. As can be seen in thetable, the intent of GIS education is to promote the ability of public officials to utilizethe NGIS application system, and to provide the overall workforce with a chance toreceive re-education and learn about this new technology. An additional aim is toimprove education secondary schools, and improve the ability of students and generalcitizens to use GIS applications.

(2) Process and Status

① On-Site Education

Through establishment of a decentralized network-type GIS education system, On-Site education has been provided via the GIS Education University, which was desig-nated by the MOCT from 2003. The GIS Education University is divided into 6 region-al schools, with schools in the Seoul metropolitan region, the central region, the Gang-won region, the Honam region, the Yeongnam region and the Jeju region. This divi-sion enables an effective response to the national demand for GIS education, as eachlocal education center is designated as the institution in charge of GIS education forthe region. The GIS Education University designated by MOCT which is selectedamong the universities and GIS-related professional institutions provides the GIS edu-cation of the corresponding region by receiving the support of government’s budget.

As the GIS Education University provides education that combines theory andpractice, practical help is required. The high level of face-to-face contact ensures thateducational effectiveness is high, especially for beginners. Accordingly, GIS educationhas been conducted mainly for public officials holding GIS-related jobs, and forsecondary school teachers who teach GIS-related subjects. Curriculum includes basicGIS, GIS applications, as well as courses tailored to the specific needs of publicofficials and secondary school teachers. Actual education is provided by GISEducation University, but the Center for GIS education ’Korea Research Institute forHuman Settlements’ is in charge of the systematic execution and management ofeducation, including the educational institution, trainee management andperformance measurement.

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② On-Line Education

The government has established an Online education system (www.e-gis.or.kr) tocomplement the On-Site education, and has operated GIS online education continu-ously from 2003. While On-Site education does seem to be more effective thanks to theextensive face-to-face contact between teacher and learner, it has limitations in termsof time and place, and requires more educational costs per person. On the other hand,Online education can operate without the limitation of time and space, and can theself-motivated learning system can actually improve the professionalism of the learn-er. In addition, while the initial development cost of the Online education system issomewhat high, it can provide the benefits of education to a wider range of learners.Considering all of these factors, the cost effectiveness of online education is excellent,and for this reason, online education programs are becoming activated in a widerange of fields.

The GIS online education system has stably provided effective education on a24-hour a day basis, by allocating exclusive manpower (professors) and rapidly

〈Figure 13〉Status of On-site Education

Gangwon region

Yeongnam region

Jeju region

Central region

Honam region

Seoul metropolitan region

Year No.

2003 1,4232004 1,2862005 1,4912006 1,6882007 1,500

Total 7,388

Number of Trainees

Regional Centers for GIS Education

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Category Course Name Category Course Name Category Course Name

GIS Theory(12)

GIS Introduction

Caseof GIS

implement-ation and

application

Ground informationsystem GIS new

technology

Mobile mappingsystem (4S Van)

Understanding of digital map

Land SuitabilityAssessment u-GIS

Map and coordinatesystem

Urban InformationSystem (UIS)

GISe-textbook

(4)

GIS education for highschool students

Virtual GIS Seoul SDW Constructionand Utilization

Study for middle and highschool students

Advanced GIS

GIS Toolpractice (11)

GEOMania/EasyMAP

1st year’s society textbookof high school (8 types)

Spatial philosophyand GIS Zeus Educational practice for

secondary school teachers

GIS inspection ArcSDE data serveroperation

Thematic mapproduction (1)

Understanding ofenvironmental geographicinformation

Enterprise GIS Arc GIS (Beginning,Intermediate)

Internationalseminar

(3)

Ubiquitous technologystatus and prospect

GIS space analysis(Beginning, Intermediate)

GeoDB implementationand operation

Cyber territoryimplementation / e-government development

GIS standard (Beginning,Intermediate)

GIS program practice(Beginning, Intermediate)

GIS-based Disaster-freeTerritory implementationstrategy

GIS Policy(2)

NGIS master Visual Basic Program

Explorationtheory and

practice(7)

Photogrammetry

3rd NGIS Master Plan C++ Programming Remote sensing

Geographicinformationproduction

(3)

Digital map production GIS WAMP practice Satellite image processing(PG-Stream)

GPS measurement anddata processing

GIS newtechnology

(10)

Ubiquitous computing Satellite image processing(ERDAS)

Production ofunderground facility map Mobile GIS Remote sensing (Satellite

imagery / spatial analysis)

Case of GISimplementa-

tion andapplication

(9)

LMIS Web/Internet GIS Digital photo surveying

Road managementsystem LBS Utilization of high

resolution satellite imagery

Underground facilitymanagement system GIS new technology

Surveying (2)

Spatial positioning system

Case of land managementinformation networkimplementation

3D GIS (Beginning,Intermediate)

GPS concept andutilization

Seoul GIS implementationand application

IRS and futuretransportation

DB utilizationand main-tenance (1)

Database utilization andmaintenance

〈Table 8〉Status of Clip Course Production

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responding to the questions and requests of learners. In addition, the data on the siteis regularly updated, enabling members to rapidly access new GIS-relatedinformation, and this has led to the active involvement of many GIS learners, whoshare information with each other. As of 2007, GIS Online education has beenprovided to 21,000 members.

In addition, the government has produced a “clip course” that allows everyoneto learn and utilize GIS-related contents easily, improving the effectiveness of Onlineeducation. The government has done this by dividing GIS education into various sub-fields, and developing creative educational techniques to enable learners to studywith interest. In addition, various high-quality multimedia content such as a flash andanimation has been added, and learners’ opinions have been sought to ensure that thecourses reflect current needs. Through such efforts, the government produced 65 “clipcourses” covering 12 different fields, from 2003 to 2007.

By carrying out a combination of On-Site education and Online education, thesynergy of GIS education can be improved. That is, the level of GIS awareness can beimproved without any business vacuum through the execution of online remoteeducation, which is not limited by time and space. Effective practical and theoreticaleducation in GIS is provided through On-Site education. The On-Site educationconsists primarily of a basic and conceptual education, while the online educationdeepens the educational contents and expands the education area. In addition, thesame elements of the educational infrastructure, such as the teaching material andpractical program, are utilized in Online education and in On-Site education. Thus, bycarrying out Online education and On-Site education together, synergy is improved.

(3) Future Plan

In the future, the GIS education business will be carried out while maintaining thepresent framework. Educational demand by region and field will continue to be satis-fied through the regional On-Site education. To improve the effectiveness of On-Siteeducation, custom-made special education programs that are tailored to suit a specificobject, level and goal of education will be developed and operated. This means thateducation programs will be developed by occupation and by field, and classified intobeginner level, intermediate level and high level.

Secondly, the Online education will be expanded. To do this, the courses thatupgrade and provide the system need to be varied. That is, it is difficult to developand operate various functions, such as the one-on-one lessons and studying abilityevaluation provided by the virtual GIS Teaching Center (Virtual GIS TC) with thepresent system. Therefore, the online education system must be upgraded, andvarious new functions must be developed. In addition, the effectiveness of online

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education must be improved by varying the type, level, and implementation methodof the online courses. In other words, digital education contents, such as “clipcourses”, will be systematically developed, and data will be updated constantly. Byoperating this system stably, a framework for active remote education can be built.

Thirdly, user-oriented customized GIS education will be provided. To achievethis, an education plan will be established by investigating the education demand.The education demand will be determined by dividing learners into local governmentofficials, central government and public institution employees, secondary schoolteachers, and private sector human resources. For local government officials, centralgovernment and public institution employees, the position transfer cycle must beconsidered. In addition, educational program and methods that can improveconvenience to the user will be developed, to ensure a user-oriented customized GISeducation. For example, there is a plan to provide On-site education for geographyteachers in Gwanak-gu, by establishing a night course. Detailed education history fortrainees will be managed, such as trainee records and levels. In addition, trainees willbe attracted through the use of friendly characters, such ass animation, games, andavatars.

6) Institutions and Organizations

(1) Institutions

The government has recognized that GIS is a new infrastructure of the knowledgeinformation era, and has currently executed the third NGIS Project since the launch ofthe first NGIS Project in 1995. When GIS was firstly introduced in Korea in the early1990’s, the regulations relating to spatial information were prescribed in a manner thatsuited the analog environment of manual work, rather than the electronic environ-ment. Accordingly, the spatial information-related regulations of the past were notsuitable for the digital environment, which was the basis of GIS. In order to overcomethis problem, the government formulated the NGIS Law as the institutional supportfor the efficient implementation of the NGIS Project in January 2000.

The NGIS Law is composed of total 8 Chapters and 29 Articles, starting with thegeneral provisions and progressing to the NGIC. In addition, the NGIS Law prescribessupplementary rules, punitive rules and additional rules. The purpose of the NGISLaw is to contribute to the reasonable utilization of territory and resources and to thedevelopment of the national economy through providing a diverse range ofgeographic information to the nation by prescribing the provisions on the efficientimplementation, utilization and maintenance of the NGIS. To achieve such a goal, the

1145


structure of the NGIS is arranged, and the infrastructure of the NGIS is built up. Also,conditions are prescribed for NGIS implementation, maintenance, application anddistribution, and security management and government supports.

The Enforcement Ordinance of the NGIS Law is composed of a total of 24Articles, and prescribes the provisions entrusted by the NGIS Law and othernecessary provisions required for enactment. The Enforcement Ordinance of the NGISLaw prescribes the determination and modification of the NGIS Master Plan, theitems & contents of the definite Action planning, and the details regarding theoperation of the NGIS Promotion Committee. In particular, it describes the definiteitems and objects of the framework data, and prescribes the details for theestablishment and duties of the organization that will take charge of the geographicinformation utilization and distribution (Geographic information distribution andmanagement organization). In addition, it prescribes the detailed provisions that mustbe included in the security management provision for the protection of geographicinformation.

However, considering the NGIS Law formation structure, the EnforcementOrdinance is not formulated, and there are no detailed provisions & guidelinesrequired for the implementation, management, distribution and utilization ofgeographic information. In addition, because laws such as the Land Survey Act andLaw of Cadastre do not explicitly mention the other laws’ provisions, the NGIS Lawdoes not execute its actual role sufficiently. Accordingly, the future NGIS Law must bethe legislative system by which the present NGIS Law is converted to a nationalspatial information-based law. It is expected that the overlapping of spatialinformation production and management will be minimized, and interoperabilitybetween information systems will be obtained. Also, because consistent spatialinformation will be obtained by a consistent legislative system, the quality of spatialinformation will be improved and costs will be reduced.

1246

〈Figure 14〉Construction of the NGIS Law

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(2) Organizations

In order to promote the NGIS Project and to review matters relating to implementa-tion, maintenance and utilization of the NGIS, the NGIS implementation system isorganized under the name of the NGIS Promotion Committee, to improve theproject’s efficiency and effectiveness. The NGIS Promotion Committee coordinatesmajor policies regarding NGIS implementation, maintenance and utilization, andevaluates the master plan and Action planning and performance. In addition, theNGIS Promotion Committee performs the function of framework data selection andgeographic information distribution & protection. The NGIS Promotion Committee iscomposed of no more than 29 members, who can be Vice Ministers of related centralministries, directors, heads of regional governments and private experts, as well as theMinister of Construction and Transportation, who is the chair.

The NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee was organized for theeffective performance of the NGIS Promotion Committee, the higher organization.The NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee coordinates inter-ministry andinter-division tasks, and executes the directives of the NGIS Promotion Committee. Inaddition, the NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee deliberates and decideson matters discussed in each subcommittee. The Director of the Housing WelfareBureau at the MOCT is designated as the chair of the NGIS Promotion AdministrativeSubcommittee. The NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee is composed of nomore than 19 members, including director-level officials of the related ministries, thedirectors of local government, and private experts.

Each subcommittee draws actual policy direction and tasks, and determines thetask-related issues in each concerned field. Each subcommittee then presents these tothe NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee. Each subcommittee alsoestablishes the action plan for next year based on each subcommittee's guidelines, andevaluates the prior year’s performance. Each subcommittee consists of no more than19 members, and shall include working level-officers from the related institutions andprivate experts. To be managed as a working group system, the subcommittee isorganized by the working-level officials. The Expertise Assistance Organization isdesignated and managed by each subcommittee.

In addition, each subcommittee receives consulting and advice on NGIS througha civil advisory committee, which is made up of no more than 19 private experts byfield. In particular, the subcommittee executes actual NGIS Project implementation,and will be changed depending on the particular characteristics of a project. The firstNGIS Project was executed mainly by five subcommittees, including the GeneralAffairs Subcommittee, the Framework Data Subcommittee, the TechnologyDevelopment Subcommittee, the Standardization Subcommittee and the Land

1248

Information Subcommittee. The second NGIS Project was executed mainly by 8subcommittees, including the General Affairs Subcommittee, the Framework DataSubcommittee, the Technology Development Subcommittee, the StandardizationSubcommittee, the Cadastral Information Subcommittee, the GIS EducationSubcommittee, the Industry Support Subcommittee, and the Utilization &Distribution Subcommittee. As the NGIS Project has been actively executed, it hasbeen extended to diversified fields.

The third NGIS Project has been executed mainly by five subcommittees, asshown in <Figure 15>. The Framework Data Subcommittee implements and updatesthe framework data, and maintains partnerships between institutions. In addition, itensures data compatibility and quality level. The Territorial Information PlanningTeam of the MOCT is the supervising institution.

The Standardization Subcommittee executes the duties of exploring, modifyingand updating the standards to smoothly implement NGIS standardization, and hasbeen operated under the joint supervision of the MIC, the MCIE, and the MOCT. TheUtilization & Distribution Subcommittee has been operated by the MOCT for inter-GIS application system linkage and integration and tasks for output utilization,utilization-centric geographic database implementation and system operation.

The Technology Development Subcommittee selects the technology to bepreferentially developed and evaluates the technology development results &performance, and is jointly operated by the MIC and the MOCT. The Policy andSystem Subcommittee executes tasks for the advancement of GIS policy, such asannual project evaluation, action plan generalization & support of industry, education,public relations and system improvement, through integrating the Industry SupportSubcommittee and GIS Education Subcommittee during the second NGIS Project. Ithas been operated by the Territorial Information Planning Team of the MOCT as theNGIS General Affairs Division.

1149


7) Research Projects for NGIS

(1) Overview

In 1995, the first NGIS Master Plan was established. When the plan was established, itwas predicted that the NGIS Project would require a massive investment for a longperiod of time. In addition, many problems and difficulties were forecasted due to theapplication of new technology, and active investment was keenly required for theresearch to control a extensive area. In addition, a research project was conductedwhich would support the general area of NGIS, to enhance the understanding ofNGIS and to implement the NGIS Project efficiently and successfully. The NGIS Lawwas formulated in January 2000 to promote the successful implementation of theNGIS Project. Article 9 of Chapter 3 of the NGIS Law is a provision relating toresearch development, and arranges the legal ground. On this basis, annual researchof a scale of 0.8~1 billion won has been executed.

The research project included in the plan included 14 basic research areas,including research on detailed NGIS plans, and the spatial information database’sframework, and 13 pilot projects to improve spatial information utilization, such as a

〈Figure 15〉3rd NGIS Implementation System

NGIS Promotion Committee

Civil Advisory Committee

StandardizationSubcommittee

FrameworkData

Subcommittee

TechnologyDevelopmentSubcommittee

Utilization &Distribution

Subcommittee

Policy SystemSubcommittee

Expert Assistance Organization

Administrative CommitteeNGIS Promotion

1250

pilot project of environmental information DB implementation using GIS, and a pilotproject for implementation of a national infrastructure maintenance system.

With this as the background, the research project for NGIS support has beenconducted for the purpose of directly and indirectly supporting all areas of NGIS,such as execution of pilot projects to undergo the process of trial & error beforecarrying out a large-scale project, basic research for planning, technologydevelopment for applying to the utilization system, the implementation of frameworkdata for arranging the NSDI, and standard-related research.

(2) Implementation System and Present Status

In terms of the procedures and methods by which research projects are carried out, theMOCT first explores the theme of the research project through the demand surveyeach year for the central ministries, local governments, industries, universities, andresearch centers. When appropriate, the MOCT selects a proper theme according tothe necessity of policy, such as the infrastructure for a mid and long term plan, as wellas the NGIS Master Plan. The research project selected by such procedure is executedby the research center well acquainted with the corresponding field as the designatedresearch center, or is executed by various GIS institutions of industry, universities andresearch centers through public subscription. The results of such research are reflectedon the exploration of next year’s research theme and the execution of the next year’sproject, based on the evaluation of experts and the self-evaluation of the researchinginstitution.

In terms of the status of research projects conducted up to now, the KRIHScarried out 36 research projects during the period of the 1st NGIS Mater Plan, from1995 to 1999, which were focused on support research for DB implementation andapplication system development. As various experts from industry, academia andresearch centers have participated based on the legal ground since 2000 when theNGIS Law was formulated, 59 wide-ranging studies have been executed, includingthe central and local government's GIS project-related research, the evaluation of theNGIS Project, GIS education, the conversion of the world geodetic coordinates system,and GIS supervision. Even now, three studies are in progress, relating to theframework data road-map, standards research, and basic research for planning (see<Table 9>).

1151


〈Figure 16〉Research Project Implementation System

Ministry of Construction & Transportation(NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee)

Exploration of Research Theme

Research Result Evaluation

Research Execution

DesignatedResearch Center

Professional researchcenter in thecorrespondingresearch field

-

EvaluationResult

Feedback

Research Centerby Public Subscription

Select the appropriatecenter after receivingproposals from industry,universities andresearch centers

-

Policy Request

Master planning-Mid & long-termstrategy establishment

-

Other policies-

ResearchDemand Survey

Central governmentministries

-

Local governments-Industry-Universities andresearch centers

-

1252

(3) Future Implementation Plan

Up to now, research projects for intensively executed DB implementation were mainlyconducted in the period of the 1st NGIS Master Plan. During the period of the 2ndNGIS Master Plan, research was conducted in extensive and varied fields for the uti-lization of data implemented during the period of the 1st NGIS Master Plan, and theseincluded education & manpower cultivation, 3-dimensional spatial informationimplementation, Mobile, LBS-related research, from the basic research for the develop-ment GIS application system.

However, in many projects conducted over the past 10 years while the 1st and2nd NGIS Master Plan were executed, multiple problems occurred, including adiscord of spatial data, lack of current information, and budget waste resulting fromoverlapped system development. Even though research projects were continuouslyconducted to solve the problems, it was recognized that an unresolved fundamentalcause was the lack of NSDI. Through this infrastructure, research projects are now inprogress, focused on the arrangement and supplementation of the NSDI in the periodof the 3rd NGIS Master Plan in 2006.

Accordingly, the NGIS support research projects of the future will be focused onthe NSDI, which had been a neglected element in the process of the 1st and the 2ndmaster plans. This will involve basic research and actual research development for thearrangement of the NSDI, after which further research projects will be scheduled. Inaddition, basic research that responds to the new information technology paradigmand a research project for actualizing the future spatial information society will beconducted together.

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Year Title

1995

Design of Network for National Geographic Information System

Planning development of Underground Facilities Management System

Basic concept of spatial information database

Case Study of GIS Database Development: Focused on Foreign Countries

Informatization and GIS Application Developments of Local Governments

Overseas Public GIS Development Trends and Best Practices

Research on plans for NGIS construction

Master Plan for Transportation GIS

Digitizing Thematic Maps for Spatial Planning

Research on scheme for digitization of national base map

A Study on the Format of the Digital Map

A Survey on New Technologies of Photogrammetry

1996

Design of underground facilities management system and validity analysis

Detailed planning and establishment of guidelines for development of Public GIS Application System

Research for establishment of spatial information distribution management agency

Public information DB design and detailed implementation method

Empirical study for digitization of common thematic maps

1997

Establishment of general plan for the 2nd NGIS Project

Legislation for Promoting the Use and Exchange of Spatial Information

Establishment of the Road Plan using GIS

Development and Promotion of Spatial Information Network

An Experimental Study on Building a Spatial Information Database

The Application of GIS for National Land Use Planning

A Study on the Guidelines for Mapping a Common Thematic Map

A Study on the Digital Mapping Method of the Thematic Map

The Application of GIS for Location Decision

1998

Basics and Practices of GIS

Supportive Measures for Local Government GIS

Building a National Spatial Data Infrastructure

Analysis of the Effects of GIS Construction

Application of Satellite Imagery for Improving National Spatial Data Infrastructure

Application of GIS for Managing National Territory: Focused on Natural Environment

White Paper: Building 1/5,000 Digital Topographic Maps

Application of GIS for Land Use Planning

〈Table 9〉Status of Research Projects

1254

Year Title

1999Introduction of Audit system for GIS

Fostering the Use of National Statistical Data by Using GIS

2000

Strategies for the Informatization of Local government through GIS

Fostering and Supporting GIS Industry

A Study on Establishing the 2nd Master Plan for National GIS

Development of Widely Applicable Management Program for the Management of Underground Facilities

Establishment of East Asia Geographic Information Processing Center

Establishing and Managing Ground Control Points to Prepare for the Introduction of a Global Coordinate System

Strategies for Building DEM for Korean Topography

Integration of Construction-transportation SOC Information System

Assuring Quality of Framework Data

Trends of Leading GIS Technologies and Building International Partnerships

Using NGIS Digital Maps on Transportation Fields

2001

A Study on Common Data Model for NGIS

National Policy Direction for GIS Education

A Study on Operation and Development of Portal Web Site for GIS Education and Public Information

A Study on Policy Evaluation and Implementation Plan for National GIS

A Study on a White Paper of the First NGIS Construction Project

Building GIS-based Knowledge Management System for Administrative Tasks in the areas ofConstruction and Transportation

Evaluation of Local Government GIS Projects and Promotion of the Use of Local Government GIS

Technologies for Linking NGIS Project and Water Resources Informatization

Developing Advanced Application Technologies for Mobile GIS

Developing Technologies for Citizen GIS

Building National Geographic Information for Transportation Sector

2002

Introduction of Acceptable Quality Level for Geographic Information

Strategies for National Spatial Data Infrastructure

A Study on the Real-time Updating Methods for the GIS DB

Building a New National Geodetic Control Point System through an Optimum Design Method

Establishment of Implementation Plan for 3D Spatial Data Construction

Methodology of Cost-benefit Analysis for GIS Applications

Revitalization of GIS Market for m-Government

Strategies for Local Government GIS

Advancing Local Government GIS for Citizen-based Services: Jeju

(Continued)

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Year Title

2002 Definition of GIS Project Management and Development of Guidance

2003

Calculation of National Coordinate Transformation Parameter for Island and Ocean Areas for WGS-84

Maintenance and Management of Local Government Underground Facility Database using LBS

Developing Analytical Models and Database for Natural Disasters from the Outcomes of National GIS

A Study on the Utilization of the 3D Urban Space Model

Enhancing the Usability of National GIS - Focused on Effective Measurement

Promoting Local Government GIS to Satisfy New Technological Development

A Study on the Handling Method of the Uncertain GIS DB

Utilizing Ubiquitous Computing Technologies for GIS and LBS

A Study on the Linkage Method of e-Government and GIS

Improving Legislation to Foster Local Government GIS

Strategic Development of East Asia Geographic Information Using Satellite Networks

Participating in the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure

2004

Management Strategy of Location Information to Prepare for a Post GPS Era

Building e-Library for Managing Urban Infrastructure Facility

A Study on Establishing the 3rd Master Plan for National GIS

2005

A Study on a White Paper of the Second NGIS Construction Project

A Study on the Next-Generation Intelligent Control Points

Supporting the Export of Domestic GIS Technologies to China

2006

A Study on Integrated Management for the Framework Data

A Study on Implementing Standardization of National GIS

A Study on Implementing Project Evaluation and Action Plan for National GIS

Strategies for Making International Partnership and Cooperation to Globalize National GIS

Definition and Management of Census Block with GIS-based Approaches

A Study on the Standard Cost of GIS Application Development

Integration and Application of Local Government GIS to Build u-City

Establishment of Master Plan for Edu-GIS

Transformation of Cadastral Coordinate System into Global Coordinate System

2007

A Study on the Roadmap and Interoperability for the Framework Data

Development and Public Relations of NGIS Standard

Establishment of Project Evaluation and Plan for National GIS

(Continued)

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3. Major NGIS Projects

1) Korea Land Information Systems

(1) Land Regulations and Information Systems in Korea

Land regulations vary according to different countries. Land regulations in Korea canbe broadly divided into three parts: cadastral management, ownership registry, andland use management. The legal basis and executing body differs for each part. Forthis reason, their information systems have been built in an exclusive rather than anintegrated manner.

Cadastral Management is a system that provides public access to a factualrelationship of land boundaries using locational punctuality based on the land survey.The legal foundation is based on 'the Law of Cadastre' and the MOGAHA of Korea isin charge of this system. There are two main documents involved at the core of thecadastral management system: 'the Land Registry', which has the attributes of land byparcels such as Parcel Numbering Unit, legally given land use, area, etc., and 'theCadastral Map', which has the boundaries and X-Y coordinates of each land parcel.From 1987 to 1990, more than 34 million Land Registry sheets were digitized, in agovernment-funded project to build the Cadastral Information System. This projectwas completed in early 1990, and is used to manage the Land Registry and publicprovision services. To digitize the Cadastral Map, the Parcel-based Land InformationSystem (PBLIS) project was undertaken from 1996 to 2002 by the MOGAHA and theKorean Cadastral Survey Corporation. Later, the PBLIS was integrated with the LandManagement Information Systems (LMIS) controlled by the MOCT, and then wasfurther developed into the KLIS in 2004.

The Land Ownership Registry is a system that shows the intangible relationshipof ownership of each land parcel, and is controlled by the Supreme Court, based onthe 'Law of Real Estate Registry'. The Supreme Courts launched information systemsto digitally control land ownership management from 1994, and these systems werecompletely operational in 2002. The second period of the project began from 2003. Thepublic can now apply for and be issued most of the official documents related to theland ownership registry via the Internet.

The Land Use Management is a system related to land use policies, landappraisal, land trading management, land use planning, and it is legally based onseveral laws executed and authorized by the MOCT. To build this computerizedsystem, the LMIS project was launched in 1998, with a pilot test at Nam-Gu in DaeguMetropolitan City. Research into BPR (Business Process Re-engineering), Data

1157


standardization, and Regulations for the project have been undertaken for the pilotproject. The LMIS project has been further developed for almost 10 years, and wasreplaced by the KLIS, which was later supplemented by the PBLIS.

Thus, the KLIS was an integrated system encompassing the LMIS and the PBLIS,which are mainly operated by the MOCT in cooperation with the MOGAHA. Thestructure of the KLIS was designed to have a 3-tiered Client-Server architecture. Theintegration project between the LMIS and the PBLIS was planned in 2003 and theintegrated systems (the KLIS) were delivered to local governments in 2005. Itsarchitecture has been further developed to adjust to the changes in the webenvironment since 2006.

(2) KLIS Development

① System Architecture of the KLIS

The KLIS was designed to be an ‘open architecture’ in order to support heterogeneousdistributed computing environments of local governments consisting of hierarchical3-tiered systems: the clients, the application server, and the database server. The appli-cation server was operated on the basis of CORBA (Common Object Request BrokerArchitecture), which mainly consists of the Data Provider, the Edit Agent, and theMap Agent as illustrated in <Figure 17>.

〈Figure 17〉System Architecture of the KLIS

CORBA(Orb)- OP

Data Provider

Client

DBServer

Remote Service

Visual Application

Visual Basic,Map Object

MapOCX(VC++)

Web Browser

Java(Applet, Servlet)Cgi JPS, ASP Kiosk

Facsimile

Editing Application

AutoCAD ARX(C++)C/C++ /VB Application

ORACLEORACLE

Native API

ZEUSZEUS

Native API

GothicGothic

Native API

ApplicationServer

Local GovernmentMOCT

Edit agentMap agent Web Server

SDE

1258

The Data Provider searches spatial data from the databases using the GISengine, and relays them to the Map Agent or Client. The Map Agent creates a mapimage from the spatial data relayed from the Data Provider, and relays the createdmaps to the Client. The role of the Edit Agent is to edit (input, modify, and delete) thespatial data. In addition, the web server can be added to the architecture, to facilitateapplications from the public via the Internet.

② Application Architecture of the KLIS

The core of the KLIS lies in the management support systems for the land administra-tion of local governments. Data produced at the local government level is collectedand relayed to the regional and central government, to support the decision-makingprocess on land policies. Public services can also be provided at the local government,regional government and central government level via the Internet, and through spe-cially designed Web portal services. Communication between the public and adminis-trators of local/regional/central governments takes place both via the Internet and thegovernmental intranet. Other client devices are tightly connected with the high-speedgovernmental intranet, so that data produced and modified in a specific client can beshared and synchronized with others (see <Figure 18>).

〈Figure 18〉Application Architecture of the KLIS

Land PolicyDBR

egio

nal

Gov

Civil Service SystemSpatial Planning System- Landuse plan certificate- Land price certificate- Cadastral map certificate

Land PolicyDB

MO

CT

Decision Making System of Land Policy

Pu

blic

Ser

vice

(

Inte

rnet

)

Lo

cal G

ove

rnm

ent

KLIS MiddleWare Administration MiddleWare

MiddlewareConnection

Zoning Mgmt. System

Land Admin. System

Spatial DB Mgmt. System

Official Documents Provision System

Cadastral Map Mgmt. System

KLIS DB

KLISSpatial DB

KLISAttribute DB

Local Gov General Admin DB

Land AdminDept.

Civil Engineering Dept.

Civil Appeal Dept.

Cadastral Dept.

Land/ForestAttribute DB

Finance/TaxAttribute DB

Resident DB

System Summary KLIS Services

Continuous/Edit Cadastral Map

Mgmt. System

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③ Database of the KLIS

Essentially, two kinds of databases were constructed in one physical database serverby local governments, which were spatial databases and attribute databases. Spatialdatabases include cartographic databases, cadastral databases, continuous cadastraldatabases, edited cadastral databases, and zoning databases. Rather than all of theinformation in the original cartographic maps, only the major spatial features such asroads, buildings, and railways, were collected and included in the cartographic data-bases. Continuous and edited cadastral databases were built by merging tile-baseddigital cadastral maps. A zoning database was created using the information gatheredfrom zoning maps maintained by local governments and central governments' indi-vidual departments (see <Figure 19>).

Attribute databases contain information on the physical characteristics of lands,land prices, and real estate brokerages. As the KLIS databases play the role of themain provider of spatial databases to the other information systems in localgovernments, the KLIS databases were standardized so that the other informationsystems could easily access them.

〈Figure 19〉Database of the KLIS

DatabaseSource Data Output

Topographic map

Land price map

overlay

overlayconverted& edited

Framework

Integrated map

Digital topographicmap(DXF)

Continuousrevision

Rubber-sheetedbased on topographic

Digital cadastral map(each file)

Zoning map

based ontopographic

Continuousinput Rubber-sheeted

Zoning map (ex. urban land use)

National land use planning, etc.

Publicized land price, land propert ies, etc.Registerrecord

input

Land business

Attribute

Register

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(3) Expected Effects and Future Directions for the KLIS

The performance of the KLIS seems to be better than anticipated. Enhanced public ser-vices via the Internet have been welcomed by the public, and are helping to save timeand cost. The outsourcing cost to make land price maps is no longer necessary,because the KLIS has replaced this task. However, consistent efforts have to be madefor further development of the KLIS project as follows;

i) Information innovation can be an ideal goal for those who are working forlocal governments. The shift from an analog to a digital environment requires manychanges, and for this reason, some resistance within an organization is inevitable. Inaddition, the launching and completion of an information system is a time-consumingtask. Without consistent support from the local government officials, informationsystems such as the KLIS will never take root. The planners who design informationsystems should bear the end-users in mind, and must devise the most appropriateway to motivate them - in this case, local government officials.

ii) For the government to successfully adopt an information system, there mustbe powerful organizational supports. In the early stages of the information systems,hard work at the individual level is definitely necessary, as well as organizationalsupports, because there are many problems that cannot be solved by individuals.

iii) The BPR (Business Process Re-engineering) before building the informationsystems is a prerequisite factor. It is hard to superimpose a new information system onthe outmoded regulations of the past. Amendments and adjustments to out-of-dateregulations in order to meet the requirements of the Information Age will enable asmoother and more rapid paradigm shift. One of the key factors that will determinethe successful introduction of an information system is how well we transform fromthe analog environment to the digital one.

The ultimate aim of the KLIS is to build an e-Land, where land does not simplymean soil or pebbles, but a historical ground, below which our history lies, and onwhich our future will stand. Thus, e-Land goes beyond its literal meaning- amanagement of physical lands - and becomes a mirror that reflects philosophicalperspectives such as personality, characteristics, and a way of life.

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2) Roads and Underground Facilities Management Systems

(1) Background

Underground facilities, such as water, drainage, electricity, gas, heating and road facilitiesare critical for the health and safety of our citizens. It is very important to manage roadsand underground facilities consistently and efficiently for the convenience and safety ofour citizens. Obtaining information regarding roads and underground facilities for exca-vation work usually takes time and effort, because an individual agency needs to visit agovernment office to ask for the information. As there is not sufficient cooperation interms of sharing information between agencies, overlapping investments can result in theimplementation of each facilities database. In spite of the high intimacy of this utilitiesinformation, each agency produces information in a different format, and insufficient shar-ing of the information results in an inefficient excavation working process.

We offer an improved database construction process in order to preventunnecessary investment, and to provide improved accuracy of roads andunderground facilities surveys for the acquisition of database in geospatialinformation and the underground facilities integrated management system, andoffered a strategy and regulation for the construction of roads and undergroundfacilities information sharing systems. Also, each Local Government has developed itsown management system for road facilities, so in order to prevent duplicatedinvestment of public funds, as an alternative proposal on this project it should beconsidered that the Widely Applicable Management Program (WAMP) can be reusedand easily customized by each Local Government, and appropriate strategies andguidelines for this must be developed.

(2) Purpose

There are two purposes of this project. One is to examine the need to develop a roadsand underground facilities management system as an alternative proposal to preventduplicated investment of public funds, and the other is to form a strategy and guide-line to develop such a roads and underground facilities management system. WAMPfor the roads and underground facilities management system needs to be developedas multiple types of GIS software, and a “Standard Specification” which describes theset of specifications to develop WAMP. Agencies should develop multiple types ofapplicable management programs according to the Standard Specification, and a Test-ing & Certification System must be implemented to examine the suitability of applica-ble management programs.

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(3) Scope

84 local governments that have been processing the digitalization of roads and under-ground facilities are selected. The main scope of the project involves local governmentsthat have not implemented a management system for roads, or who have a plan to imple-ment such a system, those who have implemented only the base map and database ofroad facilities, and those whose previous management system needs to be renovated.

A cooperation system should be presented that would allow for theimplementation of a kind of network sharing of information among LocalGovernments, along with effective methods to induct an integrated ManagementSystem for underground facilities. The Standard Specification of WAMP for roads ismade by analyzing common tasks related to roads. Inductive methods and the guidelineshould be established, to enable Local Governments to implement a management systemthrough WAMP for roads.

(4) Present Status of Roads and Underground Facilities Digitalization

By analyzing the burial status of 7 kinds of underground facilities, the status of themanagement processing for roads and the status of the management system for roadand underground facilities, the present digitization status of roads and undergroundfacilities should also be checked. In addition, duplicated work and an analysis of limitshould be checked by analyzing previous businesses and studies, such as the integrat-ed management system and components of the MIC of the Republic of Korea.

Source: MOCT of the Republic of Korea, The Present Status of GIS, May 2007.

FacilitiesTotal

buried lengthDigitalization

length% Budget Area

Water 85,655 74,445 86.9 181,799,000,000 8,275

Drainage 73,470 57,068 77.7 134,957,000,000 6,084

Road 56,571 42,370 74.9 125,396,000,000 7,047

Gas 2,511 2,511 100 14,575,000,000 1,214

Electricity 13,587 13,587 100 118,805,000,000 1,681

Telecom 576,135 174,640 30.3 4,850,000,000 nationwide

Oil 946 16 1.7 7,000,000 1

Heat 2,354 1,950 82.8 188,000,000 388

〈Table 10〉Present Status of Roads and Underground Facilities Digitalization (unit: km, won, km2)

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(5) Present Status of Management Systems

As shown in <Table 11>, a total of 84 municipalities (local governments) were investi-gated to check the status of the management system for roads and underground facili-ties in Korea. In detail, out of a total of 84 municipalities, water supply managementsystems have been constructed in 69, drainage supply management systems in 62, androad facilities management systems in 62. In addition, systems for most other facilitieswith the exception of oil, such as gas, electricity, telecommunications, and heating,have been developed or operated by different management institutes.

(6) Application Architecture of the Integrated Management System

In this project, a web-based integrated management system for underground facilitiesusing Virtual Private Network (VPN) is presented, to solve the problems of securityand cost. An overview is shown in <Figure 20> on the next page. This project ana-lyzed communities in small-to-medium-sized municipalities, with the aim of carryingout standardization on common operations of the municipalities. In addition, securityand financial problems in the integrated management system have been addressed, asWAMP regarding standardization is developed. This project shows the capacity andflow of related tasks by investigating the management process and regulations forroads, and by having an interview with officials who work in the management ofroads and underground facilities. After collecting and analyzing the information of

Source: MOCT of the Republic of Korea, The Present Status of GIS, May 2007.

Facilities Name of SystemSystem Account

Local Gov Agency

Water Water supply management system 69 / 84 -

Drainage Drainage supply management system 62 / 84 -

Road Road facilities management system 62 / 84 -

Gas Gas pipe network management system - 2

Electricity NDIS - 1

Telecom TOMAS - 3

Oil - - 1

Heat Heating pipe network management system - 1

〈Table 11〉Status of Management Systems for Roads and Underground Facilities(unit: account)

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the management systems already developed for road facilities, the flow of informationand the capability of the management system is analyzed for each piece of the process.For the previous project, related reports and case studies were collected and analyzed,and several conferences were held to gather the opinions of various professionals.

(7) Expected Effects and Policy Implications

The expected effects of this project are as follows;

Firstly, the development of a WAMP for roads, water and drainage to make aStandard Specification will save time for analysis, allowing the management system tobe implemented by each Local Government in a shorter period of time. Secondly, themanagement process for roads, water and drainage can be consistent for each LocalGovernment, because the program will be based on the Standard Specification, whichincludes the main elements of the Graphic User Interface. Third, the system can beconveniently expanded according to the needs of each Local Government, because theStandard Specification is made in consideration of future expansion andcustomization.

〈Figure 20〉Architecture of Web-based System for Underground FacilitiesManagement

Agency/VPN

Local Gov/Intranet

ASP

LANLAN

department

Hub

Electricity Telecom Gas Others

Firewall

VPNGateWay

Web GIS S/WDBMS

IISWin2000 Server

SQL NETTCP/IP

Facilities DBFacilities DB Service DBService DB

AppletMS Internet Explorer

MS WindowsHTTP

Web GISServer

Internet

DB Syncronization

*

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So, after selecting the cities that had already proceeded to digitize their map ofmanagement for road facilities, the same kind of work should be extracted, and theoutline of WAMP should be set up by analyzing both the management process forroad facilities and the capacity of the Management System that has been alreadydeveloped. Finally, it is possible to implement applicable programs to suit actualcircumstances, because the product can be verified through the Testing & CertificationSystem.

3) Korea Planning Support Systems

(1) Outline of the KOPSS

Korea’s central government has set up various spatial plans through the procedure ofplan-do-see to construct livable national spaces. However, various unpredicted errorsin spatial planning have caused problems. To minimize such errors and problems, it isnecessary for the government to construct a spatial decision support system (SDSS)that can analyze and solve the expected problems in the process of setting up spatialplanning. The rapid growth in GIS-based spatial analysis technologies has increasedexpectations related to the utilization of information technology in the field of spatialplanning. The various existing databases based on the LMIS and the ArchitectureInformation Systems (AIS) that have been developed since the mid 1990s have alsoincreased expectations regarding the construction of the SDSS.

The Korea Planning Support Systems (KOPSS) are a kind of SDSS that providespatial information using various data and appropriate analytical methods, in order tosupport reasonable spatial planning. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce thedevelopment strategy and suggest the structural framework of the KOPSS byconsidering the comprehensive basic components of the GIS-based spatial decisionsupport systems. The objects of this project are the various spatial plans and nationalpolicies that the central government and local governments set up.

The KOPSS project started in 2006, and will be finished in 2010. The MOCTprovides funds for the project, and the KRIHS performs the project. As case studyareas, four local governments participate in the project to reflect practicalrequirements. The KOPSS development research committee is composed of theMOCT's relational team and local government officials. The KRIHS researches modelswith the help of working groups composed of spatial planning experts, and thesystem development company has the responsibility of developing KOPSS models.

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(2) Basic Concept of the KOPSS

The Framework Act on the National Territory describes spatial policy and planningfor the sustainable development of national territory. The purpose of KOPSS develop-ment lies in the scientific support of spatial planning for sustainable development.Thus, the vision of the KOPSS is the sound development of national territory, the pro-motion of Korean people's welfare, and the improvement of the quality of Koreanpeople's life (see <Figure 21>).

To achieve the vision of the KOPSS, it is necessary to construct applicationsystems and assure the strategies of the base environment of systems. Applicationsystems are sub-systems that deal with various data and knowledge in a reasonablemethod, in order to elicit information required in the process of spatial planning. Theapplication systems are composed of a user-oriented communication interface, a datamanagement system, a model management system, and a knowledge managementsystem. The base environment of systems refers to the platform that develops andoperates application systems. The base environment strategies are divided intoplatform, integrated spatial database, standardization, and cooperation of systemdevelopment.

〈Figure 21〉Basic Concept of the KOPSS

Strategies

Objective

Vision

Bas

eE

nvi

ron

men

t A

pp

licat

ion

Sys

tem

s

Platform

Integrated Spatial Database Standardization Cooperation

Systems

Sound Development of National Territory, Promotion of KoreanPeople's Welfare, Improvement of Quality of Life

Scientific Supports of National Spatial Policy and Planning(Plan-Do-See) for Sustainable Development

Spatial Database Management

System

KnowledgeManagement

System

Model ManagementSystems

Interface

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(3) Application Systems of the KOPSS: Component-based ApplicationSystems

Most spatial planning is based on a series of task procedures. The task procedures aredivided into a number of processes, called “components”, and their processes aredivided into a number of analytical methods called “library”. This division is based onthe top-down concept. Inversely, in the bottom-up concept, planning scenarios as atask are incorporated into components. The task procedure follows the spatial plan-ning process. Thus, component-based systems can reflect the spatial planning processeffectively. The KOPSS is being developed through component-based methods andeach component of the KOPSS is being connected into the standard interface. Thecomponent-based application systems are useful for the KOPSS reusability, flexibility,and expansion.

The development procedure of the KOPSS is divided into three stages (see <Figure22>). The first stage is the pre-process, which involves incorporating the input data. Thesecond stage is the analytical process, which deals with the input data. The third stage isthe presentation process, which prints out the results. The presentation can be visualizedthrough tables, graphs, and maps. A set of above three stages becomes a component, anda set of components can be defined as a model or task (see <Figure 23>).

〈Figure 22〉Development Concept of Components of the KOPSS

Pre-Process- Making Tables- Basic Statistics- Basic Trend Analysis- Basic Spatial Analysis

Analysis- Analysis Method

Presentation- Table- Graph- Map

TaskGenerator

Model BaseApplication Objects

Anal

ysis

Met

hod C12 C13 C14

C21 C22 C24C32 C33

C41 C42

Analysis Model

Interface

C41 C32

C14

C22

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(4) Promotion Strategies of the KOPSS

A nation uses various types of spatial planning. Thus, the objects for spatial planningcan be divided into an entire city at the macro level, and individual facilities at themicro level. The urban master plan dealing with entire cities and national territory atthe macro level will require a comprehensive simulation. Conversely, urban facilityplanning at the micro level will require specific simulation for individual facilities.Thus, the characteristics of information systems depend on the objects of spatial plan-ning. The purpose of spatial planning can be divided into specific problem-solvingand broad direction (management) for growth. Urban growth management is long-term spatial planning for urban sustainable development over a period of 10 or 20years. However, urban facility planning is short-term spatial planning to solve theproblem of a lack of facilities. Thus, the characteristics of information systems dependon the purpose of the spatial planning. It is necessary to consider that spatial planningis not independent, but is interactive. Spatial planning has a hierarchical and interac-tive relationship with other planning. Thus, the KOPSS should consider the relation-ship between spatial and other types of planning.

The purpose of developing the KOPSS is to provide decision-makers withinformation required to solve the problems caused by the incongruity between supplyand demand of individual facilities. Thus, the KOPSS falls into Domain I (see <Figure24>). Domain IV is for long-term urban master planning, and requires thecomprehensive simulation. UrbanSim and MetroScope fall into the domain IV,because they are long-term and comprehensive simulation models for themetropolitan spatial planning. The KOPSS will be developed into a long-term and

〈Figure 23〉Definition of Model or Task as a Set of Components

Pre-ProcessComponent

VisualizationComponent

AnalysisComponent

C

AnalysisComponent

A

AnalysisComponent

B

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comprehensive simulation model for urban growth management, by considering thehierarchical and interactive relationships between the different types of spatialplanning. The KOPSS will be expanded and upgraded in terms of its function andcapacity.

(5) Analysis Models of the KOPSS

The KOPSS currently has nine analysis models as illustrated in <Table 12>. The firstfive models were developed in 2006, and are being upgraded in 2007. Four additionalmodels will be developed by the end of 2007, and six new models will be added to theKOPSS by 2010. The end-users of the KOPSS models will be mainly the central andlocal government officials involved in spatial planning.

〈Figure 24〉Promotion Strategies of the KOPSS

Ob

ject

s fo

r P

lan

nin

g

Purpose of Planning

UrbanManagement/Maintenance

Long-termUrban

Planning

EntireCity

IndividualFacility

Problem-solving Direction for Growth

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Model Function Status

Suitable LandSearching

Support selection of suitable developable land

Developedin 2006

Multi-dimensionalAnalysis

Support making of charts, maps and tables, and visualizationof thematic maps

Urban RenewalSupport analysis of declined areas, and searching of brownfields in the inner cities

Landscape Planning Support landscape simulation and management

Public FacilityLocation Allocation

Support analysis of urban facility location distribution andsearch of potential location sites

Land DemandPrediction

Support estimation of future land use demands

On-goingin 2007

Land Use PlanningSupport analysis of land use suitability, allocation of projectedland use demands, and simulation of land use changes

Urban RegenerationSupport search of predicted redevelopment areas andanalysis of potential areas

Urban Facility Supply SuitabilityAssessment

Support analysis of supply suitability based on standardurban carrying capacity

〈Table 12〉Summary of KOPSS Analysis Models