expedition loholoka 2014 report

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Expedition Loholoka 2014:Explore Discover Conserve

Expedition Report

A scientific study to a never before studied littoral

forest on the south east coast of Madagascar

Loholoka Forest, Manakara, Madagascar

9th August—19th September 2014

N. Davies, T. Kent, S. Philips, H. Pollock, H. Smith, J. Unwin

Published August 2015

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Expedition Loholoka 2014: Explore Discover Conserve

Expedition Report

A scientific study to a never before studied littoral

forest on the south east coast of Madagascar

Loholoka Forest, Manakara, Madagascar

19th September 2014

N. Davies, T. Kent, S. Philips, H. Pollock, H. Smith, J. Unwin

Published August 2015

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Expedition Loholoka 2014: Explore. Discover. Conserve.

Loholoka Forest, Madagascar

August 9th 2014 - September 19th 2014

Expedition Aim: Conduct terrestrial surveys of the flora and fauna of Loholoka over a 6 week period to

create records of the flora and fauna present and their habitat requirements.

Authors

Hannah Smith, Hannah Pollock, Thomas Kent, Susie Phillips, Nicholas Davey, Jamie Unwin

Compiled and edited by Hannah Pollock

Photography

Hannah Pollock, Jamie Unwin, Hannah Smith, Thomas Kent

Contact Details

Project email address: [email protected]

Project website address: www.fxpeditions.org

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Acknowledgements

In the lead up, during and following it’s completion, this expedition received a great deal of support and the team is incredibly grateful to everyone for their help and encouragement.

Financing the expedition proved to be a big challenge the team put a lot of time into attempts at raising the required funds using many different approaches from small scale

events like cake sales and ’Madagascar’ film nights to larger fundraisers like a Madagascan bar crawl aimed at University students. Setting up an online campaign on Indiegogo enabled anyone to donate in return for a choice of ‘perks’ this helped raise

awareness of the expedition and proved very successful. Big thanks go to everyone who supported us in any of these events. Our thanks however do not stop with the financial

support; from encouraging words to sound advice and ultimately the belief that we could do it, thank you to everyone.

Special thanks go to:

Ben Toulson, Owen Greenwood, Professor Brendan Godley, Dr, Peter Long, Steve Backshall, Rob Gandola, Sam The’ Seing

Grant and Institutional support:

The Royal Geographical Society with IBG, The Exeter Annual Fund, The John Muir Trust,

Development & Biodiversity Conservation Action for Madagascar (DBCAM), University of

Antananarivo, Sony UK, the Falmouth and Exeter Student Union

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Contents Page

Abstract 8

Overview 10

Madagascar Background 12

Loholoka Forest 15

Expedition Team 16

Team Descriptions 18

Expedition Aims 22

Planning and Preparation 32

Expedition Diary 40

Research Findings 64

Previous Research in Madagascar 66

Amphibians 68

Avifauna 74

Mammals 82

Reptiles 92

Botany 98

Community Interactions 106

Andotsy 110

Loholoka 112

Future of the Forest Meeting 116

Overview 122

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Abstract

Expedition Loholoka: Explore, Discover Conserve was a project that conducted terrestrial surveys over five weeks spent in the field to create a species list for the Loholoka forest to

address the previous gap in biodiversity knowledge. Studies focussed primarily on mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. The expedition revealed geographically important range

extensions as well as potential new species/ subspecies previously unstudied, though this would require further study. In addition to the species list the team also set a number of sub

scientific objectives for the expedition including identifying any threats to the regions biodiversity, aiding conservation efforts and working with local communities to fully understand

their view on the conservation of their forest and how this might be achieved.

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Overview

Expedition Loholoka: Explore, Discover, Conserve was a student led project carried out by six students from the College of Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Exeter. The expedition took place from August 9th 2014 to September 19th 2014 and consisted of terrestrial surveys into the mammal, bird, reptile and amphibian species found within the Loholoka forest. The project began in November 2013 through the University of Exeter Penryn campus FXpeditions, a programme run by the campus Expedition Society who advertised for applicants for student led expeditions to Cambodia as a follow up to Expedition Samleom 2013 and a new project in Madagascar. The opportunity to travel to Madagascar came about through a new Madagascan contact (Harrison R) made via the Fxpeditions director Ben Toluson and his existing contact Dr Peter Long of Oxford University. Expedition Loholoka was created from applicants for the original two projects who were deemed capable and enthusiastic candidates following a written application and interview. Peter Long came forward with a Madagascan contact who was keen to work with a group of students from the University of Exeter. This was Sam The’ Seing, Coordinator of Development and Biodiversity Conservation Action of Madagascar (DBCAM). Following initial ideas of carrying out an expedition to Mahamavo where DBCAM work annually with Opwall, it was decided a change of location would make a more worthwhile expedition, as thanks to Opwall’s work Mahamavo is relatively well studied in comparison to a lot of Madagascar. The Loholoka forest was chosen as our study site on the basis that DBCAM had previously carried out a reconnaissance visit for 2 days back in November 2013. This preliminary study showed there to be a large variety of species in the area but this was thought to be only a fraction of the forests biodiversity. The clear gap in scientific data from the region highlighted the fact that we would be the first research team to visit the forest. Loholoka is a littoral humid forest, one of the most threatened habitat types on the island, it is heavily fragmented and been reduced to a fraction off its former cover it is also one of the last forested areas in the region. During their time in Loholoka the team worked closely with students from The University of Antananarivo. This created a strong link between this and the University of Exeter and as such the team hopes there may be the possibility for future collaboration and even further expeditions to the area. The discoveries made and data collected ultimately provides valuable information on an area previously unstudied. The fact that the forest is such a threatened habitat is important and when facing threats such as illegal logging the team also felt it was important to investigate and note the threats to the regions biodiversity and discussions were had with the local communities to fully understand their view and hopes for the forest. The team is very motivated and passionate about making a positive difference to the area.

By sharing the information and discoveries found it is their hope that a positive difference

can be made towards the protecting an conserving of this forest and its inhabitants.

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Madagascar

maps

Madagascar

Today in western society “Madagascar” is frequently

associated with the 2005 DreamWorks Madagascar

Film franchise which follows the story of Central Park

Zoo animals being shipwrecked on the coast of

Madagascar. The film introduces serval

characters through the plot including “King

Julian” a ring tail lemur and “Maurice” an Aye

Aye, both of which belong to Madagascar

flagship group of endemic Primates the

lemurs. The diversity of life in

Madagascar depicted in the film and

therefore the diversity many are familiar

with is only a fraction of the endemic

array of species that make their

resident on the Island.

Madagascar is the world’s fourth

largest island once part of the

southern supercontinent

Gondwana, it has been isolated

for the last 84 million years

following its split from the Indian

peninsula. This isolation has led

to its fauna and flora following

unique evolutionary trajectories

diversifying to incredible levels

and it is now globally

recognised as a biodiversity

hotspot. Approximately 90% of

all species present on the island

are endemic, representing 3.2%

of global floral and 2.8% of global

faunal diversity.

Since the arrival of humans on the

Island over 2000 years ago

Madagascar has lost the majority of

its original forest cover with only 10%

remaining today in fragmented forest

blocks. The true extent of this loss is

only measured when considering the rate

new species are still being discovered in

the country. For instance between 1994 and

2010, 51 new lemur species were formally

identified, doubling previous counts despite

their ever shrinking habitat.

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maps

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A multitude of environmental problems exist in Madagascar and have contributed to the

aforementioned loss of forest cover. Tavy a traditional form of slash and burn agriculture

used for converting forest into rice paddy’s is crucial for the substance of many Malagasy

families however once the soil loses its nutrients recolonization by native plants is low

and loose soils then increase problems with erosion. Illegal logging of Hardwoods like

rosewood and the cutting of forest for fuelwood and charcoal are also significant threats.

The hunting of native fauna and lack of regulations has led to the unstainable harvest of

many species which also must compete with introduced invasive species has caused both

direct and indirect consequences for Madagascar’s fauna.

Despite these threats many NGO’s are working in partnership with the Malagasy

Government to improve the outlook for Madagascar’s environment. In 2013 it was

announced the country had tripled its protected area network which now covers more than

6 million ha, up from 1.7 million in 2003. This is all working towards the aim of the long

term viability of the islands remaining forests.

Through the expedition we have aimed to help contribute to the protection of

Madagascar’s fragile and important ecosystems through our data collection. In providing

necessary information to contribute to making more informed decisions in relation to land

management and protection in the previously data deficient Loholoka region.

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SCALE (:) SOUTH EAST COAST OF MADAGASCAR.

The Loholoka forest:

The site is located at (S 21° 44’43.7” and E 48° 11’18.8). It is situated on the South-East

coast of Madagascar, on the edge of the Loholoka littoral humid forest. The camp was set

up just outside the forest, with an equal distance of the forest spread on either side. The

nearest easily accessible village is Vohimasina Nord and from here in order to reach the

site, off road vehicles are required. There are a couple of local small villages situated

close to the site which we commonly traded with for food; Loholoka village and the

Andotsy village.

The forest is managed by local communities with the aid of DBCAM. A number of threats

to biodiversity have been flagged, namely illegal logging and charcoal production.

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Expedition Team

UK Team

Expedition Leader Hannah Smith

BSc Zoology with Study Abroad student at the University of Exeter

Logistics Manager/ Medical Director Hannah Pollock


Scientific Director/ Social Media Thomas Kent


Fundraising Officer Susie Phillips

BSc Conservation Biology and Ecology at the University of Exeter

Kit Manager Nicholas Davey

BSc Zoology student at the University of Exeter

Media Director Jamie Unwin


Malagasy Team

Team Leader Sam The’ Seing

Led by Sam Individuals from DBCAM and the University of Antananarivo played a huge part in the success of the expedition. Thank you also to the local villagers of the Loholoka

forest for providing local guides for the duration of our stay as well as being so welcoming and allowing us to carry out the research, whilst also inviting us to their villages and

engaging in discussions about the forest and its biodiversity.

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Hannah Pollock

Logistics Manager/ Medical Director

Hannah has completed her second year at

the University of Exeter studying for a BSc

in Zoology with Study Aboard. With a good

knowledge of the natural world and a wide

range of travel experience including a

previous expedition to Peru she has a

strong team ethic and was well equipped

with the knowledge needed to face the

challenges experienced on an

expedition. She has completed a number of medical courses including Advanced

Wilderness Medical Training and so was able to carry out her role as Medical Director

competently .

In the field Hannah took a particular lead on the cultural side of the project, making an

effort to learn the Malagasy language meant she was able to speak at meetings with the

village communities.

Hannah has since gone on to work with other conservation projects including the Marine

Cyprus Turtle Project and is in the process of planning an expedition to tackle the Ivory

trade in Malawi. She is focussing on the cultural aspects of this project using the skills

she learned in Loholoka to do this and hopes to inspire the younger generation to make a

difference .

Hannah Smith

Expedition Leader

Hannah has completed her second year of

studying BSc Zoology at the University of

Exeter. She took the lead of the expedition,

being a confident delegator of the roles

required of each team member. Hannah

focused her efforts on the organisation of the

expedition during the lead up to it; she was

the primary contact with DBCAM and also

contributed to grant writing and fundraising.

She also took on the role as one of the two health and safety officers and so completed

an Outdoor First Aid course in the run up to the expedition.

From the expedition Hannah has gained invaluable experiences in leading a team and

working with everyone to help maintain a positive team moral in a challenging

environment. She has gone on to being Vice President of the fundraising committee RAD

at university; organising and running many events. She has contributed to raising over

£8000 for charities and particularly loves encouraging other students to also get

involved. She was recognised for her efforts by the FXU Student Union and was awarded

‘Most significant contribution to fundraising’.

Expedition Team Members

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Thomas Kent

Scientific Director/ Social Media

After a only a year of his BSc in Zoology with

Study Aboard degree the University of

Exeter, Thomas had already built a varied

skill base of the censing of species prior to

the expedition. He completed a number of

courses including mammal trapping, camera

trapping, introductory GIS and a youth

conservation program with specialists

Durrell this acquired knowledge was then

applied in the field to allow for effective surveying in a new environment. He is a strong

and committed team player also being an active committee member of the University’s

Ecological Society, this society experience aided with the planning of our fundraising

events. Thomas is also experienced in graphic design and multimedia promotion allowing

for the creation of a cohesive design of the expedition to be conveyed to the public

through logo design, being active on social media and the production of a campaign

video.

Susie Phillips

Fundraising Officer

Susie is 2nd year Conservation Biology &

Ecology student at the University of Exeter’s

Penryn campus. With over 2 years

experience volunteering with both Chester

zoo and Cheshire wildlife trust on local

habitat management and surveying projects

she has experience in small mammal

trapping, habitat assessments, ecological

surveys and familiarity in public

engagement, all skills used on the

expedition. Spending six weeks over the summer of 2012 completing a Nuffield Bursary

Placement researching giant otter behaviour at Chester Zoo also helped to foster research

abilities and develop report writing and presentation skills.

“The expedition has affirmed my decision to pursue a career in practical conservation

projects but has highlighted the many challenges faced by individuals and organisations

working in challenging environments. The experience has also helped me develop a

broader interest in adventure and exploring and I would love to see more of this

incorporated into the university’s society. I am now considering further expeditions to

Vietnam in 2016 and getting more into travel writing!”

Now the director of Fxpeditions at the Expedition society at the Penryn Campus Susie

aims to use her experience and knowledge gained in Loholoka to advise others planning

future projects and ensure the future of project Loholoka.

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Jamie Unwin Media Director

Jamie has just finished 2nd year Zoology

with study abroad at the University of Exeter.

Being interested in wildlife since a young

age Jamie turned to photography to capture

and show others his fascination with nature,

after persevering for a few years he was

fortunate to gain sponsorship from Sony UK

at the age of 15. Jamie has been advancing

his photographic skills receiving

international and national awards for his

work.

His photographic experience and animal tracking knowledge was easily translated to

camera trapping in the Loholoka forest where he successfully set up a camera trapping

network in the forest canopy to identify Lemur species. The expedition refined his skills

when working within a group in challenging field conditions.

Jamie has now gone onto produce a conservation film aimed at tackling the Ivory trade in

Malawi, Africa (Stop Wildlife Crime, Protect Malawi’s Wildlife) as well as working with

Steve Backshall to produce a film to raise money to save a chunk of Colombian rainforest.

He is now planning a conservation trip around Malawi using a bicycle powered projection

system and hopes to inspire hundreds of school children after raising enough money to

take them into national parks to see their countries wildlife.

Nicholas Davey

Kit Manager

Nicholas has just finished his second year

of Zoology at the University of Exeter. His

studies have given him experience in

surveying wildlife and report writing, which

greatly enhanced his contribution to the

expedition.

Nicholas’s past experience in fieldwork and

conservation have also helped prepare him

for the expedition. This includes working at

his local nature reserve, and attending RSPB conservation weekends. He also attended

camera trapping, and mammal trapping courses which proved very useful.

Furthermore, Nicholas wrote an article for the RSPB WingBeat about blackbirds. This

experience in media writing helped him helped him compile the blogs and the expedition

diary. In the future Nicholas aims to use his experience in logistics, fieldwork and report

writing to help with work at university as well as his future career.

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Expedition Aims There were a number of expedition aims that the team hoped to complete

during their time in Loholoka. The primary aim of the project was to create

a species list for the Loholoka forest by conducting terrestrial surveys over

the 5 weeks spent in the field to address the current gap in biodiversity

knowledge. In addition to this a number of sub scientific objectives were

also set for the expedition as an extension to the species list.

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Perform a terrestrial survey of the biodiversity

found in the Loholoka forest During the five weeks spent in the field the team aimed to complete terrestrial

surveys to determine the species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians

found in the Loholoka forest. This was the largest scientific study to be carried out

in the Loholoka region and the information obtained would be used to fill a

scientific gap in the knowledge of species diversity in this region.

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Identify any species present in Loholoka

that are classed as threatened or

endangered

This knowledge will inform interested parties of the conservation

status of the area. If Loholoka is found to be important to a

particular species, then additional measures may need to be put

in place in order to help conserve that species and its habitat.

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Discover if large carnivores

inhabit the Loholoka region

such as Fossa (Cryptoprocta

ferox) Large Carnivores act as apex predators and usually

indicate a healthy ecosystem. Additionally, they are

typically charismatic and can be used to engage

the public in supporting conservation projects.

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Identify the threats to the

regions biodiversity This will allow if necessary, realistic

conservation action to be implemented by

DBCAM through grassroots approach whilst

still allowing for local development.

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Aid conservation efforts for

the Loholoka littoral forest

and raise awareness for a

conservation status.

The Loholoka region currently has no

conservation measures put in place to

protect the area; completing research on

threatened/endangered species will help

promote the need for conservation. We will

identify any species present that are

classed as threatened or endangered to

highlight the importance of the area.

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Build links with the University of

Antananarivo. The team hopes to build a relationship between the

University of Antananarivo and the University of Exeter by

working with students from both the Animal Biology and

Botany Departments. We want to encourage more student

led projects that will provide useful research and raise

awareness of Madagascar for future years.

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Work with the local communities and

institutions in the area. The team would like to involve themselves with the local

communities and any schools nearby in the area to ex-

change cultures and learn more about how they live and use

their environment.

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Expedition Logistics - Planning and Preparation

Help and Support

As previously stated, initial contacts which made the expedition possible arose through

Dr Peter Long of Oxford University. The project was put together working closely with the

in country partner DBCAM to understand the environmental situation of the forest and to

ensure the expedition would meet the needs of Loholoka based on existing knowledge.

On the UK side, the team worked hard to create a strong project from very little prior

knowledge or experience. They were supported by the Fxpeditions advisory board,

primarily by Ben Toulson, who along with the other expedition teams from the university,

met weekly to discuss various aspects of expedition planning and any issues which

arose. As the project progressed, The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) gave

constructive advice during an interview for the expedition grant, this improved the project

prior to funding. In May the team submitted a grant to the University of Exeter Annual

Fund which was reviewed by the Fxpeditions advisory board and deemed worthy of

funding. Following this further feedback was given and we were allocated a board

member - Professor Brendan Godley who helped us to fine tune the project.

Training and equipment testing:

Due to the main aim being to collect a species list of the area, the team was not required

to be trained in any specialist equipment that would need training prior to the expedition.

In terms of first aid, Hannah Smith undertook an Outdoor First aid course in Swanage

with First Aid Academy and Hannah Pollock undertook a Wilderness Training First aid

course enabling her to carry prescription medicines. Between them, these two members

of the team had covered enough first aid that they felt comfortable that the team would

be able to deal with a number of situations should any occur. Susie Phillips undertook

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Basic First Aid training which was recommended to the whole team so that everyone has at

least a basic understanding of safe working, however other members of the team struggled to

organise it.

The whole team had completed a Camera trapping course prior to the trip and were all

confident in setting up and using them. We felt this necessary as the use of Camera Traps was

a big aspect of our data collection for the documenting of more elusive species.

Permission and permits obtained

DBCAM has a collaboration with the Animal Biology Department of the University of

Antananarivo, and the department was responsible for submitting the proposal which enabled

the team to conduct research in the forest; it had to be sent to the Ministry of the Environment,

Ecology and Forests. The permit was accepted within one week and then a copy was sent on

to DREF (Direction Régionale de l’Environnement et des Forêts), they are the regional ministry

representative running the policy of government concerning the protection of the environment

and forest management. The permit is also sent to the Chief Cantonnement Forestier de

Manakara (Forest Agent), Commune Rural de Vohimasina Nord and the local community

manager of the Loholoka Forest. Local communities are given management of many forests

because Madagascar has very few forest agents, and so this helps reduce the large

responsibility of the forest agents. No specimens were taken but permits were obtained so

that it was an option if required.

Insurance:

All team members had travel insurance, the majority went with ‘Banner Insurance’, it cost

£113.66 each which covered them for the duration of the trip at the level they felt was

necessary. No claims were made.

Medical Arrangements:

For first aid and medical training, Hannah Pollock undertook an Advanced Wilderness Medical

Training Course, Hannah Smith went on an Outdoor First aid course with First Aid Academy

and Susie Philips completed a basic first aid course. Additionally, the Advanced Wilderness

Medical Training course allowed Hannah Pollock to carry and administer prescription only

medications.

Prior to the expedition, all team members ensured they were fully updated for all necessary

inoculations including all routine vaccines such as Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Typhoid and

Rabies. All of Madagascar is a high risk in for Malaria and therefore all team members took

Malaria tablets for the duration of the expedition. Precautions were also taken to avoid

mosquito bites such as by covering up with clothing (long sleeves and long trousers) and

using insect repellents on exposed skin. All members are aware that Malaria can still develop

up to a year following exposure and so will remain vigilant in terms of monitoring their health

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in the year following the expedition.

Medical supplies included an extensive medical first aid kit, in it was all the necessary items

the team may need from Povidone iodine antiseptic and steri strips to strong pain killers,

antihistamines, an epipen and the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin.

The team had a satellite phone throughout the duration of the expedition meaning they would

always be able to contact help in an emergency. This may have been contacting a doctor in the

UK for advice or someone in country should an evacuation be necessary. A 4 wheel drive

vehicle was available for the full duration that would be able to carry out an evacuation. The

nearest hospital was located in Manakara, approximately a 4 hour journey away.

Good hygiene was maintained for the duration of the trip; all drinking water was filtered and all

precautions were taken to avoid bites. There were no major health issues whilst on the trip, the

biggest medical issue that occurred was when one team member caught their thumb in the

door of a car upon entering the forest. The nail turned black and he eventually lost it; treatment

involved careful monitoring and ensuring it was sterilised and kept clean to avoid infection or

further damage.

Communications:

Pre-expedition, Hannah Smith was the main communicator with Sam The Seing from DBCAM.

All communication was done over email which made things quite challenging.

In the field the team had a satellite phone as they were not sure if there would be phone signal.

They found out after arriving that there was actually phone signal and so could have saved

more money by using a locally bought sim card. The satellite phone was only used for

communicating personally home for each member of the team, they had no emergencies or

anything requiring necessary contact with home.

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Travel, transport and freighting:

The team and all equipment necessary travelled by

plane. The team travelled from London Heathrow,

transferred planes in Mauritius and then landed in

Antananarivo, Madagascar. Once arriving in

country, the team was picked up by a member of

DBCAM, Sam The Seing. After spending a night in

Antananarivo we then used a local minibus driver

for the 14 hour drive from the capital to Manakara,

a town found on the South-East coast. Afterwards

they had another 4 hour drive in 4WD vehicles,

which were hired for the duration of the trip. The

fuel for the4WD vehicles was bought from the

petrol station in Manakara. The generator for the

electricity was also collected in Manakara.

The team made use of local guides during the

expedition to lead them around the forest along the

various transect routes. This provided the local

people with a source of income which was a great

benefit.

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Food and accommodation:

Accommodation consisted of two nights in hostels during the transit

from Antananarivo, stopping in Manakara and then on to the study site.

Tents were constructed for the rest of the trip until reversing the travel

back to the capital. The team had four tents between the six of them. All

the food was sourced locally, the majority of supplies were bought from

Manakara. Alongside this, the local communities were keen to do

business by selling their locally grown or caught produce. Seafood and

vegetables were the primary source of nutrition with rice served at least

twice a day. There were two cooks who prepared all the food.

The water supply was provided by the Pangalanes Canal which ran

alongside the base camp only a few hundred metres away. The water

was used for cooking and washing with and was then filtered before

drinking. During the expedition duration there was a lack of rain and so

the water did run low, which caused some difficulty.

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Expedition Diary

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10th August 2014: Arrival in Madagascar.

The team arrived in Antananarivo in the afternoon, after an incredibly long plane journey –

in excess of 12 hours. We met Sam the Seing at the airport, who is the head of DBCAM

(Development and Biodiversity Conservation Action for Madagascar). This was a

heartening experience, especially after the number of email exchanges between us in

preparation for the trip. We were driven by jeep to the Tana-Jacaranda guesthouse in

Antananarivo where we would stay the night. That evening we had a quick meeting with

Sam, he told us the journey plan, which would be for him to travel to Manakara by jeep,

and for us to travel by private minibus. From Manakara, the whole team would travel to

Loholoka in 4x4 vehicles. Sam had already prepared all the scientific equipment we

needed, which we would be taking with us from Antananarivo. In addition to the journey

plan, we discussed our research aims. Sam suggested we each specialise in a certain

area, either lemurs, small mammals, birds or herps. However, as a team we decided that it

would be better to work in pairs, and for everyone to be involved in studying each

category.

Monday 11th August: Travelling to Manakara.

We left at 8:30am for the journey to Manakara. We stopped early on to meet the University

of Antananarivo students, who would become invaluable in helping us to find and identify

the biodiversity in Loholoka. The journey was a good opportunity to observe the local

culture, and the impressive scenery of Madagascar. The road was clear and of good

quality for most of the route, but the 560km drive still took 15 hours. It was a welcome

relief to finally reach our acommodation in Manakara for the night.

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12th August 2014: Travelling to Vohimasina Nord.

In Manakara we met up with the rest of the DBCAM team who would be working with us in

the forest, bringing along all their individual skills to help in identifying biodiversity. We

also met Rob Gandola, who decided to join us in Loholoka in order to study crocodiles for

his PHD research. Rob showed us around the market in Manakara. Sam also picked up the

food we would be eating on camp; mokari, rice, vegetables, zebu, chicken etc. This would

last two weeks, until his next visit to Manakara.

In the afternoon we left for Loholoka, which is within the Manakara district and only 50km

away from Manakara town. The road was much less easy going than yesterday, with

plenty of potholes. Two and a half hours into the journey we reached a small town called

Vohimasina Nord. The Mayor of the town, Julian, invited us to a communal meeting, where

we introduced ourselves, and discussed our plans to research in Loholoka. He then

advised that we should spend the night here, in order to avoid travelling at night. We were

taken to a large barn, where we spent the night. That evening was our first opportunity to

get to know our new team. It was good fun talking to the DBCAM students, who taught us

some key Malagasy phrases. We had our first meal of rice and vegetables for dinner,

which was a meal we would have to get used to!

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13th August 2014: Arriving at Loholoka and first night walk.

We left at 8:00am for Loholoka. The terrain was rough, which made for a very difficult

drive. One of the vehicles got stuck in a river, so the whole team spent an hour digging it

out and building a makeshift bridge from rocks. The other mishap of the journey was when

Nick trapped his thumb in the car door, causing his nail to fall off later on. This was

painful, but not serious. He kept it covered, and used plenty of antiseptic wipes to keep it

clean allowing it to recover gradually and free of infection.

When we reached the village, some members of DBCAM wanted to camp right next to the

village for security, but after much debate in the group we decided it would be better to

camp more centrally in order to have better access to the whole forest. We set up our

camp in the afternoon. The six of us were provided with four tents, the girls easily

organised between themselves who would get the tent by themselves however the boys

had an intense game of rock, paper, scissors before begrudgingly giving in to Nick, who

won the rights to his own tent. The majority of the other facilities were all hand made;

benches, kitchen area, tarped shelters for shade and even a ‘science table’ which would

become our personal area. We took the rest of the afternoon as an opportunity to explore

our surroundings, including the very welcoming beach, which was only 200m away from

camp.

That evening we all underwent our first night walk. It was the biggest group walk of the

expedition, and included almost everyone from camp. This was only an easy, short walk to

the north of the forest, but we were delighted to see Rufous mouse lemurs and Crossley’s

dwarf lemurs, both of which became regular sightings, especially the mouse lemurs!

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14th August 2014: Setting up pitfall traps, mammal traps and camera

traps.

We got up at 7:00am, to set up pitfall traps, and put out mammal traps. We ventured quite

deep into the forest, but there were clear paths to follow already created by the local

people living here. It was raining that morning, but the temperature still felt pleasantly

mild - about 20oC. We had guides from the local villages to help us, which we had decided

to take on all our surveys. The route was not treacherous, but the constant swamps made

it challenging. Wet feet was something we would get used over the duration. There were a

few fun slips in the mud, always being mocked by the local people who thought we were

so incredibly unsteady on our feet, especially when crossing the make shift stick bridges.

The pitfall traps consisted of 10 buckets spaced over 100m, with a drift fence running

between them. We only constructed one line, because at this stage we were just

experimenting, and planned to move it and set up in various other locations later. We

placed some of our mammal traps on the ground and others at different heights in the

trees. Again, this was an experimental approach to see what worked best.

In the afternoon Jamie, Tom and Nicholas went out again, in order to set up the first

camera traps, the most exciting of which being one facing what appeared to be a mouse

lemur hole in a tree. The rest of the group took the opportunity to type up data of the

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species seen so far, which included the lemurs from the first evening survey, as well as

some birds sighted during the morning work, which included Yellow Billed Kite, Frances’s

Sparrowhawk, Crested Drongo, and Madagascar Bee-eater. We also discussed the plan for

the forthcoming weeks of surveying, and decided we would split into three groups, and

rotate between the different surveys. These included herp surveys, bird surveys lemur

surveys, and checking and re-setting mammal traps and pitfall traps. The groups were

Nick and Jamie, Tom and Susie, and the two Hannah’s. We also decided we would set up

five routes on which to survey.

15th – 17th August 2014: Setting up routes, and start of surveys.

We started working in our groups from this point. These first few days were used to create

our five routes, which were spread throughout the forest. We used red flagging tape to

mark the routes, as well as GPS. After setting up the last of the routes, the guides led

Jamie and Nick to a roost of Madagascan flying foxes. It was an incredibly display of at

least 100 animals. The guides told us that this was the only roost for this species in the

whole forest, making this an incredibly important finding.

This period also marked the beginning of our full surveys. The first pitfall and mammal

trapping attempts proved fruitless, the only catches being black rats in some of the

mammal traps. These are non-native rats that compete with the local fauna. We moved

some of the mammal traps higher up in the trees, in the hope of catching mouse lemurs in

future attempts.

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During this period we all went on a crocodile survey with Rob. It was a tough route, which

involved wading waste deep in water. We walked a long distance along the Pangalanes

canal, but unfortunately spotted no crocodiles. The most notable sightings were herps,

like the Heterixalus alboguttatus, and Lance-nosed chameleon, both of which became

familiar sightings.

Up until this period, we had not encountered any great dangers in the forest, however

Mamy (DBCAM member) had found a scorpion near the camp, detected under UV lighting.

We were also warned of two dangerous species of spider. These creatures all live amongst

leaf litter and wood chippings, so great care was taken throughout the expedition when we

had to disturb these areas to look for herps. Thankfully, there were no incidents to report.

18th – 21st August 2014: Surveys continue, with great findings!

By this time, surveys were fully up and running. Tom and Susie enjoyed the first success

with the mammal traps. One of the traps contained a mouse lemur – a strikingly cute sight

compared to the black rats! It was taken to camp to be measured, weighed, and marked,

before we released it back into the same place that evening.

Another great discovery arose during a lemur survey, where Jamie and Nick found white

fronted brown lemurs! These lemurs had only previously been recorded in north-east

Madagascar, so this was a fantastic discovery. They are shy animals, and difficult to spot

initially, but it was made possible by the help of both the local guide, and Kellard (lemur

expert from DBCAM) Kellard was confident on the identity, and photographs made this

clearer still.

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The following day, some of the camera traps were checked, and revealed footage of the white

fronted brown lemurs. They were fascinated by the camera trap, and spent a great deal of time

staring at it. This footage was impressive and amusing, and incredibly popular around the

camp!

The other great discovery during this period was completely un-expected; Hannah and Hannah

spotted humpback whales out on the horizon as they made their way back from route 5! They

ran back to camp and quickly informed everyone, and soon the entire camp was watching

these amazing creatures as they flung themselves out of the water, providing a spectacular

display. The whales passed many times over the course of the expedition, providing a great

source of entertainment during free time.

22nd August 2014: Civet footage and birthday break.

After the hard work of the last two weeks, everyone welcomed a day off to celebrate Hannah

Pollock’s Birthday. In the morning we went out to check a camera trap, which had been placed

on the dune, between the sea and the forest. To our delight, it had recorded footage of the

Malagasy Civet. It had been attracted to the dead black rat we used as bait. This was another

exciting discovery, and the entire camp loved the footage! The rest of the day was an

opportunity to type up data, relax, and celebrate. Hannah received a goose and a coconut as a

present from the Malagasy people, she was thrilled and even named the goose Lucy, that is

until it was taken off her that evening and swiftly turned into dinner! The cooks made a birthday

cake for Hannah (an incredible fete given the cooking conditions) as well as an incredibly nice

dinner, which was a very kind gesture. It was a great time for everyone to come together,

everyone played the limbo and the whole camp also danced to both Malagasy and Western

music, we were introduced to a completely new way of dancing!

23rd – 27th August 2014: Surveys continue, with new discoveries.

By this stage, the old line of pitfall traps had been removed, and replaced with another two lines

of 10 pitfall traps further south. On Saturday morning, five Greater Hedgehog Tenrecs were

found in the pitfall traps. Despite being incredibly widespread, this was still a pleasing

discovery.

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The following evening, while Hannah and Hannah continued with herpetology surveys in the

South which revealed a second species of chameleon – the Carpet chameleon. Jamie, Nick,

Tom and Susie went out to the north of camp to set mist nets, in the hope of catching bats. This

was because Seheno, who is a University of Antananarivo student studying mammals, believed

she had seen Commerson's Leaf-nosed Bats on a previous night walk. These are a near

threatened species of micro bat. Unfortunately, no bats had been captured when she checked

the traps the following morning.

During a herp survey one evening, two Chabert Vanga’s and a Madagascasy paradise flycatcher

were observed roosting on very low branches just above the path. These are both birds we had

heard the calls of on regular occasions, but this was an amazing experience and opportunity to

observe up close as they did not fly away, even when we walked right up to them.

28th August 2014: Visits to Andotsy Village and Loholoka Village.

This day was a break from the usual surveying. Now we had had the chance to familiarise

ourselves with the forest, it was time to meet the local people, and discuss the way they use the

forest, and their attitudes to conservation. We stared with Andotsy Village, which was to the

South of the forest. The journey there was an entirely new experience for many of us. After

travelling south along the dune by jeep, we had to use a pirogue to cross the Pangalanes canal

to the village. One of our guides rowed the boat, while the rest of us kept very still to minimise

the risk of capsizing. Thankfully, despite a couple of unstable moments, we made it across in

about 10 minutes. It was a real joy to meet the local people, especially the local children, who

were very excited to see us, and loved posing for pictures. We were able to talk to the local

people thanks to Sam, who acted as translator. The meeting yielded valuable information, like

the fact that the locals do limit their use of the forest, but there are still many threats, like illegal

logging companies cutting wood for profit. Our meeting with the Loholoka Village residents in

the afternoon gave similar information.

29th – 31st August 2014: Continued surveying, and further discoveries.

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The time arrived once again to retrieve camera traps. One of these had been placed in an area of

secondary forest, slightly to the north of camp, with the aim of filming the Bush Pig. To our

amazement, we received footage of the Madagascar crested ibis. This is a very rare, near

threatened bird, of which the guides have only seen two in the forest. Another great discovery

during this period was the Madagascar pygmy kingfisher, found roosting on a low branch at

night. Similarly to the previous birds we found roosting, this was incredibly undeterred by our

presence, providing a great photo opportunity.

1st September 2014: Botany

For a change, the whole group went out with Mitia and Nhir (Botany students from the University

of Antananarivo), in order to do botany. They taught us how to construct a plant transect, and

measure the flora, it was a great opportunity and was good fun and interesting to learn.

2nd – 6th September 2014: Continued surveying, more surprises, and another

useful meeting with local people.

Up to this point, all the surveys have been running successfully. Bird surveys have been

particularly fruitful, largely thanks the expertise of the bird experts from DBCAM (Mamsui and

Virginie), who are capable of identifying virtually all the birds in the forest both visually and by

call. Herpetology surveys have also been fruitful, but we have only been able to identify a few of

the different species using the guides we had available. Pictures were taken of many of them, to

allow us to identify them back in the UK.

Yet more fascinating discoveries were made during this period. On a night herp survey Mamy

(the herp expert from DBCAM) found a golden fish scaled gecko - a species that had never been

recorded near the Manakara district. Another surprise was on a morning herp survey, when Jamie

spotted two Madagascar crested ibis. Unfortunately these shy creatures had fled before photos

could be taken, but it was still an impressive sighting. We believe it was one of these which had

been seen by the camera trap, as this had been situated very near to this point.

During this period we had a meeting with the Masondranokely village, to discuss similar topics

as those discussed in Loholoka and Andotsy. It was amazing to observe the simplicity of the

village. The school was only one room, with a few seats, and holes in the roof. Most of the other

buildings were wooden, including the one for our meeting. Despite this simplicity, the people

were delightfully up-beat in character, with the children showing off their ability to perform back

flips in unison! It was incredibly touching to see how this simplicity did not take away the smiles

from their faces - something to be admired!

With the exception of the first few wet days, the weather had been calm and sunny until this

point, with temperatures reaching about 25oC in the strong sun. Following this, the weather

turned stormier. This did not impact the surveys, and made the herp surveys even more fruitful,

however the wind and rain did lead to a few disturbed nights. Thankfully, this period passed over

after about four days, and was followed by much more settled weather once again.

The main mishap during this period was when the generator broke down. During its absence we

could not charge our laptops and so by the time power returned we had a lot of data to write up

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however we used a solar panel to charge batteries, which allowed the camp lights to work.

Thankfully, Sam arranged a replacement to arrive three days later.

7th – 9th September 2014: Measuring the forest perimeter, and carrying

out our final surveys.

After a morning survey, the whole group set out to measure the perimeter of the forest using

GPS. This was a difficult task, because it was not easy to access the edge of the forest in a

vehicle. We only managed a section on the first attempt, but managed to complete this over

the next two days, as well as completing our last few surveys.

10th – 13th September 2014: Finishing up, and boat ride.

By this time we had finished all our planned surveys, so we filled our time by carrying out

opportunistic surveys. Some of these were carried out on the usual five routes, while others

were carried out on routes 6 and 7. These were new routes that Sam recently had set up in

the south of the forest. There were not many new findings, but we were pleased to see a few

species again, especially the white fronted brown lemurs. After one of the surveys, the

Loholoka villagers gave Jamie and Nick honeycomb from a wild bees nest. This was

absolutely delicious!

One of the highlights of the last few days was a boat trip over the Pangalanes canal, which

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we used as an opportunistic boat survey. We split into two groups – Jamie, Nick and Tom

did a boat ride in the north, while Hannah, Hannah and Susie went south. These trips

proved very constructive, the boys observed a few new bird species, like the Purple Heron

and the girls potentially saw two Nile crocodiles in the distance though this couldn’t be

confirmed at the time and there were no further sightings.

Over the last few days, there were another two meetings. One of these was arranged by,

among others, the local community manager of Loholoka forest. It was attended by

people from many of the nearby villages. In this meeting we discussed our research,

current uses of the forest, and steps that can be taken to improve conservation. The day

before leaving, we had another meeting with the Loholoka villagers. We presented them

with our research findings, including the camera trap footage, and also discussed ways

that conservation can be improved. After learning and practising the Malagasy language

over the duration of the expedition, Hannah Pollock was able to give a short speech at

these meetings, it felt more personal to be able to talk directly to the villagers in their own

language and thank them for their support.

14th – 18th September 2014: Breaking up camp and leaving

Madagascar.

We had planned to leave on the 15th, and travel straight to Manakara, however because

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our research was done, we decided to

leave Loholoka a day early and spend

the night at Vohimasina, which would

allow us to reach Manakara earlier

the following day.

A party was held on the last night in

Loholoka and was attended by

everyone, it was a perfect end to a

successful expedition. The best news

turned out to be the birth of a baby

girl to one of the Loholoka guides, we

were told he had decided to name the

baby ‘Hannah’ after Hannah and

Hannah on the expedition team. This

was an absolute honour and the girls

were thrilled.

The drive to Vohimasina was quicker

and easier the second time, because

the troublesome river crossing had

been piled with more stones to make

it easy to cross.

The following morning, we took the

opportunity to present our findings in

Vohimasana, before travelling back to

Manakara. On arrival to Manakara, we

were able to meet the head of

environment and conservation in the

Manakara district. She was very

enthusiastic about our findings, and

looks forward to receiving our

scientific report.

We travelled back to Manakara on the

16th, allowing us to spend the whole

of the 17th in the market at

Antananarivo. It was great fun to

engage in the city culture, and

everyone practiced their bartering.

Before the late afternoon plane on the

17th, we had the chance to visit the

crocodile farm, which was another

worthwhile experience. We were then

driven back to Antananarivo airport,

and said a sad goodbye to Sam,

before embarking on the long plain

journey home.

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Research Findings As no previous records existed for Loholoka it was crucial to gather as much data as possible

whilst maintaining a high standard of scientific research. Therefore we decided to focus on

amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds using simple and repeatable methodologies; we

were confident that between the UK students and Malagasy partners we had the required skill

and knowledge to successfully survey for these species. Additionally, we had made contact

with internationally based researchers who would be able to offer identification support on

return to the UK, providing we had detailed enough images of the species in question.

Over the course of the expedition a total of 95 species were Identified in the Loholoka forest including 11 Mammals (4 Lemurs), 60 Birds, 13 Reptiles and 11 Amphibians.

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Previous research in Madagascar

Owing to its phenomenal level of endemism and unique biogeography, Madagascar is a

popular research site and is becoming even more so in recent years as the rate of

development threatens to destroy much of this. The most prominent conservation efforts are

that of The Durrell institute; with over 25 years in Madagascar they have developed a unique

approach to community engagement which involves working with traditional leaders and

associations, and reinforcing traditional culture, rules and customs. However, most of these

and other recognisable charity’s work is centred in the north of the country. In the south there

is a lesser degree of scientific activity partly due to the accessibility of the region, it took us

fourteen hours to travel from the capital Antananarivo to reach our study site in Loholoka.

Funding often presents a hurdle to research in remote sites.

Most comparable research in the south is centred in Ranamafana National Park which first

came to the world’s attention with the discovery of the Golden Bamboo Lemur in 1986. The

Ranamafana National Park is home to an estimated 115 species of bird, 62 species of reptile

(10 lizard, 12 chameleon, 14 snakes) 98 species of frog, 90 species of butterfly, 40 species of

mammal (12 lemur, 6 rodent, 11 insectivores, 8 bats and 6 carnivores), 6 species of fish, 350

species of spider and 6 species of crustaceans (crayfish). This demonstrates the biodiversity

potential of the forest in the South East however there are important ecological differences,

such as the rainforest density and composition, between Ranamafana and Loholoka which

explains the differences in observations at the two sites.

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Amphibians

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Introduction

The population of amphibians in Madagascar is made up exclusively of frogs, the order

Anura. There are 300 described anuran species and many others yet to be described.

Madagascar ranks 12th in the world for amphibian species richness, but this is likely an

underestimate, due to the many species still being discovered and identified. Amphibian

diversity is concentrated in the country’s rainforests and can incredibly reach over 100

species locally. Impressively, 99.8% of the species and 88% of the genera are strictly

endemic to Madagascar and its inshore islands.

In Loholoka, despite a lack of specialist knowledge within the expedition, it was important

to survey for frogs to gain a true reflection of the forests diversity and contribute to the

knowledge of species distributions to inform future research and conservation.

Methodology

Equipment Used:

Head torches and batteries Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar 3rd edition (978-3929449037) Thick gloves Tape measure 20L Buckets Digging tool Polythene sheeting Camera

In addition to opportunistic sighting and pitfall trapping the main method of surveying

employed for amphibians was systematic searching along the set transect routes.

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Results A total of eleven amphibian species were positively identified in the Forest.

Latin Name Common Name Surveys Identified On IUCN Classification

Heterixalus alboguttatus White belly Reed Frog Transect/ Opportunistic Least Concern

Guibemantis bicalcaratus Sainte Marie Madagascar Frog Transect Least Concern

Boophis opisthodon Eastern Bright-eyed Frog Transect Least Concern

Anodonthyla sp Climbing Frog Transect Unknown

Plethodontohyla bipunctata Forest Digging Frog Transect Least Concern

Mantella bernhardi Bernhard's mantella Transect Endangered

Plethodontohyla notosticta Mahanoro Digging Frog Opportunistic Least Concern

Rhombophryne alluaudi Fort Dauphin Digging Frog Transect Least Concern

Aglyptodactylus madagascariensis Madagascar Jumping Frog Transect Least Concern

Heterixalus betsileo Betsileo Reed Frog Transect/ Opportunistic Least Concern

Ptychadena mascarensis Mascarene Grass Frog Transect Least Concern

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Discussion

Like all our surveys these results have contributed to better understanding of the ranges of the

species present in Loholoka.

The most significant find from our amphibian’s surveys was the endangered Mantella bernhardi,

which shows the population is decreasing due to serval threats across it range. The Loholoka forest

habitat is being degraded rapidly due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoaling,

livestock grazing, fires, and expanding human settlement. Until recently, this species was known

only from a single locality, but recent fieldwork has extended its known range by the discovery of

several new populations, all in south-eastern Madagascar. The discovery of a new population is

very significant especially as it has a very limited suitable habitat which is fragmented within its

range.

Due to the polymorphic nature of many of the frog species and the huge diversity present in

Madagascar identification in this group was particularly challenging for the team, relying on photo

identification for the majority of species upon our return. The capturing of frogs for photography of

the underside also proved difficult especially for the smallest individuals. Indeed for the most

cryptic of species genetic identification is required which was not feasible for the team on the

expedition. Nevertheless due to the large numbers of unidentified frogs is it likely many other

species are found in Loholoka. Future studies of the forest would benefit from permits allowing the

exportation of frogs for identification and more dedicated sampling techniques with a greater focus

around water bodies to unveil greater amphibian diversity.

These results are significant in the extension of ranges of all species observed with a significant

gap in biological records for the area previously. The identification of Cheirgaleidae sp. will

hopefully aid future classification of the species as it is currently data deficient.

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Avifauna

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Introduction

Of the 283 Birds recorded in Madagascar, a limited 209 regularly breed on the island

however 51% are endemic. There are five prominent endemic families; Mesite, Coua,

Ground-roller, Asities and Vanga alongside a further 37 endemic genera occupying most

of the habitat niches, with a degree of regional variation as is commonplace across

Malagasy fauna (Schuurman 2011, Bradt Guide). Alongside these unique organisms the

ecosystem also supports local representatives of more familiar families such as herons,

ibises, grebes ducks and rails.

The results of the 2013 reconnaissance survey indicated that Loholoka boasted a range of

diverse avifauna and we were interested to see if this was the extent or just a snapshot of

what the forest supported. Due to the expertise of our colleagues at DBCAM we were able

to identify species by calls made by the birds well as visual identification in order to

maximise data collection and survey effort.

Methodology

Equipment Used:

Binoculars

Morris, P & Hawkins, F Birds of Madagascar: A photographic Guide Pica Press, UK 1999

Sound recorder to record bird calls

Point counts (Hutto et al 1986) were made at 10m intervals (marked by plastic tape) along

the transects. A total of 10 sites along each of the 5 routes were sampled. During the

allocated 10 minute sample time (which commenced after a 3 minute waiting period to

avoid disturbance by the observer) the following was recorded:

The number of individuals of each species detected within a visible 5m radius of the

observer.

The abundance of individuals of each species detected beyond the radius but still

within the habitat of interest.

Identification type (Sighting or call heard) was noted.

The identity of individuals detected by the observer whilst walking between count

points.

Opportunistic data was also collected when birds were sighted/ heard on other surveys or

excursions or around base camp, this data was treated separately to the point count data.

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Motacilla flaviventris Madagascan Wagtail Opportunistic Least Concern

Streptopelia picturata Madagascar Turtle Dove Point count Least Concern

Ceyx madagascariensis Madagascar Pygmy King-fisher

Opportunistic Least Concern

Alcedo vintsioides Madagascar Malachite Kingfisher


Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Opportunistic Least Concern

Charadrius pecuarius Kittlitz's Plover Opportunistic Least Concern

Dryolimnas cuvieri White-throated Rail Point count Least Concern

Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Opportunistic Least Concern

Turnix nigricollis Madagascar Buttonquail Opportunistic Least Concern

Asio madagascariensis Madagascar Long-eared Owl


Coturnix coturnix Common Quail Opportunistic Least Concern

Mirafra hova Madagascar Bush Lark Point count Least Concern

Alectroemas madagascariensis Madagascar Blue Pigeon Opportunistic Least Concern

Oena capensis Namaqua Dove Opportunistic Least Concern

Dendrocygna viduata White-faced Whistling Duck


Caprimulgus madagascariensis Madagascar Nightjar Point count Least Concern

Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone Opportunistic Least Concern

Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Opportunistic Least Concern

Phalacrocorax africanus Long-tailed Cormorant Opportunistic Least Concern

Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Opportunistic Least Concern

Egretta alba Great Egret Opportunistic Least Concern

Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Opportunistic Least Concern

Rallus madagascariensis Madagascar Rail Opportunistic Vulnerable

Lophotibis cristata Madagascar Crested Ibis Opportunistic Near Threatened

Lonchura nana Madagascan mannikin Opportunistic Least Concern

Cisticola cherina Madagascar Cisticola Point count Least Concern

Numenius arquata Eurasian Curlew Opportunistic Near Threatened

Results

A total of 60 different bird species were observed

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Latin Common Surveys Identified On IUCN Classification

Otus rutilus Malagasy scops owl Opportunistic Least Concern

Anas erythrorhyncha Red-billed teal Opportunistic Least Concern

Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Opportunistic Least Concern

Corvus albus Pied Crow Both Least Concern

Nectarinia souimanga Souimanga Sunbird Both Least Concern

Coracopsis nigra Lesser Vasa Parrot Both Least Concern

Centropus toulou Madagascar Coucal Both Least Concern

Vanga curvirostris Hook-billed Vanga Both Least Concern

Newtonia brunneicauda Common Newtonia Both Least Concern

Terpsiphone mutata Madagascar Paradise Flycatcher

Both Least Concern

Neomixis tenella Common Jery Both Least Concern

Hypsipetes madagascariensis Madagascar Bulbul Both Least Concern

Dicrurus forficatus Crested Drongo Both Least Concern

Merops superciliosus Madagascar Bee-eater Both Least Concern

Coua caerulea Blue Coua Both Least Concern

Leptosome discolour Cuckoo-Roller Both Least Concern

Foudia madagascariensis Madagascar Red Fody Both Least Concern

Treron australis Madagascar Green Pi-geon

Both Least Concern

Nesillas typica Madagascar Brush War-bler

Both Least Concern

Accipiter francesii Frances's Sparrowhawk Both Least Concern

Copsychus allospecalaris Madagascar Magpie-Robin

Point count Least Concern

Agaporinds camis Grey-headed Lovebird Point count Least Concern

Randi pusdozosteraps Rand's Warbler Point count Least Concern

Zosterops maderaspatana Madagascar White-eye Point count Least Concern

Milvus aegyptius Yellow Billed Kite Point count Not Evaluated (but common)

Falco newtoni Madagascar Kestral Point count Least Concern

Nectarinia notata Long-billed Green Sunbird Point count Least Concern

Leptopterus chabert Chabert's Vanga Point count Least Concern

Coracopsis vasa Greater Vasa Parrot Opportunistic Least Concern

Falco concolor Sooty Falcon Point count Near Threatened

Polyboroides radiatus Madagascar Harrier-Hawk

Point count Least Concern

Numida meleagris Helmeted Guinea Fowl Opportunistic Least Concern

Ardea sp. Heron Opportunistic Unknown

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Discussion Most species found in the reconnaissance survey of 2013 were again found in our 2014

survey efforts (both point count and opportunistic sightings) with the exception of the

Madagascan Cuckoo (Cuculus rochii) and the Cinnamon Roller (Eurystomus glaucurus)

which were only found in November 2013. The Cinnamon Roller (Eurystomus glaucurus) is

not a resident of Madagascar, it is present for breeding only which would explain the

absence in August/September 2014 (Birdlife international 2015). The Madagascan cuckoo

(Cuculus rochii) is resident all year round and considered a ‘Least Concern’ species by the

IUCN red list with a stable population. It may have just been chance that limited the

observation of this species and this perhaps shows the need for further research of the

forest to confirm species diversity.

In terms of a conservation status, the most significant finding from our study was the

Madagascar Rail (Rallus madagascariensis). This species is classed as ‘Vulnerable’ and

has a decreasing population trend due to habitat loss of wet forest and aquatic

environments, as they are often used instead for rice paddy fields. The Sooty Falcon (Falco

concolor), Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata) and Madagascar Crested Ibis (Lophotibis

cristata) are classified as ‘near threatened’ due to a population decline primarily attributed

to habitat destruction. All other birds observed are considered ‘Least Concern’.

The prevalence of some scarcer species indicates that the forest harbours important

habitats for a number of birds. Further studies on a long term basis would help to

determine the population trends for all of these species and would be even more significant

if completed over a number of different seasons. This data would be particularly insightful

for the aforementioned species which are considered of conservation interest.

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Latin name Common Name Present 2014? Corvus albus Pied Crow YES

Milvus aegyptius Yellow-Billed Kite YES

Hypsipetes madagascariensis Madagascar Bulbul YES

Nectarinia souimanga Souimanga Sunbird YES

Acridotheres tristis Common Myna YES

Motacilla flaviventris Madagascan Wagtail YES

Leptopterus chabert Charbert’s Vanga YES

Coracopsis nigra Lesser Vasa Parrot YES

Neomyxis tenella Common Jery YES

Zosterops maderaspatana Madagascar White Eye YES

Dryolimnas cuvieri White Throated Rail YES

Merops superciliosus Madagascar Bee-eater YES

Centropus toulou Madagascar Coucal YES

Turnix nigricollis Madagascar Buttonquail YES

Dicrurus forficatus Crested Drongo YES

Falco newtoni Madagascar Kestrel YES

Nesillas typica Madagascar Brush Warbler YES

Streptopelia picturata Madagascar Turtle Dove YES

Caprimilgus madagascariensis Madagascar Nightjar YES

Leptosomus discolor Cuckoo Roller YES

Nectarinia notata Long-Billed Green Sunbird YES

Newtonia bruneicauda Common Newtonia YES

Foudia madagascariensis Madagascar Red Fody YES

Lonchura nana Madagascar Mannikin YES

Vanga curvirostris Hook-Billed Vanga YES

Terpsiphone mutata Madagascar Paradise Flycatcher YES

Agapornis cana Grey Headed Lovebird YES

Accipiter francesiae Frances’s Sparrowhawk YES

Lophotibis cristata Madagascar Crested Ibis YES

Otus rutilus Namaqua Dove YES

Falco concolor Sooty Falcon YES

Cuculus rochii Madagascan Cuckoo NO

Eurystomus glaucurus Cinnamon Roller NO

Figure 2. Bird species found in the reconnaissance survey of November 2013.

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Mammals

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Introduction

There are 241 extant mammal species belonging to 6 terrestrial and 2 marine orders in

Madagascar. Madagasar is highly distinctive and many of the species found there are

endemic to the country, this includes the fossa, which is the largest mammalian carnivore in

Madagascar. Aside from the well known lemurs, Madagascar has a number of other

charismatic mammals which have diverged. They occupy niches left open in the absence of

many species now found on mainland Africa; an example of this are tenrecs, which as a

result of convergent evolution, closely resemble hedgehogs, shrews, opossums and otters.

With all four major lineages, carnivores, tenrecs, rodent and lemurs, present on Madagascar,

diversity has appeared to have radiated from four single colonisation events. Furthermore,

Madagascar has seen a number of invasive species introductions since colonization by

humans which can displace the native species.

In Loholoka, the surveying of small mammals was an important aspect of our surveys due

to the large diversity present in country and being able to utilities the skills of Seheno who

was specialising in small mammals at the University of Antananarivo. In addition we had

hoped to find evidence of the Fossa in the area.

Methodology

Equipment Used:

Sherman traps

Bait (banana, peanut butter, insects)

Pitfalls (buckets, string, tarpaulin)

Camera traps

Sherman traps were used to survey small mammals, in addition pitfall traps were used in

conjunction with drift fences. Trap lines consisted of eleven buckets with lips dug into the

ground and dug 10 meters apart and checked twice a day (pitfall traps were also used to

survey reptiles and amphibians).

Camera traps were also placed for the identification of mammals, they were placed on trails

and cross roads to allow for a higher probability of sightings. Due to time limitations some

camera traps were baited in an effort to increase detection rates on camera traps.

Further to these methods, mammals were surveyed opportunistically throughout the

expedition, this included sightings of cetaceans from the shore.

Results A total of seven non primate mammals were identified in Loholoka including four native

terrestrial species, two introduced species and one migratory cetacean, the humpback

whale (Megaptera novaeangliae).

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Species Identified:

Discussion

Surprisingly few small mammals were identified despite considerable trapping effort. Only

one species of tenrec was identified, these were found only in less fragmented, central areas

of the forest. We believe the reasons for the minimal observations of small mammals is due

to their sensitivity to forest degradation, competition with Rattus rattus, the human

consumption of small mammals and variation in seasonal activity. It is likely that more

small mammal species do inhabit Loholoka although more extensive surveys would need to

be done in order to cover a larger area. Based on discussions with local villages, they

explained Setifer setosus were not a preferred food item due to its spines, but we found

tenrecs were still eaten. Though not observed during the duration of the project the tailless

tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus is likely to also be found in Loholoka due to its wide distribution

throughout Madagascar.

There were many signs of bush pig, such as digging markings and hair, found throughout the

surveys across the forest including some exciting encounters at night as well as camera trap

footage. As bush pigs are widely distributed throughout Madagascar, the species we

observed was easily identifiable to the local Malagasy people.

The presence of Fossa fossana was a positive sign that the forest was able to support a

carnivorous species however in addition to threats faced by all the forest species many of

the villages had a number of dogs which are both competitors and likely predators of the

Fossa fossana.

One roost of Pteropus rufus was identified in the forest, according to the locals historically

there may have been severval more of these roosts as bats were previously a regular

sighting near the village. We came across a cleared section of the forest below the roost

ideal for netting the bats, the remains of a shelter was also identified, this evidence

suggested the possibility of illegal hunting.

Hipposideros commersoni was identified based on a single sighting however several smaller

bats were observed flying overhead whilst on surveys suggesting the presence of additional

species or multiple H.commersoni in the forest.

The sighting of Megaptera novaeangliae was a pleasant surprise and was witnessed on

several occasions offshore. Humpback whales were making their annual migration from the

Antarctic to the sheltered waters around Ile Ste Marie where they are known to calve.


Rattus rattus Black Rat Sherman Trap Least Concern

Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback whale Opportunistic Least Concern

Potamochoerus larvatus Bush Pig Transect/Opportunistic Least Concern

Pteropus rufus Madagascar Flying Fox Transect Vulnerable

Fossa fossana Malagasy Civet Camera Trapping Near Threatened

Setifer setosus Greater Hedgehog Tenrec Transect/ Pit fall/Opportunistic

Least Concern

Hipposideros commersoni Commerson's Leaf-nosed Bat

Transect Near Threatened

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Lemurs

Introduction

Endemism at the genus and family level in Madagascar far surpasses that of any other

hotspot, with more than 480 genera and 26 families endemic to this island nation.

However, Madagascar is also one of the most heavily impacted countries in the world in

terms of habitat loss, with some estimates indicating that as much as 90% of the original

natural vegetation has already been destroyed and with much of what remains being

severely fragmented. The lemur fauna of Madagascar have been heavily impacted by a

plethora of anthropogenic threats. Lemurs are divided into 5 families, 15 genera, 99

species, and 103 taxa of lemur and together are the most threatened mammal species in

the world, and single highest primate conservation priority with more than 90% of them

facing extinction. It is therefore crucial that new populations of lemurs are identified so

they can be given the appropriate level of protection.

The Loholoka forest like many in Madagascar is a narrow fragment of its former existence,

sharing many of the same threats as other areas of Madagascar. Surveying for lemurs

was part of our overall baseline surveys to form a species list for the forest. As well as

being crucial information on its own it will also act as a foundation for future research

taking place in the area. Firstly, lemurs act as umbrella species meaning they are a good

indication for the overall health of the forest. Furthermore they are key to public

awareness of conservation in Madagascar with both charismatic behaviours and

endearing appearances, particularly in the case of mouse lemurs. Finally, as more often

the case, lemurs are now reported to have become locally extinct with range reductions

rather than expansions, so our finding are particularly exciting.

Methodology

Equipment Used:

Lemurs of Madagascar, Tropical Field Guide 3rd ed. (978-1934151235)

Guide to the Mammals of Madagascar (978-0713670431)

Garmen GPS

Flag Tape

Permeant Marker

Measuring Tape

Bushnell Camera Traps x11

Sherman Traps x40

The main survey methods utilised to study lemurs were line transects. Five main transects

were established across the length of the forest covering the nine identified vegetation

types. These transects were surveyed a minimum of six times, specifically for lemurs, with

three morning and three evening surveys. Upon sighting of lemurs, date, time, GPS

location, weather conditions and vegetation type were recorded and distance from the

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route and height above the ground estimated. Once the data was recorded, lemurs were

then slowly approached off transect to allow for species identification when not possible

from a distance. We also established group size and distinguished between adult and

juveniles where possible.

To allow for identification of the agile Microbus species and survey the small mammals

of the forest, Sherman traps were used being placed both above and at ground level.

Traps were baited alternatively with banana and peanut butter and set up along sections

of four of the main transects and along the forest strip between the planned line canal

and the sea. Traps were placed 10 m apart and each trapped line baited for six nights

before being moved to another section of the forest. Mouse lemurs successfully caught

in traps were weighed and measurements were taken of the tail, body, ears and muzzle.

Caught lemurs were also marked and a small tissue sample taken from the ear which can

then be used to confirm species ID and will also be utilised in Seheno’s PhD on mouse

lemur genetics.

Finally in addition to opportunistic sightings on other surveys, lemurs were identified

using camera trap footage. With a limited number of camera traps, traps were placed in

areas where lemurs had been spotted or signs of lemur activity present e.g. seed and fruit

cases on the forest floor, the cameras were placed at a variety of heights.

Results

A total of four lemur species were identified in the Forest all belonging to different genera,

only two species were seen on the DBCAM initial visit to Loholoka.

All species identified were nocturnal besides the cathemeral E. Albifrons. A. peyrierasia

and M. rufus were identified on all transects in the forest and appeared widely distributed

throughout. E.Albifrons were only observed in the central areas of the forest between

routes two and four. The majority of C. idae sightings were made opportunistically in the

forest strip between the canal and beach being sighted once on route four and also on a

camera trap. The forests A.peyrierasia population was observed to be breeding with

multiple juveniles been observed towards the end of the field period.


Avahi peyrierasi Peyriéas' Wolly Lemur Transect Vulnerable

Eulemur Albifrons White-fronted Brown Lemur

Transect Endangered

Microcebus rufus Rufous Mouse Lemur Transect/ Sherman Trap/Opportunistic

Vulnerable

Cheirgaleidae crossleyi Possibly also waiting for email back about ID Cheirogaleus major

Crossley Dwarf Lemur Greater dwarf lemur

Transect/Opportunistic Both Data Deficient

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Discussion

These results are significant as they show an extension of ranges in all species observed,

with a significant gap in biological records for the area previously. The identification of

Cheirgaleidae sp. will hopefully aid future classification of the species as it is currently

data deficient. Both the A. peyrierasi and M. rufus were most widely distributed of all the

lemur species observed, this is consistent with previous research of lemur species

inhabiting secondary forests.

In comparison to Ranomafana, the closest National Park, where twelve lemur species

have been identified, Loholoka holds a lower diversity of lemurs. Although this was found

to be the case, Loholoka also has E.albifrons which is a unique species from that of

Ranomafana. This presence of E.albifrons is extremely far south of its current known

range in the North. This suggests a lack of ecological barriers historically thought to exist

between neighbouring Kianjavato-Vatovavy forest where other species of Eulemur are

found and Ranomafana. It is possible the population is a fragment remaining from its

former population or it may have been introduced to the forest more recently.

Nevertheless being classed as Endangered by the ICUN this finding is significant and

genetic analysis will be required to determine the true origins of the population.

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Reptiles Reptiles

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Introduction

96% of Madagascar’s recognised reptile species are endemic (about 365 species) this

astounding figure is indicative of the unique biogeography which shapes the isle, with

many families more closely related to South American or Asian stock than African. For

this reason it can be said that the ever increasing rate of deforestation poses a more

significant threat to this taxonomic group than any another found in the country.

Chameleons are perhaps the most researched indigenous reptile due to the fact that

Madagascar is home to about half of the world’s chameleon species (including both the

smallest and the largest). They are so highly adaptable they inhabit virtually every

available niche (Brandt guide 2011). Gekkos are also abundant and often spotted basking

around camp and in local villages. None of the Malagasy snakes (the most frequently

observed being the Giant Hognose which can grow to over 1m long), pose any threat to

humans however they are generally treated with caution by locals and in some areas are

considered to be a bad omen. As part of our river surveys we were interested to

investigate reports of Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) however it appears if they were

once present they might have been driven away by villagers.

Methodology

Equipment Used:

Snake hook (standard hook)

Exo Terra Explorarium/Quick-release full screen Terrarium

Glaw, F & Vences M A. Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar 2007

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Latin Name Common Name Surveys Identified On IUCN Classification Calumma gallus Lance-Nosed Chameleon Transect/ Opportunistic Endangered

Phelsuma madagascariensis Madagascar Day Gecko Transect Least Concern

Ithycyphus perineti Perinet's Night Snake Transect Least Concern

Leioheterodon madagascariensis Malagasy Giant Hognose snake

Transect/ Opportunistic Least Concern

Phelsuma quadriocellata Peacock day gecko Transect Least concern

Furcifer lateralis Carpet Chameleon Transect Least Concern

Calumma nasutum Nose-Horned Chameleon Transect Least Concern

Phelsuma lineata Lined day gecko Transect/ Opportunistic Least Concern

Hemidactylus mercatorius House Gecko Transect Least concern

Mimophis mahfalensis Common big-eyed snake Transect Least concern

Trachylepis boettgeri Boettger's Mabuya (Skink) Opportunistic Least concern

Geckolepis sp. Fish scaled gecko Transect Unknown

Chelonia mydas Green sea turtle Opportunistic Endangered

In a similar way to the amphibian survey efforts comprised of systematic searching along all

5 transect routes both day and night. Opportunistic sightings from off route locations were

also recorded and included within the dataset. Two excursions taking boats along local

rivers were undertaken in order to assess viability of Nile crocodile habitat.

Individuals were primarily identified via photographic evidence. A small number of

organisms were captured by hand for closer inspection and later released where they were

found.

Results

A total of thirteen reptile species were positively identified in the Forest.

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Discussion

Our surveys, both transect walks and opportunistic sightings found a total of 13 reptile

species (3 chameleon, 3 snake, 5 gecko, 1 turtle and 1 skink species, ) 10 of these are

considered ‘Least Concern’ in terms of conservation importance however an important

discovery is that of the Lance-Nosed Chameleon (Calumma gallus) which is classified as

‘Endangered’ by the IUCN with a decreasing population trend due to population

fragmentation. “The low-elevation humid forests and littoral forests this species occupies

are at risk from accidental burning, degradation from cattle grazing, timber extraction for

fuel, construction and charcoal production. The species is of interest to the international

pet trade, but this should not be considered a major threat at this time” (IUCN 2015).

There are a number of protected national parks which support the Lance-Nosed

Chameleon however to ensure greater genetic diversity of the species further protected

areas across the country may be beneficial.

Further interesting findings include the Fish scaled Gecko (Geckolepsis sp.). The

Geckolepsis species is a yet unnamed next operational taxonomic unit, meaning it may be

a new species. Currently, researchers do not have enough samples to prove this, it is

clearly genetically distinct from the species which are currently recognised. There are

predictions for possibly 5 new species, but these are awaiting confirmation following

genus relationship identification.

In addition to our survey efforts we were informed of a Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

which had been caught by a local fisherman and we were in fact presented with the

individual. This chance encounter shows the potential of the marine biodiversity off the

coast of the study site, this opens the possibility for further research on future

expeditions. This is a particularly significant finding due to its IUCN listing as

‘Endangered’.

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Botany

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Introduction to the area

The coastal forest along the East of Madagascar consists of a discontinuous band, of

dense humid lowland forest (Consiglio et al, 2006) home to numerous endemic species of

vascular plant which represent 10% of Madagascar’s flora (Rabevohitra et al, 1998). This

forest is degrading at an alarming rate due to over exploitation of wood and the practice of

slash and burn. Worryingly, only 13.83% of this forest is within protected areas, equivalent

to 695 Ha (Vincelette et al, 2007)

Loholoka forest is currently un-protected. No comprehensive study had been undertaken

on the flora and fauna in Loholoka forest. Therefore, from August-September 2014,

students from the University of Antananarivo working with DBCAM undertook a study to

better understand the importance of the forest. This included a study of the types, and

characteristics of the vegetation present.

Loholoka forest is in South Eastern Madagascar, and covers an area of 1700 Hectares. It is

a coastal forest with many streams, alongside the Pangalanes Canal. The terrain is

generally flat, and the area includes sand dunes, thickest at sea level decreasing until 30

metres above this point. The climate is hot and humid (Cornet, 1974), with an average

temperature of 25oc. Heavy rainfall is common, especially during the rainy season from

December to April. This visit was during the dry season (Donque, 1972).

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Species found

This study found 189 species, 120 genera, and 66 families of plant. The most abundant

taxonomic group was broadleaf (72.3%), followed by Monocotyledons (23.6%). The most diverse

families are Orchidaceae specific level (27 species), Clusiaceae (10 species), Euphorbiaceae (9

species) and Melastomataceae (8 species). 73.35% of the flora found are endemic to

Madagascar.

This study collected floristic data which supports the need for conservation of the forest. 22

species are listed in the IUCN red list, including 1 ‘Vulnerable’ species, 5 ‘Endangered’ species,

and 1 ‘Critically Endangered’ species. These species require special protection to prevent their

gradual disappearance over time.

Structure of Vegetation

The structure of forest can be divided into three units. Each unit is characterised by the average

height of trees, and the structure and type of vegetation. These include low open canopy,

moderately high open canopy, and high open canopy.

In the low open canopy, trees are no taller than 8 metres, with a diameter no greater than 40cm.

The canopy is open, and there are many herbaceous plants and shrubs. This part is fragmented

and degraded in the far south, far north, and far eastern parts of the forest due to the selective

exploitation of wood by the local villages.

In the moderately high open canopy, the average tree height varies from 10 to 12 metres. Shrubs

are common, and there are trees up to 16m. This is the most common type of vegetation in the

forest, and although there are some holes, the general vegetation structure is well retained.

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In the high open canopy, the average height of trees is 16m, with the tallest reaching 18-20m.

Vegetation is very open, allowing an undergrowth layer with shrubs and herbs.

Succession was studied from the sea, towards the west of the forest. Nine vegetation types were

discovered: These include grass on the beachfront, regenerated vegetation after human

disturbance with many invasive species, low dense vegetation, low open canopy forest,

moderately high open canopy forest, and savannah.

Management and conservation recommendation

Protection under IUCN category V has been proposed by the botany team who helped collate the

proceeding data. One of the major problems identified is lack of knowledge in the local

population of the importance of biodiversity and the local environment, to address this issue

there should be formal or informal education on environmental topics available to all. Another

problem is the deficiencies in management by Vondron'Olona Ifotony (VOI). These deficiencies

are due to safeguarding of social cohesion, and threats made by loggers. To prevent this

problem, close collaboration is needed between the state, the municipality, the fokontany the

ampanjaka and VOI. VOI should implement the use of a fine for over logging, and the

establishment of a local convention called DINA.

Ecotourism could also be implemented to enhance the use of the local resource for the good of

the region and the country. Tourist attractions include the beach, the Pangalanes canal, some

species of flora, like the famous carnivorous plant Nempenthes madagascariensis, lemurs

(Eulemur albifrons), reptiles (Brookesia sp), birds, insects, and cultural heritage (such as a

building constructed during the colonial period).

The study of flora in the forest is incomplete and future research is required. This could include

in depth study of the flora itself, mapping, and studying the dynamics of vegetation.

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Threats:

Threats are mainly anthropogenic. Selective harvesting of timber for commercial use by

the villagers has been identified as a key threat. Trees with a straight trunk and hard

wood are targeted. To offset this, reforestation should be implemented to ensure

maintenance and natural regeneration of the forest. Bush fire has also led to

fragmentation and gradual disappearance of the forest. Some of this is voluntary,

carried out by farmers with shifting cultivation, whereby after three years of rice

cultivation, they leave the land and search for a new plot.

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Social Interactions with Local Communities

The expedition had positive economic effects on local communities as food and other resources

were bought from the local people enabling them to have an additional source of income and trade.

The UK team made strong efforts to learn the Malagasy language thus enabling them to

communicate with the local people. This improved their social skills with the Malagasy people and,

together with help from members of DBCAM, enabled them to converse and explain what it was they

were doing in the forest and how local communities could get involved.

The camp was constructed from many natural resources, locally sourced upon arrival into the forest

to minimise environmental impacts. Rubbish was disposed of in a hole and then burned meaning

there were no lasting negative impacts on the area. Everything was deconstructed and no trace of

presence was left.

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In meetings held towards the end of the expedition at local villages, research findings were

explained to the local communities which could then help in terms of management of the forest.

The team were in contact with and met with the local forestry commission and again this ensured

all parties were aware of the process and goings on and therefore all information was shared.

During their stay in Loholoka the team had the opportunity to discuss with the people of both the

Loholoka and Andotsy villages on their opinions and use of the forest.

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Andotsy

The area of forest in which Andotsy village lies is owned by the Government and managed

by the local community of Vohimasina Nord. It was found that wood from all tree species

is used to make homes once permission is asked of Vohimasina Nord and tax is paid

depending on the size of the construction (for example a 1m by 5m house is valued at

2000 AR). The tax money is used to transport people to the local town of Manakara to

meet the forest department to discuss any concerns with the forest. After this payment is

made, individuals can cut as much wood as is required for the structure, this is

unregulated and there is no penalty for excessive use. Indeed the only regulation on the

species of tree harvested is the suitability for construction purposes and as price is based

on house size not material all species cost the same to harvest. The system is based on

faith and reliability of community members taking what they need and avoiding excess, as

a consequence illegal logging was not considered a threat. There is somewhat of an action

plan in place; illegal loggers, when recognized buying/selling have to pay a small penalty

to the local community. The wood they cut is usually used to build furniture, such as

tables which fetch a high price at market. It seems unlikely that the current penalty will

stop very rich businesses and the scale of this practice is currently unknown.

With foresight to the sustainability of this practice there is a community action plan with

an area of forest as a designated ‘no take’ zone whereby members of the community may

not remove any resources here. Additionally, a small area has been replanted with a

contract stipulating this which was signed in 2003, however as it ran out in 2005 it needs

renewing. According to locals this process is currently underway but it is complicated for

us to understand and the language barrier adds extra challenges.

Firewood is not harvested from the stand, only fallen wood is permitted for this purpose.

However it was found that medicinal plants were actively taken from the forest, the

following species were identified as important to the villagers medicinal requirements;

Ferombositra, Anjavidilahy, Tsivazavazaha, Zahana Phyllarthon sp, Mazambody- Clidemia

hirta and Hento. Peroke wood for boats mainly comes from other places as prevalence of

this species is low in the Loholoka forest.

The Andotsy village economy is centred around fishing with additional production of rice,

cassava, oranges, bananas, jack fruit and coffee. There is no evidence of any large scale

exports, with these commodities only being consumed locally as opposed to being used

for trade.

The exploitation of fauna as well as flora in the forest was also discussed. In Madagascar

‘Fady’ are beliefs related to many different elements of life and many animals are

considered ‘Fady’, bringing good or bad omens. Fady beliefs vary wildly from community

to community, for example in Andotsy we found that few people are scared of chameleons

which are considered by some to possess magical powers, and so here they are not seen

as a threat and so are not killed like they are in other areas. It seemed that fears were

based on danger of injury to an individual - local people are afraid of crocodiles and wild

pig. We were informed that locals do not kill crocodile, preferring to simply move away but

wild pig were frequently eaten. No members of the community actively hunted lemurs.

When asked if any species of animal was observed to increase or decrease in prevalence

over the past decades we were told that in the 1960’s bats were found nearby to the

village however they are now found much further away.

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Loholoka

Our second discussion took place in the Village of Loholoka itself which again is part of the

local constituency of Vohimasina Nord operating under the same guidelines, however their

use and views of the forest differ from that of Andotsy.

Local people use trees from the forest to make houses but also chairs, tables, beds (this is

the primary use of forest), with different tree species used depending on what is being made.

We were told it takes about 60 pieces of wood to build a standard house. The building lasts

10 years then will usually need repairs, mainly to the roof. The house we held the meeting in

was built in November 2013 and the walls came from traveller’s plant (big fan looking tree),

although not all of the materials used were from Loholoka.

Villagers also used to use leaves of local trees for medicine like the residents of Andotsy but

now they use European drugs. These medicines come from the hospitals/chemist in

Vohimasina Nord and Ampasimanjeva villages.

The main work providing income in Loholoka is logging, however locals want sources of

income to allow other more sustainable ways of making a living; a reward or paid

replantation scheme was mentioned whereby individuals are given seeds to replant and are

paid to do this. The village has started a voluntary scheme replanting trees in order to offset

the current rate of harvest, however when asked who had planted a tree before very few

answered yes, so this is clearly not a wide scale practice. It was also reported that most

people are busy and have no time to control illegal logging. The meeting made it clear that

there needs to be more communication between communities as currently it is difficult to

reinforce the existing rules and regulations.

When asked about hunting practices it was found that guinea fowl and some tenrec species

(not including Setifer setosus) were widely consumed. Despite being feared and requiring a

permit from the forest ministry, the wild bush pig (Potamochoerus larvatus) was often taken,

possibly as it was also considered a pest. Interestingly, in contrast to the village of Andotsy,

lemur was also eaten but reportedly difficult to hunt. Wild honey is also collected from the

forest. There were no ‘fady’ observed in the village however locals did fear snakes such as

Ithycyphus perineti, and scorpions in addition to the wild pig but this could be down to

personal fears.

When asked about changes in species present in the forest and how this may have changed

over the past few decades, general observations included a growth in lemur abundance; with

positive reports of new babies each year. We were also told that the Crested Ibis was often

sighted despite its low abundance in the country as a whole, due to its slow reproduction

rate of one egg per year. As far as locals were aware the fossa does not occur in Loholoka

forest however it may be found in the Tsiazzombazaha forest approximately 50km away.

Indeed there was no knowledge of large carnivores, we were told that some fish in the nearby

lake grew so large that they pose a threat to crocodiles (We remain sceptical on this point).

Problems caused by zebu were highlighted including destruction to the village and crops and

the fact that many trees must be cut down in order to build protective fences. Local people

want to grow more food such as rice in become more self-sufficient and thus preserve the

forest more, however zebu from other villages trample crops impeding this effort.

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Future of the Forest Meeting Towards the end of our expedition, the future of the forest was discussed at a big meeting

held at our camp on the 11th September. Those present included the members of

Expedition Loholoka, the Forest Department of Vatotavy Fitovinany and all the

surrounding village communities were invited. The minutes of this meeting can be found

on the next page. After discussion of current uses, issues and threats concerning the

Loholoka forest, it was concluded that stricter management guidelines needed to be

introduced. This includes enforcement of logging laws, zonation of the forest to allow for

replantation schemes and a diversification of agriculture to lessen dependency on logging

in conjunction with the introduction of controls on grazing zebu in the forest.

Due to the difficulty observed in law enforcement in the forest it remains to be seen if any

of the suggestions/implementations will be successful but the discussions have raised

awareness of the issues which is an important first step for the local communities.

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Future of the Forest Meeting

11/09/2014

10:15-13:20

The meeting was organized by the local community manager of Loholoka forest, the

community of Vohimasina Nord and the Forest Department of Vatotavy Fitovinany. Many

people joined the meeting from several local villages including Namorona,

Masondranokely, Vohimasina Nord, Loholoka and Andotsy. DBCAM and students from the

University of Exeter assisted the meeting in the locality called Beboky near Loholoka

village.

The staff of the forestry department of the Vatovavy Fitovinany region explained the policy

of Malagasy law in terms of managing the natural resources, including forest, in

Madagascar. They also enquired if the local people would like to renew the contract

enabling the community to manage the forest of Loholoka. The first contract expired in

2005 after the first period beginning in 2003.

There seemed to be a lack of responsibility taken from villagers surrounding the Loholoka

forest who all use the forest’s resources. Most members of the local community who

manage the forest live in Vohimasina Nord and therefore take a more active approach in

protecting the forest in contrast. However Vohimasina Nord is quite far from the Loholoka

forest which is why more local communities should be encouraged to take on more of an

active management role.

Several things were discussed and explained to the local people; ecosystem services (eg.

The water cycle generated and the fact that Loholoka is the only remaining littoral forest

in the Manakara district), other socio-economic values and the existence of biodiversity to

promote possible ecotourism in the area. The representatives of the villages present at

the meeting understood the importance of the forest and its uses.

The investigation and expedition undertaken by the students of the University of Exeter

and DBCAM was also a major topic of discussion, it is the first scientific exploration of the

Loholoka forest which is an exciting prospect for everyone. Local people and the wider

communities are pleased that the study took place. The scientific work which has taken

place was then described such as biodiversity assessment and mapping (Perimeter of the

current forest was listed; the area of remaining natural forest, overlapping layouts of

biodiversity and threats and agriculture etc). The study results will help to update the new

contract and management plans in order to manage the forest in the near future. They will

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await a map from us to then make a decision on the zoning of the different areas, this

includes a conservation area, an area for local people to use in daily life and activity and

an area suitable for village extension.

Zebu are a problem, they destroy any strata of vegetation in the forest. There is a law that

bans zebu from the forest perimeters, but like a lot of Malagasy law, it is not reinforced.

This law should be applied. Wood collection from the forest is allowed to make a house,

however this can only happen after writing a request addressed to the committee of the

local community who manage the forest. It must then be approved by the forest agent in

Manakara. Collecting dead wood for firewood is allowed, cutting live trees (this includes

logging) is banned. Any sanctions for this are not respected.

Logging that generates any income for the local people is banned and hence classed as

an illegal practice. The communities addressed are ready to practice new agriculture

methods (such as cassava growing) increasing cultivated areas for agriculture and

thereby halting current logging practices. There is however a widespread concern that

uncontrolled herds of zebu destroy attempts at growing cassava. Therefore villagers

require some wood from the forest to build fences in order to keep the zebu off of the

agricultural land. It is concluded that a law will be applied to restrict zebu grazing in the

forest vicinity.

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Overview

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Photography/Film

During the expedition a wide range of photographs were taken by all team members,

wildlife and cultural. Particularly with regard to the wildlife this was a great help in terms

of identifying various species without the need for capturing them and taking them back

to camp, by taking enough close up photographs we were able to identify them without

causing any distress to the animal which minimises our impact on the forest.

We had plenty of support from specialists for identification confirmation once back in the

UK for any species we were perhaps unsure of.

No permissions were needed for either filming or photography. After following up

communication with DBCAM, the feedback was that the local people (in particular the

children) loved this aspect and certainly when we were out there, we found there to be

great interest in the filming and photography that we did.

Technical problems that were encountered included issues with audio recording which

was difficult because the wet conditions damaged the audio jack causing audio to cut out

while filming with no warning. Damp also caused one camera to break in week 4, meaning

for the last 2 weeks of the expedition only one camera worked. Checking video quality was

difficult because it was not possible to watch the film recordings on the laptops that we

were using in the field, this meant any footage that could have done with being re filmed

was not highlighted until we were back in the UK.

Footage from the expedition has been cut into two films, a short 15minutes film as well as

a longer 60 minutes film. For any of this film footage as well as links to radio Interviews

that were broadcasted to BBC Radio Oxford weekly please contact:

[email protected]

Equipment list: (Sony equipment provided by Sony Digital Imaging UK) Sony Alpha A77 SLT Camera (2) Sony 18-50mm f2.8 SSM Lens Sony 70-200mm f2.8 SSM Lens Sony 1.4x teleconverter Sony 2x teleconverter Rode Shotgun Mic Manfrotto filming tripod LaCie 1TB hard drive (2) 32GB Sandisk Extreme (4) Camera Trap footage proved to be especially useful as it allowed us to identify species we did not see in person such as the Bush Pig and Malagasy Civet.

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Species Lists

A total of 94 species were Identified in the Loholoka forest including 11 Mammals (4 Lemurs), 60 Birds, 12 Reptiles and 11 Amphibians.

Lemurs

Mammals

Reptiles


Avahi peyrierasi Peyriéas' Wolly Lemur Transect Vulnerable

Eulemur Albifrons White-fronted Brown Lemur

Transect Endangered

Microcebus rufus Rufous Mouse Lemur Transect/ Mammal Trap-ping/Opportunistic

Vulnerable

Cheirgaleidae crossleyi Possibly also waiting for email back about ID Cheirogaleus major

Crossley Dwarf Lemur Greater dwarf lemur

Transect/Opportunistic Both Data Deficient

Rattus Rattus Black Rat Mammal Trapping Least Concern

Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback whale Opportunistic Least Concern

Potamochoerus larvatus Bush Pig Transect/Opportunistic Least Concern

Pteropus rufus Madagascar Flying Fox Transect Vulnerable

Fossa fossana Malagasy Civet Camera Trapping Near Threatened

Setifer setosus Greater Hedgehog Tenrec Transect/ Mammal Trap-ping/Opportunistic

Least Concern

Hipposideros commersoni Commerson's Leaf-nosed Bat

Transect Near Threatened

Calumma gallus Lance-Nosed Chameleon Transect Endangered Phelsuma madagascariensis Madagascar Day Gecko Transect Least Concern

Ithycyphus perineti Perinet's Night Snake Transect Least Concern

Leioheterodon madagascari-ensis

Malagasy Giant Hognose snake

Transect/ Opportunistic Least Concern

Phelsuma quadriocellata Peacock day gecko Transect Least concern

Furcifer lateralis Carpet Chameleon Transect Least Concern

Calumma nasutum Nose-Horned Chameleon Transect Least Concern

Phelsuma lineata Lined day gecko Transect/ Opportunistic Least Concern

Hemidactylus mercatorius House Gecko Transect Least concern

Mimophis mahfalensis Common big-eyed snake Transect Least concern

Trachylepis boettgeri Boettger's Mabuya (Skink) Transect Least concern

Geckolepis sp. Fish scaled gecko Transect Unknown

Chelonia mydas Green sea turtle Opportunistic Endangered

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Otus rutilus Malagasy scops owl Opportunistic Least Concern

Anas erythrorhyncha Red-billed teal Opportunistic Least Concern

Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Opportunistic Least Concern

Corvus albus Pied Crow Both Least Concern

Nectarinia souimanga Souimanga Sunbird Both Least Concern

Coracopsis nigra Lesser Vasa Parrot Both Least Concern

Centropus toulou Madagascar Coucal Both Least Concern

Vanga curvirostris Hook-billed Vanga Both Least Concern

Newtonia brunneicauda Common Newtonia Both Least Concern

Terpsiphone mutata Madagascar Paradise Fly-catcher

Both Least Concern

Neomixis tenella Common Jery Both Least Concern

Hypsipetes madagascariensis Madagascar Bulbul Both Least Concern

Dicrurus forficatus Crested Drongo Both Least Concern

Merops superciliosus Madagascar Bee-eater Both Least Concern

Coua caerulea Blue Coua Both Least Concern

Leptosome discolour Cuckoo-Roller Both Least Concern

Foudia madagascariensis Madagascar Red Fody Both Least Concern

Treron australis Madagascar Green Pigeon Both Least Concern

Nesillas typica Madagascar Brush Warbler Both Least Concern

Accipiter francesii Frances's Sparrowhawk Both Least Concern

Copsychus allospecalaris Madagascar Magpie-Robin Point count Least Concern

Agaporinds camis Grey-headed Lovebird Point count Least Concern

Randi pusdozosteraps Rand's Warbler Point count Least Concern

Zosterops maderaspatana Madagascar White-eye Point count Least Concern

Milvus aegyptius Yellow Billed Kite Point count Not Evaluated (but common)

Falco newtoni Madagascar Kestral Point count Least Concern

Nectarinia notata Long-billed Green Sunbird Point count Least Concern

Leptopterus chabert Chabert's Vanga Point count Least Concern

Coracopsis vasa Greater Vasa Parrot Opportunistic Least Concern

Falco concolor Sooty Falcon Point count Near Threatened

Avifauna

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Polyboroides radiatus Madagascar Harrier-Hawk Point count Least Concern

Numida meleagris Helmeted Guinea Fowl Opportunistic Least Concern

Ardea sp. Heron Opportunistic

Motacilla flaviventris Madagascan Wagtail Opportunistic Least Concern

Streptopelia picturata Madagascar Turtle Dove Point count Least Concern

Ceyx madagascariensis Madagascar Pygmy King-fisher


Alcedo vintsioides Madagascar Malachite Kingfisher


Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Opportunistic Least Concern

Charadrius pecuarius Kittlitz's Plover Opportunistic Least Concern

Dryolimnas cuvieri White-throated Rail Point count Least Concern

Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Opportunistic Least Concern

Turnix nigricollis Madagascar Buttonquail Opportunistic Least Concern

Asio madagascariensis Madagascar Long-eared Owl


Coturnix coturnix Common Quail Opportunistic Least Concern

Mirafra hova Madagascar Bush Lark Point count Least Concern

Alectroemas madagascariensis Madagascar Blue Pigeon Opportunistic Least Concern

Oena capensis Namaqua Dove Opportunistic Least Concern

Dendrocygna viduata White-faced Whistling Duck Opportunistic Least Concern

Caprimulgus madagascariensis Madagascar Nightjar Point count Least Concern

Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone Opportunistic Least Concern

Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Opportunistic Least Concern

Phalacrocorax africanus Long-tailed Cormorant Opportunistic Least Concern

Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Opportunistic Least Concern

Egretta alba Great Egret Opportunistic Least Concern

Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Opportunistic Least Concern

Rallus madagascariensis Madagascar Rail Opportunistic Vulnerable

Lophotibis cristata Madagascar Crested Ibis Opportunistic Near Threatened

Lonchura nana Madagascan mannikin Opportunistic Least Concern

Cisticola cherina Madagascar Cisticola Point count Least Concern

Numenius arquata Eurasian Curlew Opportunistic Near Threatened

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Key conclusions

The key conclusions to be taken from the results of the biodiversity survey are the number

of species present that are classed as ‘Endangered’ or ‘Vulnerable’ by the IUCN. Those

classed as endangered include: Calumma gallus (Lance-nosed chameleon), Chelonia

mydas (Green sea turtle), Mantella bernhardi (Bernhard's mantilla), Eulemur Albifrons

(White-fronted Brown Lemur) and the following are vulnerable; Rallus madagascariensis

(Madagascar Rail), Avahi peyrierasi (Peyriéas' Wolly Lemur), Microcebus rufus (Rufous

Mouse Lemur) and Pteropus rufus (Madagascar Flying Fox).

This highlights the need for more stringent protection of the area of forest in order to

preserve these populations which may help to bolster the survival of the species as a

whole in the face of environmental persecution which threatens the whole country’s

biodiversity.

It was also evident that although the locals appreciate the importance of the forest and

are keen to conserve it for future use they lack the resources to do this efficiently. Indeed

the minutes of the community meeting demonstrate there is a great deal of disparity

between the management regulations of the area. It is clear this needs to be clarified, with

tighter laws on grazing of zebu and illegal logging, with local people taking a central role

and being rewarded for policing their area of forest. Additionally the current reforestation

scheme requires updating with a rewards based incentive for the whole community to get

involved. We aim to contact a number of NGO’S who work on projects such as these to

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assess what would be the most feasible and beneficial route to achieve this in order to

advise and assist DBCAM.

On a more personal level we can conclude that the expedition aims have been fully

achieved thereby demonstrating the capacity for future student led projects from the

University Exeter. Each member also gained a great sense of personal development from

the project which is invaluable in shaping future career decisions.

Other observations

Alongside the results of our biodiversity surveys, significant observations include the

wellbeing and health of the forest. Whist walking the transects we were shocked by the

patchiness of the forest, with large sections being lost to slash ad burn practices, logging,

charcoal production and destruction from zebu. The extent of zebu destruction is more far

reaching than first assumed with evidence of destruction caused by cattle within the

sections of forest which were considered to be ‘untouched’ by other human activities. The

floral studies support this line of argument. The occurrence of hunting needs to be fully

researched so its effects on the forest health might be determined. We believe the low

diversity of small mammals caught in the traps is correlated to the locals hunting of

tenrecs reported in the social studies. Unless these identified impacts are mitigated the

forest will be extremely difficult to preserve and restore. This is an even more worrying

realisation given that there are no forests nearby which are feasible for the recolonization

of the flora and fauna.

Limitations of the project

At the start of the expedition process there were some concerns as to whether we would

be able to confidently undergo an expedition of such a scale based on our previous

experiences and expedition knowledge. Indeed there was perhaps a degree of naivety in

our aims, however this is all part of the learning experience of the expedition and we hope

we can use this knowledge to advise future students who decide to undertake the same

process.

The fact that we undertook the project in 8 months meant we had to financially

supplement the project and scientific research was not as structured as we would have

liked.

Difficulties encountered

During our time in the field we had several setbacks with surveys however we successfully

overcame them and were able exceed our baseline surveys target by the end of the

expedition. The language barrier and hence poor communication at the start of the

expedition, with a lack of clarity on where survey routes had been set up, lead to a number

of failed surveys at the start of the expedition. Throughout the expedition the continuous

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crossing of water meant our footwear choice was an issue. It was hard to find a balance

between minimising blisters as a result of wet boots when the alternative was following the lead

of the locals and wearing flip flops which left our feet exposed. By the end of the expedition our

feet were not in the best of condition, however have since made a full recovery. The power of

Gaffa tape was also put to the test on the expedition; not only was it found to be the perfect flip

flop fixer, but also a saviour for leaky roofs, and when attached to bin bags, makes the perfect

rain coat as member of the team found out when her raincoat was no longer waterproof!

The relationship of the team members was challenged at times due to living in close proximity

with each other for an extended period of time. The language barrier, although we made our

best efforts to learn the Malagasy language, also meant that holding conversations was limited

with a few individuals.

Our camp generator failed temporarily during our time spent in field and due to the remoteness

of our location it took serval days to get a replacement which had to be sent from Antananarivo.

This set us back considerably with data input, however once the power was restored we ran the

generators for longer each evening to allow us to catch up on missed input time.

Modifications to field technique

A lack of plastic sheeting for drift fences in combination with a bucket shortage towards the

end of the expeditions meant some pitfalls actually consisted of 9 or 10 buckets rather than the

standard eleven.

In an ideal world, without early problems with communication and time management, the

survey effort could have been increased to investigate routes at the southern extremity of the

forest in more detail.

Opportunistic Projects

As a result of DBCAMs work in the north of Madagascar at the Opwall site, Rob Gandola, a

Senior Herpetologist and currently undertaking a PhD studying Crocodiles, came to Loholoka

with us to survey for Crocodiles. We were able to join him on several night surveys, with him we

searched specifically for crocodiles as well as more generally any reptiles or amphibians we

encountered. Joining Rob was Aina Soaelina who was working towards a PhD in fish ecology,

her additional unexpected data has enabled us to include fish species in our species list which

otherwise would have not been possible. We were also able to utilise the additional skills of

Seheno in attempting to mist nest for small bat species although we were unsuccessful in

finding anything it was educational experience for the team.

Aside from additional surveys, we were welcomed by the wider community who showed an

interest in the work we were doing in the forest. This allowed us to have serval meetings with

different local communities to gain an insight into how the forest was used by them and learn

how they perceived wildlife and change over time. Finally before our departure we were able to

give a short presentation of our findings to them and share camera trap footage with the

Loholoka village and Vohimasina.

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Overall the team had an amazing experience in Loholoka and produced

some fantastic findings, thank you to everyone for your continued

support.

Follow up work

In light of our findings it is clear that the Loholoka forest requires more research in order to

ascertain its biodiversity potential. The team will encourage and support additional expedition

groups to travel to undertake further research endeavours in the Loholoka forest. Further

expeditions could carry out the same surveys over a number of years in order to assess the

longitudinal health of the forest, but perhaps also at different seasons to determine fluctuations

in populations. Indeed a number of fauna samples would be needed to clarify the species found

as we were purely working from sightings and photographic evidence, therefore collaboration

with specialists in the field would be recommended.

The additional marine sightings of both a green turtle and humpback whales demonstrates the

potential for marine biodiversity which would make for an interesting expedition in the future.

The results of the social study highlight the need for community action in preserving the forest,

the team are all prepared to contact both conservation and humanitarian Charites to aid in

future expeditions in order to set up a long term conservation project with DBCAM – ‘Project

Loholoka’.

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expedition loholoka 2014 report

Documents