ethical issues animals

8/14/2019 Ethical Issues Animals

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History of Animal ResearchHistory of Animal Research

First recorded experimentation on animalsFirst recorded experimentation on animalsoccurred in ancient Romeoccurred in ancient Rome William Harvey (1578-1657) discovered bloodWilliam Harvey (1578-1657) discovered blood

circulation via experiments on live deer.circulation via experiments on live deer.

French philosopher Ren Descartes (1596-French philosopher Ren Descartes (1596-1650), animals are incapable of feeling pain.1650), animals are incapable of feeling pain. Bentham declared, "The question is not, canBentham declared, "The question is not, can

theythey reasonreason? Nor, can they? Nor, can they talktalk?? But can theyBut can theysuffersuffer??

"1876 Cruelty to Animals Act" in England"1876 Cruelty to Animals Act" in England 1960s- the amount of attention, activism, and1960s- the amount of attention, activism, and

scholarship related to animal use has increasedscholarship related to animal use has increasedat a rapid pace.at a rapid pace.


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Proverbs 12:10, we areProverbs 12:10, we aretaught:taught:

"A righteous man has regard"A righteous man has regardfor the life of his beast,for the life of his beast,But the compassion of theBut the compassion of the

wicked is cruel."wicked is cruel."
http://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-cage-07.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-bush-07.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-cage-22.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-malish-04.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-malish-03.html


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Horrified looks ofBiomedical Research
http://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-malish-03.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-chair-04.html


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Legalized SadismLegalized Sadism
http://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-usa-09.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-usa-02.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-exp-25.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-exp-07.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-chair-22.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-chair-04.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-malish-05.html


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Hopeless FacesHopeless Faces
http://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-bush-06.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-bush-01.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-abuse-02.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-chair-09.htmlhttp://all-creatures.org/anex/monkey-malish-04.html


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Fast Facts of Biomedical ResearchFast Facts of Biomedical Research

Worldwide, approximately 35 million animalsWorldwide, approximately 35 million animalsare used in research each yearare used in research each year

United States alone uses 12 million animalsUnited States alone uses 12 million animals

annually.annually. Laboratory rats, mice, and birds, whichLaboratory rats, mice, and birds, which

comprise about 90 percent of all animals usedcomprise about 90 percent of all animals usedin research, but are not covered by the Animalin research, but are not covered by the Animal

Welfare Act (AWA), and therefore, are notWelfare Act (AWA), and therefore, are notcountedcounted The most frequently used species in the UnitedThe most frequently used species in the United

States is mice, followed by rats, rabbits, guineaStates is mice, followed by rats, rabbits, guinea

pigs, pigs, dogs, sheep, primates, and cats.pigs, pigs, dogs, sheep, primates, and cats.


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The majority of animals used in BiomedicalThe majority of animals used in BiomedicalResearch are bred specifically for thatResearch are bred specifically for thatpurpose by USDA licensed suppliers.purpose by USDA licensed suppliers.

An estimated 17 to 22 million vertebrateAn estimated 17 to 22 million vertebrate

animals are used each year in research-animals are used each year in research-less than 1% of the number killed forless than 1% of the number killed forfood.food.

Humans now live an additional 20.8 yearsHumans now live an additional 20.8 years

because of the discoveries made frombecause of the discoveries made frombiomedical research.biomedical research.


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Rats and mice comprise 85 to 95%Rats and mice comprise 85 to 95%of all animals used in research.of all animals used in research.

10 to 17 million dogs and cats are10 to 17 million dogs and cats areeuthanized in pounds and shelterseuthanized in pounds and sheltersannually.annually.


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Main Features of U.S. LegislationMain Features of U.S. Legislation

Public Health ServicePublic Health Service Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,

administered by the Office for Laboratory Animaladministered by the Office for Laboratory Animal

Welfare of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)Welfare of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Animal Welfare Act (AWA),Animal Welfare Act (AWA), specifically named animal speciesspecifically named animal species

administered by the Animal and Plant Healthadministered by the Animal and Plant HealthInspection Service (APHIS) of the United StatesInspection Service (APHIS) of the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture (USDA).Department of Agriculture (USDA).


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Animals in EducationAnimals in Education Experimentation or surgery on live animals (vivisection)Experimentation or surgery on live animals (vivisection)

raises a host of concerns about unnecessary pain andraises a host of concerns about unnecessary pain andsuffering and the unethical use of animals.suffering and the unethical use of animals.

Animal dissection raises many ethical andAnimal dissection raises many ethical andenvironmental concerns:environmental concerns: the practice involves the unnecessary killing of animals;the practice involves the unnecessary killing of animals;

ignores welfare standards during animal capture, preparation,ignores welfare standards during animal capture, preparation,and shipping;and shipping;

releases formaldehyde into the environment;releases formaldehyde into the environment;

focuses on descriptive biology to the detriment of creativefocuses on descriptive biology to the detriment of creativescientific thinking and research;scientific thinking and research;

causes some students to abandon further science educationcauses some students to abandon further science education weakens the respect for life and the humane treatment ofweakens the respect for life and the humane treatment of

animals.animals.


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Using Animals for Human PurposesUsing Animals for Human Purposes

Benefits to human from Animal ResearchBenefits to human from Animal Research Philosophical Perspective- animals do not havePhilosophical Perspective- animals do not have

moral standing because they do not have:moral standing because they do not have:

self-consciousnessself-consciousness freedom to act and engage in purposive behavior.freedom to act and engage in purposive behavior.

reasons fro actions and ability to appreciate reasons forreasons fro actions and ability to appreciate reasons foractionsactions

capacity to communicate with humans using languagecapacity to communicate with humans using language

capacity to make moral judgmentscapacity to make moral judgments rationalityrationality


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Effects of Research on AnimalEffects of Research on Animal

WelfareWelfare

Cost top the animal- avoiding crueltyCost top the animal- avoiding crueltyto animal subjects of researchto animal subjects of research

3 Rs3 Rs

Reduce the pain and used in researchReduce the pain and used in research

Refine the endpoints and proceduresRefine the endpoints and proceduresof the experimentof the experiment

Replace animals with non-animalReplace animals with non-animalmodels whenever possible suffering andmodels whenever possible suffering andthe number of animals.the number of animals.


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ConsiderConsider

Are your judgments governed by a:Are your judgments governed by a:

Teleological perspective (the ends justifyTeleological perspective (the ends justifythe meansthe means

Deontological perspective (individualDeontological perspective (individualautonomy/ animal rights are moreautonomy/ animal rights are moreimportant than the potential benefits.important than the potential benefits.

What is the most consistentWhat is the most consistentprinciple/ rationale you can offer toprinciple/ rationale you can offer todefend your approach?defend your approach?


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Investigator ResponsibilitiesInvestigator Responsibilities

Design experiments with concern forDesign experiments with concern foranimal welfare.animal welfare.

Administer research protocols withAdminister research protocols withconcern for animal welfare.concern for animal welfare.

Report results to the scientificReport results to the scientificcommunity.community.


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Administration of ProtocolsAdministration of Protocols

Adequate training of research personnelAdequate training of research personnelin:in: Animal handlingAnimal handling

Specific experimental procedures (eg.Specific experimental procedures (eg.Injections, blood collection, anesthesia)Injections, blood collection, anesthesia)

Animal health and careAnimal health and care

Knowledge of research protocolKnowledge of research protocol

Minimize exposure to:Minimize exposure to: Animal-inflicted injuriesAnimal-inflicted injuries

Zoonotic diseasesZoonotic diseases

Biological, chemical and or radiation hazards.Biological, chemical and or radiation hazards.


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Reporting ResultsReporting Results

Research results cannot be beneficialResearch results cannot be beneficialif they sit on a shelf!if they sit on a shelf!

Researchers should report theirResearchers should report theirefforts to conduct animal research inefforts to conduct animal research ina humane manner, includinga humane manner, includingapproval from the campus animalapproval from the campus animal

use and care committeeuse and care committee


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How can I help stop the pain andHow can I help stop the pain and

suffering of animals?suffering of animals? The use of interactive 3-D computerThe use of interactive 3-D computer

models, video footage, and plasticmodels, video footage, and plastic

life-size models in schools.life-size models in schools.

Speak out against all forms of animalSpeak out against all forms of animalexploitation and cruelty.exploitation and cruelty.

Buy only cruelty-free makeup,Buy only cruelty-free makeup,

toiletries, and household products.toiletries, and household products. Buy only cruelty-free makeup, toiletries,Buy only cruelty-free makeup, toiletries,

and household products.and household products.

Products that are not tested on animals.Products that are not tested on animals.


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Prepared by:Prepared by:Glein M. SayatGlein M. Sayat

Q3A BS BiologyQ3A BS Biology

ethical issues animals

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