Ecosystem services to governurban commonsStreberová, E. 1,2, Kluvánková, T. 1,2,

1 SPECTRA, Centre of Excellence EU2 Institute of Forest Ecology at Slovak Academy of Sciences

3 Institute of Management at Slovak University of Technology

Presentation outline

1. CC and urban areas2. Relevance of green infrastructure3. Urban commons in Bratislava, Slovakia4. Experimenting with urban commons

Climate change and vulnerability ofcities

Urbanisation in Europe: - today 72% , by 2020 80 %, 2100 90 % or more- aging population, - economic capital ↔ production ofgreenhouse gases,

Urbanization + CC + socio-economic trends→ risks for urban population:

UHI (urban heat island), water scarcity, floods, droughts and heat wavesextreme weather events

Relevance of green infrastructure in adaptationto CC

Fulfils the needs of a variety of stakeholder groups and policy aims (DG Environment, 2012):

- biodiversity conservation (ecological networks)

- ecosystem services - mitigation of climate change relatedimpacts (and also many other benefits and goods)

SustainabledrainageSystems(Sweden)

Rain gardens (UK) Green roofs and walls(Japan, France)

Phot

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Urban GI & Ecosystem service provision(Demuzere et al., 2014)

Physical benefits:• CO2 sequestration,• flood protection,• improved water

abudance and quality,

• air quality and temperature regulation,

• food production• reduced energy use,

Psychological and social benefits: • Health and restorative benefits,• Aesthetic appreciation• Inspiration• Education• Recreation & leisure Photo:

oneplanet-sustainability.org

What is green infrastructure:

„Network of green spaces in which and through which natural functions and processes are sustained.“ (EC, 2013)

In urban environment: „A hybrid infrastructure of green spaces (and blue spaces) and build systems.“ (Demuzzere et al., 2014)

Urban gardening (Slovakia), Street trees Court-yards (Slovakia)

Green Bike paths (Slovakia), River revitalisation, Parks and ponds

Management effectiveness of urban green spaces –urban commons(new) Urban commons are publicly shared resources that have been reconceptualized as commons, mostly human-constructed, parts of urban environment (Hess 2008, Maco, Kluvánková, in review).

Photo: www.realtythoughts.com, www.dianliwenmi.com, www.pinterest.com, www.reddit.com, www.communitygarden.org.au,

Gated-communities (Herrod, 2011)

Parks and multipurpose public spaces (Kassa, 2008 , Poklembová, 2013)

Street trees (Steed, Fischer, 2011),

Court yards (Maco, 2015)

Community gardens (Maco, 2015)

Climate change in Bratislava

Vulnerability: increase in average citizen age from 44,6 yrs in 2011 to 47,8 in 2025 in Bratislava old towngreyfication of population in Bratislava – by 2025 rise of number of retired citizens 9%Heat exposure: heat islands due to accumulation of radiance during day by aritificalsurfaces and urbanistic structures in the city centre, lack of green infrastructre in city center, expected rise of average annual temperature in Western Slovakia by 0,4 °C by 2030 any by 0,9 °C by 2075.Behavioural exposure: outdoor activities in city centre , playgrounds, kindergartens, schoolyards, etc.

Share of citizens over 75 yrsof age in comparison to totalpopulation in Bratislava [%] (Hudeková, 2009)

Thermovision images ( in corridors) over Bratislava city centre during a hot summer day (Source: REC Slovensko, Fotomap, s.r.o, 2007)

Management of urban commons: public and semi-public green spaces in Bratislava, Slovakia

• Public and Semi-public spaces – providing common, public and private goods

• Production services (individual & collective benefits) – urban agriculture, urbanfarming

• Local climate regulation and cultural ecosystem services (collective benefits):- cooling effects (evapotranspiration), shading, reducing heating/cooling

costs, air filtration, noise reduction, carbon sequestration (1800 € annually)- recreation and leisure activities, etc. (617 193,23 € - 2,6 mil. €)

Horský park Courtyard Legiodomy Courtyard Slavia Community garden

Photos: Authors

Photos: www.cetip.sk

Experimenting with Commons

„You can discover more about a person in an hour of play than in a year of conversation.“ (Plato)

Analyse and predict individual and group behavior under thecontrolled situation: social dilemma under the complexityand uncertainty.

Test novel instruments and decision tools in real worldsituation (simplification of real life situations to zoom in onspecific decision problem)

Role Board Games• Interactive agent based models (field experiment + role game)• Repeatibility under the controlled conditions & time frame to increase

validity of experiments in real situation (Barretau, 2001, Janssen et al.,2010)

• Learning aspect: Experience gained in playing roles foreign to one´s owninterest may provide insights hard to obtain in any other manner“ (Shubik,1975)

• Dynamic modelling: Feedback loops – player feedback – adjusting thesimulation model & game rules

• Test the sensitivity of the consequences of given set of collective rules formanagement of an ecosystem, with respect to a set of assumptions onindividual behaviours” (Barreteau, 2001).

Photo:constitutional-change.com

The „Green city“ role board game• Designed on Cardenas, Janssen and Bousquet

(2008) new generation of field experiments with thecommons

• Communication and resource dynamics

Developed furter at VEEL:

• Player roles : 5 players :2 politicians, developer, 2 citizens

• Social dilema: grey/ greeen infrastructure• Resource degradation: the fewer green spaces,

the greater the urban heat island (achieve minimum of green to grey ration 2:1)

• Game treatments: non-cooperative, cooperativewith communication (crafting own rules) 10 rounds

The „Green city“ role board game

Further steps:

• Stakeholder involvement & follow upsurvey

• Player (stakeholder) feedback -whether the model's assumptions match the stakeholders´own representation of the system dynamics and provide stakeholders with a large enough range of possible actions/competencies

Invitation to Game session

Friday 13:15-14:45 (CO Roma Square)

Thank you for your attention!References• Anderies, J.M., M. A. Janssen, F. Bousquet, J-C. Cardenas, D. Castillo, M-C. Lopez, R. Tobias, B. Vollan, A. Wutich . 2011.

The challenge of understanding decisions in experimental studies of common pool resource governance. Ecological Economics 70 (2011) 1571–1579

• Barreteau, O., Bousquet, F., Attonaty J.M. (2001). Role-playing games for opening the black box of multi-agent systems: method and lessons of its application to Senegal River Valley irrigated systems. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation vol. 4, no. 2.

• Communication from the European Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. 2013. Green Infrastructure- Enhancing Europe´s Natural Capital.

• Demuzere M, Orru K, Heidrich O, Olazabal E, Geneletti D, Orru H, Bhave A, Mittal N, Feliu E, Faehnle M. 2014. Mitigating and adapting to climate change: multi-functional and multi-scale assessment of green urban infrastructures. Journal of Environmental Management. Volume 146. 15 December 2014, Pages 107–115.

• Directorate-General Environment of the Environmental Commission. 2012. Multifunctionality of Green infrastructure (in-depthreport). 37p.

• Green. K.C. 2005 Game theory, simulated interaction, and unaided judgement forforecasting decisions in conflicts: Further evidence. International Journal of Forecasting 21 (2005) 463– 472.

• HESS, CH. 2008. Mapping the New Commons. Published in 2008 [online]. [accessed2012-04-20] Available at <http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/304>.

• Janssen, M.A., R. Holahan, A. Lee and E. Ostrom. 2010. Lab experiments and for the study of Socioecologicalsystems. Science 328: 613-617

• Maco, M., Kluvankova, T., Finka, M. 2015. Experimenting with Commons: Management of Semi Public Urban SpacesDesigning CPR Regimes for Urban Microclimate Regulation Contact. 15th Biennial Global IASC Conference, Edmonton Alberta, 29th of May 2015.