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ELECTRONIC WASTE

SOURCES AND CHARACTERSTICS

JYOTI VERMA I M.Tech

10519002

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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

IntroductionE-WasteCompositionImpacts of e-wasteIndian E-waste scenarioConclusion

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INTRODUCTION

Electronics industry is the world's largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry.

Rapid growth, combined with rapid product obsolescence and discarded electronics is now the fastest growing waste fraction, accounting for 8% of all municipal waste in European Union (The Economist, 2005).

In developing countries, on an average it equals to 1% of total solid waste and is expected to grow to 2% by 2010 (UNEP, 2009)

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E-Waste

There is no generally accepted definition of e-waste

Electronic waste commonly known as E-waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), or end-of-life electronic are the electronic appliances such as computers, laptops, TVs, DVD players, mobile phones, MP3 players etc. including their assembly, sub-assembly, components and consumables, which have been disposed of or unwanted by their original users(Bhuie et al.,2004).

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Mobile phones; facts

According to TRAI-India added 113.26 million new

cellular customers in 2008, an average 9.5 million customers

added every month. Cellular market grew from 168.11 million in 2003–2004 to 261.97 million in 2007–2008

(TRAI, 2007–2008).

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E-waste accumulation in China

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Composition of E-waste

Electronic appliances are composed of hundreds of different materials that can be both toxic but also of high value . It consist of-

1.Valuable material 2.Hazardous material

(DEFRA, 2004)

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Valuable Materials

Gold, silver, copper, platinum etc. are valuable substances which turn recycling of e-waste into a lucrative business opportunity.

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Hazardous Material

The recycling of hazardous substances, e.g. carcinogens such as lead and arsenic ,CRT, Capacitors, Mercury switches and relays, Batteries, Liquid crystal displays is critical and poses serious health risks and environment dangers of not properly handled

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Of particular concern is Lead in e-waste

Lead is a toxic substances which may cause lead poisoning and can be especially harmful young children.

A typical 17-inch computer monitor contains approximately 2.2 pounds of lead

the 500 million computers that became obsolete between 1997 and 2007 will contain nearly 1.6 billion pounds of lead

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Impacts Of E-waste

Electronic wastes can cause widespread environmental damage due to the use of toxic materials

Toxic Materials releases highly toxic dioxins and furans when burned

Land filling of e wastes can lead to the leaching of lead into the ground water.

If the CRT is crushed and burned, it emits toxic fumes into the air (Ramachandra and Saira, 2004)

The cadmium from one mobile phone battery is enough to pollute 600 m3 of water (Trick, 2002).

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Indian E-waste Scenario

Increasing quantity of e-wasteWEEE generation is about 146000 tonne per

yearThe top states in order of highest

contribution to WEEE include Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat. The ranked list of cities as WEEE generators are Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, AhmadabadHyderabad (IRGSSA, 2005)

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Contd....

Most of the e-waste is dumped from developed countries.

at recycling units in New Delhi (India) itself, 70% of the total electronic waste collected was actually exported or dumped by developed countries (Toxic Link,2004)

by 2020, E-waste from old computers in India will jumped by 500%; from discarded mobile phones will be about 18 times high(UNEP 2010 report)

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E-waste trade cycle in India

E-waste management system is not developed.

UnorganisedThe life cycle of the EEE in India can

broadly be divided in to three levels-Level I — EEE generationLevel II-WEEE generationLevel III-WEEE re-processing

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Level I-EEE generation

marks the actual entry of the new electrical and electronic equipments, raw materials, components, assemblies and sub-assemblies in India either in the form of production by the producers and manufacturers who are located in India, or in the form of its import from the foreign countries by the importers.

Up to this level the sector is well organized in India.

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Level II-WEEE Generation

The domestic as well as official consumers are the real users of EEE, who purchases the generated new EEE from the actors of first level, in order to serve their present need.

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Level III-WEEE Reprocessing

This stage can be divided into two stages-

1. Pre-reprocessing stage2. Reprocessing stage

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In pre-reprocessing and reprocessing stage

sells it to the recycler/dismantler and disposers for reprocessing.

sell it through small traders to the wholesaler/bigger trader who segregates and sort out different types of waste material

components,

who purchases E-waste along with the other recyclable waste or scrap like old news papers, books, cardboards, plastics ferrous-tin

material items, glass bottles, etc., from the consumer,

Collection by Kabadiwalas

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Problems with e-waste

Problems associated with the e-waste management-its ever increasing quantum its scientific and environment friendly disposal Management and disposal of e-waste has become a

serious problem among states nationwide. The problem of electronic waste (e-waste) is growing

at an unsustainable rate. E-waste is now the fastest growing, and most toxic,

component of municipal garbage. Local governments are facing huge costs to handle

e-waste, and even greater costs if they do not capture this toxic stream and handle it in an appropriate manner.

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Problems specific to developing countries

Although the quantity of e-waste per capita is still relatively small, populous countries such as China and India are already huge producers of e-waste in absolute terms (Empa, 2005)

These countries also display the fastest growing markets for electrical and electronic equipment.

Some developing and transition countries are importing considerable quantities of e-waste. Some of them arrive as donations meant to help the poor, while others are simply mislabelled.

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Each one of us has a role to play!

Need for a e-waste policy and legislationEncourage and facilitate organized

recycling systemsShould subsidies recycling and disposal

industriesCollect fee from manufactured/consumers

for the disposal of toxic materialIncentive schemes for garbage collectors

and general public for collecting and handling over e-waste

Awareness programs on e-waste for school children and general public

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continuation

Transparency and accountability to the public Handling large amounts of e-waste poses risks of toxic contamination to workers and surrounding communities if conducted carelessly.

Thus, the most basic criterion that employees and citizens should rightfully expect from any recycling operation is that it be open to public inspection.

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continuation

General compliance with occupational health and safety standards Observance of health and safety standards in the workplace is important for protecting workers from exposure to toxics whilst handling e-waste

Well-trained workers, who are fully protected by the law to seek advice and take action to protect their health and the environment without fear of reprisal from their employer, are the most effective environmental protection.

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Conclusion

It is important that we create a national framework for the environmentally sound management of e-waste including wide public awareness and education

Conduct detailed inventories of e-waste

Initiate pilot schemes on collection and sorting of e-wastes , including take back schemes and schemes for repair refurbishment and recycling

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References

A roadmap for development of sustainable E-waste management system in India

Sushant B. Wath ⁎, Atul N. Vaidya, P.S. Dutt, Tapan Chakrabarti

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440 020, India

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THANK YOU