extended essay handbook

Queensland Academy for Science, Mathematics and Technology

QueenslandGovernmentEducation Queensland

Extended Essay

Handbook

Extended Essay Handbook �

QuEEnSlAnd AcAdEMy for Science, Mathematics and Technology

the extended essayThe Extended Essay is a compulsory component of the IB Diploma program and combined with the Theory of Knowledge assessment, contributes to a possible 3 points of a maximum 45 points awarded for the IB Diploma.

This essay offers the student the opportunity to investigate a topic of special interest and to become acquainted with the kind of independent research and writing skills expected at university level.

Students are required to undertake original research and write an Extended Essay of approximately 4,000 words. A student may choose to write on a topic from a wide range of subjects. The Extended Essay can serve to deepen a student’s program of study, for example when the student chooses to focus the essay on a topic included in an undergraduate course.

What you need to know? A quick outline…..• The essay is 4000 words (excluding appendices) with an abstract of 300 words.

• You will spend approx 40 hours in your own time completing the essay.

• You will be allocated a supervisor who is an Academy teacher, who has knowledge in the subject area of your essay.

• You will select the subject and topic which you write on.

• Group 2 language essays MUST be written in that language.

• We encourage you to choose an Extended Essay topic from the IB subjects that you are currently studying.

• All Extended Essays are externally assessed by examiners appointed by the IB organization.

• The Extended Essay is assessed according to published criteria.

• The Extended Essay, along with Theory of Knowledge, can contribute up to 3 points to your final Diploma.

Extended Essay Handbook2


table of contentspage

Important InformatIon�. Extended Essay timelines .......................................................................................... 3

2. Roles and responsibilities ......................................................................................... 4

3. Choice of topic ......................................................................................................... 4

4. Regulations ............................................................................................................. 5

5. Essay construction ................................................................................................... 5

6. Formal presentation .................................................................................................. 6

7. Use of media and materials ...................................................................................... 7

8. Assessment of Extended Essays .............................................................................. 8

How to cHoose a suItable researcH QuestIon�. English A�- Category � ........................................................................................... �0

2. English A�- Category 2 ............................................................................................ �0

3. Biology .................................................................................................................... ��

4. Business and Management ..................................................................................... �2

5. Chemistry ............................................................................................................... �3

6. Computer Studies .................................................................................................. �4

7. Design Technology .................................................................................................. �5

8. Mathematics .......................................................................................................... �6

9. Music ..................................................................................................................... �7

�0. Physics .................................................................................................................. �8

��. Psychology .............................................................................................................. �9

organIsIng tHe essay�. Organising your research notes .............................................................................. 20

2. Planning the essay ................................................................................................. 20

3. The working outline ............................................................................................... 2�

4. How to link your paragraphs .................................................................................... 22

5. Refining your draft .................................................................................................. 22

6. Writing technique ................................................................................................... 23

7. Using references and quotations ............................................................................ 23

8. Keeping to deadlines ............................................................................................... 23

addressIng tHe general crIterIa The research question ............................................................................................ 24

Introduction ........................................................................................................... 25

Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 25

Abstract ................................................................................................................ 25

Knowledge and understanding of the topic studied ................................................ 26

Application of analytical and evaluative skills appropriate to the subject ................... 27

Reasoned argument ............................................................................................... 27

Investigation .......................................................................................................... 27

Use of language appropriate to the subject ............................................................ 27

Formal presentation ............................................................................................... 27

Holistic judgement ................................................................................................... 28

Extended Essay Handbook 3


1 timeline of important dates Year 11 Students

Term 3 Week 2 Subject chosen

Term 3 Week 3 Supervisor assigned

Term 3 Week 5 Topic finalized

Term 3 Week 7 Extended Essay Contract submitted

Term 4 Week 3 EE Evaluation Interview with EEC

Year 12 Students

Term � Week 2 Working Outline submitted (2000 words)

Term � Week 7 Refined Draft and Self-Evaluation form submitted

Term 2 Week 2 Final draft submitted for written feedback

Term 3 Week 2 Extended Essay submitted to supervisor for marking.

Term 3 Week 4 Final Interview with Supervisor

group 1language A1

group 2second

language

group 4experimental

sciences

group 3individualsand societies

group 5mathematics andcomputer science

group 6the arts

extended essay

Theory of Knowledge

creativity, action,service

IB subject area hexagon



2 roles and responsibilitiesStudents:3 Need to commit to at least

40 hours to the Extended Essay.

3 Need to read and understand the general guidelines as well as the guidelines specific to the subject that you have chosen.

3 Need to abide by the due dates outlined in this handbook.

3 Need to work with your supervisor.

3 Need to understand and abide by the school policy with regard to academic honesty, and shall cite all references and sources of ideas, quotations, data, diagrams, illustrations etc.

Supervisors:the role of your supervisor is to:

3 Encourage and support you in your efforts.

3 Provide advice of a subject specific nature.

3 Make sure that the work is your own.

3 Complete the supervisor report.

3 Spend approximately 2 to 3 hours in total, assisting you.

the role of the supervisor is not to:

3 Get you started and tell you what to do.

3 Give you a research question.

3 Find resources for you.

3 Edit your work.

3 Remind you of the deadlines.

3 Chase you to read a draft or offer advice.

Extended Essay Coordinator:the role of the coordinator is to:

3 Set and monitor student’s Extended Essay deadlines.

3 Assign students to a supervisor at QASMT who has the appropriate qualifications and/or experience in the subject chosen.

3 Monitor overall progress of students.

3 Support staff and students in the EE process.

3 Report on student progress to the Dean of Studies.

3 choice of topicThe topic of the Extended Essay is to be derived from a particular area of study within a chosen subject. Students should choose a topic that is both interesting and original to them. The topic chosen should be confined in scope to allow you to analyse the topic in depth. A broad topic is unlikely to result in a successful Extended Essay. An unsuitable topic is one which requires no personal research, is entirely dependent upon

summarising secondary sources and/or requires an essentially narrative or descriptive approach. Your choice of topic should present you with the opportunity to collect or generate information and/or data for analysis and evaluation.

Your Extended Essay is not expected to make a contribution to the world’s knowledge of a subject. you are still in high school - this is not a ph.d.!



For a diploma to be awarded, all these regulations must be addressed.

1 the RequirementEvery IB Diploma student must submit an Extended Essay.

2 SupervisionIt is the school’s responsibility to ensure that each student submitting an Extended Essay is supervised by a teacher at the school with appropriate qualifications and/or experience in the subject chosen by the student. The teacher providing this supervision is referred to as the student’s Extended Essay supervisor and must not be related to the candidate.

3 Language of the EssayExtended Essays submitted in a group � or group 2 language must be written in that language. Extended Essays in all other subjects must be written in English, French or Spanish.

4 MalpracticeThe rules of Academic Honesty apply to the Extended Essay. Students must avoid collusion, plagiarism or any other form of malpractices that will give them an unfair advantage in the Extended Essay.

4 regulations

After careful outlining and drafting, it is likely that the majority of Extended Essays will follow a structure similar to that described below. All Extended Essays will be marked using the same criteria.

IntroductionThe introduction should include:3 An indication of why the topic chosen is

interesting, important or worthy of study.3 Some background information and an

attempt to place the topic in an appropriate context.

3 An indication of whether the topic has been narrowed to a focus of more manageable proportions.

3 A clearly and precisely stated research question that will be developed in the body of the essay.

3 A clear concluding statement of the thesis and argument, i.e. the response to the research.

Body/DevelopmentThe essential feature of the major section, or body, of the essay is the systematic

development of a convincing answer to the research question. The structure and the approach to this section will be shaped by the conventions of the particular subject in which the Extended Essay is being undertaken. Some subjects may require sub-headings for major sections within the main body. For example, scientific investigations will usually have separate sections for method and results. In some other subjects, however, sub-headings should be avoided because they disrupt the flow and unity of an essay.

ConclusionThe requirements of the conclusion are that it3 Is clearly stated.3 Is relevant to the research question being

investigated.3 Is substantiated by the evidence presented.3 Indicates issues, unresolved questions and

new questions that have emerged from the research.

5 essay construction



The Extended Essay should be written in a clear, correct and formal style appropriate to the subject from which the topic is drawn. The essay must be word processed.

the Length of the Extended EssayThe upper limit is 4000 words for all Extended Essays.

This upper limit includes:3 the introduction3 the body3 the conclusion 3 and any quotations But does not include:3 the abstract3 acknowledgements3 the contents page3 maps, charts, diagrams, annotated

illustrations and tables3 the references/bibliography3 appendicesEssays in excess of 4000 words are subject to penalties and examiners are not required to read material in excess of the word limit.

titleThe title should provide a clear indication of the focus of the essay. It should be precise and not necessarily phrased in the form of a question.

AbstractAn abstract not exceeding 300 words must be included. It does not serve as an introduction but presents a synopsis of the Extended Essay, and therefore should be written last. The inclusion of an abstract is intended to encourage candidates to examine closely the development of an argument within the Extended Essay and the pertinence of any conclusions that are reached. It is also designed to allow readers to understand quickly the contents of the Extended Essay.

The minimum requirements for the abstract are to state clearly:

3 the research question being investigated3 the scope of the investigation3 the conclusion/s of the Extended Essay.The abstract should be word processed on one side of a sheet of paper, and placed immediately after the title page.

Contents PageA contents page must be provided at the beginning of the Extended Essay and all pages should be numbered. An index is not required.

To create a basic Table of Contents (TOC)�. In the body of the document, mark the text

you want included in the TOC using heading styles, outline levels, or a custom style.

2. Place the cursor on the insertion point where you want the TOC eg on the page after the abstract.

3. On the Insert menu, point to Reference, then click Index and Tables. If it’s not already selected, click the Table of Contents tab. Click OK.

IllustrationsPresentation and overall neatness are important, and it is essential that illustrative material, if included, is well set out and used effectively. Graphs, diagrams, tables and maps are effective only if they are well labeled and can be interpreted with ease. All such material which is incorporated into the Extended Essay must be directly related to the text and acknowledged where appropriate. The use of photographs and postcards is acceptable only if they are captioned and/or annotated and are used to illustrate a specific point made in the Extended Essay.

References/BibliographyThe direct or indirect use of the words of another person, written, oral or electronic, must be acknowledged appropriately as must visual material in the essay, derived from another source. A candidate’s failure to comply with this requirement will be viewed as plagiarism, and will

6 formal presentation



therefore be treated as a case of malpractice. The bibliography or list of references should include only those works, such as books and journals, that have been consulted by the candidate. An accepted form of quoting and documenting sources should be applied consistently.

Each work consulted, regardless of whether or not it has already been cited as a reference, must be listed in the bibliography. The bibliography should specify: author/s, title, date and place of publication, and the name of the publisher, following consistently one standard method of listing sources.

AppendicesAppendices are not an essential section of the Extended Essay and examiners are not required to read them, so care should be taken to include all information of direct relevance to the analysis and argument in the main part of the essay. Unless considered essential, complete lists of raw data should not be included in the Extended Essay. An Extended Essay should not constantly refer to material presented in an appendix as this may disrupt its continuity.

Apart from graphic material, materials in other media may be submitted only as supporting appendices and should not detract from the written essay.

ComputersThe use of computers is encouraged where they are appropriate as tools for analysing data relevant to the subject of the Extended Essay. Material such as a hard copy of computer output may be included in the Extended Essay, but any associated program should be referred to or reproduced, if original, only as an appendix.

Specimen MaterialsSpecimen materials used in or produced by investigations do not form part of the Extended

Essay and must not be submitted. Photographic evidence may be submitted in place of such material.

VideotapesThe use of videotapes as supporting material is not permissible.

AudiotapesThe use of audiotapes as supporting material is permissible, but is not encouraged, and extra merit will not be given for the inclusion of audiotapes in support of an Extended Essay. Digital audiotapes are not acceptable.

7 the use of other media and materials



Use of Assessment Criteria:All Extended Essays are externally assessed by examiners appointed by the IBO. There are both general assessment criteria as well as subject assessment criteria used in determining the essay score. General criteria are concerned with aspects such as writing, use of data and overall presentation. The subject based criteria are concerned with how the chosen topic is managed within the context of the chosen subject of the essay.

Criteria A: Research Question (2points)

The extent to which the focus of the essay is expressed and specified. This need not be in the form of a question. An example of an alternative form is an hypothesis.

Criteria B: Introduction (2 points)

The extent to which the introduction makes clear how the research question relates to existing knowledge on the topic and explains how the topic chosen is significant and worthy of investigation.

Criteria C: Investigation (4 points)

This criterion assesses the extent to which the investigation is planned and an appropriate range of sources has been consulted, or data gathered, that is relevant to the research question. Where the RQ does not lend itself to a systematic investigation in the subject, the maximum marks that can be awarded is 2.

Criteria D: Knowledge and understanding of the topic studied (4 points)

This criterion assesses an understanding and knowledge of the topic studied. The essay should clearly and precisely locate the investigation in an academic context. Where the RQ does not lend itself to a systematic investigation, the maximum points that can be awarded is 2.

Criteria E: Reasoned Argument (4 points)

This criterion assesses the extent to which the essay uses the material collected; to present ideas in a logical and coherent manner, and develops a reasoned argument in relation to the research question. Where the RQ does not lend itself to a systematic investigation, the maximum points that can be awarded is 2.

Criteria F: Application of analytical and evaluative skills appropriate to the subject (4 points)

This criterion assesses the effectiveness and sophistication of appropriate analytical and evaluative skills.

Criteria G: Use of language appropriate to the subject (4 points)

This criterion assesses the way that language is communicated in the essay. The use of terminology as related to the subject.

Criteria H: Conclusion (2 points)

This criterion assesses the extent to which the essay incorporates a conclusion that is relevant to the research question and is consistent with the evidence presented in the essay.

Criteria I: Formal presentation (4 points)

This criterion assesses the extent to which the layout, organization, appearance and formal elements of the essay consistently follow a standard format. The formal elements are: title page, table of contents, page numbers, illustrative material, quotations, documentation and appendices.

Criteria J: Abstract (2 points)

The requirements of the abstract are for it to state clearly the research question that was investigated, how the investigation was undertaken and the conclusion of the essay.

8 assessment of extended essays



Criteria K: Holistic judgement (4 points)

The purpose of this criterion is to assess the qualities that distinguish an essay from the average, such as intellectual initiative, depth of understanding and insight.

overall AssessmentThe total score obtained, on the scale 0 to 36, will be used to determine in which of the following bands the Extended Essay is placed. This band, in conjunction with the band for Theory of Knowledge, determines the Diploma points awarded for these two requirements.

The band descriptions are:

a work of an excellent standard

b work of a good standard

c work of a satisfactory standard

d work of a mediocre standard

e work of an elementary standard

The band description provides the basis of reporting back to schools on each student’s performance in the Extended Essay requirement.

Award of Diploma PointsThe Extended Essay contributes to the overall diploma score through the award of points in conjunction with Theory of Knowledge. A maximum of three points are awarded according to a candidate’s combined performance in both the Extended Essay and Theory of Knowledge. Both Theory of Knowledge and the Extended Essay are measured against published assessment criteria. According to the quality of the work, based on the application of these assessment criteria, a candidate’s performance in each of the Extended Essay and Theory of Knowledge will fall into one of the five bands described above.

The total number of points awarded is determined by the combination of the performance levels achieved by the candidate in both the Extended Essay and Theory of Knowledge according to the matrix.

Adapted from the International Baccalaureate Syllabus for first examinations in 2008.

Extended Essay Handbook�0


what is a suitable extended essay research question?

EnGLISH A1category 1The EE for English Category � involves the critical study of literature at a highly developed level. The works studied must have originally been written in English.

Factors to considerWorks can be chosen from a source other than from the IB prescribed book list. A novel should not be chosen if it has been previously studied in class.

Suitable Research Question Unsuitable Research QuestionLiterature from a particular period, genre, author or aspect. YES!

Creative writing and essays based on language, culture or social topics. no!

�. Clergymen in Jane Austen’s Novels.2. A comparison of Aldous Huxley’s ‘Brave New

World’ and George Orwell’s ‘�984’.3. How is the subject of death treated in

selected works by Emily Bronte and Emily Dickinson?

4. Perceptions of nature in English poetry in the �890s.

�. The novels by the Bronte sisters.2. The portrayal of racial conflict in 20th Century

literature.3. A study of Arthur Miller’s ‘The Crucible’.4. The portrayal of women in literature.

category 2The EE for English A� Category 2 should be a comparison of a literary work originally written in English, with a literary work or works written in a different language and probably studied in translation.

Factors to considerWorks can be chosen from a source other than the IB Prescribed Book List. A novel should not be chosen if it has been previously studied in class.

Suitable Research Question Unsuitable Research QuestionA comparison of the literary merit of a work written in English with that of a work studied in translation. It compares a particular period or genre. YES!

The EE Research question is broad and does not include a comparison of a foreign literary work with that of a work written originally in English. no!

�. English/ German- A comparison of Gay’s ‘The Beggar’s Opera’ with Brecht’s ‘The Three Penny Opera’.

2. English/French- Portraits of poverty in the �9th century: a comparison of ‘Nana’ by Zola and ‘Little Dorrit’ by Dickens.

3. English/ French /German- The portrayal of Joan of Arc by Shaw, Anouilh and Schiller.

�. English/ German- English 20th Century playwrights and German 20th Century playwrights – Which is more highly regarded?

2. English/ French- A comparison of cultural differences in English and French literature.

3. English/Italian- Poetry of the 20th Century.

Extended Essay Handbook ��



BIoLoGYYour emphasis must clearly be on Biological Studies. Some topics may be unsuitable because of ethical issues or that the experimental research is not suitable. You should formulate one or more hypotheses based on the research question, which may be based on surveys, theoretical models or experimental data. Data may be collected through experimentation, survey, microscopic observations, biological drawing, field work, literature (ideally from primary sources) or some other appropriate biological approach.

Factors to considerExtended Essays which involve practical work carried out in the laboratory, or field work, should include a clear and concise description of the experimental procedure. You should undertake a critical evaluation of the work done, and explain the limiting factors imposed on the research completed.

Suitable Research Question Unsuitable Research QuestionThe EE is focused on the biological aspect of a human disease, for example, and not the diagnosis or treatment. YES!

The EE is based on an interdisciplinary subject, like biochemistry. no!

�. The Ozone layer: UV radiation and its’ possible effect on the growth of Lepidium.

2. The effect of detergent toxicity on certain bacterial strains.

3. How is the distribution and growth of lichens affected by sulphur dioxide and ozone levels in the atmosphere?

4. The effect of banana peel on seed germination.

5. Gel electrophoresis. The construction of an apparatus and the separation of proteins in heat treated cow’s milk.

6. Are commercially available antibacterial cleaning agents effective at controlling the growth of E. coli on nutrient agar plates under laboratory conditions?

�. Consequences of the hole in the Ozone layer.2. Detergents in the environment.3. Malnutrition in children.4. Symbiosis in animals.5. Factors which effect the germination of

seeds.6. Organ transplants.7. Tuberculosis8. The effect of acidity on plant growth.




BUSInESS AnD MAnAGEMEntThe EE in Business Management provides you with an opportunity to undertake a detailed investigation into work relating to a specific local, regional or national context, business theory, concepts and principles. You would be reviewing how these can be applied in the business world.

Factors to considerYour research must include a real business which you should visit, at least once. The approach to all aspects of the EE must be directly related to the research topic. For example, in questionnaires or interviews the research carried out must relate to the question. You must use selected analytical tools and/or statistical tools in your discussion. This might include conventional accounting forms, break-even charts, financial performance ratios, statistical presentations, structured and titled tables, charts and diagrams.

Suitable Research Question Unsuitable Research QuestionYour research is specifically about an existing business. YES!

You have not included an existing business in your research. no!

�. What motivates employees? Can Herzberg’s motivation theory help explain the improvement in productivity at XYZ Ltd?

2. XYZ Ltd: The relationship between motivation and quality.

3. New product development at XYZ Ltd.4. To what extent has the introduction of ‘Total

Quality Management’ improved quality at XYZ Ltd?

5. How effective has the joint venture between XYZ Ltd and ABC Ltd been as a growth strategy?

�. The importance of communication in business.

2. The success of Microsoft.3. Different approaches to social responsibility

within businesses.4. Motivation at ZYZ Ltd.5. How do businesses succeed?

Extended Essay Handbook �3



CHEMIStRYThe EE in Chemistry provides you with an opportunity to investigate a particular aspect of the materials of our environment with a specific chemical emphasis. Your research topic should incorporate chemical principles and theory, and emphasize the essential nature of Chemistry, relating to the study of matter and of the changes it undergoes. The most important factor of a Chemistry focused EE is the depth and treatment of the topic which must be approached from a chemical perspective. Some topics may be unsuitable for investigation due to safety issues, or that the outcome is already well known and documented in standard text books. You must undertake experimental work as part of your research. Data collected from an experiment of your own design must be analysed using scientific techniques, evaluated and perhaps compared with scientific models. You must understand the theory underlying any experimental work and state any assumptions made.

Factors to considerYou should show an understanding of the results obtained and be able to interpret them with reference to the research topic.

Suitable Research Question Unsuitable Research QuestionYou have included experimental work as part of your research. YES!

You have not included experimental work as part of your research. no!

�. Spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of lead in drinking water.

2. Is it better to use dried animal manure as a fertilizer or as a fuel?

3. The analysis of the red dye present in different brands of tomato sauce by thin layer chromatography.

4. Is there a relationship between the concentration of aqueous sodium chloride and the ratio of the amounts of oxygen and chlorine gas that are evolved at the positive electrode?

5. Does the time it takes to brew a cup of tea, using a brand of tea leaves, significantly alter the amount of dissolved caffeine?

�. Water analysis2. Chemical kinetics3. The use of chromatography to separate

materials.4. Combustion and nitrogen analysis.5. Acid- base chemistry




CoMPUtER SCIEnCEAn Extended Essay in Computer Science provides you with an opportunity to investigate a particular aspect of computing and its implications for society and the world. Within this context, you can research the latest developments and future possibilities in a subject that changes constantly. Some areas that may be explored are: advances in hardware and software development, comparison of the efficiency of algorithms designed to speed up data transmission or to encrypt data, network systems, computer control systems and so on.

Factors to considerData for analysis may be generated from a program written by you, however this is not compulsory. The essay should not be a program dossier that was part of the IB internal assessment program. The EE in computer Science is not intended as a vehicle to demonstrate programming skills.

Suitable Research Question Unsuitable Research QuestionAn evaluation of advances in hardware and software development, data transmission or computer control systems. YES!

A summary of journalistic views on a particular topic or a description of new advances and developments in computing. no!

�. A comparison of symbolic algorithmic approach and fuzzy logic in constructing an expert system.

2. Has the increase in processing power diminished the need for complicated sorting algorithms?

3. What level of data compression in music files is acceptable to the human ear?

4. How secure is Secure Sockets Layer protocol?

5. Will fuzzy logic replace binary logic in the near future?

6. Is wireless networking a feasible alternative to cabled networking within a whole-city context?

�. Artificial intelligence.2. Sorting algorithms and processor speed.3. Data compression techniques.4. Internet security.




DESIGn tECHnoLoGYAn Extended Essay in design technology provides you with an opportunity to research the processes involved in the design and development of products or systems, and to make an assessment of their impact on individuals and society at large. It could also be an analysis or review, of the process involved, of a product or system that you have developed

Factors to considerAn Extended Essay in design technology should not rely exclusively on textbooks or the internet for information. You should avoid topics of a purely historical nature, that merely document the development of a product or technology, nor should your essay merely be a review of a product or technological development.

Suitable Research Question Unsuitable Research QuestionThe essay explores appropriate design concepts. YES!

The essay is approached from an historical aspect rather than from a design technology perspective. no!

�. Investigating the labeling of chemicals in transit, from the point of view of provision of dealing with accidents.

2. Evaluating the feasibility of a combined heat and power scheme for a local community.

3. Artifacts that do not work or seem wasteful resources.

4. New technologies and how they might influence or combine with existing technologies.

5. An investigation into a specific automated textile production process.

6. An investigation that examines the use of new materials in the design of bicycles and their components.

�. A review of ergonomic factors in design technology.

2. An evaluation of new materials introduced in the last 50 years.

3. An investigation into the textile industry.




MAtHEMAtICSThe EE in Mathematics may be written on any topic that has a mathematical focus and need not be confined to the theory of Mathematics itself. Such examples may include; the applicability of Mathematics to solve both real and abstract problems, or the links between branches of Mathematics and the powerful structures that enable many seemingly different problems to be solved by a single theory. Also, the way in which a branch of Mathematics has flourished as a result of technology. Students may choose mathematical topics from fields such as Engineering, the Sciences or the Social Sciences, as well as from Mathematics itself. The assessment criteria give credit for the nature of the investigation and for the extent that reasoned arguments are applied to an appropriate research question. You will be expected to extend your knowledge beyond the Mathematics IB course.

Factors to considerData must be analysed using appropriate techniques; arguments correctly reasoned and situations modeled using correct methodology. Relevant graphs and diagrams are often important and should be incorporated in the body of the essay and not in the appendix. Proofs of key results may be included, but proofs of standard results should only be included in the appendix, where relevant.

Suitable Research Question Unsuitable Research QuestionYou have applied good mathematical practice which is relevant to the chosen topic. YES!

The unique disciplines of Mathematics have not been used throughout the EE. no!

�. Prime numbers in cryptography.2. The proof of the law of quadratic reciprocity.3. Using graph theory to minimize cost.4. What was the role of mathematics, and

geometry in particular, in navigation when we relied on the stars?

5. How many square numbers are also triangular numbers, where are they, and what other problems lead to Pell’s equation?

6. Continued fractions in birth - death processes.

7. The conditions under which the Newton-Raphson method fails.

�. The duodecimal system2. Taxi-cab geometry3. Artificial Intelligence4. Prime numbers5. Fractals6. Continued fractions7. Graph theory




MUSICIn an Extended Essay in music, you are encouraged to develop and explore a topic of interest in an imaginative and disciplined way. Real music should be at the heart of the research topic. This means that your essay should be an analysis and interpretation of one or more pieces of music that has been experienced via recordings, live performances or concerts.

Factors to considerThe chosen topic may be inspired by one or several areas of interest listed below:• Aspects of the IB music course• Different musical cultures• Personal contact with composers and/or performers• Recordings• Other music that has a particular interest or appeal

Suitable Research Question Unsuitable Research QuestionYour Research Question is an in depth analysis of one or two pieces of music. YES!

Your research question is based on a review of a general area of music. no!

�. The use of contrapuntal techniques in Bach’s ‘Art of Fugue’

2. Harmonic innovation in the bebop style of Dizzy Gillespie

3. The role of minimalist techniques in Balinese gamelan

4. An investigation into the stylistic similarities between Edgard Varese and Frank Zappa

5. Is ‘Jesus Christ Superstar’ a modern classical opera?

6. Emotional tension and it’s significance in Japanese music

7. An investigation into the presence and musical significance of a recurrent motif found throughout Fredrick Chopin’s 24 piano Preludes, Op. 28.

�. Bach’s ‘Fugues’2. The music of Dizzy Gillespie3. Gershwins’ ‘Porgy and Bess’4. A review of musical theatre5. Balinese gamelan




PHYSICSThe EE in Physics must take the form of a research paper involving a hypothesis, a model, or a critical analysis, that demonstrates argument, comparison, or the extraction of relevant information or data. It must have a basis in physical theory and emphasize the essential nature of this subject. Some topics may be unsuitable for research because of safety reasons.

Factors to considerYou may choose any of the following approaches to involve the background or theory of your selected topic:�. Experimental: design and implementation of an experiment, then personal collection and analysis

of data.2. Data based: location and extraction of raw or processed data, not collected directly by you, which

is then further refined and analysed.3. Theoretical: development of a quantitative or semi- quantitative description of some physical

phenomenon, exercise of the model, predictions about its behavior and limitations.4. Survey: Formulation of a cohesive, ordered, analytical and supported (qualitative and quantitative)

discussion of the topic.5. Combination: Some combination of any of the above.

Suitable Research Question Unsuitable Research QuestionYour research question is well defined, realistic and allows in- depth treatment. YES!

Your research question is broad and goes beyond the boundaries of conventional science. no!

�. The variation in resistance of a wire subjected to different strains.

2. The use of interference fringes to measure small displacements.

3. The range variation of water flowing out of a hole into a container.

4. Do wine bottles of different shapes behave as Helmholtz resonators?

5. What will be the angular deflection of starlight if Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation is applied?

�. The unknown forces of pyramids.2. Extrasensory perception.3. Black holes4. Time machines5. Alternative energy sources6. Plate tectonics7. The insulation properties of different

materials.8. Making interference patterns.9. Radiation in the atmosphere.�0. Wave theory��. Measuring the resistivity of different

materials.




PSYCHoLoGYA specific focus with precise aims and outcomes, is required for Psychology. You should conduct research on a smaller, specific topic, which is easily managed, rather than attempting to unravel a complex social science topic. You should avoid tackling a large well- known issue (drug taking, dietary disorders, psychiatric disorders etc).

Factors to considerNo experimental work will be permitted to be carried out as part of the Extended Essay process Recommended journal: ‘Psychological Bulletin’

Suitable Research Question Unsuitable Research QuestionA research topic is chosen which requires the review of journal articles. YES!

A research topic is chosen which requires experimental studies, or is entirely based on internet research. no!

�. The fallibility of memory in eyewitness testimony; a review of evidence and implications.

2. Parallels of the Stanford prison experiment and prisoner abuse in Iraq.

3. Can cognitive development in children be accelerated?

4. To what extent does immediate feedback, employing digitized moving images of the self, help in the learning process in developing a physical skill?

5. Attachment theory: a review of evidence for the impact of childhood attachment on lifelong interpersonal relationships.

6. Risk taking in adolescents – biological or social influences: an evaluation of the physiological and social accounts of risk taking in adolescents.

�. The human memory.2. Problems in adolescence.3. The growing child.4. Drug abuse.5. Eating disorders.



organising the essay“Writing is a process, and essays evolve over time. Thoughts, and the

words they are expressed in, go through stages of refinement, and if you

do not give your writing sufficient time, it does not evolve fully.”

Stephen McClaren

“nobody gets an A on Extended Essay from a first draft!”During the coming months you will be drafting, rewriting, refining, redefining and editing your Extended Essay. The following section will assist you in doing that:

StEP 1 – organise your Research notes• Colour code your research or file each key point and its related research in a new folder on your

tablet.

• Organize your research before you start writing, that way you have a clear idea of where the essay is heading.

• Discard any research that does not directly relate to your research question, but don’t throw it out until you have refined your topic and you are certain of the direction your essay is taking.

• You must keep all your research notes and drafts until the publication of results by the IB.

StEP 2 – Planning the Essay“Writing is a slow, linear way of communicating information: the flow of argument must travel in a straight line, dealing with only one idea at a time.” Your EE Research Topic is a chance for you to investigate a question and then formulate a reasoned and logical argument that will answer this question.

You need to write an ESSAY PLAn to organize your discussion into a workable order. If you try to address several points at once, your argument will become confused.

An essay plan can take the form of a MInD MAP. A Mind Map is where you start by visualising your plan. Draw a circle in the middle of a page and enter your Research Question. Then branch out a line for each discussion topic. From each discussion topic, branch out a line for each related point; and from there, branch out a line to include relevant research data. When you have finished; colour code each related point to match your research material.

BODY

REFINED TOPIC

INTRODUCTION

Hierarchy ofDiscussion Topics

Related Points

Supporting EvidenceReferences

CONCLUSION

Extended Essay Handbook 2�


StEP 3 – the Working outline / First DraftOnce you have a reasonable essay plan, begin writing. Write a rough introduction, with the view to returning to it, after you have written your discussion topics. Next, begin with your most important discussion point; the one that best addresses your research question and gives the most scope for a convincing argument. The examiner will have formed an initial judgment of your essay based on your abstract, introduction and first discussion topic.

Make sure that you are impressive! Each discussion point will be organized into sub-points and each of these will be supported by evidence. Your essay needs to follow a logical sequence. As you write your essay, number your points (in your draft only) so that you can easily identify where each point leads into the next. You must have a contents page, even for English, as this identifies to the examiner each discussion point that you are addressing. This also puts a stop to irrelevant waffle.

Science and Mathematics Extended Essays will use Headings and Sub- Headings within the essay, Psychology and Business Management may use them, but English should not.

REMEMBER:�. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence.2. Provide a convincing answer to your Research Question.3. Develop your answer logically.4. Outline your proposed Contents page as you draft - so that you can easily identify each

discussion point.5. Examiners can not read minds - You must demonstrate that you understand what you are trying to

say.



StEP 4 – How to Link your ParagraphsMake explicit connections between points. The use of linking words and phrases reinforces your essay by welding the parts together. Always vary your use of words and phrases:

Some Linking Words: therefore, previously, thus, consequently,

however, whereas, subsequently and finally…

Some Linking Phrases: ‘As a result of this, a more significant factor,

for example, another concern, many of these…’

Some Linking Paragraphs Chronological: Sequence of events- ‘Some

time after the first eruption of violence…’

Contrast: ‘An even more important factor is…’ ‘The opposite viewpoint as discussed by Joe Bloggs when he

states that…’

Comparing:‘A similar event occurred in the case of…’

Summarising:‘Therefore, the characterisation in this novel…’

The Criteria continually refers to the ‘systematic investigation of the topic’; by linking your ideas in a logical order, it shows that you are attempting to do this.

StEP 5 – Refining your DraftYou have handed in your 4000 word Refined Draft and you feel that you can relax?

Writing an EE is like taking up a musical instrument – don’t expect to master it the first time. That’s why you need to take plenty of time between drafts.

�. The first thing that you will do is to complete a Student Self-Evaluation Form, which you will attach to your Refined Draft.

2. Be honest and critical about your work. Identify the areas that need refining.

3. Read further- Which of your discussion points need more evidence?

4. Give someone your Introduction and Conclusion and ask them to identify your Research Question. If they get it wrong, it means that you are not making yourself clear enough, or that you need to refine your Research Question further. A common problem for Extended Essay candidates is that the conclusions they attempt to draw, do not appear to agree with the evidence in their discussion.

5. A way to address this problem is to write in red ink across each of your discussion points

So what relevance does it have to my Research Question? So what point am I trying to make? So what evidence do I have to support this?

6. Redraft, rewrite, refine and edit - and then repeat again and again. This is the onLY way to achieve a good result.



StEP 6 – Writing techniqueYour essay should be analytical in style, displaying a strong argument that is clearly supported by evidence. A large section of the criteria is based on this.

Some points to remember:• Vary the length and structure of sentences.• Vary your phrasing and use of words. For example, another word for experiment might be study,

research, investigation or work.• Don’t repeat the same research in different parts of the essay; it will be obvious that you are

padding it out.• Make sure that you include vocabulary relevant to your subject.• Don’t use any of the following: jargon, slang, contractions or clichés.• Only change tense where necessary. Tense means the ‘time’ referred to in a sentence, and it is a

common error to change tense without good reason.• Consistently use the same voice: active or passive. The active voice involves focus on the doer

rather than on the person or object to which it is done. • The passive voice has a less direct effect.• Use personal pronouns in your Abstract only, and not at any other point in your essay.• Ask your English teacher if you are unsure of these conventions.

ask someone to proofread your work

StEP 7 – Using References and QuotationsWe will be focusing on this, when you are closer to handing in your final draft. Everyone should be able to get maximum marks in the Formal Presentation Criteria.

Here are some points to remember when you are writing a first draft:• Always make a note of your research sources as soon as you find it; it’s really difficult to go back

and locate them later.• Use the same referencing system throughout the essay• The referencing styles for each subject are:• English/ Business Management - MLA• Sciences/ Maths /Design Technology - Harvard• Psychology - APA

StEP 8 – Keeping to DeadlinesYou all have a busy year ahead of you and you will not cope with this task if you leave it until the last minute. Remember that most of the teaching staff are supervising more than one EE; some have as many as nine students to supervise. So, if you want to get the maximum assistance from them, you need to hand in your work on time.

a remInder of tHe Important dates Week 2 Term 1 Working Outline dueWeek 7 Term 1 Refined draft dueWeek 2 Term 2 Final draft dueWeek 2 Term 3 Extended Essay Submitted

I have no doubt that you will all succeed in this challenge, but remember:

‘nothing without hard work’



addressing the criteriaThe EE grade boundaries are the same for all EE subjects. A possible 24 points is awarded for the General Criteria and a possible �2 points is awarded for the Subject Specific Criteria.

A 30-36

B 25- 29

C 17-24

D 9-16

E 0-8

the Research Question (2 marks)

The extent to which the focus of the essay is expressed and specified. This need not be in the form of a question. An alternate example is a hypothesis.

• The Research Question must clearly be stated in the Introduction.

• It must be the title of your essay, remember that it does not have to be in the form of a question.

• It must not be so broad that it does not lend itself to an in-depth study.

• It must be clearly phrased and sharply focused.

• It must fall within your subject area and not another subject area; i.e. chemistry not biochemistry.

• Must be a relevant problem- In other words:

• “It is an observation not yet explained, categorised, analysed in detail or interpreted from this particular point of view.”

• Or, it is a gap in existing knowledge, or an extension of ongoing research.

• Is not a compilation of undisputed facts or a simple account of the research done by others.

• If your Research Question is weak, you can not score highly in a number of the other criteria.



RElEvAncE chEck!What will my Research Topic be contributing to?

An interpretation of…

An analysis of…

A discussion of…

An evaluation…

An explanation of…

An addition to the experimental data of…

Remember that you must also develop an argument that is relevant to your Research Question; a large section of marks is allocated to this.

Introduction (2 marks)

The extent to which the essay appropriately addresses and develops the specific Research Question, including the collection of any relevant information.

In your Introduction of the essay you must:• State your Research Question clearly and precisely.• Indicate why your Research Question chosen is interesting, important and worthy of study.• Give some background information and attempt to place your topic in an appropriate context.• Narrow your focus so that it is an in-depth study and that there is an obvious purpose to your

essay.• Give a clear concluding statement of the thesis and argument, and give an indication to the

purpose of your essay.In the body of the essay you must:• Give a systematic development of a convincing answer to your Research Question.• Develop a series of discussion topics which will explore your argument.• Provide evidence (research, experimental data, case studies, etc) which will support your points.• Reference your information, and don’t refer to someone else’s work as your own.

Conclusion (2 marks)

This criterion assesses the extent to which the essay incorporates a conclusion that is relevant to the research question and is consistent with the evidence presented in the essay.

• Reflect back to the Research Question.• Make sure that it is substantiated by the evidence presented.• Indicate issues, unresolved questions and new questions that have emerged from the research.

Abstract (2 marks)

The adequacy of the formal abstract as a synopsis of the essay.

• It must be 300 words in length. • It must state the following:

• The Research Question• The scope of the investigation• The conclusion reached.

• It must be written at the end of the writing process, as a reflective piece of writing.• The wording must be different to your introduction and conclusion, don’t cut and paste.



Knowledge & understanding of the topic studied (4 marks)

The extent to which the research question lends itself to a systematic investigation in the subject in

which the essay is registered.

theories The principles used to describe, to explain and to predict material within the subject.

concepts The keywords, often extracted from the theories, which are used to analyse and organize information within the subject.

methods The accepted approach used to collect and explore information within the subject.

resources The materials used in the investigation.

The Essay is the documentation of an investigation. The language must reflect this.

Do Don’t

Argue

Discuss

Evaluate

Interpret

Investigate

Present problems

Provide evidence

State reasons

Validate

Agitate

Demote (authors of sources)

Express personal feelings

Lecture

Popularise

Postulate

Use sarcasm

Use slang

Waffle

Adapted from Reinecker & Jorgensen, Den Gode Opgave, Samfundslitter, 2002, p.3�5



Application of analytical & evaluative skills (4 marks)

The extent to which the essay shows effective application of analytical skills:

• Your essay must be analytical in nature, rather than descriptive.• Your opinion/ stance/ evaluation is important in this criteria.• Don’t worry that the examiner may not agree with your opinion/ stance, as long as you have the

evidence to support your view, you will be on the right track.

Reasoned argument (4 marks)

The extent to which the essay uses material collected to present ideas in a logical and coherent manner, and develops a reasoned argument in relation to the research question.

argument check• What do you claim?• What reasons support the claim?• What principles justify connecting your reasons to your claim?• What evidence supports your argument?• Do you acknowledge alternatives, complications and how do you respond?• Does it effectively address the Research Question?• Is it well developed and does it follow a systematic approach?

Investigation (4 marks)

This criterion assesses the extent to which the investigation is planned and an appropriate range of sources has been consulted, or data gathered, that is relevant to the research question.

• Make sure that you have used more than one source of information in your research.• Reference all your research material.• In your essay, use your most important evidence first.• If you are using primary data, make sure that it is well documented.

Use of language appropriate to the subject (4 marks)

The extent to which the language of the essay is appropriate to the subject chosen

• You must use subject appropriate language.• The language must be communicated clearly and precisely.• It must be clear to the examiner, which subject area the essay has been written in. This should be

conveyed through the use of subject specific terminology.

Formal Presentation (4 marks) The layout, table of contents, references, bibliography, appendices, title, quotations, illustrations and organization, where appropriate.

• Word count must be 4000 words. This does not include; abstract, acknowledgements, contents page, maps, charts, diagrams, annotated illustrations, tables, references/ bibliography or appendices.

• Your work should be neatly presented and preferably bound.• Label clearly, all graphs, diagrams etc.• Reference all secondary material.• Include a Contents Page.• Include in your bibliography all, and only, those works of reference which you have consulted.• Use the referencing system appropriate to your subject.



Holistic Judgment (4 marks)

An overall assessment of qualities such as personal engagement, initiative, depth of understanding, insight, inventiveness and flair.

tHIs Is your opportunIty to sHIne!

Show the examiner, and also your supervisor, that you are:

• Original • Creative • Intuitive

• Insightful • Personally Engaged • Clever

References Levin, P. Write Great Essays, Maidenhead, Open University Press, 2004.McClaren, S. Easy Writer- A Student’s Guide to Essays and Reports, Glebe, Pascal Press, 1997.Diploma Programme Extended Essay–guide, Cardiff, Peterson House Press, 2007.

Queensland Academy for Science, Mathematics and Technology

78 Bywong St Toowong

Phone: (07) 3377 9333 Fax: (07) 3377 9300Email: [email protected]

Compiled by Kerry Bullock and Karen Edwards

Edited by Kerry Bullock, Stephanie Hinrichs and Angela Johnston

extended essay handbook

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