factor markets
DESCRIPTION
Factor Markets. Frederick University 20 11. Factor Markets. Production Factors : Labor (L) Land (N) Capital (K). Economic Decision-Makers. government. Final goods and services. L, N, K. Primary income. households. firms. labor land capital. wage and salary rent dividend - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Factor Markets
Frederick University
2011
Factor Markets
Production Factors: Labor (L) Land (N) Capital (K)
Economic Decision-Makers
households firms
government
L, N, K
Final goods and services
Primary income
Income from Production Factors labor land capital
wage and salary rent dividend interest
Factor Markets Firms hire production factors from
households Households receive factor income from
firms Households make decisions on supply of
production factors Firms make decisions what factors to buy
(and how much of each) and what goods (and how much) and how to produce
Demand for Production Factors
Derived Demand – the demand for production factors depends on the demand for the products and services, produced with these factors
Demand for Production Factors
The firms maximize profits when MC = MRFrom the perspective of the labor
market MC = marginal cost of hiring one more worker = MCL
From the perspective of the capital market, MC = MCK
Demand for Production Factors
From the perspective of the labor market
MR is the extra revenue derived when the firm sells MPL =
MPL x P of the product =MRPL – marginal revenue product of
labor
Demand for Production Factors
The firm will hire workers untilMCL = MRPL
The firm will hire capital untilMCK = MRPK
The firm will hire land untilMCN = MRPN
Demand for Labor
Questions: How do firms decide how much
labour to hire? Why do some jobs pay more than
others? What is the effect of unions?
The Law of Diminishing Returns total, marginal and average product
L TPL MPL APL0 01 15 15 152 32 17 163 57 25 194 80 23 205 95 15 196 108 13 187 119 11 17
Demand for Laborwe assume perfect competition in the labor market
L MPL P MRPL3 25 5 1254 23 5 1155 15 5 756 13 5 657 11 5 558 9 5 459 7 5 3510 5 5 25
pL
L
125
3
115
4
75
5
55
7
MRPL = DL
The demand for labor is determined by the MRPL
The labor demand curve is the MRPL curve
Factors, determining the demand for labor P – price of the product of labor Productivity – marginal labor
productivity (MPL) Power – market power of sellers and
buyers Perks Prejudice Policies of firms, unions, government
Factors Determining the Demand for Production Factors
Elasticity of demand for the product
Marginal factor productivity Relative importance of the factor Factor substitutability
Technological Choice and Factor Substitutability w
L
F If the relative price of labor falls, the firmhires more workers. Along with the increasein the quantity of labor, its marginal productivity falls
F’
From point F to point F’ thesubstitution effect motivates the firm to hire more labor(it is relatively cheaper)
After point F’ MPL/PL < MPK/ Pk
и and the firm substitutes relatively cheaper capital for the relatively more expensive labor – a switch a to capital intensive technology
The level of employment is the same at w и w”
F”W”
w
L
Income Effect and Substitution Effect
Incomeeffect
Q
Substitutioneffect
Price effect
Q
P Normalgoods
Inferior Goodsregular Giffen
goods
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q = const
Individual Supply of Labor Labor supply means a reduction
of leisure demand With the increase in W, the
quantity of labor supplied increases
The opportunity cost of labor increases, as well – the price of leisure
The increase in the price of leisure reduces the quantity of leisure demanded
Income effect: w leisure price quantity of leisure demanded quantity of labor supplied
Income effect: w real income quantity of leisure demanded quantity of labor supplied
W
Hours of work
The income effect overwhelms the substitution effect
Factors, Determining Aggregate Labor Supply
Population Age structure Share of active population Share of labor force in active
population Work time Institutions
Factors, Determining the Individual Labor Supply
Labor mobility Rate of employment Living standards Institutions
Price elasticity of labor supply and price of laborPL
L
W1
L
DLDL’
W2
The price of labor has two components
1) Transfer earnings 2) Pure economic rent
ЕS = 0
SL
PL
L
ES =∞
L1
DL
L2
E
PL
L
SL
L
w
Pure economic rent
Reservation wage
∞ > Es > 0SL
The Capital Market
Interest and rate of interest Nominal and real interest rate Time value of money Present value (PV) vs. Future Value
(FV)
Calculating the Present Value - Discounting PV = € 100 i = 10% FV = € 110 110 = 100 + 0.1 x 100 = 100 (1 + 0.1) FV = PV (1 + i) After the second period FV2 = 110 + 0.1 x 110 = 110 (1 + 0.1) 110 = 100 (1 + 0.1) FV2 = 100 (1 + 0.1)2
FV = PV (1 + i)t
PV = FV/((1 + i)t
The Price of an Interest Bearing Asset Present Value of a Bond PV = ∑ [ r/ (1+i)n ]+ P/ (1+i)n Present value of an asset with varying
returns PV = R1/(1+i) + R2/(1+i)2 + … …+ Rn/(1+i)n Present value of an asset with constant
returns PV = R/i Price of land – capitalized rent
The Capital Budgeting Decision The capital budgeting decision – a long
term decision Methods of Ranking Investment Proposals Payback method – calculating the time,
required to recoup the initial investment Internal Rate of Return (IRR) -
determining the yield of an investment (calculating the interest rate equating the cash outflows and the cash inflows)
Net Present Value (NPV) – discounting the future inflows vs. the initial investment