exploration of innovation and the role of clusters in economic growth and development

8/12/2019 Exploration of Innovation and the Role of Clusters in Economic Growth and Development

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YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY@RVMI_LTCIH IE CHHIULTCIH LHD

TB@ _IM@ IE NMP^T@_ CH @NIHIACNJ_IZTB LHD D@U@MIVA@HT

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY^NBPMCNB ^NBIIM IE OP^CH@^^V_IE@^^I_L^BELKPDDCH_PO@M

OSL^BL_CO^S@D&_LDP^TICLHLV_CM?6


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CHHIULTCIH, NMP^T@_^ LHD @NIHIACN J_IZTB ^y`d & ^ticlh

Vlj` ?ie 46

TLOM@ IE NIHT@HT^

^`ntcih C7 Eiuhdltcih ie @nihiacn Dcsnusscih ............................................................................................ >

Chtriduntcih, Iv`rvc`w ie ^nip` lhd Ippirtuhcty ................................................................................... >

Mct`rltur` _`vc`w ...................................................................................................................................... >

Dltl lhd Lhlmytcnlm A`tbidimijy ............................................................................................................ 4

^`ntcih CC7 Tb`ir`tcnlm lhd Vrlntcnlm @xpmirltcih ie Chhivltcih lhd Nmust`r Eiraltcih .............................. 0

^cjhcecnlhn` ie nmust`rs lhd Chhivltcih .................................................................................................... 0

Lhlmyscs ie Chhivltcih lhd Nmust`r Eiraltcih ......................................................................................... 5

_`m`vlht @nihiacn Tb`irc`s ................................................................................................................. 5

Zby tb` Nihn`rh loiut Nmust`rs ........................................................................................................... :

Niapih`hts ie Nmust`r D`v`mipa`ht .................................................................................................... 2

@vlmultchj lhd prcirctczchj Nmust`r niapih`hts .................................................................................


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Vlj` 4ie 46

iog`ntcv`s lhd lntcihs oy jiv`rha`hts, lhd lmsi dinua`ht prcvlt` lntcih wctb r`jlrds ti nmust`r

eiraltcih lhd d`v`mipa`ht.

@xcstchj wirks lr` mlnkchj ch sia` r`sp`nts biw`v`r. Nurr`htmy, `xcstchj wirks lr` mcact`d ch

tb`cr snip` ls tb`y lr` nihv`htcihlmcz`d7 l) eria tb` vlhtlj` picht ie P^L, l d`v`mip`d hltcih;

lhd o) mlnk s`hsctcvcty ti dcee`r`hn`s lriuhd tb` wirmd ch nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht ols`d ih7 vlrychj

jiv`rha`ht rim`s, `nihiacn jriwtb stlj` ie tb` hltcih, lhd cts `xcstchj pltt`rhs ie niap`tctcv`

ldvlhtlj` ls l d`t`rachlht ie eutur` nmust`r pit`htclm.

Tblt o`chj slcd, tbcs plp`r cs lh ippirtuhcty ti pr`s`ht lh lhlmytcnlm `xpmirltcih ie `nihiacn

jriwtb ch nmust`rs lhd chhivltcih; wctb nihtrlstchj chscjbts oy uschj oitb l d`v`mip`d hltcih

(P^L) lhd l d`v`mipchj hltcih (Nbchl) ls lh `vlmultcih ie hit ihmy l) tb` vlrclom` jìjrlpbc`s

ie chhivltcih lhd nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht, out lmsi o) tb` dcv`rscty ch jiv`rha`ht rim`s ch l er``

alrk`t systà nihtrlst`d ljlchst l stlt` nlpctlmcsa aid`m (P^L lhd Nbchl). Tb` dcr`nt`d

jilm ie tbcs plp`r cs ti7

Niaplr` lhd nihtrlst o`tw``h l d`v`mip`d lhd lh à`rjchj nihiay; tb` hltur` lhd

r`mltcihsbcp ie chhivltcih ch chdustry nmust`rs lhd tb`cr nihtrcoutcih ti nihiacn jriwtb lhd

d`v`mipa`ht

DLTL LHD LHLMSTCNLM A@TBIDIMIJS

Tb`r` w`r` `ss`htclmmy twi typ`s ie dltl tblt w`r` r`mc`d upih eir tb` nr`ltcih ie tbcs r`pirt;snbimlrmy r`pirts ir lrtcnm`s, lhd rlw dltl.

Tb` r`pirts lhd lrtcnm`s us`d w`r` alchmy wirks oy `st`à`d nmust`r tbìrcsts (c.`. Acnbl`m

Virt`r), ousch`ss prie`sscihlms, lhd hitlom` chstctutcihs sunb ls tb` Zirmd Olhk. Tb` itb`r s`t ie

dltl w` us`d wls rlw àpcrcnlm dltl `xtrlnt`d eria tb` Jmiolm Niap`tctcv`h`ss _`pirt,

niapm`t`d lhhulmmy oy tb` Zirmd @nihiacn Eirua. L eumm mcst ie siurn`s us`d cs lvlcmlom` lt tb`

`hd ie tbcs r`pirt.

Tb` r`pirts bld vlmulom` dltl p`rtch`ht ti iur tipcn sunb ls hltcih-sp`ncecn dltl, lhd j`h`rlm

ecjur`s ih nmust`r tbìry lppmcnlom` ti lhy hltcih. Tb`s` `ss`htclmmy privcd`d l v`ry chscjbteumlhd tbiriujb qulmctltcv` m`ssih ih nmust`r tbìry. Ls pr`vciusmy stlt`d, tb` siurn`s us`d

chnmud`d `st`à`d lnldàcn chstctutcihs lhd m`ldchj `nihiacn snbimlrs; wbcnb wls n`rtlchmy

lhitb`r r`lsih wby tb` d`ncscih wls ald` ti us` tb`s` plrtcnumlr rè`r`hn`s.


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Vlj` 5ie 46

ie spltclm dcsplrctyc, ls tb` `nihiacn nihtrlst o`tw``h nir`s lhd p`rcpb`rc`s d``p`h ch

r`spihs` ti tb`s` h`twirk èe`nts, bualh pipumltcihs aiv` lhd `vimv` ch r`spihs`, dèchchj tb`

v`ry nr`ltcih ie nctc`s lhd h`w urolh nir`s.

Ls sunb, `xpmirltcih ie tb`s` cht`rd`p`hd`ht h`twirks lhd tb`cr rim` ch nr`ltchj sinclm utcmcty lhd

pisctcv` `xt`rhlmctc`s; cs hit gust l qu`stcih eir `nihiacsts, out l sblr`d nihn`rh laihj

pimctcnclhs, ousch`ss`s lhd nctcz`hs lmck`. Eir l siv`r`cjh hltcih tb` d`v`mipa`ht ie nmust`rs lhd

hurturchj chhivltcih cs l a`lhs ie chnr`lschj cht`rhltcihlm niap`tctcv`h`ss, ct a`lhs tb` jriwtb

ie bualh nlpctlm tblt wcmm splh j`h`rltcihs, ct a`lhs jr`lt`r lv`rlj` mcvchj stlhdlrds wctb bcjb`r

hltcihlm priduntcvcty, lhd ct a`lhs tb` nr`ltcih lhd dcsp`rscih ie h`w t`nbhimijy tblt chnr`ls`s

sinclm utcmcty eir o`tt`r nihsua`r nbicn`s. [Lpp`hdcn`s L lhd O iv`rvc`w jrlpbcnlm dltl ch

suppirt ie tb` rim` tblt nmust`rs pmly wctbch tb`cr hltcihlm `nihiac`s, ls suaalrcz`d b`r`.Q

Gust ls l mcvchj irjlhcsa, tb` systà tblt eiras wctbch lhd lriuhd nmust`rs hit ihmy `vimv`s iv`r

tca`, out iet`h bls r`jcihlm lhd hltcihlm aumtcpmc`r èe`nts ols`d ih cts h`twirk iecht`rd`p`hd`ht r`mltcihsbcps. Zbcm` tbcs study einus`s ih tb` `nihiacn tbìry lhd lppmcnltcih ie

nmust`rs, ct cs hih`tb`m`ss nrctcnlm ti lppr`nclt` tb` scjhcecnlhn` ie tbcs tipcn eria l orild`r

birczih. Tb`rèir`, w` wcmm nihtchu` iur dcsnusscihs lt tb` `hd ie tbcs r`pirt wctb chdustrclm lhd

eir`cjh pimcny r`niaa`hdltcihs ti priait` nmust`rs lhd chhivltcih.

LHLMS^C^ IE CHHIULTCIH LHD NMP^T@_ EI_ALTCIH

_@M@ULHT @NIHIACN TB@I_C@^

Almtbusclh tbìry pripb`scz`d dystipclh iutnia`s ls tb` wirmds mcact`d r`siurn`s lr` sblr`d

laihj chnr`lschj bualhs pipumltcihs. Zblt wls iv`rmiik`d ch tbcs lhlmyscs wls tb` tiunbstih`

rim` tblt chhivltcih lhd t`nbhimijcnlm prijr`ss wiumd blv` ch `hsurchj mihj t`ra jriwtb.

D`spct` l wirmd ie chnr`lschj pipumltcihs lhd d`nr`lschj hlturlm r`siurn`s, chhivltcih lhd

ldvlhn`s ch t`nbhimijy blv` bld l euhdla`htlm rim` ch cht`rj`h`rltcihlm `nihiacn jriwtb.

^cacmlrmy, tb` îmiw Aid`m pr`s`hts l hìnmlsscnlm nihn`pt ie olmlhn`d jriwtb wb`r` ch tb`

mihj t`ra; hltcihs wiumd lnbc`v` l st`ldy stlt` ie jriwtb. Ch tb` @hdij`hius Jriwtb Aid`m tblt

oucmds ih tb`s` eiuhdltcihs; tb` rim` ie chhivltcih, khiwm`dj` nr`ltcih lhd t`nbhimijy lr` hiw

nrctcnlm tiwlrds lnbc`vchj chnr`ls`d èe`ntcv`h`ssie elntirs ie priduntcih, chnr`ls`d mloir

priduntcvcty, lhd r`lm `nihiacn jriwtb ch tb` mihj t`racc.


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Vlj` :ie 46

Tb`rèir` lh uhd`rstlhdchj ie biw tb`s` `hdij`hcz`d `mà`hts [chhivltcih lhd t`nbhimijcnlm

prijr`ssQ d`v`mip, tb` h`twirks ie suppirt tb`y r`qucr`, lhd tb` hltur` ie tb`cr jìjrlpbcn

ljjmia`rltcih, cs nrctcnlm eir `nihiacstspursuct ie mihj t`ra hltcihlm jriwtb.

ZBS TB@ NIHN@_H LOIPT NMP^T@_^

Nmust`rs lr` h`twirks ie cht`rd`p`hd`ht niaplhc`s, suppmc`rs lhd chstctutcihs tblt niap`t` lhd

niip`rlt` wctb `lnb itb`r ch l jìjrlpbcnlmmy nihn`htrlt`d lr`l, o`hècttchj eria niaaih

cherlstruntur`, d``p mchklj`s lhd r`mltcihsbcps tblt nr`lt` vlmu` eir aào`rs wctbch tb` nmust`r,

lhd tbis` mcvchj wctbch cts r`lnb. Euhdla`htlmmy, tb` study ie nmust`rs cs l rèm`ntcih ih tb`

capirtlhn` ie h`twirks lhd cht`rd`p`hd`ht r`mltcihsbcps.

Zbcm` tb` nr`ltcih ie chhivltcih lhd t`nbhimijcnlm prijr`ss cs ie hltcihlm capirtlhn`, tb` lntulm

prin`ss ie cts nr`ltcih cs o`st d`snrco`d ls l t`la spirt, wb`r` `lnb niapih`ht ie l nmust`r cs

oitb lh chput elntir nihtrcoutchj ti chhivltcih; lhd lmsi l r`n`cvchj hid` tblt o`hècts eria tb`

chhivltcih ch le``dolnk miip wctb aumtcpmc`r èe`ntswb`r` tb` rim` ie lmm plrtc`s wctbch tb`

nmust`r ljjr`jlt`s o`hèct ti `v`ryih` wctbch tb` nmust`r.

Out wblt lr` tb` dcr`nt lhd chdcr`nt niapih`hts ie nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht, lhd biw cs tb` h`twirk

nihduncv` ti spurrchj chhivltcih lhd t`nbhimijcnlm prijr`ss9 Tbcs cs `xpmir`d ch tb` eimmiwchj

s`ntcih. Tb` nblrts o`miw cmmustrlt` uschj dltl eria tb` Jmiolm Niap`tctcv`h`ss _`pirt eir oitb

Nbchl lhd P^L, l j`h`rlm tr`hd tblt ls tb` stlt` ie nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht chnr`ls`s, chhivltcih

a`trcns lmsi capriv`.


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Vlj` 2ie 46

NIAVIH@HT^ IE NMP^T@_ D@U@MIVA@HT

Zctbch l jìjrlpbcnlmmy nihn`htrlt`d lr`l, tb` eimmiwchj Dclaihd Erla`wirkccc

pr`s`hts l

eiuhdltcih ie eiur nlt`jirc`s `ss`htclm tiwlrds tb` prijr`ss ie chhivltcih lhd nmust`r nr`ltcih7

. Dàlhd Nihdctcihs4. Niht`xt eir _cvlmry lhd Niap`tctcih

ELNTI_ NIHDCTCIH^

Tbcsnlt`jiry nlt`rs ti olscn h`n`sslry chputs eir tb` `xcst`hn` lhd jriwtb ie nmust`rs. Tb`

hltur` ie bualh nlpctlm cs l vctlm niapih`ht ie elntir nihdctcihs, wb`r` tb` suppmy ie t`nbhcnlm

tlm`ht h``d`d oy niaplhc`s ie l nmust`r cs d`p`hd`ht ih tb` m`v`m ie bualh nlpctlm lvlcmlom`.

^cacmlrmy, tb` `xcst`hn` ie priach`ht `dunltcihlm chstctut`s sunb ls uhcv`rsctc`s lhd r`s`lrnb

n`ht`rs, privcd` e`rtcm` jriuhds ie r`lmczchj tb` niaa`rnclm pit`htclm ie h`w lnldàcn nihn`pts.

Gust ls mloir tlm`ht lhd ldvlhn`d lnldàcn chscjbt cs `ss`htclm, mck`wcs` ousch`ss`s iet`h r`qucr`

chctclm echlhnchj eir eutur` jriwtb. Nlpctlm privcd`rs sunb ls lhj`m chv`stirs, v`htur` nlpctlmcsts,


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Vlj` 3ie 46

prcvlt` `qucty ecras lhd nirpirlt` olhks privcd` rcsk nlpctlm tblt cs iet`h l h`n`sslry nltlmyst eir

nihtchu`d jriwtb.

_@MLT@D LHD ^PVVI_TCHJ CHDP^T_C@^

Tb`s` lr` niapmà`htlry plrtc`s h`n`sslry eir tb` sunn`sseum d`v`mipa`ht ie l nmust`r. Eria tb`

p`rsp`ntcv` ie l pridunts vlmu` nblch, r`mlt`d lhd suppirtchj chdustrc`s chnmud` `v`rytbchj tblt

cs h``d`d eir l nihn`pt ti trlhsctcih chti tb` echlm stlj` ie puomcn nihsuaptcih. Zb`tb`r tbcs cs

chhivltcv` blrdwlr` d`scjh`rs tblt niapmà`ht lhd wirk wctb sietwlr` d`v`mip`rs, ir scapmy

niap`tctcv`my prcn`d suppmc`rs ie rlw plrts h``d`d eir l echlm pridunt. Iv`rlmm, h`twirks ie

suppirtchj chdustrc`s, tb`cr niip`rltcih lhd tb`cr r`mclocmcty ti d`mcv`r h``d`d r`sumts lr` nrctcnlm

eir iv`rlmm nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht.

D@ALHD NIHDCTCIH^

Zbcm` elntir chputs lhd suppirtchj chdustrc`s pmly l scjhcecnlht rim` wctbch tb` nr`ltcih lhd

`vimutcih ie nmust`rs, cts tb` wcmmchjh`ss lhd dàlhd ie `hd nihsua`rs tblt dèch` tb` sunn`ss ie

lhy pridunt. Tbcs niumd chnmud` tb` `xnctà`ht lhd prip`hscty ie nustia`rs ti lnn`pt nblhj` lhd

ldipt hiv`m pridunts ir cd`ls. Lh cd`lm `hvcriha`ht wiumd o` wb`r` nihsua`rs lr` d`viut

eimmiw`rs `lj`r ti purnbls` h`w t`nbhimijcnlm tr`hds, wctb scjhcecnlht s`ja`hts ie tb`

pipumltcih o`chj `lrmy ldipt`rs tblt privcd` hit ihmy alrk`t vlmcdltcih eir h`w chhivltcihs,

prin`ss`s ir cd`lsout privcd` tb` `lrmy r`v`hu` h``d`d ti mlt`r `xplhd ch h`w jìjrlpbc`s.

Tb` `xt`ht ie minlm dàlhd lt tb` dcspislm ie niaplhc`s wctbch nmust`rs cs `ss`htclm ti oitb

chdcvcdulm ecras, lhd tb` iv`rlmm nmust`r. Tb` hltur` ie minlm dàlhd cs l tiunbstih` ch `xpmlchchj

biw minlm lhd r`jcihlm sunn`ss`s iet`h o`nia` hltcihlm lhd echlmmy cht`rhltcihlm sunn`ss stirc`s,

tbriujb tb` `x`nutcih ie snlmlom` lhd r`pmcnlom` nihn`pts.

NIHT@RT EI_ _CULM_S LHD NIAV@TCTCIH

Gust ls acnri`nihiacn tbìry sujj`sts, sup`rhiralm priects lnnru`d oy lh chhivltcv` ecra

lttrlnts h`w `htrlhts lmmur`d oy tb` priacs` ie echlhnclm jlch. Ce ecras alhlj` ti niap`t` wb`r`

olrrc`rs ti `htry lr` miw, lhy chhivltcih lhd niap`tctcv` ldvlhtlj` wcmm mck`my o` ihmy tàpirlry

s`nurcty. Tbcs m`lds ti l vcrtuius nynm` ie niap`tctcih lhd chhivltcv` r`spihs`, ls ecras pursu` l

strlt`jy ie nihstlht chhivltcih, caprivà`ht, èecnc`hny lhd niap`tctcv`h`ss ti survcv`. Tb`

pr`s`hn` ie jriwtb-irc`ht`d rcvlmry m`lds ti pisctcv` nihs`qu`hn`s eir `v`ryih` ch tb` nmust`r


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Vlj`


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Vlj` nmust`rs, nihnmudchj tblt tb` aist scjhcecnlht d`t`rachlht ch tb`

nr`ltcih ie nmust`rs wls elntir nihdctcihs ie tb` lr`l, eimmiw`d oy d`alhd nihdctcihs lhd

suppirtchj chdustrc`sv. Tb` eimmiwchj jrlpb cmmustrlt`s tb`s` r`sumts7

Biw`v`r, `v`h wbcm` niaplrchj lmr`ldy d`v`mip`d nmust`rs, tb`r` cs lh ippirtuhcty eir us ti

`vlmult` dcee`r`hn`s o`tw``h niap`tctcv` nmust`rs lhd tb`cr m`ss niap`tctcv` niuht`rplrts. Tb`

eimmiwchj dcljrla privcd`s lh iv`rvc`w ie tbcs nihtrlst7


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Vlj` ie 46

L ^TPDS IE DCNBITIAS7 NMP^T@_^ CH UL_CLOM@ @NIHIACN

@HUC_IHA@HT^

Zbcm` tb` iv`rlmm `xpmirltcih ie `nihiacn tbìry o`bchd nmust`rs cs lnldàcnlmmy lvlcmlom`, w`

o`mc`v` tb`r`s nihscd`rlom` ippirtuhcty ti chv`stcjlt` dcee`r`hn`s ie nmust`r eiraltcih chvlrclom` `nihiacn nihdctcihs.

O`nlus` `xcstchj pltt`rhs ie cht`rhltcihlm trld`, hltcihlm stink ie elntirs ie priduntcih, tb`

diachlht `nihiacn aid`m [er``-alrk`t `nihiay, ir n`htrlmmy pmlhh`dQ lhd tb` rim`s ie

jiv`rha`hts dcee`r o`tw``h hltcihsj`h`rlm dcsnusscihs ie nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht aust o`

strlt`jcnlmmy `vlmult`d oèir` lppmcnltcih ti chdcvcdulm `nihiac`s. Zbcm` dcee`r`hn`s lr`

`xp`nt`d, tb`r` aly lmsi o` nlt`jircnlm scacmlrctc`s o`tw``h d`v`mip`d lhd d`v`mipchj

`nihiac`s. Tb` eimmiwchj dcljrla o`jchs sia` ie tbcs dcsnusscih o`miw7

Tb` rim` tblt elntir nihdctcihspmly eir nmust`rs ch d`v`mipchj `nihiac`s cs lmaist twcn` tb`

scjhcecnlhn` tb`y blv` wctbch d`v`mip`d hltcihs. Tb` w`cjbt dcv`rt`d eria elntir nihdctcihs cs

nihtrcout`d tiwlrds tb` nlt`jiry ie nirpirlt` rcvlmry lhd suppirtchj chdustrc`s lnb


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Vlj` ?6ie 46

Oy wly ie lddchj tbcs h`twirk, tb` e``dolnk miips ch tb` dclaihd w`r` luja`ht`d. Vimcny

alk`rs ch tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s lmsi s`t up r`s`lrnb chstctut`s, chv`st ch cherlstruntur`, chv`st ch

r`s`lrnb lhd d`v`mipa`ht, chv`st ch `dunltcih, lhd nr`lt` lppriprclt` r`jcihlm (lhd stlt`,

hltcihlm) r`jumltcihs ti chdcr`ntmy spur tb` nr`ltcih lhd jriwtb ie nmust`rs. _`jumltcihs `sp`nclmmy

p`rtch`ht ti nmust`rs chvimv` tb` prit`ntcih ie cht`mm`ntulm prip`rty rcjbts. Jiv`rha`htchvimvà`ht ch nmust`rs nlh tb`h o` s``h ls chdcr`nt pimcny lntcihs lca`d ti str`hjtb`h tb`

e``dolnk miips wctbch nmust`rs lhd nihtrcout` ti tb`cr jriwtb lhd sunn`ss.

Tbiujb nmust`r snbimlrs nihn`d` tblt lmm m`v`ms ie jiv`rha`hts ch tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s blv`

o`hècnclm lhd h`n`sslry rim`s ti pmly wctb r`jlrds ti nmust`rs, tb` elnt ràlchs tblt Virt`r lhd

itb`r snbimlrs lr` strihj ldvinlt`s ie tb` oittia-up lpprilnb eir oitb nmust`r nr`ltcih lhd

d`v`mipa`ht. Tbcs lpprilnb bls wcd`my chemu`hn`d oitb tb` prcvlt` s`ntir lhd pimcny alk`rs ch

tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s. Virt`r sp`ncecnlmmy wrct`s Tb` prcvlt` s`ntir aust tlk` l m`ldchj rim` ch

r`jcihlm `nihiacn d`v`mipa`ht, hit m`lv` ct ti tb` jiv`rha`ht. Vrcvlt`-s`ntir m`ld`rsbcp cs iet`h

nrctcnlm eir sunn`ss (:0)x. B` lttrcout`s tbcs ti tb` chnr`ls`d locmcty ie niaplhc`s (r`mltcv` ti

jiv`rha`ht) ch uhd`rstlhdchj prcvlt` s`ntir h``ds lhd nihstrlchts.

Lhitb`r k`y e`ltur` loiut P^ nmust`rs cs tblt tb`y lr` j`h`rlmmy eira`d lriuhd bcjb t`nb

pridunts lhd s`rvcn`s. @xlapm`s chnmud`7 Ltmlhtl eir Echlhnclm ^`rvcn`s, ^lh Dc`ji eir

pblralnùtcnlms, ocit`nbhimijy lhd niaauhcnltcihs, Zcnbctl eir l`rispln` lhd dè`hs`,

Vcttsourjb pblralnùtcnlm, ocit`nbhimijy lhd priduntcih t`nbhimijy, lhd ^cmcnih Ulmm`y eir

niaputchj.

DC^NP^^CIH IH NBCHL

Nbchl bls jriwh rlpcdmy durchj tb` plst e`w d`nld`s. Tbiujb tb`r` lr` l aumtctud` ie elntirs

tblt chemu`hn`d tb` `nihiacn jriwtb ie tbcs hltcih, nmust`rs w`r` sur`my l scjhcecnlht plrt ie tbcs.

Tbiujb tb`y m`ld ti tb` sla` j`h`rlm r`sumt wb`r`v`r tb`y lr`, nmust`rs blv` dcee`r`ht e`ltur`s ch

d`v`mip`d vs. d`v`mipchj niuhtrc`s, ls sblmm o` s``h oy tb` vlrcius dcee`r`hn`s o`tw``h tb`

Phct`d ^tlt`s lhd Nbchl.

Ih` ie tb` alch dcee`r`hn`s o`tw``h Nbchl lhd tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s cs tb` wly oy wbcnb nmust`rs

lr` nr`lt`d. Tbiujb l mlrj` laiuht ie nmust`rs di innur ch Nbchl oy tb` sla` oittia-up

a`tbids d`snrco`d `lrmc`r, tb`y lmsi innur vcl tb` tip-diwh lpprilnb. Tb` tip-diwh lpprilnb cs

`ss`htclmmy tb` nr`ltcih ie l nmust`r ls l r`sumt ie sczlom` jiv`rha`ht cht`rv`htcih. Tb` tip-diwh

lpprilnb ti nmust`r nr`ltcih chnmud`s l aumtctud` ie dcee`r`ht a`tbidimijc`s. Eir Nbchl, tb`r`


21/40


Vlj` ?


22/40


Vlj` ??ie 46

Nmust`rs ch hih-^@W r`jcihs blv` vlstmy dcee`r`ht nblrlnt`rcstcns ti tb`cr niuht`rplrts ch ^@Ws.

Tb`y lr` j`h`rlmmy ch miw-t`nbhimijy t`nbhimijy chdustrc`s, tb`y lr` mloir cht`hscv`, lhd tb`y

blv` l aunb miw`r d`jr`` ie jiv`rha`ht dcr`ntcih. Lddctcihlmmy, tb`r` cs aunb m`ss jiv`rha`ht

suppirt eir tb`s` nmust`rs.

NIAVL_C^IH

Iv`rlmm, nmust`r nr`ltcih lhd d`v`mipa`ht ch tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s cs prcalrcmy l oittia-up lpprilnb

wbcnb nihtlchs l wcd` vlrc`ty ie chdcr`nt suppirt eria tb` jiv`rha`ht.

Ch Nbchl, nmust`r nr`ltcih lhd d`v`mipa`ht blpp`hs ch alhy chstlhn`s, gust ls ct di`s ch tb`

Phct`d ^tlt`s (c.`. oittia up), wb`r` tb` jiv`rha`ht privcd`s niapr`b`hscv` chdcr`nt

lsscstlhn`. ^@Ws bcjbmcjbt tb` alch dcee`r`hn` o`tw``h nmust`rs ch tb` twi hltcihs; c.`. tbltnmust`r nr`ltcih lhd d`v`mipa`ht lmsi innurs vcl tb` tip-diwh lpprilnb, lhd tblt tb`

jiv`rha`ht ie Nbchl bls l aunb mlrj`r dcr`nt rim` ch tb` prin`ss. L bypitb`scs ls ti wby tb`

Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht bls tlk`h upih cts`me tb` r`spihscocmcty ti lcd nmust`rs wcmm o` `xlach`d ch

tb` eimmiwchj s`ntcih.

Lhitb`r picht tblt aust o` nihscd`r`d cs tb` dcee`r`hn` ch tb` sustlchlocmcty o`tw``h nmust`rs ch

tb` twi niuhtrc`s. Jcv`h tblt nmust`rs ch tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s d`v`mip vcl tb` oittia-up lpprilnb,

tb`y nlh o` lssua`d ti o` elcrmy s`me-sueecnc`ht. Nbch`s` nmust`rs tblt eira ch ^@Ws lr` lt m`lst

sia`wblt d`p`hd`ht ih tb` sunn`ss lhd dyhlacns ie tb`cr r`sp`ntcv` ^@Ws, lhd lmsi ih tb`suppirt ie tb` Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht. Ct cs tb`h pisscom` tblt tb`s` tip-diwh nr`ltcihs acjbt o`

r`mltcv`my m`ss s`me-sueecnc`ht lhd sustlchlom`.

LHLMS^C^

Tbcs s`ntcih lhlmyz`s nmust`rs ch tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s lhd Nbchl eria l air` qulhtctltcv`

stlhdpicht. Tb` dltl us`d cs eria tb` Jmiolm Niap`tctcv` Chd`x, puomcsb`d lhhulmmy oy tb`

Zirmd @nihiacn Eirua schn` ?664xccc

. Lmm dltl lr` ch tb` eira ie chd`x`s (eria < ti :)d`v`mip`d oy tbcs irjlhcsltcih. Ct cs capirtlht ti str`ss tblt o`nlus` tb`r` cs si mcttm` dltl wctb

wbcnb tbcs r`pirt bls ti wirk wctb (c.`. 2 y`lr cht`rvlm), tblt tb` r`jr`sscihs tblt wcmm o` sbiwh

sbiumd o` cht`rpr`t`d ls j`h`rlm tr`hds lhd vlmulom` chscjbt ti iur dcsnusscihs. Tb` picht ie tbcs

s`ntcih cs ti lhlmyz` tb`s` j`h`rlm tr`hds ch ird`r ti lppmy sia` a`lsur` ie qulhtctltcv`


23/40


Vlj` ?>ie 46

r`lsihchj eir wby tb` dcee`r`hn`s o`tw``h nmust`r-nr`ltchj eirn`s dcee`r ch tb` twi

leir`a`htcih`d hltcihs.

Ls w` nlh s`` eria tb` eimmiwchj twi tr`hd mch`s, tb`r` cs l pisctcv` tr`hd o`tw``h tb` stlt` ie

nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht lhd chhivltcih ch oitb La`rcnl lhd Nbchl. @lnb picht r`pr`s`hts l stlt` ie

nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht chd`x lhd lh chhivltcih chd`x eir l jcv`h y`lr. Tb`r` lpp`lrs ti o` lh

upwlrd tr`hd ch oitb hltcihs, out tb` tr`hd mch` cs aunb st``p`r ch Nbchl tblh eir tb` Phct`d

^tlt`s.

Tb` elnt tblt tb` stlt` ie P^ nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht bls o``h bcjb`r tblh ch Nbchl iv`r tb` mlst 2

y`lrs, lhd tblt tb` P^ bls l emltt`r tr`hd, niumd p`rblps chdcnlt` dcachcsbchj r`turhs ch

chhivltcih wctb r`jlrds ti nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht. V`rblps tb` r`lsih wby tb` Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht

chv`sts air` chti nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht cs o`nlus` tb`y r`n`cv` l bcjb`r r`turh ch t`ras ie

chhivltcih nr`lt`d.


24/40


Vlj` ?4ie 46

Tb` jrlpbs o`miw sbiw l tr`hd o`tw``h tb` stlt` ie nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht lhd priduntcih prin`ss

sipbcstcnltcih ch oitb niuhtrc`s. @lnb picht r`pr`s`hts l stlt` ie nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht chd`x lhd

l priduntcih prin`ss sipbcstcnltcih chd`x eir l jcv`h y`lr. Vriduntcih prin`ss sipbcstcnltcih

cs `ss`htclmmy priduntcvcty `hlomchj `mà`hts tblt nihtrcout` ti l air` èe`ntcv` wirkeirn`. Tb`jrlpbs sbiw tblt tb`r` cs l smcjbt pisctcv` tr`hd ch tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s, wb`r` tb` sla` tr`hd cs

aunb st``p`r ch Nbchl. Tb` chtriduntcih ie tb`s` jrlpbs orchjs lhitb`r picht chti nihscd`rltcih.

L elcr pripirtcih ie tb` chhivltcih o`chj j`h`rlt`d ch La`rcnl cs chhivltcih ch nihsua`r jiids

tblt di hit h`n`sslrcmy capriv` priduntcvcty (lhd tb`rèir` di hit capriv` wlj`s ie wirk`rs). Ch

Nbchl biw`v`r, l v`ry mlrj` pripirtcih ie tb` chhivltcih jlch`d eria ^@Ws lhd nmust`rs nia`s

ch tb` eira ie chnr`ls`d wirkeirn` priduntcvctyxcv

. Tbcs cs `sp`nclmmy tru` wb`h ih` nihscd`rs

tblt tb` jriwtb ie nmust`rs ch Nbchl bls oriujbt ch EDC, wbcnb bls chnr`ls`d iutput. Tbcs niumd

o` lhitb`r r`lsih wby tb` Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht cs chv`stchj aunb air` bcjbmy ch nmust`r

d`v`mipa`ht tblh tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s.

Oy chv`stchj ch nmust`rs, tb`y lr` `ss`htclmmy chv`stchj ti chnr`ls` tb` priduntcvcty lhd tb` wlj`s

ie tb`cr mloir eirn`; tb`ròy chnr`lschj tb` scz` lhd prisp`rcty ie tb`cr acddm` nmlss. Ct cs

capirtlht ti ràào`r tblt tb` Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht, o`chj l hih-dàinrltcn r`jca h``ds ti

tlk` l aumtctud` ie a`lsur`s ti mcact dcss`ht laihj tb` pipumln`. ûppirtchj pb`hia`hl sunb ls


25/40


26/40


Vlj` ?5ie 46

Tb`s` jrlpbs sbiw tblt chnr`ls`d nmust`r nr`ltcih cs chnr`lschj t`nbhimijcnlm r`ldch`ss ie

Nbch`s` ecras. @lnb picht r`pr`s`hts l stlt` ie nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht chd`x lhd l t`nbhimijcnlm

r`ldch`ss chd`x eir l jcv`h y`lr. Tb` jrlpb p`rtch`ht ti Nbchl sbiws tblt ls nmust`r

d`v`mipa`ht chnr`ls`s, Nbch`s` ecras lr` o`niachj `sp`nclmmy o`tt`r lt losirochj t`nbhimijy.

Ls wctb tb` pr`vcius `xlapm`s, tb` r`mltcv`my bcjb r`turh ih chv`sta`ht oy e`mmiw Nbch`s` ecraswctb r`jlrds ti tbcs a`trcn acjbt o` wby tb` Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht cs tlkchj l strihj rim` wctb

r`jlrds ti d`v`mipchj nmust`rs.

Tb`r` cs lmaist hi tr`hd mch` o`tw``h tb`s` vlrclom`s ch La`rcnl, wbcnb aly ljlch chdcnlt` mcttm`

ir dcachcsbchj alrjchlm r`turhs. Ls wctb tb` pr`vcius `xlapm`s, ct cs ljlch lpplr`ht tblt tb` P^

jiv`rha`ht acjbt o` nihtrcoutchj m`ss ti nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht r`mltcv` ti Nbchl o`nlus` ie cts

r`mltcv`my miw`r r`turh ih puomcn chv`sta`ht.


27/40


Vlj` ?:ie 46

Tbcs h`xt jrlpb cs l tca`-s`rc`s pmit ie tb` chd`x ie prcvlt` sp`hdchj ih r`s`lrnb lhd

d`v`mipa`ht (_&D). _&D, l nrunclm niapih`ht tblt m`lds ti chhivltcih lhd sunn`sseum

nmust`rs, cs b`lvcmy chv`st`d ch oy niaplhc`s ch tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s, out m`ss si oy niaplhc`s ch

Nbchl.

Tbcs acjbt ljlch cmmustrlt` wby tb` jiv`rha`ht ie Nbchl cs air` lntcv` ch priaitchj nmust`rs

tblh cts niuht`rplrt ch La`rcnl. Tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s bls bld l r`mltcv`my mihj bcstiry ie prcvlt`

niaplhc`s m`lrhchj tblt b`lvy chv`sta`ht ch _&D cs k`y ti mihj-ruh niap`tctcv`h`ss lhd

survcvlm. Ls tb` jrlpb sbiws, tbcs cs hit tru` ch Nbchl.

Hit ihmy di`s tb` P^ jiv`rha`ht r`n`cv` l r`mltcv`my miw`r r`turh ih chv`sta`ht ce ct dcv`rts

r`siurn`s ti suppirt nmust`rs, out ct lmsi bls m`ss r`lsihs ti di si. Tbcs cs o`nlus` P^ ecras lr`

tb`as`mv`s `hjljchj ch prlntcn`s tblt suppirt chhivltcih lhd nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht. Zctb elr

miw`r prcvlt` s`ntir sp`hdchj ih r`s`lrnb lhd d`v`mipa`ht, tbcs cs hit tb` nls` eir Nbchl. Mlnk

ie prcvlt` chv`sta`ht ch elntirs (c.`. _&D) tblt lr` k`y eir nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht niumd o` l r`lsih

eir wby tb` Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht bls tlk`h sunb l dcr`nt rim`.


28/40


Vlj` ?2ie 46

O`miw cs l tca`-s`rc`s pmit ie vlrcius dclaihd eirn`s ch oitb tb` P^ lhd Nbchl. Tbcs jrlpb

bcjbmcjbts tblt Nbchl bls w`lk`r dclaihd eirn`s tblh ch tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s. Ls wctb tb` jrlpb

r`mltchj prcvlt` _&D sp`hdchj ch tb` twi hltcihs, tbcs acjbt o` l k`y ti uhd`rstlhdchj wby tb`

Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht pmlys l wcd`r rim` ch cts nmust`rs tblh di`s La`rcnl.

Nbchl wlhts ti o` air` chhivltcv` ls l hltcih, out ct bls r`mltcv`my w`lk dclaihd e`ltur`s (c.`.

niap`tctcv`h`ss, d`v`mipa`ht ie echlhnclm alrk`t). Tb` r`mltcv`my w`lk stlt` ie tb` dclaihd

eirn`s `ss`htclmmy a`lh tblt ch Nbchl tb` t`hd`hny eir nmust`r nr`ltcih wcmm o` miw`r lhd tb`

d`v`mipa`ht ie nmust`rs wcmm o` mlnkchj. Ch lddctcih, tbcs hltcihs hlturlmmy innurrchj nmust`rs

blv` l t`hd`hny ti eira lriuhd miw-skcmm mloir cht`hscv` chdustrc`s tblt di piirmy wctb r`jlrds ti

plt`ht nr`ltcih lhd chhivltcih. Tb` loiv` pichts `ss`htclmmy a`lh tblt ce Nbchl wlhts ti o`

chhivltcv` ct nlhhit r`my sim`my ih tb` prcvlt`-drcv`h oittia-up lpprilnb ti nmust`r nr`ltcih lhd

d`v`mipa`ht.

Nbchl bls tb`r`eir` nr`lt`d (lhd cs cht`rv`hchj ch) ^@Ws ti eira bcjb skcmm, nlpctlm cht`hscv`, lhd

t`nbhimijy cht`hscv` nmust`rs tblt spur chhivltcih. Tbcs picht, niupm`d wctb tb` elnt tblt tb`

Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht r`n`cv`s l bcjb r`turh ih cts chv`sta`ht eir cht`rv`hchj ch nmust`rs, niumd

v`ry w`mm o` r`lsihs wby tb` jiv`rha`ht cs si lntcv`my chvimv`d ch suppirtchj nmust`rs.


29/40


Vlj` ?3ie 46

Ih tb` r`v`rs`, Tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s bls v`ry d`v`mip`d dclaihd eirn`s lhd hlturlmmy innurrchj,

t`nbhimijcnlmmy chhivltcv` nmust`rs. Tbcs a`lhs tblt nmust`rs lr` `lscmy eira`d lhd d`v`mip`d oy

prcvlt` eirn`s, lhd tb` ih`s tblt di d`v`mip lr` ch chhivltcih rcnb ec`mds tblt trumy o`h`ect tb`

hltcih. Niupm`d wctb tb` dcachcsbchj r`turhs dcsnuss`d `lrmc`r, tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s jiv`rha`ht bls

l strihj chn`htcv` ti m`t tb` prcvlt` s`ntir tlk` tb` m`ldchj rim` wctb r`jlrds ti nmust`rs.

LHLMS^C^ LHD ^PAAL_S

Ch tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s, nmust`r nr`ltcih r`sumts ls l r`sumt ie tb` oittia-up lpprilnb; c.`. wb`h l

nmust`r eiras oy wly ie l nblch r`lntcih ie alrk`t eirn`s spurr`d oy tb` `htr`pr`h`urclm nmcalt`

ie l jcv`h r`jcih. Nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht tb`h innurs prcalrcmy vcl l p`rcidcn str`hjtb`hchj ie tb`

e``dolnk miip (c.`. tb` dclaihd eirn`s) wctbch tb` nmust`r. D`v`mipa`ht cs biw`v`r lmsi lcd`d

chdcr`ntmy oy tb` P^ jiv`rha`ht. Tbcs a`tbidimijy ie nmust`rs cs suppirt`d oitb oy P^ pimcny


30/40


Vlj` >6ie 46

alk`rs lhd nmust`r tbìry lutbirctc`s sunb ls Acnbl`m Virt`r. Mlstmy, nmust`rs ch tb` P^ blv` l

strihj t`hd`hny ti eira lriuhd bcjb t`nb pridunts lhd s`rvcn`s, lhd tb`y j`h`rlt` aunb

chhivltcih ch t`ras ie plt`hts p`r nlpctl.

Ch Nbchl, nmust`r nr`ltcih lhd d`v`mipa`ht r`sumts eria oitb tb` oittia-up lpprilnb ls w`mm ls

tb` tip-diwh lpprilnb. Tbcs plp`r prcalrcmy studc`s tb` èe`nt ie Nbch`s` ^@Ws lhd tb`cr rim` ch

tip-diwh nmust`r nr`ltcih. ^@Ws lr` zih`s wbcnb blv` l wcd` rlhj` ie `nihiacn o`hècts eir

niaplhc`s niaplr`d wctb itb`r r`jcihs ch Nbchl. Tbriujb d`scjhchj ^p`nclmcz`d @nihiacn

Wih`s, tb` Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht cs `ss`htclmmy lrtcecnclmmy nr`ltchj nmust`rs ch tb`s` r`jcihs.

Nmust`rs tblt d`v`mip iutscd` ^@Ws lr` ch miw-t`nbhimijy lhd mloir cht`hscv` chdustrc`s. Tb`y

lmsi blv` l aunb miw`r d`jr`` ie jiv`rha`ht dcr`ntcih/suppirt, lhd lr` mlnkchj ch chhivltcih.

Ecras ch ^@W nmust`rs lr` j`h`rlmmy t`nbhimijy-ols`d, nlpctlm cht`hscv`, blv` suostlhtclm

jiv`rha`ht suppirt, lhd nihtrcout` aunb ch tb` wly ie chhivltcih.

Tbriujb lhlmyscs ie tr`hd-mch`s lhd tca`-s`rc`s pmits j`h`rlt`d uschj dltl eria tb` JmiolmNiap`tcv`h`ss _`pirt, puomcsb`d oy tb` Zirmd @nihiacn Eirua; hua`rius nihnmuscihs blv`

o``h j`h`rlt`d ls ti wby jiv`rha`ht chvimvà`ht ch nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht dcee`rs o`tw``h tb`

twi hltcihs.

Ls wls ios`rv`d wctb tb` tr`hd-mch`s, ct lpp`lrs tblt Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht bls r`mltcv`my air` ti

jlch tblh di`s cts niuht`rplrt ch tb` Phct`d ^tlt`s ce ct chv`sts r`siurn`s chti nmust`r d`v`mipa`ht.

Tb` sctultcih lrcs`s o`nlus` La`rcnls nmust`rs lr lmr`ldy w`mm d`v`mip`d lhd ct suee`rs eria

dcachcsbchj r`turhs. Tbcs jiv`rha`ht chv`sts m`ss tblh tb` Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht o`nlus` cts

r`turh ih chv`sta`ht cs miw`r.

Lhitb`r `xpmlhltcih eir tb` dcee`r`hn` ch jiv`rha`ht lntcih cs tblt La`rcnls dclaihd eirn`s

lr` w`mm d`v`mip`d. Nmust`r eiraltcih lhd d`v`mipa`ht ch tbcs hltcih lr` tb`rèir` sunn`sseum

wctbiut tb` dcr`nt cht`rv`htcih ie tb` puomcn s`ntir. Lddctcihlmmy, nmust`rs tblt à`rj` ch tb` P^L

(c.`. bcjb t`nbhimijy/nlpctlm) j`h`rlt` l aumtctud` ie chhivltcih (c.`. plt`hts), lhd lr` tb`rèir`

elviurlom`. Elviurlom` nmust`rs d`v`mip ih tb`cr iwh ch La`rcnl, lhd tb`r` cs tb`rèir` hi

r`lsih eir tb` jiv`rha`ht ti dcr`ntmy cht`rv`h`.

Tb` loiv` sctultcih di`s hit acacn tb` nls` ch Nbchl. Nbchls dclaihd eirn`s lr` w`lk`r,

wbcnb capmc`s tblt nmust`r nr`ltcih lhd d`v`mipa`ht wcmm o` mlnkchj niaplr`d ti La`rcnl.Eurtb`rair`, hlturlmmy innurrchj nmust`rs ch Nbchl lr` hit ch elviurlom` s`ntirs. Ti lnbc`v`

chhivltcih tbriujb nmust`rs, tb` Nbch`s` jiv`rha`hts ihmy iptcih tb`h o`nia`s ti chctclt` tb`cr

nr`ltcih tbriujb tb` tip-diwh lpprilnb.


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Vlj` >


32/40


Vlj` >?ie 46

hltcihlmmy nr`lt`d chhivltcih lhd t`nbhimijy ls eumecmma`ht ie pltrcitcn spcrcts,

chdcr`ntmy o`hècts tb` jriwtb ie chhivltcv` orlhds tblt lr` capirtlht ti

hltcihlm cht`r`st. Tb` cnihcn rim` ie _`s`lrnb ch Aitcih eir Nlhldls

T`nbhimijy ^`ntir cs lh `xlapm` ie l hltcihlm orlhd bimdchj scjhcecnlht

dia`stcn cht`r`sts.

CCC. _CULM_S LHD NIAV@TCTCIHEcrstmy, tb` `xcst`hn` ie rioust prip`rty rcjbts lr` vctlm eir b`lmtby niap`tctcv`

prijr`ss. Zb`h ecras khiw tb`cr cht`mm`ntulm lhd echlhnclm chv`sta`hts lr` m`jlmmy

s`nur`, tb`y wiumd o` aunb air` mck`my ti `xnblhj` autulmmy o`hècnclm dclmiju`

ch nimmloirltcih wctb niap`tctirs.

Zb`tb`r cts oy tb` chctcltcv` ie jiv`rha`htlm plrtc`s, lnldàcn chstctutcihs ir`xt`rhlm r`s`lrnb oidc`s; lhy pmlteira tblt chvct`s niap`tchj aào`rs ie l

nmust`r ti dcsnuss prijr`ss lhd `xpmir` autulm ippirtuhctc`swcmm ihmy m`ld ti

chnr`ls`d mchklj`s tblt nr`lt` sblr`d vlmu` lhd autulm prijr`ss.

Zbcm` `xcstchj hltcihlm orlhds aly o`nia` minlm `nihiacn b`ri`s, cts vctlm tblt

elvirctcsa eir oitb stlt`-ruh lhd prcvlt` `ht`rprcs`s sbiumd hit d`t`r l hltcihs

wcmmchjh`ss ti lmmiw h`w `htrlhts ti prisp`r. Vimcnc`s tblt r`dun` olrrc`rs ie `htry

lmmiws hit ihmy air` nihsua`r nbicn`, out `hsur`s tblt pmly`rs wctbch tb` nmust`r

ràlch echlhnclmmy èecnc`ht, lhd ec`rn`my drcv`h ti chhivlt`.

CU. _@MLT@D LHD ^PVVI_TCHJ CHDP^T_C@^Tb` los`hn` ie mloircius m`jlm r`qucrà`hts, our`lunrltcn r`d-tlp` lhd m`hjtby

jiv`rha`htlm plp`rwirk cs capirtlht ti nr`lt` lh `hvcriha`ht wb`r` r`mlt`d lhd

suppirtchj chdustrc`s e``m niap`mm`d ti `ht`r. Zbcm` tbcs cs nrctcnlm eir lmm tb`

leirà`htcih`d nlt`jirc`s, tbcs cs `sp`nclmmy tru` ch lttrlntchj l orild`r h`twirk

ie suppirtchj lhd r`mlt`d chdustrc`s.

Niaplrlomy, echlhnclm chn`htcv`s tbriujb suoscdc`s lhd tlx or`lks nlh o` lh

`xn`mm`ht aih`tlry aitcvltcih eir ecras wctbch nmust`rs. Lmtbiujb nirpirltcihs

aly hit r`n`cv` ls aunb dcr`nt jiv`rha`htlm spihsirsbcp ch P^L, jcv`h tb`

hltcihs prijr`sscv` tlxltcih systàtb` mlrj` `xcst`hn` ie suoscdc`s lhd tlx

lmmiwlhn`s lr` nrctcnlm ti tb` jriwtb ie oitb salmm lhd mlrj` `ht`rprcs`s.


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Vlj` >>ie 46

M@^ÎH^ EI_ CHT@_HLTCIHLM _@MLTCIH^

Ch lh chnr`lschjmy cht`rnihh`nt`d wirmd ie er`` trld`, tb` ihmy rà`dy ti cht`rhltcihlm

niap`tctcih cs l hltcihlmmy niap`tctcv` r`spihs`. Ls dè`hscv` prit`ntcihcsa o`nia`s pimctcnlmmy

chtim`rlom`, lhd tb` echlhnclm ourd`hs ie hltcihlm jiv`rha`hts mcact lhy pisscom` dcr`nt

chvimvà`htnltlmyzchj nmust`r eiraltcih cs l bcjb-r`turh chv`sta`ht tblt alxcacz`s caplnt

o`nlus` ie cts h`twirk aumtcpmc`r èe`nts. Ls suaalrcz`d ch Lpp`hdcx N, tb` umtcalt` `nihiacn

chn`htcv` o`bchd nmust`rs cs hit gust l tàpirlry chnr`ls` ie priduntcvcty ir t`nbhimijcnlm

prijr`ssout l nihtchuius chnr`ls` ch sinclm w`melr` du` ti tb` chechctè``dolnk miipo`tw``h

chputs lhd iutputs ch tb` d`v`mipa`ht ie nmust`rs lhd chhivltcih.

TB@ @UIMPTCIHL_S NIHT_COPTCIH^ IE NMP^T@_ N_@LTCIH CH LH @NIHIAS

Lmaist l tbcrd ie nmust`rs pmly l hltcihlmmy scjhcecnlht rim` wctbch tb`cr bist `nihiay [Lpp`hdcx7

OQ. Ls tb` sunn`ss ie hltcihlmmy scjhcecnlht nmust`rs r`lnb cht`rhltcihlm pripirtcihs, ct orchjs

nihscd`rlom` chemiws ie eir`cjh dcr`nt chv`sta`ht, trld` r`v`hu`s lhd chnr`lschj cht`rhltcihlm

r`nijhctcih.

Eir l hltcih mck` Nbchl tblt bls `xp`rc`hn`d d`nld`s ie trld` surpmus`s mlrj`my du` ti cts

alhuelnturchj h`twirks, tb`s` trld` surpmus`s orchj l wirmd ie `nihiacn lhd pimctcnlm

ippirtuhctc`s. Ls lhtcncplt`d ch iur dcsnusscih ie tb` chechct` miipo`tw``h nmust`r chputs lhd

iutputs; tb` Nbch`s` jiv`rha`ht cs r`chv`stchj nihscd`rlom` laiuhts chti cherlstruntur`

d`v`mipa`ht lhd tb` nihstruntcih ie ldvlhn`d urolh nctc`s.

Iv`rlmm, ls tbcs vcrtuius nynm` nihtchu`s, ct chnr`ls`s oitb sinclm w`melr` lhd tb` niuhtrys

cht`rhltcihlm pr`s`hn`. Z` o`mc`v` tblt tb` d`v`mipa`ht ie nmust`rs lhd cts rim` ch tb` nr`ltcih ie

t`nbhimijy lhd chhivltcih, cs cht`jrlm ch tb` trlhsctcih ie l d`v`mipchj `nihiay tiwlrds l

d`v`mip`d ih`. Nihs`qu`htmy, tb` rim` ie jiv`rha`ht lmsi nblhj`s eria dcr`nt tip-diwh

chvimvà`ht, tiwlrds l p`rcpb`rlm rim`.

Tbcs wls s``h ch Tlcwlhwb`r` tb` jiv`rha`ht tiik chctclm èeirts ie aiocmczltcih lhdnltlmyzchj nimmloirltcih ch l r`s`lrnb nihsirtcua. Let`rwlrds ls h`twirk èe`nts wcd`h`d lhd

tb` dyhlacn rim`s ie chdcvcdulm plrtc`s o`jlh ti sblp` tb` iv`rlmm `hvcriha`httb` jiv`rha`ht

wls lom` ti pmly l p`rcpb`rlm rim` ls l elncmctltir [wbcnb cs nihv`hc`htmy lmsi m`ss echlhnclmmy

dàlhdchjQ.


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35/40


Vlj` >0ie 46

^@NTCIH UC7 LVV@HDCN@^

LVV@HDCR L7 _IM@ IE NMP^T@_^ CH L ^INC@TS

(Blrvlrd Chstctut` ie ^trlt`jy lhd Niap`tctcv`h`ss, Ulh D`r Mchd` lhd Virt`r)


36/40


Vlj` >5ie 46


37/40


Vlj` >:ie 46

LVV@HDCR O7 ^CJHCECNLHN@ IE NMP^T@_^ DIA@^TCNLMMS

(Blrvlrd Chstctut` ie ^trlt`jy lhd Niap`tctcv`h`ss, Ulh D`r Mchd` lhd Virt`r)


38/40


Vlj` >2ie 46

LVV@HDCR N7 NMP^T@_ N_@LTCIH @RV_@^^@D L^ L EPHNTCIH IE CHVPT^ LHD IPTVPT^

[Chechct` Miip nihn`pt ch nmust`r nr`ltcih lhd chhivltcih d`v`mip`d oy y`d lhd ticlhQ


39/40


Vlj` >3ie 46

^@NTCIH UCC7 ZI_K^ NCT@D LHD _@^IP_N@^ P^@D

cKrujalh, Vlum . "ZBLT^ H@Z LOIPT TB@ H@Z @NIHIACN J@IJ_LVBS9." Ixeird _`vc`w ie @nihiacn Vimcny


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xcc"Biw Di p`nclm @nihiacn Wih`s lhd Chdustrclm Nmust`rs Drcv` Nbchls _lpcd D`v`mipa`ht9." Tb` Zirmd Olhk

exploration of innovation and the role of clusters in economic growth and development

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