exam 1 review purpose: identify themes two major sections –defining social psychology and research...
TRANSCRIPT
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Exam 1 Review• Purpose: Identify Themes
• Two major sections– Defining Social Psychology and Research
Methods– Social Perception
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Defining Social Psychology
• What is it?
• How does it differ from other related fields?
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Research Methods
• What’s a theory? How is it evaluated• What’s a Hypothesis?• How does applied research differ from basic
research?• Conceptual vs. Operational variables?• Correlational Designs• Experimental Designs• How do correlational and experimental research
differ?
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Research Methods
• In Experiments:– Random sampling vs. random assignment– Why is random assignment important?– What is an independent variable? Dependent
variable?– Be able to identify and translate conceptual
variables to operationalized variables
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Theme of this section of course: Social Perception
• How do we perceive:
– Ourselves?
– Other individuals?
– Other groups?
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First Topic: The Self
• Affect: How do we evaluate ourselves, enhance our self-images, and defend against threats to our self-esteem?
• Behavior: How do we regulate our actions and present ourselves according to interpersonal demands?
• Cognition: How do we come to know ourselves, develop a self-concept, and maintain a stable sense of identity?
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The ABCs of the Self
• Cognition: Self-concept
• Affect: Self-esteem
• Behavior: Self-presentation
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Self-concept
• Define
• Cocktail party effect
• Self-schemas
• Sources of the self-concept
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• Source 1: Introspection– Does it lead to an accurate self-concept?– Affective forecasting & durability bias
• Source 2: Perceptions of our own behavior– Self-perception theory (Bem)– Self-perception of emotion– Intrinsic/Extrinsic motivation– Overjustification effect
Sources of the Self-Concept
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• Source 3: Other people– Social comparison theory (Festinger)– Two-factor theory of emotion (Schacter)
• Source 4: Autobiographical memories– Flashbulb memories– Self-serving distortions of memories (e.g., high school
grades)
• Source 5: Culture– Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Orientations
Sources of the Self-Concept
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Self-esteem• What function does SE serve?
– Need for social belonging/acceptance– Terror Management Theory
• Influences of Culture
• Self-discrepancy theory
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Self-esteem• Self-awareness– Public vs. private self-consciousness
• Self-regulation
• Ironic processes– Trying to inhibit a thought, feeling, or behavior
sometimes backfires
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Mechanisms of Self-Enhancement
• Self-serving cognitions– Misremembering SAT scores
• Self-handicapping
• BIRGing
• Social comparison
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Self-presentation
• In book, focus on:– Strategic self-presentation strategies;
• Self-monitoring• Ingratiation• Self-promotion• Self-verification
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Second Topic: Person Perception
• Attribution biases
• Observation
• Confirmation biases
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Attribution Theories
• Internal/Person Attributionse.g., personality, ability, attitude
• External/Situational Attributionse.g., other people, luck, pressure,
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Attribution Biases and Errors
• Kelley’s covariation theory
• Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
• FAE and culture
• Actor-observer bias
• Self-serving attribution bias
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Observation
• Superficial features– E.g., baby-facedness
• Nonverbal behaviors– What functions are served?– Lie detection
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Information Integration
• Priming
• Implicit Personality Theories– Central traits
– Primacy
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Confirmation Bias• Belief Perseverance – believing discredited information
• Hypothesis confirmation bias• Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Third Topic: Prejudice
• Stereotypes & Prejudice
• Intergroup Interactions
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How stereotypes form
• Ingroups and outgroups
• Social categorization
• Outgroup homogeneity
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How stereotypes survive
• Illusory correlations
• Attributions
• Subtyping and contrast effects
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Automaticity of Stereotypes: Influencing Factors
• Amount of exposure to the stereotype.
• The kind and amount of information the perceiver encounters.
• The perceiver’s motivational goals.– e.g., Protecting one’s self-esteem or self-image.
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Overcoming Stereotypes
• How much personal information do we have about someone?
• What is our cognitive ability to focus on an individual member of a stereotyped group?
• What is our motivation level to form an accurate impression of someone?
• How motivated are we to avoid applying negative stereotypes?
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Prejudice: The emotional component
• Competition-based prejudice
• Explicit vs. Implicit prejudice
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Competition-based prejudice
• Realistic conflict theory– Cotton prices and lynchings
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Forms of Prejudice• Explicit Attitudes– Ambivalent Sexism– Modern Racism
• Implicit Attitudes
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• Explicit Attitudes
– Operate at conscious level
– Best measured by traditional, self-report measures
• Implicit Attitudes
– Function in an unconscious & unintentional manner
– How do we measure??
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Implicit Prejudice
• Unconscious, unintentional, automatic
• How is it measured?– IAT– Bona fide pipeline– fMRI
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How Stereotypes Affect their Targets
• Stereotype Threat– How does it operate?
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Reducing prejudice
• Jigsaw Classroom