exterior insulation and the cascadia clip · 2017-06-22 · cascadia windows ltd. 40107438...
TRANSCRIPT
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Exterior Insulation and the Cascadia Clip
Presenter: Maddy Parrott
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Manufacturer of fiberglass construction products
• Fiberglass windows
• Fiberglass doors
• Fiberglass cladding support systems
• Manufacturing plant located inLangley, BC
• In operation since 2008
• Current client base:
• BC, Alberta, Yukon, NWT,Washington, Oregon, Alaska
• Expanding to:
• Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario,
• California, other central US States
Introduction
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Agenda• Conservation – why does energy conservation in buildings matter?
• Building science and the building envelope: • Heat flow, U- & R- values, and thermal bridging
• Energy standards and code requirements
• Insulation• Types, considerations, and performances
• The Cascadia Clip• What it is and how we came up with it
• Where it’s been used
• What makes Cascadia stand out?
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Cascadia Windows Ltd.40107438
Effective Thermal Performance of the Building Enclosure - Exterior WallsCourse Number 7
Michael Bousfield & Maddy Parrott
June 2017
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Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This course is registered with AIA CES
for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product._______________________________________
____
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written
permission of the speaker is prohibited.
© Cascadia Windows Ltd. 2017
Copyright Materials
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Many of today’s conventionally insulated wall assemblies fall short of even basic energy code compliance, let alone high performance. Learn what the code–prescribed targets are for your region, and what fiberglass cladding support technology can do solve this issue, while saving cost at the same time.
CourseDescription
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LearningObjectives
1) Understand what building types are subject to the ASHRAE 90.1 Thermal Performance standard, and which compliance paths available for the ASHRAE 90.1 standard.
2) Understand the non-linear effect that highly conductive wall components have on the total effective wall R-value.
3) Understand how current conventional wall assemblies compare from a thermal point of view. Identify aspects of exterior wall detailing to target for thermal improvements.
4) Become aware of several conventional and state-of-the-art proprietary approaches that have been used in the past year to solve these issues and reduce costs.
At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:
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Conservation, and the importance of it.
• Buildings account for 40% of total energy use in Canada and the US
• Buildings account for up to 30% of emissions
Now, more than ever, we must focus on conservation in our buildings
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The environment is in danger
• Climate change is a real and pressing problem
• Policies and funding in place to protect the environment are getting cut
• Paris Agreement• Climate Action Plan• Waters of the U.S.
• Promoting environmentally dangerous energy sources
• Emphasis on fracking• Reviving coal
• We must individually strive to do better – on the demand side
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The importance of building science in building envelopes
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• Heat flow through a solid material
• Heat flow through solid materials in contact with one another
• Heat flow through a fluid material via loops
• Air is a fluid
• Stopped by filling air cavities
• Heat flow by waves, does not require a material to move through
• Blocked by opaque elements
Heat Flow
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Heat flow – conduction
Conduction Conductivity Conductance (U-value)
• Heat flow through solid objects
• Rate of conductive heat flow
• Depends on material
• Conductivity/thickness
• Thermal properties of specific materials
• The lower the U-value, the more thermally effective the materialAluminum ~160 W/mK
Steel ~60 W/mKStainless Steel ~14 W/mKFiberglass – 0.15 to 0.30 W/mKWood ~0.10 to 0.15 W/mKInsulation Materials 0.022 to 0.080 W/mK
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Heat flow – U-value and R-value
U-value: conductance
• How well heat moves through an assembly or material
• The lower the U-value, the better the assembly
• Efficiency and area-weighted averages require U-values
R-value: resistance
• How well a material or assembly resists heat flow
• NOMINAL: just the insulation R-value
• EFFECTIVE: includes all other materials
• Additive, but that’s it
1
𝑈= 𝑅
1
𝑅= 𝑈
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Heat flow – insulation
Heat loss through building envelopes is controlled by insulation:
• Convection: filling air cavities to prevent convective loops
• Radiation: opaque material to block sitelines
• Conduction: insulation is a low-conductivity material
Insulation is key for minimizing heat loss through the building envelope
NOMINAL R-value
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Resistances (additive)
Interior air film: 0.68
Interior gypsum: 0.45
Batt insulation: 12
Exterior plywood: 0.62
Exterior air film: 0.17
Total R-value: 13.92
Total U-value = 1/13.92
= 0.0718
Thermal performance
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Heat flow – thermal bridging
Instead of moving through the efficient insulation, heat takes the path of least resistance: through the highest conductivity materials in an assembly
• Reduces the overall performance of the building envelope
• Occurs through the insulation
• Occurs when insulation is out of plane (basement to wall, etc.)
Results in much greater heat loss in envelopes
EFFECTIVE R-value
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Through studs:Conductivity (k) of 3.5” of douglas fir:k = 0.7626 BTU-in/hr-ft2-F Ustuds = 0.7626/3.5 = 0.2179R = 1/0.2179 = 4.59 (just studs)
Through insulation: same as previous example (U-0.0718, R-13.92)
Total R = 0.17 + 0.62 + 4.59 + 0.45 + 0.68
= 6.51 (through studs)Total Uwallthroughstuds = 1/6.51 = 0.1536
Effect of thermal bridging on thermal performance
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Effect of thermal bridging on thermal performanceWith studs at 16” o.c., wall is approx. 12% studs and 88% insulation
Utotal = (0.12)(0.1536)Total U-value = 0.0816Total R-value = 1/0.0816
= 12.25Nominal was R-14
+ (0.88)(0.0718)
= 0.0816
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R-13.92 R-12.25• Insulation only 88%
effective
Effect of thermal bridging on thermal performance
R-3.1
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R-13.92 R-6.6• Insulation only 48%
effective
• Steel studs are even worse
• The higher conductivity the penetrating material, the worse the effectiveness
Effect of thermal bridging on thermal performance
R-3.1
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Energy Codes and Adoption
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Commercial Energy Codes in the US and Canada
Individual building codes require improved energy performance by referencing various energy standards
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In the US• Majority of states have building
codes which derive from the International Building Code
• The International Energy Conservation Code works in conjunction with the IBC
• The IECC is a mix of direct references to ASHRAE 90.1, or requirements built in which are mostly similar to ASHRAE 90.1 (almost identical for envelope requirements)
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In Canada
• National Building Code is adopted and modified provincially
• Each province can choose to add energy requirements or not
• Two options in Canada, for the most part: the National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings, or ASHRAE 90.1 (the most common US energy standard)
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What is ASHRAE 90.1?
An energy standard with three ways to achieve compliance:
• Prescriptive path*
• Building enclosure trade-off
• Energy cost budget path
*IECC has its own prescriptive path
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ASHRAE 90.1 and “continuous insulation”
ASHRAE 90.1 stipulates that wall R-values must consider the effect of thermal bridging, to be representative of actual thermal performance
(i.e. consider effects of steel studs, girts, clips, slab-edges, balconies, eyebrows etc.).
Continuous Insulation (CI):
insulation that is continuous across all structural members without thermal bridges other than fasteners and service openings.
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ASHRAE 90.1 Climate Zone 5
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ASHRAE 90.1 Thermal Requirements
Continuous insulation
• Requires 100% continuous insulation
• Penetrated only by fasteners and service openings
• Does not include final performance target for whole assembly
• Screws through insulation
• EIFS
• Continuous metal girts
• Metal clips
• Fiberglass or composite clips
Ways of attaching cladding
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ASHRAE 90.1 Thermal Requirements
Maximum assembly U-value
• Specified based on total wall assembly
• Based on actual performance of system
• Can use any materials in any configuration, as long as performance is met
• Screws through insulation
• EIFS
• Continuous metal girts
• Metal clips
• Fiberglass or composite clips
Ways of attaching cladding
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Climate Zone 5 Example
R 15.6
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ASHRAE 90.1 above-ground wall requirements
Construction Type Climate Zone
Type of
BuildingType of wall 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Non-residential
Steel-framed
0.124
(R-8.1)
0.084
(R-11.9)
0.064
(R-15.6)
Residential0.124
(R-8.1)
0.064
(R-15.6)
0.042
(R-23.8)
0.037
(R-27)
Non-residential
Concrete
0.580
(R-1.72)
0.151
(R-6.62)
0.123
(R-8.13)
0.104
(R-9.62)
0.090
(R-11.1)
0.080
(R-12.5)
0.071
(R-14.1)
Residential0.151
(R-6.62)
0.123
(R-8.13)
0.104
(R-9.62)
0.090
(R-11.1)
0.080
(R-12.5)
0.071
(R-14.1)
0.052
(R-19.2)
Non-residentialWood-
framed
0.089
(R-11.2)
0.064
(R-15.6)
0.051
(R-19.6)
0.036
(R-27.8)
Residential0.089
(R-11.2)
0.064
(R-15.6)
0.051
(R-19.6)
0.036
(R-27.8)
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InsulationOptions, performances, and considerations
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Fiberglass Batts
• R-3.5 – 4/inch
• Combustible
• Permeable to liquid water and water vapour (indoor only)
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Mineral Wool
• R-3.8 - 4.2/inch (stable)
• Non-combustible
• Permeable to liquid water and water vapour (outdoor ok)
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Rigid Insulation
XPS EPS Polyisocyanurate
• R-5/inch (stable)
• Combustible
• Impermeable to liquid water and water vapour (outdoor ok)
• R-4/inch (stable)
• Combustible
• Moderately permeable to liquid water and water vapour (outdoor ok)
• R-5/inch (temperature variable)
• Combustible
• Permeable to liquid water and water vapour (indoor/membraned)
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SprayfoamOpen cell (half pound) Closed cell (two pound)
• R-3.5 – 4/inch (stable)
• Combustible
• Permeable to water vapour and mostly permeable to liquid water (indoor)
• Susceptible to UV degradation
• R-5–6/inch (temperature variable)
• Combustible
• Impermeable to water vapour and liquid water (outdoor ok)
• Susceptible to UV degradation
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Insulation Comparisons
Insulation R-value Non-combustible Moisture Tolerance Vapour Permeance
Fiberglass 3.5 – 4 NO Moderate High
Mineral Wool 4.2 YES High High
XPS 5 NO High Low
EPS 4 NO Moderate Low-Mid
Polyiso 5.5 – 6.2 NO Low-Moderate Low
Open cell sprayfoam 3.5 – 4 NO Moderate High
Closed cell sprayfoam 5 – 6 NO High Low
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Insulation – challenges for higher performing walls
• Insulation is critical to the performance of your building, and it’s hard and cumbersome to replace- you want to do it once.
• Many different factors to weigh:• Minimize wall thickness
• Meet or exceed code minimums
• Minimize costs
• Create safe and effective walls.
• You want a system that has all aspects covered
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Insulation – Interior
Interior Insulation• Thinner overall wall
• Generally poor – ok thermal performance
• Exterior sheathing is outdoor temperature, at risk for condensation
• Generally less expensive, but if only interior insulation is used
• Can reduce usable interior space
• Requires vapour barrier be inside building envelope
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Insulation – Exterior
Exterior Insulation• Thicker overall wall, but can help
reduce stud size (6”4”)
• Best thermal performance (if done correctly)
• Keeps exterior sheathing at indoor temperature, eliminating condensation risk
• Extra layer of protection for the building materials from elements
• Allows for exterior placement of air/vapour barrier – best place for both hot and cold climates
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Insulation – Exterior vs. Interior
Interior Insulation• Thinner overall wall
• Cheapest if only using interior insulation**
Exterior Insulation• Best thermal performance
• Best use of interior space
• Cheapest option to meet thermal requirements
• Best location for vapour barrier
• Best condensation resistance
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Insulation – what about both?
Split insulation theoretically allows for the best of both worlds
Must ensure it is being designed properly
• Cannot have two vapour barriers• Two on either side means no drying
• Some insulations are vapour barriers
• Thermal bridging still a concern
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Split Insulation – condensation
We’re going to run through some math:
• Assume: 100ft2 of wall area
• Assume conditions: • Interior temp 70F (21C)
• Interior RH 50%
• Exterior temp 20F (-6C)
• Use the equation:
Dew point temperature = 51F
𝑄 =𝐴 ∗ ∆𝑇
𝑅𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Heat moving through wall, does not change no matter what part of the wall you look at
Can be manipulated to determine temperature at various locations or what R-value given temperatures will occur at
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Split Insulation – 1” exterior mineral wool (R-4.2)
• R-12.6 effective
• Dew point temp located at R-4.8 from interior
• Interior sheathing temperature: 39F
• Risk of condensing on back of exterior gypsum
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Split Insulation – 2” exterior mineral wool (R-8.4)
• R-16.8 effective
• Dew point temp located at R-6.4 from interior
• Interior sheathing temperature: 47F
• Risk of condensing on back of exterior gypsum
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Split Insulation – 3” exterior mineral wool (R-12.6)
• R-21.0 effective
• Dew point temp located at R-7.9 from interior
• Interior sheathing temperature: 51.5F
• Back of exterior gypsum probably ok• Days colder than 20F could cause issues
• Generally pretty sensitive, only 0.5F buffer
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Split Insulation – 4” exterior mineral wool (R- 16.8)
• R-25.2 effective
• Dew point temp located at R-9.6 from interior
• Interior sheathing temperature: 55F
• Exterior gypsum likely not at risk of condensing
You’re at an R-25 wall to get the dew point in the right place.
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4” exterior mineral wool (R-16.8) only
• R-19.55 effective
• Dew point temp located in the exterior insulation
• Interior sheathing temperature: close to interior temperature, 71F
• Back of exterior gypsum not at risk of condensing
You’ve met thermal requirements of all but zone 7 and 8 residential
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Important things to remember:
Attachment matters• All examples assumed perfect
continuous insulation
• Needed R-15+ exterior insulation to be comfortable
• The worse your cladding attachment system, the less effective your exterior insulation is (R-16 with some systems might only be R-10 effective)
Weather is important
• Effect is pronounced with a bigger exterior/interior temperature difference
• Location of vapour barrier for summer vs. winter months
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Insulation – real life applications for steel studs
• R-14.7 nominal (3.5” mineral wool)
• R-5.5 effective
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Insulation – real life applications for steel studs
• Bypass thick structural stud
• Attach cladding with thinner gauge continuous vertical girts
• R-14.7 nominal (3.5” mineral wool)
• R-7.4 effective
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Insulation – real life applications for steel studs
• Bypass thick structural studs
• Attach cladding with horizontal girts
• R-14.7 nominal (3.5” mineral wool)
• R-7.8 effective
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Insulation – real life applications for steel studs
• Intermittent metal clips
• Continuous metal rail
• R-14.7 nominal (3.5” mineral wool)
• R-11.3 effective
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Insulation – real life applications for steel studs
• Horizontal girts first, with insulation
• Vertical girts second, with insulation
• Theory is thermal bridging mitigated for half the insulation
• R-16.8 nominal (4” mineral wool)
• R-11.4 effective
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Insulation – real life applications for steel studs
• Same as last application
• Add plastic shim between metal girt layers
• R-16.8 nominal (4” mineral wool)
• R-13.1 effective
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The Original Thermal SpacerWhere did the clip even come from?
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Step 1
• OK, so we have a conductivity problem…
Backup wall
Problem: pull out
strength
Fiberglass
Z-girt
Insulation
• Let’s use a material with very low conductivity – like fiberglass.
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Step 2
Main problem: Combustibility
Backup wall
Use long screw to attach
outer steel directly to stud
Backup wall
Problem: rotation at
inner leg
Problem:
web/screw
interference
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Step 3
Problem: still a continuous member too expensive and poor thermal performance
Make pieces intermittent
Backup wall
Section
Problem: installation
is inconvenient, too
many pieces
Problem:
weak
furring
shape,
does not
provide
drainage
cavity
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Step 4
If we use a Z-girt
instead… Is it done?
Backup wall
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This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course
©2016 BPDL The material contained in this course was
researched, assembled, and produced by BPDL and
remains its property. Questions or concerns about the
content of this course should be directed to the program
instructor.
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The Cascadia Clip
• Essentially a “thermal washer”• Universal solution: appropriate for
almost any type of cladding (up to around 30psf)
• Approved for non-combustible construction virtually everywhere in North America
• Can supply just the clips, or the whole system (clips, screws and girts)
• Engineered for over 75,000 combinations of wall assemblies: The Cascadia Clip Calculator
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Cascadia Clip Calculator
Got it! Demonstration worked as planned
Something’s up: do this demonstration manually
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Cascadia Clip Calculator: Inputs
• Options for steel, concrete, and wood
• Steel options only allow for 4” steel studs because only the gauge matters for structural considerations
• Cascadia most often recommends no to batts in the cavity for steel framed, but it is an option
• Wood pre-selects to “yes”
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Cascadia Clip Calculator: Inputs
• R-4.2/inch is mineral wool; R-6.2/inch is sprayfoam
• Rigid insulation can be used, we have details, it’s just generally more labour
• Stainless steel screws provide better thermal performance
• Using only one screw allows for best thermal performance in strict wall thickness situations
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Cascadia Clip Calculator: Inputs
• Horizontal spacing goes along with studs
• With light cladding and low wind loads, possible skip studs
• For concrete backups start at 24”, usually
• Calculator goes up to 20psf, which covers most claddings
• Have done projects up to 28psf, just get in contact with us to help with the spacing
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Cascadia Clip Calculator: Example
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Cascadia Clip Calculator: Outputs
• Table and graphs show the same thing• Thermal results are full-wall effective R-values• Structural results have a FOS of 3.0 built in
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Cascadia Clip Calculator: Optimizing
Find the smallest clip at the largest spacing to minimize # of clips used
Example: Project requires an R-15.6 wall, and the cladding must resist 60psf of suction pressure on the cladding.
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Cascadia Clip Calculator: Easy Submittals
• Print results, and accompanied by engineering letters that validate the results, can be used as submittal documents
• Engineering letters located as links on the calculator page
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Cascadia Clip projectsHigh-profile and interesting projects across the US
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State University of New York- Medical School
• 8 stories
• 540,000SF
• 2” blue & 4” red clips
• Horizontal type
• Largest building constructed in Buffalo in decades
• Designed by HOK
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Bullitt Center
• 6 stories• 52,000SF• 3.5” orange clips• Horizontal type• First Living Building Challenge
certified commercial buidingin North America
• Designed by Miller Hull Partnership
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Zurich North America Headquarters
• 11 stories
• 735,000SF
• 3” purple clips
• Horizontal type
• LEED Platinum Certified
• Clips only used on soffit (middle building)
• Designed by Clayco
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Portland University- Collaborative Life Sciences Building
• 12 stories
• 650,000SF
• 3.5” orange clips
• Vertical type
• LEED Platinum
• Designed by SERA Architects and CO Architects
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MIT- Nanoscale Research Building
• 4 stories
• 200,000SF
• 3.5” orange clips
• Horizontal type
• Two floors of high-performance cleanrooms
• Designed by Wilson Architects
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Denver Botanic Gardens Science Pyramid
• Pyramid structure
• 5,300SF
• 4” red and 5” yellow clips
• Vertical type
• Highly unique sloped roof/wall construction
• Designed by BURKETTDESIGN
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Phoenix Airport- Terminal 3 Modernization
• 3 stories• 676,000SF• 3.5” orange clips• Vertical type• New high-performing terminal in
three phases to replace outdated existing terminal
• Designed by DWL Architects, Corgan, and Smithgroup JJR
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Menil Drawing Institute
• 1 story
• 30,000SF
• 4” red clips
• Horizontal type
• First exhibition space of its kind
• Designed by Johnston Marklee
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Why Cascadia Clip?
Cascadia Clip• Adjustability happens entirely
outboard of the insulation
• Cladding attachment is a Z or a hat, both incredibly strong shapes
• Cascadia Clip matches insulation, thermal break for entire depth of insulation
• Cascadia clip maintains thermal performance even at very tight spacing
Metal Clip & Rail Systems• Adjustable rails penetrate
insulation
• L-angle cladding attachment not very strong (much more likely to deflect)
• Thermal break is only a small portion of insulation depth
• Thermal performance relies on large spacing of clips: not always possible with various claddings
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Why Cascadia Clip?
Insulation
Cascadia Clip
• Screws are directly fastened through the entire clip:
• Screws reduce thermal performance slightly (allowably)
• Screws allow for non-combustible construction
• Strength comes from screws, thick fiberglass allows for shear support – up to 30psf cladding
Composite Systems
• Best thermal performance
• Combustible structural connection
• Generally lower strength than metal
• Thinner webs mean lower strength
• Pull-out may be an issue
Fiberglass
Z-girt ?
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Cascadia Clip: Adjustability
• Recently added adjustability options to deal with uneven substrates
• Vertical version: clip-specific adjustable brackets
• Horizontal version: clip-specific adjustable shims
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Code Compliance: IAPMO-UES Report
• Third party certification of the Cascadia Clip
• Approves clip for use in IBC Types I, II, III, IV, and V construction
• ICC-ES equivalent
• Looks at several different aspects of design
• Only clip system with a nationally recognized third party code compliance report
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Questions?