europe began to imperialize africa during the 19 centuries ......2014/05/18 · •the congo was...
TRANSCRIPT
•Industrialization caused European nations to desire resources for their production and new markets to sell their goods•Europe began to imperialize Africa during the 19th and 20th centuries•Africa was divided into hundreds of ethnic and language groups•In the past it was hard for Europe to colonize much of Africa because they could not navigate the rivers, Africa had powerful armies and controlled trade•With the invention of the steam engine, Europeans could now dominate the rivers and trade•The Congo was imperialized by Belgium’s King Leopold II- The Congo has rich resources of rubber and ivory-Leopold used this colony as a personal territory and exploited the Africans- about 10 million die of abuses during Leopold’s rule•European felt that they were better than Africans and other non-Europeans- this stemmed from the idea of Social Darwinism- the theory that certain races were better to adapt to society than others•European felt a duty to “westernize” people and spread Christianity•Europeans had the Maxim gun, steam engine, and the drug quinine to protest them from malaria- in addition, Africa was not unified with language or ethnicity, so it was easy for Europeans to dominate them•As competition for colonies in Africa grew, Europeans met at the Berlin Conference in 1884- at this meeting it was determined that Europeans only had to notify others and establish control of an area to gain land in Africa•Some groups did resist European domination, such as the Zulu group, ruled by Shaka- they fought the British in South Africa, but eventually lost•The Dutch settlers (Boers) and British also fought over land in South Africa in the Boer War, which ended with the British winning
•2575 BC-1070BC- Egypt’s Old-New Kingdom- use of papyrus, clay, copper, pyramid construction, use of levers, pulleys, hieroglyphics, women could own property, organized government under leadership of pharaohs (considered gods= theocracy) , mummification, predictable flooding of the Nile
•500 BC-1000 CE- Bantu Migrations spread agriculture, knowledge of iron work and language
•200CE - on- camels are used to trade along the Sahara – Ghana, Mali and Songhai Empires control gold and salt trade
•1230s-1433- Mali Empire- Mansa Musa rule- spread of Islam, building of mosques and libraries in Timbuktu, control of gold and salt trade, visits by Ibn Battuta
•1500-1700- Slave trade begins- Middle Passage, Atlantic Slave Trade
Africa’s Great Past
What allows
Europeans to
dominate
Africa?
A variety of languages and cultures make it hard to unify against others.
Ongoing wars among ethnic groups
Do not have weapons and technology that the Europeans have.
African elites cooperate and profit from interaction with Europeans.
Europeans have the maxim machine gun.
Railroads and steamships to communicate and control the continent.
The drug quinine to protect against Malaria.
Social Darwinism- the idea that the strongest or fittest society would survive-Idea of “White Man’s Burden”- Europeans needed to “civilize” the non-white societies of the world.
Berlin Conference: Meeting to divide AFRICA- who is missing?????
1884-1885- Berlin Conference- countries agree that any European country can claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of the claim and showing they can control the area.
Other events and
factors.
Outcome of the Berlin Conference is that land is divided without attention to ethnic and language groups!
Zulus vs. British: Shaka had unified and organized a Zulu state- later the British invade- Zulus nearly defeat British, but in the end the British win control in 1887.
The Boers (Dutch) and British clash over land and slave policies resulting in the Boers making the Great Trek as the Boers move north.
Boer War: Boers vs. British – use of guerilla tactics- black South Africans are put in camps by the British. Britain wins.
The Heart of Darkness
During the video, take at least 20 notes. These notes will be used to answer reflection questions after the video.
•Some Africans do attempt to resistance dominance by Europe•Algeria tried to fight the French for about 50 years•East Africans staged a rebellion called the Maji Maji rebellion against the Germans-the Germans won but were shaken by the movement and did make some reforms to make the lives for Africans better•Ethiopia was able to successfully resistance European dominance thanks to their leader Menelik II- he was able to pit countries against each other and also purchased modern weapons to fight with •Negative effects of European rule in Africa include: disease, famines due to cash crops, loss of traditional culture, artificial boundaries created by Europe that unnaturally divided Africans•Positive effects include: reduction in local warfare, improved sanitation, building of hospitals and schools, literacy increased, lifespan increased, railroads, dams, telephone and telegraph lines built
Effects of European Imperialism in Africa: Positive or Negative?
•Africans lose their independence
•Reduction in local warfare
•Sanitation improves
•Spread of diseases like smallpox
•Schools are built
•Famines due to cash crop production
•Loss of traditional culture
•Hospitals are built
•Life spans increase
•Artificial boundaries combine or unnaturally divide people
•Literacy increases
•Railroads, dams and telephones are built
Locate Ethiopia on your map:
Draw an arrow from Ethiopia and write the following:
•Successful Resistance
•Menelik II purchased European weapons
•Played Italy, France and England against each other
•27-4:•British interest in India goes back to the 1600s when the East India Company set up trade posts there•When the Mughal Empire began to decline, Britain was able to expand their dominance of trade and eventually take over more control of India•The East India Company had a private army of Indian soldiers called Sepoys to defend the British company•India was resource rich and had a huge population- this was a great market for Britain to sell it’s goods-Britain called India it’s “jewel in the crown” of the empire•Britain limited what Indians could produce so that they did not compete with Britain- the British were able to put the Indian textile production out of business as cheap cloth was imported to India from Britain•The British built large railroad networks in India to transport raw materials, plantation crops, opium, tea, jute•Negative effects of British domination in India include restriction of Indian owned businesses, over reliance on cash crop production causing famine, racism•Positive effects include a modern economy, roads railroads, telephone lines, telegraph lines, dams, bridges, irrigation, sanitation, public health, schools, and an increase in literacy•However, the British ignored the customs and religions of Indians- when the sepoy soldiers found out that their rifles had beef and pork fat in the cartridges, the Hindus and Muslims rebelled in the SepoyMutiny- the mutiny was crushed by the British and from that point on the British government took direct control of India beginning a period called Raj•Indians were very unhappy with British control and formed Nationalist groups to resist the British domination- one is the Indian National Congress and the second is the Muslim League
India: Historical Review
• Early River civilizations near the Indus and Ganges Rivers
• Hinduism develops there• Gupta and Mauryan Empires- Golden Age of
Gupta- plastic surgery, great art, math, astronomy• Mughal Empire- Golden Age of Akbar, Islam
spreads• Mughal Empire declines under Aurangzeb and
other Mughals who over spend on building projects (Shah Jahan’s Taj Mahal) and conquereing
Sepoy Mutiny
• Sepoys-Indian soldiers
• In 1857 gossip spread among the Sepoys that their riffle cartridges were greased with beef and pork fat
• Muslims do not eat pork and Hindus do not consume beef (as the cow is considered sacred)
• British refuse to make changes- Sepoys rebelled and marched on the city of Delhi and captured it. The rebellion spread to northern and central India.
• It took more than a year for the East India Company to regain control of the country- British government had to send in troups
• Indians could not defeat the British because due to weak leadership and conflicts between the Hindus and Muslims
Sepoy Mutiny
Capturing of Delhi by Indians
Raj
• Considered a turning point in British rule of India
• In 1858 The British government took direct control of India rule under the British crown during the reign of Queen Victoria (known as the Raj)
• A British cabinet minister directed policy in London and a British governor-general (later called a viceroy) carried out the government’s policies
• The British promised that Indian states that were free would remain so, however unofficially Britian took more control away from the governing princes
Nationalism in India
• In the early 1800s some Indians began to demand more modernization, thus a movement away from traditional Indian practices began
• Nationalist feelings began to emerge as many Indians hated being treated like second-class citizens in their own land
• Two nationalist groups were formed: the Indian National Congress (1885) and the Muslim League (1906)
• At first both groups focused on improving conditions for Indians, however by the early 1900s they were calling for self-government
•British restricted Indian-owned industries
•Loss of self-sufficient villages due to cash crop dependency
•Decreased food production led to famines
•Increased presence of missionaries and decline of Indian traditional life
• Massive railroad system helped establish modern economy and untied the country
•Infrastructure modernized: roads, bridges, damns, canals, & telegraph and telephone lines
•Sanitation & public health improved
•Schools & colleges were founded & literacy increased
•British put an end to local warfare among competing groups
Impacts of British Rule in India
• Restriction of Indian owned industries
•Emphasis on cash crops leads to loss of self-sufficiency
•Missionaries and racist attitudes threaten traditional life
•3rd largest RR network built
•Telephone and telegraph lines built
•Dams, bridges, roads, irrigation canals built
•Sanitation and public health improves
•Literacy increases with schools and colleges opening
•Nationalist groups such as the Indian National Congress and Muslim League are formed
Ireland•By 1801, Britain formally controlled Ireland- there were problems between the Irish who were Catholics and the British who were Protestants for hundreds of years•The British controlled the land in Ireland and forced tenants to provide food to the landowners•Since the Irish had to ship a lot of their produce to Britain, they grew potatoes to feed themselves, since potatoes were easy to grow and did not need a lot of attention•In the 1840s a terrible fungus ruined almost all of the potatoes in Ireland-without any other reliable food source, about 1 million Irish died, 1.5 million fled to other countries and the desire of the Irish to separate from Britain grew•At this point, many people in Ireland had converted from Catholicism to Protestantism- Britain was worried that if they left Ireland the Protestants would suffer•Some Irish nationalists formed the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and began to use attacks against British in Ireland•By 1921 Britain decided to divided Ireland- Southern Ireland became independent and Britain remained in control of Northern Ireland and still does today!
28-1•The Chinese traditionally looked down on “barbarian” outsiders, making them an ethnocentric culture•The Ming and Qing dynasty had limited contact with outsiders – China became a self-sufficient society as they did not depend on others and had no interest in outsiders•Since they were self-sufficient, the Chinese did not want to trade with the west, but the west DID want to trade with China- they needed to come up with a product that the Chinese would want and decided on the addictive drug opium, which they could import from India•The Qing emperor asked Britain to stop bringing Opium to China, but the British refused- the Opium War began in 1839- the Chinese were so outdated in their military weapons and tactics that they were crushed•The Treaty Of Nanjing was signed which gave Hong Kong to Britain, have Britain extraterritorial rights and allowed Europe to trade with China out of more ports•Eventually the Chinese people began to grow angry at the Qing Dynasty as problems in China increased- this led to the Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s•The Dowager Empress Cixi wanted to stick to tradition in China, but did allow some reforms during the self-strengthening movement in the 1860s•By the late 19th century, foreign countries had set up Spheres of Influence in China- areas of China where foreign companies controlled trade and investments•The United States was concerned that Europe would dominate China, so they passed the Open Door Policy allowing all foreign nations to trade in China, but also prevented China from being directly taken over or colonized•Chinese did rebel during the Boxer Rebellion- they rebelled against the Chinese government and foreigners in China- the Boxers were crushed, but it showed that China was very unhappy with the Qing government•In the early 1900s Dowager Empress did try to reach out to foreigners and make changes to China, but it was too little too late!
• Gunpowder
•Great Wall of China- to keep nomadic invaders out
•Paper
•Paper money
•Printing
•Silk production
•Magnetic compass
•Foot binding- women are seen as inferior
•Ethnocentric – belief that they are superior to other ethnic groups
•Dynastic cycle
•Mandate of Heaven
•Confucianism
•They are self-sufficient- rich agricultural economy- especially with quick-growing rice and crops from the Americas
• Had extensive mining and manufacturing industries- salt, tin, silver, iron, silk production, cotton and porcelain.
• Qing Emperors had little interest in the west-did not like idea of Christianity, were not impressed with western items.
Why has China remained “untouched” until the 1800’s?
#1 Opium War: Watch video and write down 5 facts
• China was uninterested in trade with the west.
•Europeans find a product Chinese would buy- Opium
•British smuggle Opium into China- by 1835 12 million Chinese are addicted to opium
•Britain refuses China’s request to stop the opium trade
•Opium War breaks out in 1839- China’s military is outdated
•Outcome- Treaty of Nanking- Britain gets Hong Kong, more access to ports, US and others sign another treaty gaining extraterritorial rights.
•Extraterritorial rights- foreigners do not have to follow Chinese laws.
#2 Taiping Rebellion
•Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan
•Wanted to build a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”
•Army of over one million peasants took control of southeastern China and captured Nanjing
•Qing, British and French attack Taiping and it collapses.
•20 million die in the rebellion
#3 Self-strengthening Movement
•Led by Dowager Empress Cixi
•Tries to reform:
•Update China’s educational system, diplomatic service, military
•Set up factories to manufacture steam-powered gunboats, rifles, ammunition
•Too little, too late!
#4 Open Door Policy: Watch the video and take at least 5 notes
•US policy passed in 1899
•Opens China to merchants of all nations
•Insures protection of US trade rights
•Keeps China free from colonization
•Spheres of Influence are set up in China-foreign nations control trade and investment in certain areas of China
#5 Boxer Rebellion:
• Chinese resent foreign influence and economic control in China
•Dowager Empress organizes Boxers-slogan: “Death to foreign devils”
• Multinational force defeats the uprising
•Does show that the Chinese have a nationalist spirit
China never wanted foreigners any more than foreigners wanted Chinamen, and on this question I am with the Boxers every time. The Boxer is a patriot. He loves his country better than he does the countries of other people. I wish him success. The Boxer believes in driving us out of his country. I am a Boxer too, for I believe in driving him out of our country.
Mark
Twain
1900
28-2•By the 1600s, Japan began a “closed door policy”, shutting almost all contact with outsiders under the Tokugawa shogunate•Japan was not interested in trading with outsiders, but in 1853, the US sent Matthew Perry to try to convince Japan to trade- Japan was shocked by the ships that the US had, and realized that they would need to change- they signed the Treaty of Kanagawa which opened two ports to US ships and gave foreigners extraterritorial rights•The Japanese were upset with foreigners in their nation and the Tokugawa stepped down as the emperor Mutsuhito, the Meiji emperor, took control•The Meiji emperor decided they needed to modernize if they were to compete with the foreigners- he borrowed ideas from the Germany government and army, the British navy, the American education system, built railroads and opened up new state run factories•As Japan changed, they also became imperialistic- they attacked China in the Sino-Japanese War and gained control of Manchuria, Taiwan and other islands.•Japan also fought Russia in the Russo-Japanese War over Manchuria and won•Japan also annexed Korea and treated Korea harshly- Koreans grew to resent the Japanese
Japan Responds to
the West
•4,000 islands = archipelago (island group)
•Mild climate
•Mountainous
•Only 12% of land suitable for farming
•Lacks natural resources like coal, oil and iron
Shinto- native religion- based on nature
•Influence of Buddhism from Korea
•Cultural borrowing from Chinese such as cooking, drinking tea, gardening
•Heian Period- elaborate ritual and artistic pursuits
•Feudalism-
Emperor- no real political power
Shogun- actual ruler
Samurai- warriors, code-bushido /daimyo- landlords
Peasants
Merchants
Tokugawa Shogunate
• Portuguese arrive in Japan-1543
•Spanish, Dutch, and English Traders arrive
•Japan acquires knowledge of European weapons and ideas
•Christian missionaries arrive
•Japan fears presence of missionaries will bring conquest by Western powers
•Japan suspects Japanese Christians will be loyal to Church instead of nation
AFTER CLOSING THE DOOR
•Japan expels missionaries, persecutes Japanese Christians
•Japan bars Western merchants and bans foreign travel
•Foreign trade severely limited
•Japan’s only contact with the West comes through annual visit of a few Dutch merchant ships
•Internal trade booms
•Cities grow
•Japan is forced to reopen relations with the West- 1853
Japan Opens Up•Matthew Perry arrives in 1853
Watch video and take 5 notes
Japan Opens Up
•Matthew Perry arrives in 1853- What was his tactic?? Was it effective??
•Japan must sign Treaty of Kanagawa-Japan opens two ports for US ships to take on supplies
•Foreigners gain extraterritorial rights
Meiji Era/Meiji Restoration
• Tokugawa shogun steps down and Emperor Mutsuhito takes control
•Realizes the need to modernize: Watch video and take 5 notes
Tokugawa shogun steps down and Emperor Mutsuhito takes control
•Realizes the need to modernize:
•Has Japanese study in Europe and North America
•Use Germany’s constitution as a model
•Use German army and British navy as guidelines for their own
•Used the US system of universal public education
•Industrialized- builds railroads, factories
•Eliminates extraterritorial rights
•Becomes imperialistic
Meiji Era/Meiji Restoration
•Sino-Japanese War- fights China for control of Korea and Manchuria- gains Taiwan and other Islands
•Russo-Japanese War- fights Russia for control of Manchuria and Korea- Russia is defeated- Japan gains more territory
•Japan begins to occupy Korea in 1905, in 1910 Japan annexes Korea
•Treats Koreans poorly- replaces Korean language and history with Japanese, takes away land, forbade Koreans from opening businesses
Becoming Imperialistic
US Economic Imperialism in Latin America•Latin America has gained independence from European powers under the leadership of people such as Simon Bolivar, Toussaint L’Ouverture, and San Martin.
•Independence does not improve the lives of most citizens
•Rich landowners get richer
•Caudillos- military dictators- take control of new nations
•Region has little to no experience with democracy
•Economically Latin America still depends on exports of cash crops
•Imported manufactured goods from US and Europe
•Close proximity- US is nervous Europe will re -conquer- passes Monroe Doctrine- states American continents cannot be colonized by Europe
•US has set up businesses in Latin America and wants to protect them- When Cuba fights Spain for independence the US joins Cuba- the Spanish- American War- outcome- Cuba is independent but US sets up a military government and US gains Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines
•US helps Panama build the Panama Canal- opens in 1914
•US passes the Roosevelt Corollary- US will act as an international police power in the Western Hemisphere
Why is the US interested in Latin America?