EuropeEurope

History and Cultural History and Cultural GeographyGeography

CrusadesCrusades 1096-1291 (almost 200 yrs)1096-1291 (almost 200 yrs) Muslims captured Jerusalem in 1076Muslims captured Jerusalem in 1076 Pope Urban II made a speech to a Pope Urban II made a speech to a

crowd in Clermont, France, calling for crowd in Clermont, France, calling for Christians to reclaim Jerusalem:Christians to reclaim Jerusalem: "Christians, hasten to help your "Christians, hasten to help your

brothers in the East, for they are brothers in the East, for they are being attacked. Arm for the rescue being attacked. Arm for the rescue of Jerusalem under your captain of Jerusalem under your captain Christ. Wear his cross as your badge. Christ. Wear his cross as your badge. If you are killed your sins will be If you are killed your sins will be pardoned."pardoned."

RenaissanceRenaissance ““rebirth,” “to be born again”rebirth,” “to be born again” Renewed interest in learning based Renewed interest in learning based

on classical (Ancient Greek and on classical (Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman) sourcesAncient Roman) sources

Began in Florence, ItalyBegan in Florence, Italy Medici family = wealthy banking family Medici family = wealthy banking family

in Italyin Italy Medicis used money and influence to Medicis used money and influence to

promote art, science, and learning in promote art, science, and learning in Florence.Florence.

Leonardo di VinciLeonardo di Vinci

Vitruvian Man, circa 1487

Mona Lisa, 1503-1516

Right: View from the entrance to the Sistine Chapel (Part of the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City)

Left: The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, 1502-1512

Sistine Chapel: Rome, ItalySistine Chapel: Rome, Italy

The Birth of Venus by Botticelli 1486

Roman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts Structures that Structures that

carry water for carry water for long distanceslong distances

Have to Have to maintain a maintain a certain slope certain slope for very long for very long distances to distances to workwork

ReformationReformation Beginning - 1517: Beginning - 1517: The Ninety-Five The Ninety-Five

Theses, Theses, criticized….criticized…. The PopeThe Pope Corruption in the clergyCorruption in the clergy Devotion to saintsDevotion to saints Indulgences (rewards forIndulgences (rewards for pious behavior, pious behavior,

good deeds)good deeds) Monasticism Monasticism

Ended in 1648 with the Treaty of Ended in 1648 with the Treaty of WestphaliaWestphalia

FeudalismFeudalism Political system in which powerful Political system in which powerful

lords (land owners) give plots of land lords (land owners) give plots of land in exchange for military servicein exchange for military service LordLord = land owner = land owner VassalVassal = person who enters into an = person who enters into an

agreement with the lord: (land and agreement with the lord: (land and protection from enemies) in exchange for protection from enemies) in exchange for military servicemilitary service

FiefFief = the plot of land granted to the = the plot of land granted to the vassal by the lordvassal by the lord

The HolocaustThe Holocaust Holocaust = “sacrifice by fire”Holocaust = “sacrifice by fire” 1933-1945 1933-1945 In addition to Jews, the Nazis targeted In addition to Jews, the Nazis targeted

Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah's Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Catholics, and the disabled for Witnesses, Catholics, and the disabled for persecution. Anyone who resisted the persecution. Anyone who resisted the Nazis was sent to forced labor or Nazis was sent to forced labor or murdered. murdered.

Estimated the 11 million people (6 million Estimated the 11 million people (6 million Jews) were murdered during the HolocaustJews) were murdered during the Holocaust

Holocaust: Quick TimelineHolocaust: Quick Timeline 1933:1933: Nazis call for a boycott of Jewish Nazis call for a boycott of Jewish

businessesbusinesses 1935:1935: Nuremberg Laws (laws excluding Nuremberg Laws (laws excluding

Jews from public life)Jews from public life) Nov 9-10, 1938:Nov 9-10, 1938: KristallnachtKristallnacht (“Night of (“Night of

Broken Glass”), approximately 30,000 Broken Glass”), approximately 30,000 Jews arrested and sent to concentration Jews arrested and sent to concentration campscamps

1939:1939: Jews forced to wear yellow star of Jews forced to wear yellow star of David on their clothingDavid on their clothing

19411941: Jews forced to live in ghettos: Jews forced to live in ghettos Largest – Warsaw GhettoLargest – Warsaw Ghetto Nazis would order deportations from ghettos, Nazis would order deportations from ghettos,

loading Jews onto trains to go to campsloading Jews onto trains to go to camps

How could this happen?How could this happen?

“The Jew: The inciter of war, the prolonger of war."

Auschwitz: “Work Makes You Auschwitz: “Work Makes You Free”Free”

Berlin WallBerlin Wall