executive department cases

7/23/2019 Executive Department CASES

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RONALD ALLAN POE a.k.a. FERNANDO POE, JR., Protestant, vs

GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, Protestee.

P.E.T. CASE No. 002 March 29, 2005

QUISUMBIN, J.!

1. The fundamental rule appl!a"le n a presdental ele!ton protest s Rule 1# of the P$T

Rules. It provdes, Rule 1#. Election Protest .%Onl& the re'stered !anddate for Presdent or

for (!e-Presdent of the Phlppnes )ho re!eved the se!ond or thrd h'hest num"er of

votes ma& !ontest the ele!ton of the Presdent or the (!e-Presdent, as the !ase ma& "e,

"& *ln' a ver*ed petton )th the Cler+ of the Presdental $le!toral Tr"unal )thn thrt&

/ da&s after the pro!lamaton of the )nner. Pursuant to ths rule, onl& t)o persons, the

0nd and rd pla!ers, ma& !ontest the ele!ton. & ths e2press enumeraton, the rule ma+ers

have n e3e!t determned the real partes n nterest !on!ernn' an on-'on' ele!ton!ontest. It envsoned a s!enaro )here, f the de!lared )nner had not "een trul& voted

upon "& the ele!torate, the !anddate )ho re!eved that 0 nd or the rd h'hest num"er of

votes )ould "e the le'tmate "ene*!ar& n a su!!essful ele!ton !ontest.

0. 4o)ever, n our appl!aton of ths rule , 5e!ton 16 to an ele!ton !ontest, )e have ever&

tme ruled that a pu"l! o7!e s personal to the pu"l! o7!er and not a propert&

transmss"le to the hers upon death8 $ven n analo'ous !ases "efore other ele!tora

tr"unals,10 nvolvn' su"sttuton "& the )do) of a de!eased protestant, n !ases )here

the )do) s not a real part& n nterest, )e dened su"sttuton "& the )fe or hers.. )hle the r'ht to a pu"l! o7!e s personal and e2!lusve to the pu"l! o7!er, an ele!ton

protest s not purel& personal and e2!lusve to the protestant or to the protestee su!h that

the death of ether )ould oust the !ourt of all authort& to !ontnue the protest

pro!eedn's8 4en!e, )e have allo)ed su"sttuton and nterventon "ut onl& "& a real

part& n nterest. A real part& n nterest s the part& )ho )ould "e "ene*ted or n9ured "&

the 9ud'ment, and the part& )ho s enttled to the avals of the sut.

"#EREFORE, the moton of movant:ntervenor ;$5<5A 5O=ORA PO$ a.+.a. 5<5A= ROC$5 to

ntervene and su"sttute for the de!eased protestant s >$=I$> for la!+ of mert.

A!tn' on the protest and !onsdern' the =ot!e of the >eath, su"mtted "& !ounsel ofprotestant RO=AL> ALLA= PO$, a.+.a. ?$R=A=>O PO$, ;R., )e also resolve that Presdental

$le!toral Tr"unal Case =o. 0, enttled Ronald Allan Poe a.k.a. Fernando Poe, Jr. v. Gloria

Macapagal-Arroyo, should "e as t s here"& >I5MI55$> on the 'round that no real part& n

nterest has !ome for)ard )thn the perod allo)ed "& la), to ntervene n ths !ase or "e

su"sttuted for the de!eased protestant. =o pronoun!ement as to !osts.

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http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/mar2005/pet_002_2005.html#fnt12

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http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/mar2005/pet_002_2005.html#fnt12

http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/mar2005/pet_002_2005.html



L$GAR>A (5. >$ CA5TRO #0 5CRA 10

P.E.T. Ca$% No. 00& Ja'(ar) *+, 200+

QUISUMBIN

1. the 4earn' Commssoner re!ommended that the protestants Moton to Resolve the ?rst

Aspe!t of the Protest under !onsderaton should "e dened, and !onseDuentl&, the protest

tself, "e dsmssed for la!+ of le'al and fa!tual "ass, as the plot-tested revson of "allots

or re-ta"ulaton of the !ert*!ates of !anvass )ould not a3e!t the )nnn' mar'n of the

protestee n the *nal !anvass of the returns, n addton to the 'round of a"andonment or

)thdra)al "& reason of her !andda!& for, ele!ton and assumpton of o7!e as 5enator of

the Phlppnes. After thorou'h del"eraton and !onsderaton of the ssues n ths !ase,

ths Tr"unal *nds the a"ove stated re!ommendatons of ts 4earn' Commssoner )ell-

ta+en, and adopts them for ts o)n.

0. ?urther, )e are also n a'reement that the protestant, n assumn' the o7!e of 5enator

and ds!har'n' her dutes as su!h, )h!h fa!t )e !an ta+e 9ud!al not!e of,E has

e3e!tvel& a"andoned or )thdra)n her protest, or a"andoned her determnaton to

prote!t and pursue the pu"l! nterest nvolved n the matter of )ho s the real !ho!e of

the ele!torate. The most relevant pre!edent on ths ssue s Defensor-Santiago v. Raos,F

a de!son rendered "& ths Tr"unal.

. as pu"l! do!uments, the Con'ress-retreved $R !opes, used for the pro!lamaton of the

protestee "& the =C, are authent! and dul& e2e!uted n the re'ular !ourse of o7!al

"usness. The evden!e addu!ed "& protestee to sho) that the supposed se!urt& featuresand mar+n's n the Con'ress-retreved $Rs and the COM$L$C:=AM?R$Ls !opes are

d3erent, dd not !ate'or!all& esta"lsh that the Con'ress-retreved $Rs are fa+e and

spurous. To over!ome the presumpton of re'ulart&, there must "e evden!e that s !lear,

!onvn!n' and more than merel& preponderant.

#. One !annot sa& that a half mllon votes )ere lle'al& o"taned "ased on un!lear evden!e

of !heatn' n less that ten thousand.

"#EREFORE, the ?rst Aspe!t of the protest s here"& DISMISSED for la!+ of le'al and fa!tua"ass, as the plot-tested revson of "allots or re-ta"ulaton of the !ert*!ates of !anvass )ould

not a3e!t the )nnn' mar'n of the protestee n the *nal !anvass of the returns, n addton to

the 'round of a"andonment or )thdra)al "& reason of protestants !andda!& for, ele!ton to

and assumpton of the o7!e of 5enator of the Phlppnes. The 5e!ond Aspe!t, havn' "een

alread& >I5MI55$> on ;une , 0, pursuant to Rule of ths Tr"unal, the entre Protest s no)

deemed DISMISSED and TERMINATED.

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MACALI=TAL (5. P$T 6 5CRA E

=AC4<RA

1. The 5C has or'nal 9ursd!ton to de!de presdental and v!e presdental ele!ton protest

)hle !on!urrentl& a!tn' as an ndependent $le!toral Tr"unal.0. Po)ers of Presdental $le!toral Tr"unal s plenar&. the !onferment of addtonal 9ursd!ton to the 5C, )th the dut& !hara!terHed as an

a)esome tas+, n!ludes the means ne!essar& to !arr& t nto e3e!t under the do!trne ofne!essar& mpl!aton#. the d3erent ele!toral tr"unals, )th the 5C fun!tonn' as the P$T, are !onsttutona

"odes. the P$T s not a separate and dstn!t entt& from the 5C, al"et t had fun!tons pe!ular

onl& to the Tr"unal.6. The set up s em"oded n the Consttuton and statutes !hara!terHes the resoluton of

ele!toral !ontests as essentall& an e2er!se of 9ud!al po)er.. the po)er )elded "& P$T s a dervatve of the plenar& 9ud!al po)er allo!ated to !ourts

of la), e2pressl& provded n the Consttuton.

E. the P$T, as ntended "& the framers of the Consttuton, s to "e an nsttuton

ndependent, "ut not separate, from the 9ud!al department.

F. the set up em"oded n the Consttuton and statutes !hara!terHes the resoluton of

ele!toral !ontests as essentall& an e2er!se of 9ud!al po)er.

"#EREFORE, the petton s DISMISSED. Costs a'anst pettoner.

5O<RC$@ http@::s!.9ud!ar&.'ov.ph:9urspruden!e:01:novem"er01:1F161E.htm

MACALI=TAL (5. P$T 61 5CRA 0F

1. Je reterate that the P$T s authorHed "& the last para'raph of 5e!ton #, Art!le (II of the

Consttuton and as supported "& the ds!ussons of the Mem"ers of the Consttutonal

Commsson, )h!h drafted the present Consttuton. The e2pl!t referen!e "& the framers

of our Consttuton to !onsttutonalHn' )hat )as merel& statutor& "efore s not dluted "&

the a"sen!e of a phrase, lne or )ord, mandatn' the 5upreme Court to !reate a

Presidential Electoral !ri"#nal. 5u7!e t to state that the Consttuton, ver"ose as t

alread& s, !annot !ontan the spe!*! )ordn' reDured "& pettoner n order for hm to

a!!ept the !onsttutonalt& of the P$T.

0. ;ud!al po)er 'ranted to the 5upreme Court "& the same Consttuton s plenar&. And

under the doctrine of necessary iplication, the addtonal 9ursd!ton "esto)ed "& the

last para'raph of 5e!ton #, Art!le (II of the Consttuton to de!de presdental and v!e-

presdental ele!tons !ontests n!ludes the means ne!essar& to !arr& t nto e3e!t.

"#EREFORE, the Moton for Re!onsderaton s DENIED. Our >e!son n G.R. =o. 1F161E

STANDS.

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$5TRA>A (5. >$5I$RTO 5CRA #0

P<=O

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1. >eveloped "& the !ourts n the 0th !entur&, the polt!al Dueston do!trne )h!h rests on

the prn!ple of separaton of po)ers and on prudental !onsderatons, !ontnue to "e

re*ned n the mlls of !onsttutonal la).0. To a 'reat de'ree, the 1FE Consttuton has narro)ed the rea!h of the polt!al Dueston

do!trne )hen t e2panded the po)er of 9ud!al reve) of ths !ourt not onl& to settle

a!tual !ontroverses nvolvn' r'hts )h!h are le'all& demanda"le and enfor!ea"le (-

a$o -o /%-%r1'% h%-h%r or 'o- -h%r% ha$ %%' a 3ra4% a($% o /1$cr%-1o'

ao('-1'3 -o ack or %6c%$$ o 7(r1$/1c-1o' o' -h% 8ar- o a') ra'ch or

1'$-r(%'-a1-) o 3o4%r'%'-. . In s famlar learnn' that the le'tma!& of a 'overnment sred "& a su!!essful revoluton

"& people po)er s "e&ond 9ud!al s!rutn& for that 'overnment automat!all& or"ts out of

the !onsttutonal loop. In !he!+ered !ontrast, -h% 3o4%r'%'- o r%$8o'/%'- Arro)o

1$ 'o- r%4o(-1o'ar) 1' charac-%r. The oath that she too+ at the $>5A 5hrne s the oath

under the 1FE Consttuton.6# I' h%r oa-h, $h% ca-%3or1ca) $or% -o 8r%$%r4% a'/

/%%'/ -h% *9+ Co'$-1-(-1o'. Indeed, she has stressed that she s ds!har'n' thepo)ers of the presden!& under the authort& of the 1FE Consttuton.

#. EDSA I nvolves the e2er!se of the 8%o8% 8o%r o r%4o(-1o' )h!h o4%r-hr% -h%

ho% 3o4%r'%'-. EDSA II s an e2er!se of 8%o8% 8o%r o r%%/o o $8%%ch

a'/ r%%/o o a$$%) -o 8%-1-1o' -h% 3o4%r'%'- or r%/r%$$ o 3r1%4a'c%$

)h!h o') a:%c-%/ -h% o;c% o -h% Pr%$1/%'-. EDSA I 1$ %6-ra co'$-1-(-1o'a and

the le'tma!& of the ne) 'overnment that resulted from t !annot "e the su"9e!t of

9ud!al reve), "ut EDSA II 1$ 1'-ra co'$-1-(-1o'a and the res'naton of the sttn'

Presdent that t !aused and the su!!esson of the (!e Presdent as Presdent are su"9e!t

to 9ud!al reve). EDSA I 8r%$%'-%/ a 8o1-1ca <(%$-1o'= EDSA II 1'4o4%$ %3a

<(%$-1o'$.

. I' -h1$ $%'$%, r%%/o o $8%%ch a'/ o a$$%) 8ro41/%$ a ra%ork 1'h1ch -h% >co'?1c- '%c%$$ar) -o -h% 8ro3r%$$ o a $oc1%-) ca' -ak% 8ac% 1-ho(-

/%$-ro)1'3 -h% $oc1%-).> 6. Res'naton s not a h'h level le'al a"stra!ton. It s a fa!tual Dueston and ts %%%'-$

are "e&ond Du""le@ -h%r% ($- % a' 1'-%'- -o r%$13' a'/ -h% 1'-%'- ($- %

co(8%/ ) ac-$ o r%1'<(1$h%'-.

. In the !ases at "ar, the fa!ts sho) that pettoner dd not )rte an& formal letter of

res'naton "efore he eva!uated Mala!aKan' Pala!e n the afternoon of ;anuar& 0, 01

after the oath-ta+n' of respondent Arro&o. ConseDuentl&, )hether or not pettoner



res'ned has to "e determned from hs a!t and omssons "efore, durn' and after ;anuar&

0, 01 or "& the -o-a1-) o 8r1or, co'-%8ora'%o($ a'/ 8o$-%r1or ac-$ a'/

c1rc($-a'-1a %41/%'c% %ar1'3 a a-%r1a r%%4a'c% o' -h% 1$$(%. <sn' ths

totalt& test, % ho/ -ha- 8%-1-1o'%r r%$13'%/ a$ Pr%$1/%'-.

E. In sum, )e hold that the res'naton of the pettoner !annot "e dou"ted. It )as !on*rmed

"& hs leavn' Mala!aKan'. In the press release !ontann' hs *nal statement, 1/ he

a!+no)led'ed the oath-ta+n' of the respondent as Presdent of the Repu"l! al"et )th

reservaton a"out ts le'alt&8 0/ he emphasHed he )as leavn' the Pala!e, the seat of thepresden!&, for the sa+e of pea!e and n order to "e'n the healn' pro!ess of our naton.

4e dd not sa& he )as leavn' the Pala!e due to an& +nd na"lt& and that he )as 'on' to

re-assume the presden!& as soon as the dsa"lt& dsappears@ / he e2pressed hs

'rattude to the people for the opportunt& to serve them. Jthout dou"t, he )as referrn'

to the past opportunt& 'ven hm to serve the people as Presdent #/ he assured that he

)ll not shr+ from an& future !hallen'e that ma& !ome ahead n the same serv!e of our

!ountr&. Pettoners referen!e s to a future !hallen'e after o!!up&n' the o7!e of the

presdent )h!h he has 'ven up8 and / he !alled on hs supporters to 9on hm n the

promoton of a !onstru!tve natonal sprt of re!on!laton and soldart&. Certanl&, the

natonal sprt of re!on!laton and soldart& !ould not "e attaned f he dd not 've up thepresden!&. The press release )as pettoners valed!tor&, hs *nal a!t of fare)ell. 4s

presden!& s no) n the part tense.

F. Pettoners res'naton from the presden!& !annot "e the su"9e!t of a !han'n' !apr!e

nor of a )hms!al )ll espe!all& f the res'naton s the result of hs reputaton "& the

people.

1.A pu"l! o7!al has the r'ht not to serve f he reall& )ants to retre or res'n

=evertheless, f at the tme he res'ns or retres, a pu"l! o7!al s fa!n' admnstratve or

!rmnal nvest'aton or prose!uton, su!h res'naton or retrement )ll not !ause the

dsmssal of the !rmnal or admnstratve pro!eedn's a'anst hm. 4e !annot use hsres'naton or retrement to avod prose!uton.

11.5e!ton 10 of RA =o. 1F !annot therefore "e nvo+ed "& the pettoner for t

!ontemplates of !ases )hose nvest'aton or prose!uton do not su3er from an&

nsupera"le le'al o"sta!le l+e the mmunt& from sut of a sttn' Presdent.

10.The e2a!t nature of an mpea!hment pro!eedn' s de"ata"le. ut even assumn'

arg#endo that t s an admnstratve pro!eedn', t !an not "e !onsdered pendn' at the

tme pettoner res'ned "e!ause the pro!ess alread& "ro+e do)n )hen a ma9ort& of the

senator-9ud'es voted a'anst the openn' of the se!ond envelope, the pu"l! and prvate

prose!utors )al+ed out, the pu"l! prose!utors *led ther Manfestaton of Jthdra)al ofAppearan!e, and the pro!eedn's )ere postponed nde*ntel&.

1.Th% <(%$-1o' 1$ h%-h%r -h1$ Co(r- ha$ 7(r1$/1c-1o' -o r%41% -h% ca1 o

-%8orar) 1'a11-) o 8%-1-1o'%r E$-ra/a and thereafter r%41$% -h% /%c1$1o' o

o-h #o($%$ o Co'3r%$$ re!o'nHn' respondent Arro&o as presdent of the Phlppnes

. Th% <(%$-1o' 1$ 8o1-1ca 1' 'a-(r% a'/ a//r%$$%/ $o%) -o Co'3r%$$ )

co'$-1-(-1o'a @a-. It s a polt!al ssue, )h!h !annot "e de!ded "& ths Court )thout

trans'ressn' the prn!ple of separaton of po)ers.



*. ' @'%, %4%' 1 -h% 8%-1-1o'%r ca' 8ro4% -ha- h% /1/ 'o- r%$13', $-1, h%

ca''o- $(cc%$$() ca1 -ha- h% 1$ a Pr%$1/%'- o' %a4% o' -h% 3ro('/ -ha- h%

1$ %r%) ('a% -o 3o4%r' -%8orar1). Tha- ca1 ha$ %%' a1/ -o r%$- )

Co'3r%$$ a'/ -h% /%c1$1o' -ha- r%$8o'/%'- Arro)o 1$ -h% /% 7(r%, 8r%$1/%'-

a/% ) a co%<(a ra'ch o 3o4%r'%'- ca''o- % r%41%%/ ) -h1$ Co(r-.

1.5n!e the mpea!hment Court s no) fun!tus o7!o, t s untena"le for former Presdent

$strada to demand that he should *rst "e mpea!hed and then !onv!ted "efore he !an "e

prose!uted.

16.In!um"ent Presdents are mmune from sut or from "en' "rou'ht to !ourt durn' the

perof of ther n!um"en!& and tenure "ut not "e&ond

1.The !onsttutonla pol!es on a!!ounta"lt& of pu"l! o7!ers- of pu"l! o7!e "en' of

pu"l! trust- )ll "e devalued f the Court sustans the !lam that a non-sttn' presdent

en9o&s mmunt& from sut for !rmnal a!ts !ommtted durn' hs n!um"en!&

IN IE" "#EREOF, the pettons of ;oseph $9er!to $strada !hallen'n' the respondent Glora

Ma!apa'al-Arro&o as the de $#re 1#th Presdent of the Repu"l! are DISMISSED.

P<LIC I=T$R$5T (5. $LMA #F# 5CRA

C4ICO-=AARIO, J.%

http@::s!.9ud!ar&.'ov.ph:9urspruden!e:06:9une06:G.0R.0=o.01EF6.htm

1. The rule s that !ourts )ll de!de a Dueston other)se moot and a!adem! f t s N!apa"leof repetton, &et evadn' reve). FQ 5upervenn' events, )hether ntended or a!!dental

!annot prevent the Court from rendern' a de!son f there s a 'rave volaton of the

Consttuton. $ven n !ases )here supervenn' events had made the !ases moot, ths

Court dd not hestate to resolve the le'al or !onsttutonal ssues rased to formulate

!ontrolln' prn!ples to 'ude the "en!h, "ar, and pu"l!.

0. The 'eneral rule !ontaned n Art!le I- of the 1FE Consttuton permts an appontve

o7!al to hold more than one o7!e onl& f Nallo)ed "& la) or "& the prmar& fun!tons of

hs poston. In the !ase of &#ison v. '(aeta, [12] ths Court ruled that, NtQhere s no

le'al o"9e!ton to a 'overnment o7!al o!!up&n' t)o 'overnment o7!es and performn'

the fun!tons of "oth as long as there is no incompatibility . The !ru!al test n

determnn' )hether n!ompat"lt& e2sts "et)een t)o o7!es )as lad out nPeople v.

Green [13] - )hether one o7!e s su"ordnate to the other, n the sense that one o7!e has

the r'ht to nterfere )th the other.

. In ths !ase, an n!ompat"lt& e2sts "et)een the postons of the PCGG Charman and the

CPLC. The dutes of the CPLC n!lude 'vn' ndependent and mpartal le'al adv!e on the

a!tons of the heads of varous e2e!utve departments and a'en!es and to reve)

nvest'atons nvolvn' heads of e2e!utve departments and a'en!es, as )ell as other

Presdental appontees. The PCGG s, )thout Dueston, an a'en!& under the $2e!utve

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>epartment. Thus, the a!tons of the PCGG Charman are su"9e!t to the reve) of the

CPLC.

#. It s !lear from the fore'on' that the str!t proh"ton under 5e!ton 1, Art!le (II of the

1FE Consttuton s not appl!a"le to the PCGG Charman nor to the CPLC, as nether of

them s a se!retar&, underse!retar&, nor an assstant se!retar&, even f the former ma&

have the same ran+ as the latter postons. It must "e emphasHed, ho)ever, that despte

the non-appl!a"lt& of 5e!ton 1, Art!le (II of the 1FE Consttuton to respondent $lma,

he remans !overed "& the 'eneral proh"ton under 5e!ton , Art!le I- and hsappontments must stll !ompl& )th the standard of !ompat"lt& of o7!ers lad do)n

theren8 faln' )h!h, hs appontments are here"& pronoun!ed n volaton of the

Consttuton.

"#EREFORE, premses !onsdered, ths Court partl& RANTS ths petton and de!lares

respondent Ma'dan'al . $lmaSs !on!urrent appontments as PCGG Charman and CPLC as

UNCONSTITUTIONAL. =o !osts.

P<LIC I=T$R$5T (5. $LMA 1 5CRA 6

1. In response to the respondentsS reDuest for !lar*!aton, the Court ruled that respondent

$lmaSs !on!urrent appontments as PCGG Charman and CPLC are un!onsttutonal, for

"en' n!ompat"le o7!es. Ths ruln' does not render "oth appontments vod. ?ollo)n'

the !ommon-la) rule on n!ompat"lt& of o7!es, respondent $lma had, n e3e!t, va!ated

hs *rst o7!e as PCGG Charman )hen he a!!epted the se!ond o7!e as CPLC.

0. There also s no mert n the respondentsS moton to refer the !ase to the Court en "anc

Jhat s n Dueston n the present !ase s the !onsttutonalt& of respondent $lmaSs

!on!urrent appontments, and not the !onsttutonalt& of an& treat&, la) or a'reement.0

The mere appl!aton of !onsttutonal provsons does not reDure the !ase to "e heard

and de!ded en "anc. Contrar& to the alle'atons of the respondent, the de!son of the

Court n ths !ase does not modf& the ruln' n )ivil *i"erties +nion v. Eec#tive Secretary.

It should also "e noted that 5e!ton of 5upreme Court Cr!ular =o. 0-EF, dated

?e"ruar& 1FEF !learl& provdes that the Court en "anc s not an Appellate Court to )h!h

de!sons or resolutons of a >vson ma& "e appealed.

"#EREFORE, the Court denes the respondentsS moton for re!onsderaton and for elevaton of

ths !ase to the Court en "anc.

MARCO5 (5 MA=GLAP<5 1 5RA 66E

CORT$5

1. The r'ht to return to ones !ountr& s not amon' the r'hts spe!*!all& 'uaranteed n the

ll of R'hts, )h!h treats onl& of the l"ert& of a"ode and the r'ht to travel, "ut t s our

)ell-!onsdered ve) that the r'ht to return ma& "e !onsdered, as a 'enerall& a!!epted

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2007/march2007/138965.htm#_ftn3

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2007/march2007/138965.htm#_ftn3



prn!ple of nternatonal la) and, under our Consttuton, s part of the la) of the land Art.

II, 5e!. 0 of the Consttuton.Q 4o)ever, t s dstn!t and separate from the r'ht to travel

and en9o&s a d3erent prote!ton under the Internatonal Covenant of Cvl and Polt!al

R'hts, .e., a'anst "en' ar"trarl& deprved thereof Art. 10 #/.Q

0. The resoluton of the pro"lem s made d7!ult "e!ause the persons )ho see+ to return to

the !ountr& are the deposed d!tator and hs faml& at )hose door the travals of the

!ountr& are lad and from )hom "llons of dollars "eleved to "e ll-'otten )ealth are

sou'ht to "e re!overed. The !onsttutonal 'uarantees the& nvo+e are nether a"solutenor ne2"le. ?or the e2er!se of even the preferred freedoms of spee!h and ofe2presson,

althou'h !ou!hed n a"solute terms, admts of lmts and must "e ad9usted to the

reDurements of eDuall& mportant pu"l! nterests aldvar v. 5and'an"a&an, G.R. =os.

F6F-, O!to"er , 1FE1.Q

. The 1FE Consttuton has full& restored the separaton of po)ers of the three 'reat

"ran!hes of 'overnment. To re!all the )ords of ;ust!e Laurel n Angara v. Electoral

)oission 6 Phl. 1F 1F6/Q, the Consttuton has "lo!+ed "ut )th deft stro+es and

n "old lnes, allotment of po)er to the e2e!utve, the le'slatve and the 9ud!a

departments of the 'overnment. At 1.1 Thus, the 1FE Consttuton e2pl!tl& provdes

that the le'slatve po)er shall "e vested n the Con'ress of the Phlppnes Art (I, 5e!.

11, tQhe e2e!utve po)er shall "evested n the Presdent of the Phlppnes Art. (II, 5e!.

11, and te 9ud!al po)er shall "e vested n one 5upreme Court and n su!h lo)er !ourts

as ma& "e esta"lshed "& la) Art. (III, 5e!. 1.Q These provsons not onl& esta"lsh a

separaton of po)ers "& a!tual dvson An'ara v. $le!toral Commsson, s#praQ "ut also

!onfer plenar& le'slatve, e2e!utve and 9ud!al po)ers su"9e!t onl& to lmtatons

provded n the Consttuton. ?or as the 5upreme Court n 'capo v. )a"angis 1 Phl

606 1F1/Q ponted out a 'rant of the le'slatve po)er means a 'rant of all le'slatve

po)er8 and a 'rant of the 9ud!al po)er means a 'rant of all the 9ud!al po)er )h!h ma&

"e e2er!sed under the 'overnment. At 61-60.1 If ths !an "e sad of the le'slatve

po)er )h!h s e2er!sed "& t)o !ham"ers )th a !om"ned mem"ershp of more than t)ohundred mem"ers and of the 9ud!al po)er )h!h s vested n a herar!h& of !ourts, t !an

eDuall& "e sad of the e2e!utve po)er )h!h s vested n one o7!al the Presdent.

#. It )ould not "e a!!urate, ho)ever, to state that e2e!utve po)er s the po)er to enfor!e

the la)s, for the Presdent s head of state as )ell as head of 'overnment and )hatever

po)ers nhere n su!h postons pertan to the o7!e unless the Consttuton tself )thholds

t. ?urthermore, the Consttuton tself provdes that the e2e!uton of the la)s s onl& one

of the po)ers of the Presdent. It also 'rants the Presdent other po)ers that do not

nvolve the e2e!uton of an& provson of la), e.g., hs po)er over the !ountr&s fore'n

relatons. On these premses, )e hold the ve) that althou'h the 1FE Consttuton

mposes lmtatons on the e2er!se of specic po)ers of the Presdent, t mantans nta!t

)hat s tradtonall& !onsdered as )thn the s!ope of e2e!utve po)er. Corollarl&, the

po)ers of the Presdent !annot "e sad to "e lmted onl& to the spe!*! po)ers

enumerated n the Consttuton. In other )ords, e2e!utve po)er s more than the sum of

spe!*! po)ers so enumerated.

. More part!ularl&, ths !ase !alls for the e2er!se of the Presdents po)ers as prote!tor of

the pea!e. Rosster !e Aerican Presidency Q.The po)er of the Presdent to +eep the

pea!e s not lmted merel& to e2er!sn' the !ommander-n-!hef po)ers n tmes of

emer'en!& or to leadn' the 5tate a'anst e2ternal and nternal threats to ts e2sten!e.



The Presdent s not onl& !lothed )th e2traordnar& po)ers n tmes of emer'en!&, "ut s

also tas+ed )th attendn' to the da&-to-da& pro"lems of mantann' pea!e and order and

ensurn' domest! tranDult& n tmes )hen no fore'n foe appears on the horHon. Jde

ds!reton, )thn the "ounds of la), n ful*lln' presdental dutes n tmes of pea!e s not

n an& )a& dmnshed "& the relatve )ant of an emer'en!& spe!*ed n the !ommander-

n-!hef provson. ?or n ma+n' the Presdent !ommander-n-!hef the enumeraton of

po)ers that follo) !annot "e sad to e2!lude the Presdents e2er!sn' as Commander-n-

Chef po)ers short of the !alln' of the armed for!es, or suspendn' the prvle'e of the

)rt of a"eas corp#s or de!larn' martal la), n order to +eep the pea!e, and mantan

pu"l! order and se!urt&.

6. That the Presdent has the po)er under the Consttuton to "ar the Mar!oses from

returnn' has "een re!o'nHed "& memem"ers of the Le'slature, and s manfested "& the

Resoluton proposed n the 4ouse of Representatves and s'ned "& 1 of ts mem"ers

ur'n' the Presdent to allo) Mr. Mar!os to return to the Phlppnes as a 'enune unsel*sh

'esture for true natonal re!on!laton and as rrevo!a"le proof of our !olle!tve adheren!e

to un!ompromsn' respe!t for human r'hts under the Consttuton and our la)s. 4ouse

Resoluton =o. 1#0, Rollo, p. 01.1 The Resoluton does not Dueston the Presdents

po)er to "ar the Mar!oses from returnn' to the Phlppnes, rather, t appeals to thePresdents sense of !ompasson to allo) a man to !ome home to de n hs !ountr&. Jhat

)e are sa&n' n e3e!t s that the reDuest or demand of the Mar!oses to "e allo)ed to

return to the Phlppnes !annot "e !onsdered n the l'ht solel& of the !onsttutonal

provsons 'uaranteen' l"ert& of a"ode and the r'ht to travel, su"9e!t to !ertan

e2!eptons, or of !ase la) )h!h !learl& never !ontemplated stuatons even remotel&

smlar to the present one. It must "e treated as a matter that s appropratel& addressed

to those resdual unstated po)ers of the Presdent )h!h are mpl!t n and !orrelatve to

the paramount dut& resdn' n that o7!e to safe'uard and prote!t 'eneral )elfare. In that

!onte2t, su!h reDuest or demand should su"mt to the e2er!se of a "roader ds!reton on

the part of the Presdent to determne )hether t must "e 'ranted or dened.

. The present Consttuton lmts resort to the polt!al Dueston do!trne and "roadens the

s!ope of 9ud!al nDur& nto areas )h!h the Court, under prevous !onsttutons, )ould

have normall& left to the polt!al departments to de!de.

E. In the e2er!se of su!h authort&, the fun!ton of the Court s merel& to !he!+ U not to

supplant the $2e!utve, or to as!ertan merel& )hether he has 'one "e&ond the

!onsttutonal lmts of hs 9ursd!ton, not to e2er!se the po)er vested n hm or to

determne the )sdom of hs a!t At #F-#E.Q

J4$R$?OR$, and t "en' our )ell-!onsdered opnon that the Presdent dd not a!t ar"trarl& or

)th 'rave a"use of ds!reton n determnn' that the return of former Presdent Mar!os and hs

faml& at the present tme and under present !r!umstan!es poses a serous threat to natonal

nterest and )elfare and n proh"tn' ther return to the Phlppnes, the nstant petton s

here"& >I5MI55$>. 5O OR>$R$>.

?$R=A=@ Con!urrn'



1. Presdental po)ers and prero'atves are not *2ed "ut u!tuate. The& are not derved

solel& from a part!ular !onsttutonal !lause or art!le or from an e2press statutor& 'rant.

Ther lmts are l+el& to depend on the mperatves of events and !ontemporar&

mpondera"les rather than on a"stra!t theores of la).

GuterreH @ >ssentn'

1. ?or a polt!al Dueston to e2st, there must "e n the Consttuton a po)er vested

e2!lusvel& n the Presdent or Con'ress, the e2er!se of )h!h the !ourt should not

e2amne or proh"t.

5our!e@ http@::))).la)phl.net:9ud9urs:9ur1FEF:sep1FEF:'rBEE011B1FEF.html

5ARMI$=TO (5. MI5O= 16 5CRA #F

PA>ILLA

1. The fundamental prn!ple of !onsttutonal !onstru!ton s to 've e3e!t to the ntent of

the framers of the or'an! la) and of the people adoptn' t. The ntenton to )h!h for!e

s to "e 'ven s that )h!h s em"oded and e2pressed n the !onsttutonal provsons

themselves.The Court )ll thus !onstrue the appl!a"le !onsttutonal provsons, not n

a!!ordan!e )th ho) the e2e!utve or the le'slatve department ma& )ant them

!onstrued, "ut n a!!ordan!e )th )hat the& sa& and provde.0. Thus, n the 1F Consttuton, almost all presdental appontments reDured the !onsent

!on*rmaton/ of the Commsson on Appontments. It s no) a sad part of our polt!al

hstor& that the po)er of !on*rmaton "& the Commsson on Appontments, under the

1F Consttuton, transformed that !ommsson, man& tmes, nto a venue of horse-

tradn' and smlar malpra!t!es. On the other hand, the 1F Consttuton, !onsstent)th the authortaran pattern n )h!h t )as molded and remolded "& su!!essve

amendments, pla!ed the a"solute po)er of appontment n the Presdent )th hardl& an&

!he!+ on the part of the le'slature. Gven the a"ove t)o 0/ e2tremes, one, n the 1F

Consttuton and the other, n the 1F Consttuton, t s not d7!ult for the Court to state

that the framers of the 1FE Consttuton and the people adoptn' t, stru!+ a mddle

'round "& reDurn' the !onsent !on*rmaton/ of the Commsson on Appontments for

the *rst 'roup of appontments and leavn' to the Presdent, )thout su!h !on*rmaton,

the appontment of other o7!ers, .e., those n the se!ond and thrd 'roups as )ell as

those n the fourth 'roup, .e., o7!ers of lo)er ran+.

. In the 1FE Consttuton, ho)ever, as alread& ponted out, the !lear and e2pressed ntent

of ts framers )as to e2!lude presdental appontments from !on*rmaton "& the

Commsson on Appontments, e2!ept appontments to o7!es e2pressl& mentoned n the

*rst senten!e of 5e!. 16, Art!le (II. ConseDuentl&, there )as no reason to use n the thrd

senten!e of 5e!. 16, Art!le (II the )ord alone after the )ord Presdent n provdn'

that Con'ress ma& "& la) vest the appontment of lo)er-ran+ed o7!ers n the Presdent

alone, or n the !ourts, or n the heads of departments, "e!ause the po)er to appont

o7!ers )hom he the Presdent/ ma& "e authorHed "& la) to appont s alread& vested n

the Presdent, /ito#t need of conration "y te )oission on Appointents, n the

se!ond senten!e of the same 5e!. 16, Art!le (II.

http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1989/sep1989/gr_88211_1989.html

http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1989/sep1989/gr_88211_1989.html



#. Therefore, the thrd senten!e of 5e!. 16, Art!le (II !ould have stated merel& that, n the

!ase of lo)er-ran+ed o7!ers, the Con'ress ma& "& la) vest ther appontment n the

Presdent, n the !ourts, or n the heads of varous departments of the 'overnment. In

short, the )ord alone n the thrd senten!e of 5e!. 16, Art!le (II of the 1FE

Consttuton, as a lteral mport from the last part of par. , se!ton 1, Art!le (II of the

1F Consttuton, appears to "e redundant n the l'ht of the se!ond senten!e of 5e!. 16,

Art!le (II. And, ths redundan!& !annot preval over the !lear and postve ntent of the

framers of the 1FE Consttuton that presdental appontments, e2!ept those mentoned

n the *rst senten!e of 5e!. 16, Art!le (II, are not su"9e!t to !on*rmaton "& the

Commsson on Appontments

. Comn' no) to the mmedate Dueston "efore the Court, t s evdent that the poston of

Commssoner of the ureau of Customs a "ureau head/ s not one of those )thn the *rst

'roup of appontments )here the !onsent of the Commsson on Appontments s reDured.

As a matter of fa!t, as alread& ponted out, )hle the 1F Consttuton n!ludes heads of

"ureaus amon' those o7!ers )hose appontments need the !onsent of the Commsson

on Appontments, the 1FE Consttuton on the other hand, del"eratel& e2!luded the

poston of heads of "ureaus from appontments that need the !onsent !on*rmaton/ of

the Commsson on Appontments.

6. ConseDuentl&, )e rule that the Presdent of the Phlppnes a!ted )thn her !onsttutona

authort& and po)er n appontn' respondent 5alvador Mson, Commssoner of the

ureau of Customs, )thout su"mttn' hs nomnaton to the Commsson on

Appontments for !on*rmaton. 4e s thus enttled to e2er!se the full authort& and

fun!tons of the o7!e and to re!eve all the salares and emoluments pertann' thereto.

J4$R$?OR$, the petton and petton n nterventon should "e, as the& are, here"& >I5MI55$>

Jthout !osts. 5O OR>$R$>.

5our!e@ http@::))).la)phl.net:9ud9urs:9ur1FE:de!1FE:'rBFF#B1FE.html

PIMENTEL S. ERMITA 2 SCRA 5+

1. Th% 8o%r -o a88o1'- 1$ %$$%'-1a) %6%c(-14% 1' 'a-(r%, a'/ -h% %31$a-(r% a) 'o-

1'-%r%r% 1-h -h% %6%rc1$% o -h1$ %6%c(-14% 8o%r %6c%8- 1' -ho$% 1'$-a'c%$ h%' -h%

Co'$-1-(-1o' %68r%$$) ao$ 1- -o 1'-%r%r%.

0. $ven f the Commsson on Appontments s !omposed of mem"ers of Con'ress, the e2er!se

of ts po)ers s e2e!utve and not le'slatve.

. The essen!e of an appontment n an a!tn' !apa!t& s ts temporar& nature. It s a stop-'ap

measure ntended to *ll an o7!e for a lmted tme untl the appontment of a permanent

o!!upant to the o7!e. In !ase of va!an!& n an o7!e o!!uped "& an alter ego of the Presdent

su!h as the o7!e of a department se!retar&, the Presdent must ne!essarl& appont an alter ego

of her !ho!e as a!tn' se!retar& "efore the permanent appontee of her !ho!e !ould assume

o7!e.

http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1987/dec1987/gr_79974_1987.html




#. Con'ress, throu'h a la), !annot mpose on -h% Pr%$1/%'- the o"l'aton to appont

automat!all& the underse!retar& as her temporar& alter ego. An alter ego, )hether temporar& or

permanent, holds a poston of 'reat trust and !on*den!e. Con'ress, n the 'use of pres!r"n'

Dual*!atons to an o7!e, !annot mpose on the Presdent )ho her alter ego should "e.

. The la) e2pressl& allo)s the Presdent to ma+e su!h a!tn' appontment. 5e!ton 1, Chapter

, Ttle I, oo+ III of $O 0F0 states that NtQhe Presdent ma& temporarl& des'nate an o7!er

alread& n the 'overnment serv!e or a') o-h%r co8%-%'- 8%r$o' to perform the fun!tons of

an o7!e n the e2e!utve "ran!h. Thus, the Presdent ma& even appont n an a!tn' !apa!t& aperson not &et n the 'overnment serv!e, as lon' as the Presdent deems that person

!ompetent.

6. Ad-nterm appontments must "e dstn'ushed from appontments n an a!tn' !apa!t&. oth

of them are e3e!tve upon a!!eptan!e. ut ad-nterm appontments are e2tended onl& durn' a

re!ess of Con'ress, )hereas a!tn' appontments ma& "e e2tended an& tme there s a va!an!&.

Moreover ad-nterm appontments are su"mtted to the Commsson on Appontments for

!on*rmaton or re9e!ton8 a!tn' appontments are not su"mtted to the Commsson on

Appontments.

"#EREFORE, )e DISMISS the present petton for certiorari and proh"ton.

5O<RC$@ http@::s!.9ud!ar&.'ov.ph:9urspruden!e:0:o!t0:16#FE.htm

IDA S.SENATE OF T#E P#ILIPPINES G59 SCRA 20

1. ?ollo)n' our Tolentno ruln', the PresdentSs !ert*!aton e2empted "oth the 4ouse and the

5enate from havn' to !ompl& )th the three separate readn's reDurement.

0. The 4ouse of Representatves and the 5enate % n the e2er!se of ther le'slatve ds!reton %

'ave full re!o'nton to the PresdentSs !ert*!aton and promptl& ena!ted RA =o. 11.

. The PresdentSs po)er to appont s essentall& e2e!utve n nature, and the lmtatons on or

Dual*!atons to the e2er!se of ths po)er should "e str!tl& !onstrued8 these lmtatons or

Dual*!atons must "e !learl& stated n order to "e re!o'nHed.Q The appontn' po)er s

em"oded n 5e!ton 16, Art!le (II of the Consttuton, )h!h states@

S%c-1o' *G. Th% Pr%$1/%'- $ha 'o1'a-% a'/, 1-h -h% co'$%'- o -h% Co1$$1o' o'

A88o1'-%'-$, a88o1'- -h% h%a/$ o -h% %6%c(-14% /%8ar-%'-$, aa$$a/or$, o-h%r

8(1c 1'1$-%r$ a'/ co'$($ or o;c%r$ o -h% ar%/ orc%$ ro -h% ra'k o coo'%

or 'a4a ca8-a1', a'/ o-h%r o;c%r$ ho$% a88o1'-%'-$ ar% 4%$-%/ 1' h1 1' -h1$

Co'$-1-(-1o'. #% $ha a$o a88o1'- a o-h%r o;c%r$ o -h% o4%r'%'- ho$%a88o1'-%'-$ ar% 'o- o-h%r1$% 8ro41/%/ or ) a, a'/ -ho$% ho h% a) %

a(-hor1H%/ ) a -o a88o1'-. Th% Co'3r%$$ a), ) a, 4%$- -h% a88o1'-%'- o

o-h%r o;c%r$ o%r 1' ra'k 1' -h% Pr%$1/%'- ao'%, 1' -h% co(r-$, or 1' -h% h%a/$ o

/%8ar-%'-$, a3%'c1%$, co1$$1o'$, or oar/$.

#. 5n!e the PresdentSs authort& to appont OICs emanates from RA =o. 11, t falls under the

thrd 'roup of o7!als that the Presdent !an appont pursuant to 5e!ton 16, Art!le (II of the

Consttuton.

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2005/oct2005/164978.htm




Gven the falure of the pettoners to re"ut the presumpton of !onsttutonalt& n favor of RA =o.

11, )e must support and !on*rm ts valdt&.

"#EREFORE, premses !onsdered, )e DISMISS the !onsoldated pettons assaln' the valdt&

of RA =o. 11 for la!+ of mert, and UP#OLD the !onsttutonalt& of ths la). Je l+e)se

LIFT the temporar& restrann' order )e ssued n our Resoluton of 5eptem"er 1, 011. =o

!osts

5our!e@ http@::s!.9ud!ar&.'ov.ph:9urspruden!e:011:o!to"er011:1F601.htm

ANON S. CA 200 SCRA 2*

ISSUE!

D1/ -h% *9+ Co'$-1-(-1o', 1' /%%-1'3 -h% 8hra$% >a$ a) % 8ro41/%/ ) a> 1'-%'/

-o /14%$- -h% Pr%$1/%'- o -h% 8o%r -o 1'4%$-13a-%, $($8%'/, /1$c181'%, a'/or

r%o4% oca o;c1a$K

1. It s the !onsdered opnon of the Court that not)thstandn' the !han'e n the !onsttutonal

lan'ua'e, the !harter dd not ntend to dvest the le'slature of ts r'ht or the Presdent of her

prero'atve as !onferred "& e2stn' le'slaton to provde admnstratve san!tons a'anst lo!a

o7!als. It s our opnon that the omsson of as ma& "e provded "& la)/ s'n*es nothn'

more than to unders!ore lo!al 'overnments autonom& from !on'ress and to "rea+ Con'ress

!ontrol over lo!al 'overnment a3ars. The Consttuton dd not, ho)ever, ntend, for the sa+e of

lo!al autonom&, to deprve the le'slature of all authort& over mun!pal !orporatons, n

part!ular, !on!ernn' ds!plne.

0. The Charter allo)s Con'ress to n!lude n the lo!al 'overnment !ode provsons for removal of

lo!al o7!als, )h!h su''est that Con'ress ma& e2er!se removal po)ers, and as the e2stn'

Lo!al Government Code has done, dele'ate ts e2er!se to the Presdent.

. <nder the Lo!al Government Code, the suspenson of lo!al o7!als !annot e2!eed s2t& da&s,

)h!h s to sa& that t need not "e e2a!tl& s2t& da&s lon' f a shorter perod s other)se

su7!ent, and )h!h s also to sa& that t ou'ht to "e lfted f prose!utors have a!heved ther

purpose n a shorter span.

#. The Presdent of the Phlppnes or hs alter e'o, the 5e!retar& of Lo!al Government, has no

authort& to appont an&one )ho does not meet the mnmum Dual*!aton to "e presdent of the

federaton of "aran'a& !oun!ls.

"#EREFORE, premses !onsdered, the pettons are >I5MI55$>. The Temporar& Restrann'

Order ssued s LI?T$>. The suspensons of the pettoners are A??IRM$>, provded that the

pettoner, Ma&or Rodolfo GanHon, ma& not "e made to serve future suspensons on a!!ount of



an& of the remann' admnstratve !har'es pendn' a'anst hm for a!ts !ommtted pror to

Au'ust 11, 1FEE. The 5e!retar& of Interor s OR>$R$> to !onsoldate all su!h admnstratve

!ases pendn' a'anst Ma&or GanHon.

The s2t&-da& suspenson a'anst the pettoner, Mar& Ann Rvera Arteda, s A??IRM$>. =o !osts.

5O<RC$@ http@::))).la)phl.net:9ud9urs:9ur1FF1:au'1FF1:'rBF00B1FF1.html

ILUSAN MAO UNO S. ERMITA ET AL.,

A8r1 *9, 200G a'/ J('% 20, 200G

<=I?I$> I>$=TI?ICATIO= 5Y5T$M8 $$C<TI($ OR>$R =O #0

1.<nder the !onsttutonal po)er of !ontrol of the Presdent, he or she !an dre!t all 'overnment

enttes, n the e2er!se of ther fun!tons under e2stn' la)s, to adopt a unform I> data

!olle!ton and I> format to a!heve savn's, e7!en!&, rela"lt&, !ompat"lt&, and !onvenen!e

to the pu"l!.

0.The fa!t that $O #0 does not appl& to the ;ud!ar&, or to the COM$L$C )h!h under e2stn'

la)s s also authorHed to ssue voterSs I> !ards. Ths onl& sho)s that $O #0 does not esta"lsh a

natonal I> s&stem "e!ause le'slaton s needed to esta"lsh a sn'le I> s&stem that s

!ompulsor& for all "ran!hes of 'overnment.

. $O #0 s an e2er!se of $2e!utve po)er % the PresdentSs !onsttutonal po)er of !ontrol overthe $2e!utve department. $O #0 s also !omplan!e "& the Presdent of the !onsttutonal dut&

to ensure that the la)s are fathfull& e2e!uted. In ssun' $O #0, the Presdent dd not ma+e

alter or repeal an& la) "ut merel& mplemented and e2e!uted e2stn' la)s---- $O #0 s smpl&

an e2e!utve ssuan!e and not an a!t of le'slaton.

#.$O #0 does not esta"lsh a natonal I> !ard s&stem.

. There s nothn' le'slatve a"out unf&n' e2stn' I> s&stems of all !ourts )thn the ;ud!ar&.

The same s true for 'overnment enttes under the $2e!utve department.

6. Jth the e2!epton of the E spe!*! data sho)n on the I> !ard, the personal data !olle!ted and

re!orded under $O #0 are treated as Nstr!tl& !on*dental under 5e!ton 6d/ of $O #0

These data are not onl& str!tl& !on*dental "ut also personal matters. 5e!ton , Art!le III of the

1FE Consttuton 'rants the Nr'ht of the people to nformaton on matters of pu"l! !on!ern.

0.'ple v. !orres, s not authort& to hold that $O #0 volates the r'ht to prva!& "e!ause n that

!ase the assaled e2e!utve ssuan!e, "roadl& dra)n and devod of safe'uards, )as annulled

solel& on the 'round that the su"9e!t matter reDured le'slaton.

E.The assaled e2e!utve ssuan!e n 'ple v. !orres sou'ht to esta"lsh a NNa-1o'a

ComputerHed I/%'-1@ca-1o' Referen!e S)$-%, a natonal I> s&stem that dd not e2st pror to



the assaled e2e!utve ssuan!e )hle n the present !ase, $O #0 does not esta"lsh a natonal

I> s&stem "ut ma+es the e2stn' se!toral !ard s&stems of 'overnment enttes l+e G5I5, 555,

Phl4ealth and LTO less !ostl&, more e7!ent, rela"le and user frendl& to the pu"l!.

In the present !ase, $O #0 does not esta"lsh a natonal I> s&stem "ut ma+es the e2stn'

se!toral !ard s&stems of 'overnment enttes l+e G5I5, 555, Phlhealth and LTO less !ostl&, more

e7!ent, rela"le and user-frendl& to the pu"l!. 4en!e, $O #0 s a proper su"9e!t of e2e!utve

ssuan!e under the PresdentSs !onsttutonal po)er of !ontrol over 'overnment enttes n the

$2e!utve department, as )ell as under the PresdentSs !onsttutonal dut& to ensure that la)sare fathfull& e2e!uted.

"#EREFORE, the pettons are >I5MI55$>. $2e!utve Order =o. #0 s de!lared (ALI>.

5our!e@ http@::s!.9ud!ar&.'ov.ph:9urspruden!e:06:aprl06:G.R.0=o.016FE.htm

TONDO MEDICAL CENTER EMPLOEES ASSOCIATION S. COURT OF APPEALS

R *G&2 JUL *, 200.

PR$5I>$=CY@

1.Ths Court has alread& ruled n a num"er of !ases that the Presdent ma&, "& e2e!utve or

admnstratve order, dre!t the reor'anHaton of 'overnment enttes under the $2e!utve

>epartment.0FQ Ths s also san!toned under the Consttuton, as )ell as other statutes.

S%c-1o' *, Ar-1c% II o -h% *9+ Co'$-1-(-1o', c%ar) $-a-%$! Th% 8r%$1/%'- $ha

ha4% co'-ro o a %6%c(-14% /%8ar-%'-$, (r%a($ a'/ o;c%$. S%c-1o' &*, Book III,

Cha8-%r *0 o E6%c(-14% Or/%r No. 292, a$o k'o' a$ -h% A/1'1$-ra-14% Co/% o

*9+ r%a/$!

SEC. &*. Co'-1'(1'3 A(-hor1-) o -h% Pr%$1/%'- -o R%or3a'1H% h1$ O;c% Th%

Pr%$1/%'-, $(7%c- -o -h% 8o1c) 1' -h% E6%c(-14% O;c% a'/ 1' or/%r -o ach1%4%

$181c1-), %co'o) a'/ %;c1%'c), $ha ha4% co'-1'(1'3 a(-hor1-) -o r%or3a'1H% -h%

a/1'1$-ra-14% $-r(c-(r% o -h% O;c% o -h% Pr%$1/%'-. For -h1$ 8(r8o$%, h% a) -ak%

a') o -h% oo1'3 ac-1o'$!

1/ Restru!ture the nternal or'anHaton of the O7!e of the Presdent Proper, n!ludn'

the mmedate o7!es, the Presdental 5pe!al Assstants:Advsers 5&stem and the Common 5ta3

5upport 5&stem, "& a"olshn' !onsoldatn' or mer'n' unts thereof or transferrn' fun!tons

from one unt to another8

0/ Transfer an& fun!ton under the O7!e of the Presdent to an& other >epartment or

A'en!& as )ell as transfer fun!tons to the O7!e of the Presdent from other >epartments or

A'en!es8 and

/ Transfer an& a'en!& under the O7!e of the Presdent to an& other department or

a'en!& as )ell as transfer a'en!es to the O7!e of the Presdent from other >epartments or

a'en!es.

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/april2006/G.R.%20No.%20167798.htm

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/april2006/G.R.%20No.%20167798.htm



0. The la) 'rants the Presdent the po)er to reor'anHe the O7!e of the Presdent n re!o'nton

of the re!urrn' need of ever& Presdent to reor'anHe hs or her o7!e Nto a!heve smpl!t&,

e!onom& and e7!en!&.

. Indu"ta"l&, the >O4 s an a'en!& )h!h s under the supervson and !ontrol of the Presdent

and, thus, part of the O7!e of the Presdent.

#. $2e!utve Order =o. 10 )h!h e3e!ted the reor'anHaton of the >epartment of 4ealth >O4/

s )ell )thn the !onsttutonal po)er of the Presdent to ssue --- t s an e2er!se of thePresdentSs !onsttutonal po)er of !ontrol over the e2e!utve department, supported "& the

provsons of the Admnstratve Code, re!o'nHed "& other statutes, and !onsstentl& a7rmed "&

ths Court.

DOCTRINE OF QUALIFIED POLITICAL AENC

.The a!ts of the >O4 5e!retar&, as an alter e'o of the Presdent, are presumed to "e the a!ts of

the Presdent. The mem"ers of the Ca"net are su"9e!t at all tmes to the dsposton of the

Presdent sn!e the& are merel& hs alter e'os. Thus, ther a!ts, performed and promul'ated n

the re'ular !ourse of "usness, are, unless dsapproved "& the Presdent, presumptvel& a!ts of

the Presdent.

IN IE" OF T#E FOREOIN, the nstant Petton s DENIED. Ths Court AFFIRMS the

assaled >e!son of the Court of Appeals, promul'ated on 06 =ovem"er 0#, de!larn' "oth the

45RA and $2e!utve Order =o. 10 as vald. =o !osts.

So(rc%! h--8!$c.7(/1c1ar).3o4.8h7(r1$8r(/%'c%2007()200*G&2.h-

LOUIS BARO BIRAOO S. T#E P#ILIPPINE TRUT# COMMISSION OF 20*0

R *929&5 DECEMBER , 20*0

P<LIC O??IC$R58 P4ILIPPI=$ TR<T4 COMMI55IO= PTC/

1. The PTC s d3erent from the truth !ommssons n other !ountres )h!h ha4% %%' cr%a-%/

a$ o;c1a, -ra'$1-or) a'/ 'o'7(/1c1a ac-@'/1'3 o/1%$ -o %$-a1$h -h% ac-$ a'/

co'-%6- o $%r1o($ 41oa-1o'$ o h(a' r13h-$ or o 1'-%r'a-1o'a h(a'1-ar1a' a 1' a

co('-r)$ 8a$-.*9 Th%) ar% ($(a) %$-a1$h%/ ) $-a-%$ %%r31'3 ro 8%r1o/$ o

1'-%r'a ('r%$-, c141 $-r1% or a(-hor1-ar1a'1$ -o $%r4% a$ %cha'1$$ or -ra'$1-1o'a

7($-1c%.

0.Truth !ommssons have "een des!r"ed as "odes that share the follo)n' !hara!terst!s@ 123

tey eaine only past events4 0 3 tey investigate patterns of a"#se coitted over a period

of tie, as opposed to a partic#lar event 8 / tey are teporary "odies tat nis teir /ork/it te s#"ission of a report containing concl#sions and recoendations4 and 153 tey are

o6cially sanctioned, a#tori(ed or epo/ered "y te State. NCommssonSs mem"ers are usuall&

empo)ered to !ondu!t resear!h, support v!tms, and propose pol!& re!ommendatons to

prevent re!urren!e of !rmes. Throu'h ther nvest'atons, the !ommssons ma& am to ds!over

and learn more a"out past a"uses, or formall& a!+no)led'e them. The& ma& am to prepare the

)a& for prose!utons and re!ommend nsttutonal reforms.

PRESIDENC

1



. To sa& that the PTC s "orne out of a restru!turn' of the O7!e of the Presdent under 5e!ton

1 s a mspla!ed supposton, even n the planest meann' attr"uta"le to the term

Nrestru!ture% an Nalteraton of an e2stn' stru!ture. $vdentl&, the PTC )as not part of the

stru!ture of the O7!e of the Presdent pror to the ena!tment of $2e!utve Order =o. 1.

#. The dstn!ton "et)een the po)er to nvest'ate and the po)er to ad9ud!ate )as delneated

"& the Court n CarKo v. Commsson on 4uman R'hts.

The le'al meann' of nvest'ate s essentall& the same@ t/o follo) up step "& step "& patentnDur& or o"servaton. To tra!e or tra!+8 to sear!h nto8 to e2amne and nDure nto )th !are and

a!!ura!&8 to *nd out "& !areful nDuston8 e2amnaton8 the ta+n' of evden!e8 a le'al nDur&8

to nDure8 to ma+e an nvest'aton, nvest'aton "en' n turn des!r"ed as a/n

admnstratve fun!ton, the e2er!se of )h!h ordnarl& does not reDure a hearn'. 0 Am ;0d

Adm L 5e!. 08 2 2 an nDur&, 9ud!al or other)se, for the ds!over& and !olle!ton of fa!ts

!on!ernn' a !ertan matter or matters.

7Ad$#dicate,7 !ommonl& or popularl& understood, means to ad9ud'e, ar"trate, 9ud'e, de!de,

determne, resolve, rule on, settle. The d!tonar& de*nes the term as to settle *nall& the r'hts

and dutes of the partes to a !ourt !ase/ on the merts of ssues rased@ 2 2 to pass 9ud'ment on

settle 9ud!all&@ 2 2 a!t as 9ud'e. And ad9ud'e means to de!de or rule upon as a 9ud'e or)th 9ud!al or Duas-9ud!al po)ers@ 2 2 to a)ard or 'rant 9ud!all& n a !ase of !ontrovers& 2 2.

.The po)er of !ontrol s entrel& d3erent from the po)er to !reate pu"l! o7!es. The former s

nherent n the $2e!utve, )hle the latter *nds "ass from ether a vald dele'aton from

Con'ress, or hs nherent dut& to fathfull& e2e!ute the la)s.

6. The Court, ho)ever, de!lnes to re!o'nHe P.>. =o. 1#16 as a 9ust*!aton for the Presdent to

!reate a pu"l! o7!e------------ P.>. =o. 1#16, as amended "& P.>. =o. 10, "e!ame fun!tus

o*!o upon the !onvenn' of the ?rst Con'ress, as e2pressl& provded n 5e!ton 6, Art!le (III of

the 1FE Consttuton.

. The !reaton of the PTC *nds 9ust*!aton under 5e!ton 1, Art!le (II of the Consttuton,

mposn' upon the Presdent the dut& to ensure that the la)s are fathfull& e2e!uted. 5e!ton 1

reads@

S%c-1o' *. Th% Pr%$1/%'- $ha ha4% co'-ro o a -h% %6%c(-14% /%8ar-%'-$,

(r%a($, a'/ o;c%$. #% $ha %'$(r% -ha- -h% a$ % a1-h() %6%c(-%/.

E. The po)ers of the Presdent are not lmted to those spe!*! po)ers under the Consttuton.

One of the re!o'nHed po)ers of the Presdent 'ranted pursuant to ths !onsttutonall&-

mandated dut& s the po)er to !reate ad oc !ommttees. Ths o)s from the o"vous need to

as!ertan fa!ts and determne f la)s have "een fathfull& e2e!uted.

F. The purpose of allo)n' ad ho! nvest'atn' "odes to e2st s to allo) an nDur& nto matters

)h!h the Presdent s enttled to +no) so that he !an "e properl& advsed and 'uded n the

performan!e of hs dutes relatve to the e2e!uton and enfor!ement of the la)s of the land

1. There s no usurpaton on the part of the $2e!utve of the po)er of Con'ress to approprate

funds )here there s onl& allotment or allo!atons of e2stn' funds alread& approprated.

"#EREFORE, the pettons are GRA=T$>. $2e!utve Order =o. 1 s here"& de!lared

<=CO=5TIT<TIO=AL nsofar as t s volatve of the eDual prote!ton !lause of the Consttuton.



RANDOLF S. DAID S LORIA MACAPAAL ARROO

Ma) &, 200G +9 SCRA

1. It s not proper to mplead Presdent Arro&o as respondent. 5ettled s the do!trne that the

Presdent, durn' hs tenure of o7!e or a!tual n!um"en!&, ma& not "e sued n an& !vl or

!rmnal !ase, and there s no need to provde for t n the Consttuton or la). It )ll de'rade the

d'nt& of the h'h o7!e of the Presdent, the 4ead of 5tate, f he !an "e dra''ed nto !ourt

lt'atons )hle servn' as su!h.

0. As to ho) the Court ma& nDure nto the PresdentSs e2er!se of po)er, Lansan' adopted the

test tat 8$#dicial in9#iry can go no f#rter tan to satisfy te )o#rt not tat te President:s

decision is correct,; "#t tat 8te President did not act ar"itrarily.; Thus, the standard lad do)n

s not !orre!tness, "ut ar"trarness.EQ In Inte'rated ar of the Phlppnes, ths Court further

ruled that Nt s n!um"ent upon the pettoner to sho) that the PresdentSs de!son s totall&

"ereft of fa!tual "ass and that f he fals, "& )a& of proof, to support hs asserton, then Nths

Court !annot underta+e an ndependent nvest'aton "e&ond the pleadn's.

&. P%-1-1o'%r$ a1%/ -o $ho -ha- Pr%$1/%'- Arro)o$ %6%rc1$% o -h% ca1'3o(- 8o%r,

) 1$$(1'3 PP *0*, 1$ -o-a) %r%- o ac-(a a$1$ . A readn' of the 5ol!tor GeneralSs

Consoldated Comment and Memorandum sho)s a detaled narraton of the events leadn' to the

ssuan!e of PP 11, )th supportn' reports formn' part of the re!ords. Mentoned are the

es!ape of the Ma'dalo Group, ther auda!ous threat of the Ma'dalo >->a&, the defe!tons n the

mltar&, part!ularl& n the Phlppne Marnes, and the reprovn' statements from the !ommunst

leaders. There )as also the Mnutes of the Intell'en!e Report and 5e!urt& Group of the

Phlppne Arm& sho)n' the 'ro)n' allan!e "et)een the =PA and the mltar&. Pettoners

presented nothn' to refute su!h events. Thus, a"sent an& !ontrar& alle'atons, the Court s

!onvn!ed that the Presdent )as 9ust*ed n ssun' PP 11 !alln' for mltar& ad.

#. In tmes of emer'en!&, our Consttuton reasona"l& demands that )e repose a !ertan amount

of fath n the "as! nte'rt& and )sdom of the Chef $2e!utve "ut, at the same tme, t o"l'es

hm to operate )thn the !arefull& pres!r"ed pro!edural lmtatons.

. Presdent Arro&oSs de!laraton of a Nstate of re"ellon )as merel& an a!t de!larn' a status or

!ondton of pu"l! moment or nterest, a de!laraton allo)ed under 5e!ton # !ted a"ove. 5u!h

de!laraton, n the )ords of 5anla+as, s harmless, )thout le'al s'n*!an!e, and deemed not

)rtten. In these !ases, PP 11 s more than that. I' /%car1'3 a $-a-% o 'a-1o'a

%%r3%'c), Pr%$1/%'- Arro)o /1/ 'o- o') r%) o' S%c-1o' *+, Ar-1c% II o -h%

Co'$-1-(-1o', a 8ro41$1o' ca1'3 o' -h% AFP -o 8r%4%'- or $(88r%$$ a%$$ 41o%'c%,

1'4a$1o' or r%%1o'. Sh% a$o r%1%/ o' S%c-1o' *, Ar-1c% II, a 8ro41$1o' o' -h%S-a-%$ %6-raor/1'ar) 8o%r -o -ak% o4%r 8r14a-%)o'%/ 8(1c (-11-) a'/ ($1'%$$

a:%c-%/ 1-h 8(1c 1'-%r%$-. I'/%%/, PP *0* ca$ or -h% %6%rc1$% o a' a%$o%

8o%r. O41o($), $(ch Procaa-1o' ca''o- % /%%%/ har%$$, 1-ho(- %3a

$13'1@ca'c%, or 'o- r1--%', a$ 1' -h% ca$% o Sa'aka$.

G. U'/%r -h% ca1'3o(- 8o%r, -h% 8r%$1/%'- a) $(o' -h% ar%/ orc%$ -o a1/

h1 1' $(88r%$$1'3 a%$$ 41o%'c%, 1'4a$1o' a'/ r%%1o'.



. PP 11 s not a de!laraton of Martal La)- t s plan theren that )hat the Presdent nvo+ed

)as her !alln'-out po)er.

E. A r%a/1'3 o PP *0* o8%ra-14% ca($% $ho$ -ha- 1- a$ 1-%/*20 ro For%r

Pr%$1/%'- Marco$ Procaa-1o' No. *0+*. Je all +no) that t )as PP 1E1 )h!h 'ranted

Presdent Mar!os le'slatve po)er. Its ena"ln' !lause states@ Nto enfor!e o"eden!e to all the

la)s and de!rees, orders and re'ulatons promul'ated "& me personall& or upon m& dre!ton.

U8o' -h% o-h%r ha'/, -h% %'a1'3 ca($% o PP *0* 1$$(%/ ) Pr%$1/%'- Arro)o 1$! -o

%'orc% o%/1%'c% -o a -h% a$ a'/ -o a /%cr%%$, or/%r$ a'/ r%3(a-1o'$8ro(3a-%/ ) % 8%r$o'a) or (8o' ) /1r%c-1o'.

9. Pr%$1/%'- Arro)o$ or/1'a'c% 8o%r 1$ 11-%/ -o E6%c(-14% Or/%r$, A/1'1$-ra-14%

Or/%r$, Procaa-1o'$, M%ora'/( or/%r$, M%ora'/( C1rc(ar$, a'/ %'%ra or

S8%c1a Or/%r$ $h% ca''o- 1$$(% /%cr%%$ $11ar -o -ho$% 1$$(%/ ) F%r/1'a'/ Marco$

('/%r IP *0+*.

*0. Th1$ Co(r- r(%$ -ha- -h% a$$a1%/ PP *0* 1$ ('co'$-1-(-1o'a 1'$oar a$ 1- 3ra'-$

Pr%$1/%'- Arro)o -h% a(-hor1-) -o 8ro(3a-% /%cr%%$. Le'slatve po)er s pe!ularl&

)thn the provn!e of the Le'slature. S%c-1o' *, Ar-1c% I ca-%3or1ca) $-a-%$ -ha- -h%

%31$a-14% 8o%r $ha % 4%$-%/ 1' -h% Co'3r%$$ o -h% Ph11881'%$ h1ch $ha co'$1$-o a S%'a-% a'/ a #o($% o R%8r%$%'-a-14%$. To "e sure, nether Martal La) nor a state of

re"ellon nor a state of emer'en!& !an 9ustf& Presdent Arro&oSs e2er!se of le'slatve po)er "&

ssun' de!rees.

11.Ca' Pr%$1/%'- Arro)o %'orc% o%/1%'c% -o a /%cr%%$ a'/ a$ -hro(3h -h%

11-ar)K

As ths Court stated earler, Presdent Arro&o has no authort& to ena!t de!rees. It follo)s that

these de!rees are vod and, therefore, !annot "e enfor!ed. Jth respe!t to Nla)s, she !annot

!all the mltar& to enfor!e or mplement !ertan la)s, su!h as !ustoms la)s, la)s 'overnn'

faml& and propert& relatons, la)s on o"l'atons and !ontra!ts and the l+e. 5he !an onl& orderthe mltar&, under PP 11, to enfor!e la)s pertnent to ts dut& to suppress la)less volen!e.

10. Presdent Arro&o !ould valdl& de!lare the e2sten!e of a state of natonal emer'en!& even n

the a"sen!e of a Con'ressonal ena!tment. ut the e2er!se of emer'en!& po)ers, su!h as the

ta+n' over of prvatel& o)ned pu"l! utlt& or "usness a3e!ted )th pu"l! nterest, s a

d3erent matter.

1.Consdern' that 5e!ton 1 of Art!le II and 5e!ton 0 of Art!le (I, prevousl& Duoted, relate

to natonal emer'en!es, the& must "e read to'ether to determne the lmtaton of the e2er!se

of emer'en!& po)ers.

1#. Jhle the Presdent alone !an de!lare a state of natonal emer'en!&, ho)ever, )thout

le'slaton, he has no po)er to ta+e over prvatel&-o)ned pu"l! utlt& or "usness a3e!ted

)th pu"l! nterest.

1. General orders are Na!ts and !ommands of the Presdent n hs !apa!t& as Commander-n-

Chef of the Armed ?or!es of the Phlppnes. The& are nternal rules ssued "& the e2e!utve

o7!er to hs su"ordnates pre!sel& for the proper and e7!ent admnstraton of la).

16. PP 11 s !onsttutonal nsofar as t !onsttutes a !all "& the Presdent for the A?P to prevent

or suppress la)less volen!e. The pro!lamaton s sustaned "& 5e!ton 1E, Art!le (II of the



Consttuton and the relevant 9urspruden!e ds!ussed earler. 4o)ever, PP 11Ss e2traneous

provsons 'vn' the Presdent e2press or mpled po)er 1/ to ssue de!rees8 0/ to dre!t the

A?P to enfor!e o"eden!e to all la)s even those not related to la)less volen!e as )ell as de!rees

promul'ated "& the Presdent8 and / to mpose standards on meda or an& form of pror

restrant on the press, are ultra vres and un!onsttutonal.

"#EREFORE, the Pettons are partl& 'ranted. The Court rules that PP 11 sCONSTITUTIONAL nsofar as t !onsttutes a !all "& Presdent Glora Ma!apa'al-Arro&o on the

A?P -o 8r%4%'- or $(88r%$$ a%$$ 41o%'c%. 4o)ever, the provsons of PP 11

!ommandn' the A?P to enfor!e la)s not related to la)less volen!e, as )ell as de!rees

promul'ated "& the Presdent, are de!lared UNCONSTITUTIONAL. In addton, the provson n

PP 11 de!larn' natonal emer'en!& under 5e!ton 1, Art!le (II of the Consttuton s

CONSTITUTIONAL, "ut su!h de!laraton does not authorHe the Presdent to ta+e over prvatel&-

o)ned pu"l! utlt& or "usness a3e!ted )th pu"l! nterest )thout pror le'slaton.

5O<RC$@ http@::s!.9ud!ar&.'ov.ph:9urspruden!e:06:ma&06:G.R.0=o.011F6.htm

AMPATUAN S. PUNO G5* SCRA 22+

R. NO. *90259 JUNE , 20**

ISSUES PRESENTED!

*. "h%-h%r or 'o- Procaa-1o' *9G a'/ AO$ 2& a'/ 2&A 41oa-% -h% 8r1'c18%

o oca a(-o'o) ('/%r S%c-1o' *G, Ar-1c% o -h% Co'$-1-(-1o', a'/ S%c-1o' *,

Ar-1c% o -h% E68a'/%/ ARMM Or3a'1c Ac-=

2. "h%-h%r or 'o- Pr%$1/%'- Arro)o 1'4a1/) %6%rc1$%/ %%r3%'c) 8o%r$ h%'

$h% ca%/ o(- -h% AFP a'/ -h% PNP -o 8r%4%'- a'/ $(88r%$$ a 1'c1/%'-$ o a%$$

41o%'c% 1' Ma3(1'/a'ao, S(-a' (/ara-, a'/ Co-aa-o C1-)= a'/

&. "h%-h%r or 'o- -h% Pr%$1/%'- ha/ ac-(a a$%$ or h%r ac-1o'$.

RULINS OF T#E COURT!

1. The !lam of pettoners that the su"9e!t pro!lamaton and admnstratve orders volate theprn!ple of lo!al autonom& s an!hored on the alle'aton that, throu'h them, the Presdent

authorHed the >ILG 5e!retar& to ta+e over the operatons of the ARMM and assume dre!t

'overnmental po)ers over the re'on.

ut, n the *rst pla!e, the >ILG 5e!retar& dd not ta+e over !ontrol of the po)ers of the ARMM.

After la) enfor!ement a'ents too+ respondent Governor of ARMM nto !ustod& for alle'ed

!ompl!t& n the Ma'undanao massa!re, the ARMM (!e-Governor, pettoner Ansaruddn

Adon', assumed the va!ated post on >e!em"er 1, 0F pursuant to the rule on su!!esson

found n Art!le (II, 5e!ton 10,1#Q of RA F#. In turn, A!tn' Governor Adon' named the then

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm



5pea+er of the ARMM Re'onal Assem"l&, pettoner 5ahal-Generale, A!tn' ARMM (!e

Governor.1Q In short, the >ILG 5e!retar& dd not ta+e over the admnstraton or operatons of

the ARMM.

0. Pettoners !ontend that the Presdent unla)full& e2er!sed emer'en!& po)ers )hen she

ordered the deplo&ment of A?P and P=P personnel n the pla!es mentoned n the pro!lamaton.

16Q ut su!h deplo&ment s not "& tself an e2er!se of emer'en!& po)ers as understood under

5e!ton 0 0/, Art!le (I of the Consttuton, )h!h provdes@

5$CTIO= 0. 2 2 2 0/ In tmes of )ar or other natonal emer'en!&, the Con'ress ma&, "& la),

authorize the President, for a limited period and subject to such restrictions as it may

prescribe, to eercise po!ers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national

policy. "nless sooner !ithdra!n by resolution of the #ongress, such po!ers shall

cease upon the net adjournment thereof.

Th% Pr%$1/%'- /1/ 'o- 8roca1 a 'a-1o'a %%r3%'c), o') a $-a-% o %%r3%'c) 1' -h%

-hr%% 8ac%$ %'-1o'%/. A'/ $h% /1/ 'o- ac- 8(r$(a'- -o a') a %'ac-%/ )

Co'3r%$$ -ha- a(-hor1H%/ h%r -o %6%rc1$% %6-raor/1'ar) 8o%r$. Th% ca1'3 o(- o -h%

ar%/ orc%$ -o 8r%4%'- or $(88r%$$ a%$$ 41o%'c% 1' $(ch 8ac%$ 1$ a 8o%r -ha-

-h% Co'$-1-(-1o' /1r%c-) 4%$-$ 1' -h% Pr%$1/%'-. Sh% /1/ 'o- '%%/ a co'3r%$$1o'aa(-hor1-) -o %6%rc1$% -h% $a%.

. The PresdentSs !all on the armed for!es to prevent or suppress la)less volen!e sprn's from

the po)er vested n her under 5e!ton 1E, Art!le (II of the Consttuton, )h!h provdes.

$%#&'() 1*. &he President shall be the #ommander+in+#hief of all armed forces of the

Philippines and !heneer it becomes necessary, he may call out such armed forces to

preent or suppress la!less iolence, inasion or rebellion.

Jhle t s true that the Court ma& nDure nto the fa!tual "ases for the PresdentSs e2er!se of

the a"ove po)er, t )ould 'enerall& defer to her 9ud'ment on the matter. As the Courta!+no)led'ed n Inte'rated ar of the Phlppnes v. 4on. amora, 1- 1$ c%ar) -o -h%

Pr%$1/%'- -ha- -h% Co'$-1-(-1o' %'-r($-$ -h% /%-%r1'a-1o' o -h% '%%/ or ca1'3 o(-

-h% ar%/ orc%$ -o 8r%4%'- a'/ $(88r%$$ a%$$ 41o%'c%. U'%$$ 1- 1$ $ho' -ha-

$(ch /%-%r1'a-1o' a$ a--%'/%/ ) 3ra4% a($% o /1$cr%-1o', -h% Co(r- 1 accor/

r%$8%c- -o -h% Pr%$1/%'-$ 7(/3%'-.

PETITION IS DISMISSED FOR LAC OF MERIT.

NOTE!

1% -ha- -h% Co'$-1-(-1o' /o%$ 'o- %68r%$$) 3ra'- %6%c(-14% 8o%r -o -h% Pr%$1/%'-

(- co(r-$ ha4% o'3 r%co3'1H%/ 181%/ Pr%$1/%'-1a 8o%r$ 1 '%c%$$ar) a'/

8ro8%r 1' carr)1'3 o(- 8o%r$ a'/ ('c-1o'$ %68r%$$) 3ra'-%/ -o -h% E6%c(-14%

('/%r -h% Co'$-1-(-1o'. =er vs. 5enate Commttee on A!!ounta"lt& of Pu"l! O7!ers and

Invest'atons/

5n!e pettoners are not a"le to demonstrate that the pro!lamaton of state of emer'en!& n the

su"9e!t pla!es and the !alln' out of the armed for!es to prevent or suppress la)less volen!e

there have !learl& no fa!tual "ases, the Court must respe!t the PresdentSs a!tons.



"#EREFORE, the petton s >I5MI55$> for la!+ of mert.

So(rc%! h--8!$c.7(/1c1ar).3o4.8h7(r1$8r(/%'c%20**7('%20***90259.h-

FORTUN S. MACAPAALARROO GG+ SCRA

March 20,20*2

T4$ CA5$@

These are !onsoldated pettons for the )rts of !ertorar and proh"ton !hallen'n' the

!onsttutonalt& of Presdental Pro!lamaton =o. 1FF, )h!h de!lared state of martal la) and

suspended the prvle'e of the )rt of ha"eas !orpus n the Provn!e of Ma'undanao, e2!ept for

dent*ed areas of the Moro Islam! L"eraton ?ront.

1. The pertnent provsons of 5e!ton 1E, Art!le (II of the 1FE Consttuton state@

5e!. 1E. The Presdent shall "e the Commander-n-Chef of all armed for!es of the Phlppnes

and )henever t "e!omes ne!essar&, he ma& !all out su!h armed for!es to prevent or suppress

la)less volen!e, nvason or re"ellon. In !ase of nvason or re"ellon, )hen the pu"l! safet&

reDures t, he ma&, for a perod not e2!eedn' s2t& da&s, suspend the prvle'e of the )rt of

ha"eas !orpus or pla!e the Phlppnes or an& part thereof under martal la). Jthn fort&-e'ht

hours from the pro!lamaton of martal la) or the suspenson of the prvle'e of )rt of ha"eas

!orpus, the Presdent shall su"mt a report n person or n )rtn' to the Con'ress. The Con'ress,

votn' 9ontl&, "& a vote of at least a ma9ort& of all ts Mem"ers n re'ular or spe!al sesson, ma&

revo+e su!h pro!lamaton or suspenson, )h!h revo!aton shall not "e set asde "& the

Presdent. <pon the ntatve of the Presdent, the Con'ress ma&, n the same manner, e2tend

su!h pro!lamaton or suspenson for a perod to "e determned "& the Con'ress, f the nvason

or re"ellon shall persst and pu"l! safet& reDures t.

The Con'ress, f not n sesson, shall, )thn t)ent&-four hours follo)n' su!h pro!lamaton or

suspenson, !onvene n a!!ordan!e )th ts rules )thout an& need of a !all.

2 2 2 2

Althou'h the a"ove vests n the Presdent the po)er to pro!lam martal la) or suspend the

prvle'e of the )rt of ha"eas !orpus, he shares su!h po)er )th the Con'ress. Thus@

1. The PresdentSs pro!lamaton or suspenson s temporar&, 'ood for onl& 6 da&s8

0. 4e must, )thn #E hours of the pro!lamaton or suspenson, report hs a!ton n person

or n )rtn' to Con'ress8

. oth houses of Con'ress, f not n sesson must 9ontl& !onvene )thn 0# hours of the

pro!lamaton or suspenson for the purpose of reve)n' ts valdt&8 and

#. The Con'ress, votn' 9ontl&, ma& revo+e or a7rm the PresdentSs pro!lamaton or

suspenson, allo) ther lmted e3e!tvt& to lapse, or e2tend the same f Con'ress deems

)arranted.

I- 1$ %41/%'- -ha- ('/%r -h% *9+ Co'$-1-(-1o' -h% Pr%$1/%'- a'/ -h% Co'3r%$$ ac- 1'

-a'/% 1' %6%rc1$1'3 -h% 8o%r -o 8roca1 ar-1a a or $($8%'/ -h% 8r141%3% o



-h% r1- o ha%a$ cor8($. Th%) %6%rc1$% -h% 8o%r, 'o- o') $%<(%'-1a), (- 1' a

$%'$% 7o1'-) $1'c%, a-%r -h% Pr%$1/%'- ha$ 1'1-1a-%/ -h% 8rocaa-1o' or -h%

$($8%'$1o', o') -h% Co'3r%$$ ca' a1'-a1' -h% $a% a$%/ o' 1-$ o' %4a(a-1o' o

-h% $1-(a-1o' o' -h% 3ro('/, a 8o%r -ha- -h% Pr%$1/%'- /o%$ 'o- ha4%.

2. I -h% Co'3r%$$ 8rocra$-1'a-%$ or a-o3%-h%r a1$ -o (@ 1-$ /(-) r%$8%c-1'3 -h%

8rocaa-1o' or $($8%'$1o' 1-h1' -h% $hor- -1% %68%c-%/ o 1-, -h%' -h% Co(r- ca'

$-%8 1', h%ar -h% 8%-1-1o'$ cha%'31'3 -h% Pr%$1/%'-$ ac-1o', a'/ a$c%r-a1' 1 1- ha$ a

ac-(a a$1$. If the Court *nds none, then t !an annul the pro!lamaton or the suspenson.ut )hat f the da&s 'ven t "& the Consttuton proves nadeDuateV ;ust!e Carpo hmself

o3ers the ans)er n hs dssent@ that -da& perod does not operate to dvest ths Court of ts

9ursd!ton over the !ase. The settled rule s that 9ursd!ton on!e a!Dured s not lost untl the

!ase has "een termnated.

-The present !ases do not present su7!ent "ass for the e2er!se of the po)er of 9ud!al reve).

The pro!lamaton of martal la) and the suspenson of the prvle'e of the )rt of a"eas corp#s

n ths !ase, unl+e smlar Presdental a!ts n the late 6s and earl& s, appear more l+e sa"er-

rattln' than an a!tual deplo&ment and ar"trar& use of polt!al po)er.

"#EREFORE, the Court DISMISSES the !onsoldated pettons on the 'round that the same

have "e!ome moot and a!adem!.

5our!e@ http@::s!.9ud!ar&.'ov.ph:9urspruden!e:010:mar!h010:1F0F.htm

UDANI S. SENA 9+ SCRA G*

Presden!&8 Commander n Chef !lause8 Cvlan 5uprema!&

1. A most dan'erous 'eneral proposton s fosted on the Court U that solders )ho def&

orders of ther superor o7!ers are e2empt from the str!tures of mltar& la) and ds!plne f

su!h de*an!e s pred!ated on an a!t other)se vald under !vlan la). O"eden!e and

deferen!e to the mltar& !han of !ommand and the Presdent as !ommander-n-!hef are the

!ornerstones of a professonal mltar& n the *rm !usp of !vlan !ontrol. These values of

o"eden!e and deferen!e e2pe!ted of mltar& o7!ers are !ontent-neutral, "e&ond the s)a& of

the o7!erSs o)n sense of )hat s prudent or rash, or more elementall&, of r'ht or )ron'. A self-

r'hteous mltar& nvtes tself as the s!oundrelSs a!tvst soluton to the Nlls of part!pator&

demo!ra!&.

0. 5enate turned on the nature of e2e!utve prvle'e, a presdental prero'atve )h!h sen!um"ered "& s'n*!ant lmtatons. Insofar as $.O. #6# !ompelled o7!als of the e2e!utve

"ran!h to see+ pror presdental approval "efore appearn' "efore Con'ress, the noton of

e2e!utve !ontrol also !omes nto !onsderaton.0Q 4o)ever, the a"lt& of the Presdent to

reDure a mltar& o7!al to se!ure pror !onsent "efore appearn' "efore Con'ress pertans to a

)holl& d3erent and ndependent spe!e of presdental authort&Uthe !ommander-n-!hef

po)ers of the Presdent. & tradton and 9urspruden!e, the !ommander-n-!hef po)ers of the

Presdent are not en!um"ered "& the same de'ree of restr!ton as that )h!h ma& atta!h to

e2e!utve prvle'e or e2e!utve !ontrol.



. The vtalt& of the tenet that the Presdent s the !ommander-n-!hef of the Armed ?or!es s

most !ru!al to the demo!rat! )a& of lfe, to !vlan suprema!& over the mltar&, and to the

'eneral sta"lt& of our representatve s&stem of 'overnment. The Consttuton reposes *nal

authort&, !ontrol and supervson of the A?P to the Presdent, a !vlan )ho s not a mem"er of

the armed for!es, and )hose dutes as !ommander-n-!hef represent onl& a part of the or'an!

dutes mposed upon the o7!e, the other fun!tons "en' !learl& !vl n nature. Cvlan

suprema!& over the mltar& also !ountermands the noton that the mltar& ma& "&pass !vlan

authortes, su!h as !vl !ourts, on matters su!h as !ondu!tn' )arrantless sear!hes and

seHures.

#. The !ommander-n-!hef provson n the Consttuton s denomnated as 5e!ton 1E, Art!le (II,

)h!h "e'ns )th the smple de!laraton that NtQhe Presdent shall "e the Commander-n-Chef

of all armed for!es of the Phlppnes 2 2 2Q Outsde e2pl!t !onsttutonal lmtatons, su!h as

those found n 5e!ton , Art!le (I, the !ommander-n-!hef !lause vests on the Presdent, as

!ommander-n-!hef, a"solute authort& over the persons and a!tons of the mem"ers of the

armed for!es. 5u!h authort& n!ludes the a"lt& of the Presdent to restr!t the travel, movement

and spee!h of mltar& o7!ers, a!tvtes )h!h ma& other)se "e san!toned under !vlan la).

. The ne!esst& of upholdn' the a"lt& to restran spee!h "e!omes even more mperatve f the

solder desres to spea+ freel& on polt!al matters. The Consttuton reDures that NtQhe armed

for!es shall "e nsulated from partsan polt!s, and that WnQo mem"er of the mltar& shall

en'a'e dre!tl& or ndre!tl& n an& partsan polt!al a!tvt&, e2!ept to vote. #Q Certanl&, no

!onsttutonal provson or mltar& ndo!trnaton )ll elmnate a solderSs a"lt& to form a

personal polt!al opnon, &et t s vtal that su!h opnons "e +ept out of the pu"l! e&e. ?or one,

polt!al "elef s a potental sour!e of ds!ord amon' people, and a mltar& torn "& polt!al strfe

s n!apa"le of ful*lln' ts !onsttutonal fun!ton as prote!tors of the people and of the 5tate. ?or

another, t s runous to mltar& ds!plne to foment an atmosphere that promotes an a!tve

dsl+e of or dssent a'anst the Presdent, the !ommander-n-!hef of the armed for!es. 5olders

are !onsttutonall& o"l'ed to o"e& a Presdent the& ma& dsl+e or dstrust. Ths fundamental

prn!ple averts the !ountr& from 'on' the )a& of "anana repu"l!s.

6. Je have to !onsder the Dueston@ ma& the Presdent prevent a mem"er of the armed for!es

from testf&n' "efore a le'slatve nDur&V Je hold -ha- -h% Pr%$1/%'- ha$ co'$-1-(-1o'a

a(-hor1-) -o /o $o, ) 41r-(% o h%r 8o%r a$ coa'/%r1'ch1%, a'/ -ha- a$ a

co'$%<(%'c% a 11-ar) o;c%r ho /%@%$ $(ch 1'7('c-1o' 1$ 1a% ('/%r 11-ar)

7($-1c%. At the same tme, )e also hold that an& !ham"er of Con'ress )h!h see+s the

appearan!e "efore t of a mltar& o7!er a'anst the !onsent of the Presdent has adeDuate

remedes under la) to !ompel su!h attendan!e. An& mltar& o7!al )hom Con'ress summons to

testf& "efore t ma& "e !ompelled to do so "& the Presdent. If the Presdent s not so n!lned,

the Presdent ma& "e !ommanded "& 9ud!al order to !ompel the attendan!e of the mltar&

o7!er. ?nal 9ud!al orders have the for!e of the la) of the land )h!h the Presdent has the dut&

to fathfull& e2e!ute.

. CO<RTS5 R<LI=G- Our ruln' that the Pr%$1/%'- co(/, a$ a 3%'%ra r(%, r%<(1r% 11-ar)

o;c%r$ -o $%%k 8r%$1/%'-1a a88ro4a %or% a88%ar1'3 %or% Co'3r%$$ 1$ a$%/

or%o$- o' -h% 'o-1o' -ha- a co'-rar) r(% ('/() /11'1$h%$ -h% 8r%ro3a-14%$ o -h%

Pr%$1/%'- a$ coa'/%r1'ch1%. Co'3r%$$ ho/$ $13'1@ca'- co'-ro o4%r -h% ar%/

orc%$ 1' a--%r$ $(ch a$ (/3%- a88ro8r1a-1o'$ a'/ -h% a88ro4a o h13h%rra'k

8roo-1o'$, )%- 1- 1$ o' -h% Pr%$1/%'- -ha- -h% Co'$-1-(-1o' 4%$-$ -h% -1-% a$

coa'/%r1'ch1% a'/ a -h% 8r%ro3a-14%$ a'/ ('c-1o'$ a88%r-a1'1'3 -o -h%



8o$1-1o'. A3a1', -h% %613%'c1%$ o 11-ar) /1$c181'% a'/ -h% cha1' o coa'/

a'/a-% -ha- -h% Pr%$1/%'-$ a11-) -o co'-ro -h% 1'/141/(a %%r$ o -h% ar%/

orc%$ % accor/%/ -h% (-o$- r%$8%c-. "h%r% a 11-ar) o;c%r 1$ -or' %-%%'

o%)1'3 -h% Pr%$1/%'- a'/ o%)1'3 -h% S%'a-%, -h% Co(r- 1 1-ho(- h%$1-a-1o' a;r

-ha- -h% o;c%r ha$ -o choo$% -h% Pr%$1/%'-. After all, the Consttuton pres!r"es that t s

the Presdent, and not the 5enate, )ho s the !ommander-n-!hef of the armed for!es.

+. Th% r%($a o -h% Pr%$1/%'- -o ao %%r$ o -h% 11-ar) -o a88%ar %or%

Co'3r%$$ 1$ $-1 $(7%c- -o 7(/1c1a r%1% . The Consttuton tself re!o'nHes as one of thele'slatureSs fun!tons s the !ondu!t of nDures n ad of le'slaton.Q Inasmu!h as t s ll-

advsed for Con'ress to nterfere )th the PresdentSs po)er as !ommander-n-!hef, t s smlarl&

detrmental for the Presdent to undul& nterfere )th Con'ressSs r'ht to !ondu!t le'slatve

nDures. The mpasse dd not !ome to pass n ths petton, sn!e pettoners test*ed an&)a&

despte the presdental proh"ton. Yet the Court s a)are that )th ts pronoun!ement toda&

that the Presdent has the r'ht to reDure pror !onsent from mem"ers of the armed for!es, the

!lash ma& soon loom or a!tualHe.

F. ?ollo)n' these prn!ples, t s !lear that 1 -h% Pr%$1/%'- or -h% Ch1% o S-a: r%($%$ -o

ao a %%r o -h% AFP -o a88%ar %or% Co'3r%$$, -h% %31$a-14% o/) $%%k1'3

$(ch -%$-1o') a) $%%k 7(/1c1a r%1% -o co8% -h% a--%'/a'c%. 5u!h 9ud!al a!ton

should "e dre!ted at the heads of the e2e!utve "ran!h or the armed for!es, the persons )ho

)eld authort& and !ontrol over the a!tons of the o7!ers !on!erned. The le'slatve purpose of

su!h testmon&, as )ell as an& defenses a'anst the same U )hether 'rounded on e2e!utve

prvle'e, natonal se!urt& or smlar !on!erns U )ould "e a!!orded due 9ud!al evaluaton. All

the !onsttutonal !onsderatons pertnent to ether "ran!h of 'overnment ma& "e rased

assessed, and ultmatel& )e'hed a'anst ea!h other. And on!e the !ourts spea+ )th *nalt&,

"oth "ran!hes of 'overnment have no opton "ut to !ompl& )th the de!son of the !ourts,

)hether the e3e!t of the de!son s to ther l+n' or dsfavor.

-Pettoners ma& have "een of the honest "elef that the& )ere def&n' a dre!t order of

ther Commander-n-Chef and Commandn' General n o"esan!e to a paramount dea formed

)thn ther !ons!en!es, )h!h !ould not "e l'htl& 'nored. 5tll, the Court, n turn, s 'uded "&

the superlatve prn!ple that s the Consttuton, the em"odment of the natonal !ons!en!e. The

Consttuton smpl& does not permt the nfra!ton )h!h pettoners have alle'edl& !ommtted,

and moreover, provdes for an orderl& manner "& )h!h the same result !ould have "een

a!heved )thout o3endn' !onsttutonal prn!ples.

"#EREFORE, the petton s >$=I$>. =o pronoun!ement as to !osts.

PRO(I=C$ O? =ORT4 COTAATO (5. GRP 6E 5CRA #0

http@::))).la)phl.net:9ud9urs:9ur0E:o!t0E:'rB1EF1B0E.html

CARPIO MORAL$5

1. As earl& as 1F#E, n S#"ido v. '(aeta,1E the Court has re!o'nHed the statutor& r'ht to

e2amne and nspe!t pu"l! re!ords, a r'ht )h!h )as eventuall& a!!orded !onsttutonal

status.

http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/oct2008/gr_183591_2008.html

http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/oct2008/gr_183591_2008.html#fnt108

http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/oct2008/gr_183591_2008.html




0. That the su"9e!t of the nformaton sou'ht n the present !ases s a matter of pu"l!

!on!ern11# fa!es no serous !hallen'e. In fa!t, respondents admt that the MOA-A> s

ndeed of pu"l! !on!ern.11 In prevous !ases, the Court found that the re'ulart& of rea

estate transa!tons entered n the Re'ster of >eeds,116 the need for adeDuate not!e to

the pu"l! of the varous la)s,11 the !vl serv!e el'"lt& of a pu"l! emplo&ee,11E the

proper mana'ement of G5I5 funds alle'edl& used to 'rant loans to pu"l! o7!als, 11F the

re!over& of the Mar!oses alle'ed ll-'otten )ealth,10 and the dentt& of part&-lst

nomnees,101 amon' others, are matters of pu"l! !on!ern.+ndo#"tedly, the -(+/

subject of the present cases is of public concern, involving as it does

tesoereignty and territorial integrity of the $tate, /ic directly a<ects te lives

of te p#"lic at large.

. That the authort& of the Presdent to !ondu!t pea!e ne'otatons )th re"el 'roups s not

e2pl!tl& mentoned n the Consttuton does not mean that she has no su!h authort&. In

Sanlakas v. Eec#tive Secretary ,16E n ssue )as the authort& of the Presdent to de!lare a

state of re"ellon - an authort& )h!h s not e2pressl& provded for n the Consttuton. The

Court held thus@ In her ponen!a n Marcos v. Manglap#s, ;ust!e Cortes put her thess nto

9urspruden!e. There, the Court, "& a slm E- mar'n, upheld the Presdents po)er to

for"d the return of her e2led prede!essor. The ratonale for the ma9ort&s ruln' rested onthe Presdents . . . ('$-a-%/ r%$1/(a 8o%r$ h1ch ar% 181%/ ro -h% 3ra'- o

%6%c(-14% 8o%r a'/ h1ch ar%'%c%$$ar) or h%r -o co8) 1-h h%r /(-1%$

('/%r -h% Co'$-1-(-1o'. Th% 8o%r$ o -h% Pr%$1/%'- ar% 'o- 11-%/ -o ha- ar%

%68r%$$) %'(%ra-%/ 1' -h% ar-1c% o' -h% E6%c(-14% D%8ar-%'- a'/ 1'

$ca--%r%/ 8ro41$1o'$ o -h% Co'$-1-(-1o'. Ths s so, not)thstandn' the avo)ed

ntent of the mem"ers of the Consttutonal Commsson of 1FE6 to lmt the po)ers of the

Presdent as a rea!ton to the a"uses under the re'me of Mr. Mar!os, for the result )as a

lmtaton of spe!*! po)ers of the Presdent, part!ularl& those relatn' to the !ommander-

n-!hef !lause, "ut not a dmnuton of the 'eneral 'rant of e2e!utve po)er.Thus, -h%

Pr%$1/%'-$ a(-hor1-) -o /%car% a $-a-% o r%%1o' $8r1'3$ 1' -h% a1' ro h%r

8o%r$ a$ ch1% %6%c(-14% a'/, a- -h% $a% -1%, /ra$ $-r%'3-h ro h%r

Coa'/%r1'Ch1% 8o%r$. 2 2 2

#. It )ll "e o"served that the Presdent has authort&, as stated n her oath of o7!e,1E onl&

to preserve and defend the Consttuton. 5u!h presdental po)er does not, ho)ever

e2tend to allo)n' her to !han'e the Consttuton, "ut smpl& to re!ommend proposed

amendments or revson. As lon' as she lmts herself to re!ommendn' these !han'es

and su"mts to the proper pro!edure for !onsttutonal amendments and revson, her

mere re!ommendaton need not "e !onstrued as an un!onsttutonal a!t.

. In nternatonal pra!t!e, the associated state arran'ement has usuall& "een used as a

-ra'$1-1o'a /%41c% of former !olones on ther )a& to full ndependen!e. $2amples of

states that have passed throu'h the status of asso!ated states as a transtonal phase are

Ant'ua, 5t. Xtts-=evs-An'ulla, >omn!a, 5t. Lu!a, 5t. (n!ent and Grenada. All have

sn!e "e!ome ndependent states.1

6. =o provn!e, !t&, or mun!palt&, not even the ARMM, s re!o'nHed under our la)s as

havn' an asso!atve relatonshp )th the natonal 'overnment. Indeed, the !on!ept

mples po)ers that 'o "e&ond an&thn' ever 'ranted "& the Consttuton to an& lo!al or

re'onal 'overnment. It also mples the re!o'nton of the associated entity as a state. The

Consttuton, ho)ever, does not !ontemplate an& state n ths 9ursd!ton other than the

























Phlppne 5tate, mu!h less does t provde for a transtor& status that ams to prepare an&

part of Phlppne terrtor& for ndependen!e.

. 5mlarl&, that the MOA-A> )ould have "een s'ned "& representatves of 5tates and

nternatonal or'anHatons not partes to the A'reement )ould not have su7!ed to vest n

t a "ndn' !hara!ter under nternatonal la).

E. In one mportant respe!t, the !r!umstan!es surroundn' the MOA-A> are !loser to that of

=#rkina Faso )heren, as alread& ds!ussed, the Mal Presdents statement )as not held to"e a "ndn' unlateral de!laraton "& the IC;. As n that !ase, there )as also nothn' to

hnder the Phlppne panel, had t reall& "een ts ntenton to "e "ound to other 5tates, to

manfest that ntenton "& formal a'reement. 4ere, that formal a'reement )ould have

!ome a"out "& the n!luson n the MOA-A> of a !lear !ommtment to "e le'all& "ound to

the nternatonal !ommunt&, not 9ust the MIL?, and "& an eDuall& !lear nd!aton that the

s'natures of the part!patn' states-representatves )ould !onsttute an a!!eptan!e of

that !ommtment. $ntern' nto su!h a formal a'reement )ould not have resulted n a loss

of fa!e for the Phlppne 'overnment "efore the nternatonal !ommunt&, )h!h )as one

of the d7!ultes that prevented the ?ren!h Government from entern' nto a forma

a'reement )th other !ountres. That the Phlppne panel dd not enter nto su!h a formal

a'reement su''ests that t had no ntenton to "e "ound to the nternatonal !ommunt&.

On that 'round, the MOA-A> ma& 'o- % !onsdered a unlateral de!laraton under

nternatonal la).

"#EREFORE, respondents moton to dsmss s DENIED. The man and ntervenn' pettons

are GI($= ><$ CO<R5$ and here"& GRA=T$>. The Memorandum of A'reement on the An!estra

>oman Aspe!t of the GRP-MIL? Trpol A'reement on Pea!e of 01 s de!lared !ontrar& to la)

and the Consttuton.

CARPIO@ 5eparate Con!urrn'

1. The ntaled MOA-A> "et)een the Government of the Repu"l! of the Phlppnes GRP/

and the Moro Islam! L"eraton ?ront MIL?/ s 8a-%'-) ('co'$-1-(-1o'a. The $2e!utve

"ran!hs !ommtment under the MOA-A> to amend the Consttuton to !onform to the

MOA-A> volates 5e!tons 1 and #, Art!le (II of the Consttuton. The $2e!utve "ran!h

usurps the sole ds!retonar& po)er of Con'ress to propose amendments to the

Consttuton as )ell as the e2!lusve po)er of the sovere'n people to approve or

dsapprove su!h proposed amendments. 5e!tons 1 and #, Art!le (II of the Consttuton

provde@ 5e!ton 1. An& amendment to, or revson of, ths Consttuton ma& "e proposed"&@ 1/ The Con'ress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all ts Mem"ers8 or 0/ A

!onsttutonal !onventon. 5e!ton #. An& amendment to, or revson of, ths Consttuton

under 5e!ton 1 hereof shall "e vald )hen rat*ed "& a ma9ort& of the votes !ast n a

ple"s!te )h!h shall "e held not earler than s2t& da&s nor later than nnet& da&s after

the approval of su!h amendment or revson.

0. Indsputa"l&, the $2e!utve "ran!h has no po)er to !ommt to the MIL? that the

Consttuton shall "e amended to !onform to the MOA-A>. 5u!h !ommtment s a 'rave

a"use of ds!reton amountn' to la!+ or e2!ess of 9ursd!ton



P<=O@ 5CO

1. I' /%a1'3 1-h -h% MILF r%%1o', -h% Pr%$1/%'- a), ho%4%r, o8- 'o- -o ($%

orc% (- '%3o-1a-% 8%ac% 1-h -h% MILF. <ndou"tedl&, the Presdent as Chef

$2e!utve !an ne'otate pea!e )th re"els, l+e the MIL?. Art!le (II, se!ton 1 of the

Consttuton vests n the Presdent the entre panopl& of e2e!utve po)er, to rea!h pea!e

)th re"els. B(- ('/o(-%/) -oo, -h% %6%rc1$% o %6%c(-14% 8o%r -o $%c(r%8%ac% 1-h r%%$ 1$ 11-%/ ) -h% Co'$-1-(-1o'. All these are due to the preemnent

prn!ple that our 'overnment s fundamentall& one of lmted and enumerated po)ers

As )ell stated n A'3ara 4. E%c-ora Co1$$1o',##Q vi( ut n the man, the

Consttuton has "lo!+ed out )th deft stro+es and n "old lnes, allotment of po)er to the

e2e!utve, the le'slatve and the 9ud!al departments of the 'overnment. The overlappn'

and nterla!n' of fun!tons and dutes "et)een the several departments, ho)ever

sometmes ma+es t hard to sa& 9ust )here the one leaves o3 and the other "e'ns. In

tmes of so!al dsDuetude or polt!al e2!tement, the 'reat landmar+s of the Consttuton

are apt to "e for'otten or marred, f not entrel& o"lterated. In !ases of !on!t, the

9ud!al department s the onl& !onsttutonal or'an )h!h !an "e !alled upon to determne

the proper allo!aton of po)ers "et)een the several departments and amon' the nte'ral

or !onsttuent unts thereof. In *ne, there s no po)er n the Consttuton that !an run rot.

There s no po)er n the Consttuton that s un"ounded. There s no po)er n the

Consttuton that !an "e e2er!sed f t )ll destro& the Consttuton. ?or all po)ers n the

Consttuton are des'ned to preserve the Consttuton. In other )ords, the Presdent as

Chef $2e!utve !an ne'otate pea!e )th the MIL? "ut t s pea!e that )ll nsure that our

la)s are fathfull& e2e!uted. The Presdent !an see+ pea!e )th the MIL? "ut )thout

!rossn' the parameters of po)ers mar+ed n the Consttuton to separate the other

"ran!hes of 'overnment to preserve our demo!ra!&. ?or even n tmes of )ar, our s&stem

of !he!+s and "alan!es !annot "e nfrn'ed.#Q More so n tmes )here the onl& dan'er

that fa!es the 5tate s the lesser dan'er of re"ellon. =eedless to stress, the po)er of thePresdent to ne'otate pea!e )th the MIL? s not plenar&. Jhle a !onsdera"le de'ree of

e2"lt& and "readth s a!!orded to the pea!e ne'otatn' panel, the lattude has ts

lmts -- the Consttuton. The Consttuton )as ordaned "& the sovere'n people and ts

postulates ma& not "e emplo&ed as ar3a1'1'3 ch18$ )thout ther pror !onsent.

AYA= M<=A (5. ROM<LO 6#1 5CRA 0##

1. Lo!us stand s a r'ht of appearan!e n a !ourt of 9ust!e on a 'ven Dueston.1

5pe!*!all&, t s a part&Ss personal and su"stantal nterest n a !ase )here he has

sustaned or )ll sustan dre!t n9ur& as a result1# of the a!t "en' !hallen'ed, and !alls

for more than 9ust a 'eneralHed 'revan!e.1 The term nterest refers to matera

nterest, as dstn'ushed from one that s merel& n!dental.16 The ratonale for reDurn' a

part& )ho !hallen'es the valdt& of a la) or nternatonal a'reement to alle'e su!h a

personal sta+e n the out!ome of the !ontrovers& s to assure the !on!rete adverseness

)h!h sharpens the presentaton of ssues upon )h!h the !ourt so lar'el& depends for

llumnaton of d7!ult !onsttutonal Duestons.

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0. In another perspe!tve, the terms e2!han'e of notes and e2e!utve a'reements have

"een used nter!han'ea"l&, e2!han'e of notes "en' !onsdered a form of e2e!utve

a'reement that "e!omes "ndn' throu'h e2e!utve a!ton.0F On the other hand, e2e!utve

a'reements !on!luded "& the Presdent sometmes ta+e the form of e2!han'e of notes

and at other tmes that of more formal do!uments denomnated Wa'reementsS or

Wproto!ols.S

. PettonerSs relan!e on Adolfo# s mspla!ed, sad !ase "en' nappl!a"le o)n' to

d3erent fa!tual mleus. There, the Court held that an e2e!utve a'reement !annot "eused to amend a dul& rat*ed and e2stn' treat&, .e., the ases Treat&. Indeed, an

e2e!utve a'reement that does not reDure the !on!urren!e of the 5enate for ts

rat*!aton ma& not "e used to amend a treat& that, under the Consttuton, s the produ!t

of the ratf&n' a!ts of the $2e!utve and the 5enate. The presen!e of a treat&, purportedl&

"en' su"9e!t to amendment "& an e2e!utve a'reement, does not o"tan under the

premses. Consdern' the a"ove ds!usson, the Court need not "ela"or at len'th the thrd

man ssue rased, referrn' to the valdt& and e3e!tvt& of the Agreeent )thout the

!on!urren!e "& at least t)o-thrds of all the mem"ers of the 5enate. The Court has, n

Eastern Sea !rading,#E as reterated n =ayan,#F 'ven re!o'nton to the o"l'ator& e3e!t of

e2e!utve a'reements )thout the !on!urren!e of the 5enate@ 2 2 2 TQhe r'ht of the$2e!utve to enter nto "ndn' a'reements )thout the ne!esst& of su"seDuent

Con'ressonal approval has "een !on*rmed "& lon' usa'e. ?rom the earlest da&s of our

hstor&, )e have entered e2e!utve a'reements !overn' su!h su"9e!ts as !ommer!al and

!onsular relatons, most favored-naton r'hts, patent r'hts, trademar+ and !op&r'ht

prote!ton, postal and nav'aton arran'ements and the settlement of !lams. The valdt&

of these has never "een serousl& Duestoned "& our !ourts

#. As t )ere, the Agreeent s "ut a form of a7rman!e and !on*rman!e of the PhlppnesS

natonal !rmnal 9ursd!ton. =atonal !rmnal 9ursd!ton "en' prmar&, as e2planed

a"ove, t s al)a&s the respons"lt& and )thn the prero'atve of the RP ether to

prose!ute !rmnal o3enses eDuall& !overed "& the Rome 5tatute or to a!!ede to the 9ursd!ton of the ICC. Thus, the Phlppnes ma& de!de to tr& persons of the <5, as the

term s understood n the Agreeent , under our natonal !rmnal 9ust!e s&stem. Or t ma&

opt not to e2er!se ts !rmnal 9ursd!ton over ts errn' !tHens or over <5 persons

!ommttn' h'h !rmes n the !ountr& and defer to the se!ondar& !rmnal 9ursd!ton of

the ICC over them.

. In the !onte2t of the Consttuton, there !an "e no serous o"9e!ton to the Phlppnes

a'reen' to underta+e the thn's set forth n the Agreeent . 5urel&, one 5tate !an a'ree

to )ave 9ursd!tonUto the e2tent a'reed uponUto su"9e!ts of another 5tate due to the

re!o'nton of the prn!ple of e2traterrtoral mmunt&.

6. In thus a'reen' to !on!lude the Agreeent thru $:= ?O-0E-, then Presdent Glora

Ma!apa'al-Arro&o, represented "& the 5e!retar& of ?ore'n A3ars, a!ted )thn the s!ope

of the authort& and ds!reton vested n her "& the Consttuton. At the end of the da&, the

Presdent%%"& ratf&n', thru her deputes, the non-surrender a'reement%%dd nothn' more

than ds!har'e a !onsttutonal dut& and e2er!se a prero'atve that pertans to her o7!e.

. Moreover, RA FE1 !learl&@ 1/ de*nes and esta"lshes the !rmes a'anst nternatona

humantaran la), 'eno!de and other !rmes a'anst humant&8 0/ provdes pena

san!tons and !rmnal la"lt& for ther !ommsson81 and / esta"lshes spe!al !ourts for















the prose!uton of these !rmes and for the 5tate to e2er!se prmar& !rmna

9ursd!ton.0 =o)here n RA FE1 s there a provso that 'oes a'anst the tenor of the

Agreeent .

E. More mportantl&, an a!t of the e2e!utve "ran!h )th a fore'n 'overnment must "e

a3orded 'reat respe!t. The po)er to enter nto e2e!utve a'reements has lon' "een

re!o'nHed to "e lod'ed )th the Presdent. As Je held n =er v. 5enate Commttee on

A!!ounta"lt& of Pu"l! O7!ers and Invest'atons, tQhe po)er to enter nto an e2e!utve

a'reement s n essen!e an e2e!utve po)er. Ths authort& of the Presdent to enter ntoe2e!utve a'reements )thout the !on!urren!e of the Le'slature has tradtonall& "een

re!o'nHed n Phlppne 9urspruden!e.10 The ratonale "ehnd ths prn!ple s the

nvola"le do!trne of separaton of po)ers amon' the le'slatve, e2e!utve and 9ud!al

"ran!hes of the 'overnment. Thus, a"sent an& !lear !ontraventon of the la), !ourts

should e2er!se utmost !auton n de!larn' an& e2e!utve a'reement nvald. In l'ht of

the a"ove !onsderaton, the poston or ve) that the !hallen'ed RP-<5 =on-5urrender

A'reement ou'ht to "e n the form of a treat&, to "e e3e!tve, has to "e re9e!ted.

J4$R$?OR$, the petton for !ertorar, mandamus and proh"ton s here"& >I5MI55$> for la!+of mert. =o !osts. 5O OR>$R$>.

5O<RC$@ http@::))).la)phl.net:9ud9urs:9ur011:fe"011:'rB1F61EB011.htmlfnt1

CO=5TA=TI=O (5. C<I5IA #0 5CRA

1. =e!esst& thus 'ave "rth to the do!trne of Dual*ed polt!al a'en!&, later adopted n

(illena v. Secretary of te >nterior Q from Amer!an 9urspruden!e, vi( @ Jth referen!e to

the $2e!utve >epartment of the 'overnment, there s one purpose )h!h s !r&stal-!lear

and s readl& vs"le )thout the pro9e!ton of 9ud!al sear!hl'ht, and that s the

esta"lshment of a sn'le, not plural, $2e!utve. The *rst se!ton of Art!le (II of the

Consttuton, dealn' )th the $2e!utve >epartment, "e'ns )th the enun!aton of the

prn!ple that The e2e!utve po)er shall "e vested n a Presdent of the Phlppnes. Ths

means that the Presdent of the Phlppnes s the $2e!utve of the Government of the

Phlppnes, and no other. The heads of the e2e!utve departments o!!up& polt!a

postons and hold o7!e n an advsor& !apa!t&, and, n the lan'ua'e of Thomas ;e3erson,

should "e of the Presdents "osom !on*den!e Jrtn's, ?ord ed., #FE/, and, n the

lan'ua'e of Attorne&-General Cushn' Op., Attorne&-General, #/, are su"9e!t to the

dre!ton of the Presdent. Jthout mnmHn' the mportan!e of the heads of the varousdepartments, ther personalt& s n realt& "ut the pro9e!ton of that of the Presdent

5tated other)se, and as for!"l& !hara!terHed "& Chef ;ust!e Taft of the 5upreme Court

of the <nted 5tates, ea!h head of a department s, and must "e, the Presdents alter e'o

n the matters of that department )here the Presdent s reDured "& la) to e2er!se

authort& M&ers vs. <nted 5tates, # 5up. Ct. Rep., 01 at 8 00 <. 5., 0 at 18 1

La). ed., 16/.

0. =evertheless, there are po)ers vested n the Presdent "& the Consttuton )h!h ma& not

"e dele'ated to or e2er!sed "& an a'ent or alter ego of the Presdent. ;ust!e Laurel, n




http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2005/oct2005/106064.htm#_ftn55







hs ponencia n ?illena, ma+es ths !lear@ Jthal, at *rst "lush, the ar'ument of rat*!aton

ma& seem plaus"le under the !r!umstan!es, t should "e o"served that there are !ertan

a!ts )h!h, "& ther ver& nature, !annot "e valdated "& su"seDuent approval or

rat*!aton "& the Presdent. There are !ertan !onsttutonal po)ers and prero'atves of

the Chef $2e!utve of the =aton )h!h must "e e2er!sed "& hm n person and no

amount of approval or rat*!aton )ll valdate the e2er!se of an& of those po)ers "& an&

other person. 5u!h, for nstan!e, n hs po)er to suspend the )rt of ha"eas !orpus and

pro!lam martal la) PAR. , 5$C. 11, Art. (II/ and the e2er!se "& hm of the "en'n

prero'atve of mer!& par. 6, se!. 11, dem/.

. Jth !onsttutonal parameters alread& esta"lshed, )e ma& also note, as a sour!e of

suppletor& 'udan!e, the provsons of R.A. =o. 0#. The afore-Duoted 5e!ton 1 thereof

empo)ers the 5e!retar& of ?nan!e )th the approval of the Presdent and after

!onsultaton FQ of the Monetar& oard, Nto "orro) from tme to tme on the !redt of the

Repu"l! of the Phlppnes su!h sum or sums as n hs 9ud'ment ma& "e ne!essar&, and to

ssue therefor evden!es of nde"tedness of the Phlppne Government. Inelu!ta"l& then

)hle the Presdent )elds the "orro)n' po)er t s the 5e!retar& of ?nan!e )ho normall&

!arres out ts thrusts.

#. 5mlarl&, n the nstant !ase, the Consttuton allo!ates to the Presdent the e2er!se of the

fore'n "orro)n' po)er Nsu"9e!t to su!h lmtatons as ma& "e provded under la).

?ollo)n' So#tern )ross, "ut n lne )th the lmtatons as de*ned n ?illena, the

presdental prero'atve ma& "e e2er!sed "& the PresdentSs alter ego, )ho n ths !ase s

the 5e!retar& of ?nan!e.

. That the means emplo&ed to a!heve the 'oal of de"t-relef do not st )ell )th pettoners

s "e&ond the po)er of ths Court to remed&. The e2er!se of the po)er of 9ud!al reve)

s merel& to !he!+%not supplant%the $2e!utve, or to smpl& as!ertan )hether he has 'one

"e&ond the !onsttutonal lmts of hs 9ursd!ton "ut not to e2er!se the po)er vested n

hm or to determne the )sdom of hs a!t.EQ

In !ases )here the man purpose s to nullf&'overnmental a!ts )hether as un!onsttutonal or done )th 'rave a"use of ds!reton,

there s a stron' presumpton n favor of the valdt& of the assaled a!ts. The heav& onus

s n on pettoners to over!ome the presumpton of re'ulart&.

PA=GA=IA=@ 5eparate Opnon

1. Indu"ta"l&, former Presdent CoraHon C. ADunoSs de!son to honor the outstandn' de"ts

of the Repu"l! at the tme she assumed the presden!& )as a pol!& matter )ell )thnher prero'atve. It )as purel& an e2e!utve !all8 hen!e, "e&ond 9ud!al s!rutn&. The

Petton has faled to sho) 'rave a"use of ds!reton that )ould )arrant 9ud!a

nterventon. I a'ree )th the ponencia of the dstn'ushed Mr. ;ust!e >ante O. Tn'a@ not

onl& )as the a!t of Presdent ADuno ipliedly 'ranted va her vast e2e!utve po)ers8 t

)as also eplicitly authorHed under 5e!ton 01Q of Art!le (II of the Consttuton.



http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2005/oct2005/106064_panganiban.htm#_ftn1



http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2005/oct2005/106064_panganiban.htm#_ftn1



Je *nd that pettoners have not su7!entl& esta"lshed an& "ass for the Court to de!lare the

a!ts of respondents as un!onsttutonal. J4$R$?OR$ the petton s here"& >I5MI55$>. =o

!osts. 5O OR>$R$>.

5O<RC$@ http@::s!.9ud!ar&.'ov.ph:9urspruden!e:0:o!t0:166#.htm

P$OPL$ (5. 5ALL$, ;R. 0 5CRA E1

1. Jhere the pardonn' po)er s su"9e!t to the lmtaton of !onv!ton, t ma& "e e2er!sed at

an& tme after !onv!ton even f the 9ud'ment s on appeal. It s, of !ourse, entrel& d3erent

)here the reDurement s *nal !onv!ton, as )as mandated n the or'nal provson of 5e!ton1#, Art!le I of the 1F Consttuton, or !onv!ton "& *nal 9ud'ment, as presentl& pres!r"ed

n 5e!ton 1F, Art!le (II of the 1FE Consttuton. In su!h a !ase, no pardon ma& "e e2tended

"efore a 9ud'ment of !onv!ton "e!omes *nal.

0.A 9ud'ment of !onv!ton "e!omes *nal a/ )hen no appeal s seasona"l& perfe!ted, "/ )hen

the a!!used !ommen!es to serve the senten!e, !/ )hen the r'ht to appeal s e2pressl& )aved

n )rtn', e2!ept )here the death penalt& )as mposed "& the tral !ourt, and d/ )hen the

a!!used apples for pro"aton, there"& )avn' hs r'ht to appeal. 10 Jhere the 9ud'ment of

!onv!ton s stll pendn' appeal and has not &et therefore attaned *nalt&, as n the nstant

!ase, e2e!utve !lemen!& ma& not &et "e 'ranted to the appellant.

. The reason the Consttutonal Commsson adopted the !onv!ton "& *nal 9ud'ment

reDurement, revvn' n e3e!t the or'nal provson of the 1F Consttuton on the pardonn'

po)er, )as, as e2pounded "& Commssoner =apoleon Rama, to prevent the Presdent from

e2er!sn' e2e!utve po)er n dero'aton of the 9ud!al po)er.

#. Indeed, an appeal "rn's the entre !ase )thn the e2!lusve 9ursd!ton of the appellate

!ourt. A "e!omn' re'ard for the do!trne of separaton of po)ers demands that su!h e2!lusve

authort& of the appellate !ourt "e full& respe!ted and +ept unmpared. ?or trul&, had not thepresent Consttuton adopted the !onv!ton "& *nal 9ud'ment lmtaton, the Presdent !ould,

at an& tme, and even )thout the +no)led'e of the !ourt, e2tend e2e!utve !lemen!& to an& one

)hom he, n 'ood fath or other)se, "eleves to mert presdental mer!&.

. It !annot "e dened that under the ;ones La) and the 1FE1 amendments to the 1F

Consttuton on the pardonn' po)er )h!h dd not reDure !onv!ton, the Presdent had

unmpeded po)er to 'rant pardon even "efore the !rmnal !ase !ould "e heard. And under the

1F Consttuton )h!h reDured !onv!ton onl&, the po)er !ould "e e2er!sed at an& tme

after !onv!ton and re'ardless of the penden!& of the appeal. In ether !ase, there !ould "e the





rs+ not onl& of a falure of 9ust!e "ut also of a frustraton of the s&stem of admnstraton of

9ust!e n ve) of the dero'aton of the 9ursd!ton of the tral or appellate !ourt. Jhere the

Presdent s not so prevented "& the Consttuton, not even Con'ress !an mpose an& restr!ton

to prevent a presdental foll&. 16 4en!e, nothn' "ut a !han'e n the !onsttutonal provson

!onsstn' n the mposton of !onv!ton "& *nal 9ud'ment reDurement !an !han'e the rule.

The ne) Consttuton dd t.

6. 4en!e, "efore an appellant ma& "e valdl& 'ranted pardon, he must *rst as+ for the

)thdra)al of hs appeal, .e., the appealed !onv!ton must *rst "e "rou'ht to *nalt&.

. Je no) de!lare that the !onv!ton "& *nal 9ud'ment lmtaton under 5e!ton 1F, Art!le (II

of the present Consttuton proh"ts the 'rant of pardon, )hether full or !ondtonal, to an

a!!used durn' the penden!& of hs appeal from hs !onv!ton "& the tral !ourt. An& appl!aton

therefor, f one s made, should not "e a!ted upon or the pro!ess to)ard ts 'rant should not "e

"e'un unless the appeal s )thdra)n. A!!ordn'l&, the a'en!es or nstrumentaltes of the

Government !on!erned must reDure proof from the a!!used that he has not appealed from hs

!onv!ton or that he has )thdra)n hs appeal. 5u!h proof ma& "e n the form of a !ert*!aton

ssued "& the tral !ourt or the appellate !ourt, as the !ase ma& "e. The a!!eptan!e of the

pardon shall not operate as an a"andonment or )aver of the appeal, and the release of an

a!!used "& vrtue of a pardon, !ommutaton of senten!e, or parole "efore the )thdra)al of an

appeal shall render those respons"le therefor admnstratvel& la"le. A!!ordn'l&, those n

!ustod& of the a!!used must not solel& rel& on the pardon as a "ass for the release of the

a!!used from !on*nement.

5O<RC$ @ http@::))).la)phl.net:9ud9urs:9ur1FF:de!1FF:'rB16B1FF.html

LA<R$L (5. GARCIA 1E 5CRA F

G<TI$RR$

1. 5e!ton 6 !/ of Rep. A!t =o. 66 the CARP La)/ )h!h provdes as one of the sour!es of

funds for ts mplementaton, the pro!eeds of the dsposton of the propertes of the Government

n fore'n !ountres, dd not )thdra) the Roppon' propert& from "en' !lass*ed as one of

pu"l! domnon )hen t mentons Phlppne propertes a"road. 5e!ton 6 !/ refers to propertes

)h!h are alena"le and not to those reserved for pu"l! use or serv!e. Rep A!t =o. 66,

therefore, does not authorHe the $2e!utve >epartment to sell the Roppon' propert&. It merel&

enumerates poss"le sour!es of future fundn' to au'ment as and )hen needed/ the A'raran

Reform ?und !reated under $2e!utve Order =o. 0FF. O"vousl& an& propert& outsde of the

!ommer!e of man !annot "e tapped as a sour!e of funds.

0. It s not for the Presdent to !onve& valua"le real propert& of the 'overnment on hs or her o)n

sole )ll. An& su!h !onve&an!e must "e authorHed and approved "& a la) ena!ted "& the

Con'ress. It reDures e2e!utve and le'slatve !on!urren!e.

. Resoluton =o. of the 5enate dated ;une E, 1FEF, as+n' for the deferment of the sale of the

Roppon' propert& does not )thdra) the propert& from pu"l! doman mu!h less authorHe ts

sale. It s a mere resoluton8 t s not a formal de!laraton a"andonn' the pu"l! !hara!ter of the

Roppon' propert&. In fa!t, the 5enate Commttee on ?ore'n Relatons s !ondu!tn' hearn's on

5enate Resoluton =o. # )h!h rases serous pol!& !onsderatons and !alls for a fa!t-*ndn'





nvest'aton of the !r!umstan!es "ehnd the de!son to sell the Phlppne 'overnment

propertes n ;apan.

PA>ILLA @ Con!urrn' 5tatement

1. It s Con'ress )h!h !an de!de and de!lare the !onverson of Roppon' from a pu"l!

domnon propert& to a state patrmonal propert&. Con'ress has made no su!h de!son or

de!laraton. It s therefore, !lear that the Presdent !annot sell or order the sale of Roppon' thru

pu"l! "ddn' or other)se )thout a pror !on'ressonal approval, *rst, !onvertn' Roppon'

from a pu"l! domnon propert& to a state patrmonal propert&, and, se!ond, authorHn' the

Presdent to sell the same.

5ARMI$=TO @ Con!urrn'

1. In holdn' that there s a need for a la) or formal de!laraton to )thdra) the Roppon'

propert& from pu"l! doman to ma+e t alena"le and a land for le'slatve authort& to allo) the

sale of the propert& the ma9ort& la&s stress to the fa!t that@ 1/ An a7rmatve a!t U e2e!utveor le'slatve U s ne!essar& to re!lassf& propert& of the pu"l! domnon, and 0/ a le'slatve

de!ree s reDured to ma+e t alena"le. It also !lears the un!ertantes "rou'ht a"out "& earler

nterpretatons that the nature of propert&-)hether pu"l! or patrmonal s pred!ated on the

manner t s a!tuall& used, or not used, and n the same "reath, repudates the Governments

poston that the !ontnuous non-use of Roppon', amon' other ar'uments, for dplomat!

purposes, has turned t nto 5tate patrmonal propert&.

sour!e@ http@::))).la)phl.net:9ud9urs:9ur1FF:9ul1FF:'rBF01B1FF.html

LA<R$L (5. GARCIA 1E 5CRA F

G<TI$RR$

1. 5e!ton 6 !/ of Rep. A!t =o. 66 the CARP La)/ )h!h provdes as one of the sour!es of

funds for ts mplementaton, the pro!eeds of the dsposton of the propertes of the Government

n fore'n !ountres, dd not )thdra) the Roppon' propert& from "en' !lass*ed as one ofpu"l! domnon )hen t mentons Phlppne propertes a"road. 5e!ton 6 !/ refers to propertes

)h!h are alena"le and not to those reserved for pu"l! use or serv!e. Rep A!t =o. 66,

therefore, does not authorHe the $2e!utve >epartment to sell the Roppon' propert&. It merel&

enumerates poss"le sour!es of future fundn' to au'ment as and )hen needed/ the A'raran

Reform ?und !reated under $2e!utve Order =o. 0FF. O"vousl& an& propert& outsde of the

!ommer!e of man !annot "e tapped as a sour!e of funds.

0. It s not for the Presdent to !onve& valua"le real propert& of the 'overnment on hs or her o)n

http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1990/jul1990/gr_92013_1990.html




sole )ll. An& su!h !onve&an!e must "e authorHed and approved "& a la) ena!ted "& the

Con'ress. It reDures e2e!utve and le'slatve !on!urren!e.

. Resoluton =o. of the 5enate dated ;une E, 1FEF, as+n' for the deferment of the sale of

the Roppon' propert& does not )thdra) the propert& from pu"l! doman mu!h less authorHe

ts sale. It s a mere resoluton8 t s not a formal de!laraton a"andonn' the pu"l! !hara!ter of

the Roppon' propert&. In fa!t, the 5enate Commttee on ?ore'n Relatons s !ondu!tn' hearn's

on 5enate Resoluton =o. # )h!h rases serous pol!& !onsderatons and !alls for a fa!t-

*ndn' nvest'aton of the !r!umstan!es "ehnd the de!son to sell the Phlppne 'overnmentpropertes n ;apan.

PA>ILLA @ Con!urrn' 5tatement

1. It s Con'ress )h!h !an de!de and de!lare the !onverson of Roppon' from a pu"l!

domnon propert& to a state patrmonal propert&. Con'ress has made no su!h de!son or

de!laraton. It s therefore, !lear that the Presdent !annot sell or order the sale of Roppon' thru

pu"l! "ddn' or other)se )thout a pror !on'ressonal approval, *rst, !onvertn' Roppon'

from a pu"l! domnon propert& to a state patrmonal propert&, and, se!ond, authorHn' thePresdent to sell the same.

5ARMI$=TO @ Con!urr1. In holdn' that there s a need for a la) or formal de!laraton to

)thdra) the Roppon' propert& from pu"l! doman to ma+e t alena"le and a land for

le'slatve authort& to allo) the sale of the propert& the ma9ort& la&s stress to the fa!t that@

1/ An a7rmatve a!t U e2e!utve or le'slatve U s ne!essar& to re!lassf& propert& of the

pu"l! domnon, and 0/ a le'slatve de!ree s reDured to ma+e t alena"le. It also !lears the

un!ertantes "rou'ht a"out "& earler nterpretatons that the nature of propert&-)hether pu"l!

or patrmonal s pred!ated on the manner t s a!tuall& used, or not used, and n the same

"reath, repudates the Governments poston that the !ontnuous non-use of Roppon', amon'

other ar'uments, for dplomat! purposes, has turned t nto 5tate patrmonal propert&.

sour!e@ http@::))).la)phl.net:9ud9urs:9ur1FF:9ul1FF:'rBF01B1FF.html



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