the munaafiqoon (the occult powers) hide the allah’s truths, realities & laws to imperialize the...

8/6/2019 The Munaafiqoon (the Occult Powers) hide the Allahs Truths, Realities & Laws to Imperialize the World

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The Munaafiqoon (the Occult Powers) hide the Allahs Truths, Realities & Laws to Imperialize the World

Which then of the bounties of your Lord will you deny? Ar-Rahmaan | The Beneficent (Al-Quran)

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Microscopic wonders from a "Small World"

Can you imagine anything trickier than cutting the heart out of a mosquito? How aboutmaking an award-winning picture of that heart? A graduate student from Vanderbilt University has

managed to pull off both of those tricks.

The image of the mosquito's tublar heart, supported by thin webs of muscles, was judged the first-placewinner in this year's Nikon Small World photomicrophay competition--one of the world's most

prestigious contests for aesthetically pleasing pictures of microscopic subjects. "We weren't really sure

how well it was going to work," said photographer Jonas King, who worked on the project with his

professor. "We were both just amazed at how cool it looked."

This year's winner, awarded last month, was Jonas King with an image of an Anopheles

gambiae (mosquito) heart at 100x magnification (above). Essentialin the ongoing research of malaria, an infectious disease causing an estimated 1.5-2.5 million annual

deaths [1] is the study of its carriers, mosquitoes, and how they carry and transmit disease and other pathogens. The image in itself provides insight into how mosquitoes move blood to all regions of their

bodies.

Hideo Otsuna

Spread by mosquitoes, malaria kills someone every 30 seconds. Researcher Jonas King, of

Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, hopes to do something about it, and his hundred-power image of a mosquito heart might help.


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The insect circulatory system transports nutrients, signaling molecules, wastes andimmune factors to all areas of the body. The primary organ driving circulation is the dorsalvessel, which consists of an abdominal heart and a thoracic aorta. Here, we present qualitative

and quantitative data characterizing the heart of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Visualobservation showed that the heart of resting mosquitoes contracts at a rate of 1.37 Hz (82 beats

per minute) and switches contraction direction, with 72% of contractions occurring in theanterograde direction (toward the head) and 28% of contractions occurring in the retrograde

direction (toward the tip of the abdomen). The heart is tethered to the midline of the abdominaltergum by six complete and three incomplete pairs of alary muscles, and propels hemolymph at

an average velocity of 8 mm s1

by sequentially contracting muscle fibers oriented in a helicaltwist with respect to the lumen of the vessel. Hemolymph enters the heart through six pairs of

incurrent abdominal ostia and one pair of ostia located at the thoraco-abdominal junction thatreceive hemolymph from the abdominal hemocoel and thoracic venous channels, respectively.

The vessel expels hemolymph through distal excurrent openings located at the anterior end of theaorta and the posterior end of the heart.


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This image, put together by a UC Riverside researcher, shows the head and olfactory organs of a

female mosquito (in foreground) and a fruitfly (background). The red lines are sample electrical

recordings from a CO2-sensitive neuron. The red and black molecules show the chemical structures of

compounds the research team tested. (Stephanie Turner).

Every time you exhale, you send out a beacon to hungry mosquitoes.These vampires follow their noses. Theyre exquisitely sensitive to


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carbon dioxide in the air, and can follow faint traces over long distances.

Constant streams of the gas wont do the mosquitoes are waiting for

the rhythmic pulses of carbon dioxide, such as those given off by a

breathing human. Once they find such a plume, they fly headlong into it,

tracking it back to its blood-filled source.

Aedes aegypti. Credit: Flickr userSanofi PasteurIt may not seem like it during this part of the year (in the

northern hemisphere anyway), but most of the time,mosquitoes don't drink blood. Males and females both drink

nectar for their own survival; it is the propagation of thespecies that requires your blood. Female mosquitoes

sometimes need to take a hot blood meal to get the requiredproteins and iron for making eggs. While necessary for

reproduction, drinking mammalian blood has a lot of unique

physiological challenges, not the least of which is the temperature difference.

At room temperature, the average human's body temperature is about 15C (almost 30F)warmer than that of the average mosquito, and when a female takes a blood meal, her body

temperature spikes 10C in one minute! While ectotherms like mosquitoes are used to fluctuating body temperatures based on environmental conditions (such as the day/night cycle), these

changes are usually gradual, allowing the mosquito ample time to alter their physiology. Hotblood meals impose the unique physiological problem of rapidly increasing body temperature

without much time to adjust, which can cause enzymatic dysfunction and disrupt physiologicalpathways such as digestion, reproduction, and metabolism.

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