family homecoming special event "can climate engineering serve as a complementary step to...
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Family Homecoming Special Event
"Can Climate Engineering Serve as a Complementary Step to Aggressive Mitigation?"
¨Dr. Michael MacCracken, The Climate Institute, Washington, DC
¨Friday, Sept. 25 at 4:00 pm in Olin 1, with cookies
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Hydrologic Cycle
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Annual Precipitation, Washington
State
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The Atmosphere’s Energy
Read Anthes chapter 3
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Energy is the ability to do work
Units are mass x distance2 / time2
Potential energy: E = mgh
Kinetic energy: E = 1/2 mv2
Heat energy: sensible and latent
Radiant energy: visible and infrared
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Laws of Thermodynamics
1. Conservation of energy: Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it is transformed. you can't take out of a system more than you put in.you can't win
2. The entropy of the universe is continually increasing. perpetual motion and a heat engine with 100% efficiency are both impossible.you can't break even
3. It is impossible to attain absolute zero or absolute 0 entropy. you can't even get out of the game
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Energy transformation example:Hydroelectric power plant
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More complete picture:
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Solar power (drives hydrologic cycle)
Potential energy (water stored in reservoir)
Kinetic energy (spillway)
Mechanical energy (spinning turbines)
Electrical energy (transmitted over wires)
Lightbulbs (converts energy to light)
Waste heat (IR) is lost to space
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Transfer of Energy
Conduction -- Molecular motion
Convection -- Mass transfer vertical
Advection -- Mass transfer horizontal
Latent heat -- Ice and liquid phases
Radiation -- SW and LW photons
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Conduction (molecular motion)
Thermal conductivity is the ability of a substance to transfer heat via molecular motion.
Measured in units of cal/sec/cm/oC
Conductivity of solids > liquids > gases.
Silver (good conductor) = 1.0
Water (1000 times worse) = 1.4 x 10-3
Ice = 5.3 x 10-3
Air (good insulator) = 6.1 x 10-5
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Convection and Advection (mass transfer)
Rising air currents (thermals) carry sensible heat and latent heat from the surface into the upper air.
Winds (advection) carry sensible heat and latent heat (moisture) into northern latitudes.
Ocean currents transfer warmer waters to northern latitudes and vice-versa.
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The Electromagnetic Radiation
Every object in the universe emits radiation.
From 1012 cm radio waves to 10-12 cm gamma rays
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Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Hotter bodies emit more total energy than colder bodies.
The total energy of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of temperature.
Etot = T4
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Compare energy emitted by Sun and Earth
Energy emitted per unit of surface area:
E / E = T4 / T4
= (6000 / 300)4 = 204 = 1.6 x 105
Energy emitted by the entire surface
Multiply by R2/ R2
= (100/1)2 = 104
So Sun emits 1.6 x 109 more energy than Earth
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Power in wattsSun 3.6 × 1026
Total human consumption, global 1.3 × 1013
Total human consumption, US 3.2 × 1012
Large commercial power plant 109 to 1010
human, daily average from diet 100 (one light bulb)
per capita world 2 x 103 (20 lightbulbs)
per capita US 104 (100 lightbulbs)
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Planck energy distribution curve (energy density per unit time per unit wavelength)
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Wein’s LawThe wavelength of maximum emission depends
inversely on a body’s Kelvin temperature.
max = 2897/T (microns)
Emission from hotter bodies peaks at shorter wavelengths.
What is max for the Sun?
max = C/T = 2897/ 6000 = 0.48 microns = yellow visible light
What is max for the Earth?
max = C/T = 2897/ 300 = 10,1 microns = infrared
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Trace gases absorb radiation at selected wavelenghts.Atmosphere is transparent to sunlight at 0.5m and to IR at 10m
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Net result
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Make a heat budget at the top and bottom of the atmosphere
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\Top of atmosphere: Gains = Losses 100 SW - 31.3 SW - 68.7 LW = 0
Surface: 7.6 SW + 43.2 SW + 98 LW - 7.6 SW - 4.4 C - 22.8 E - 114 LW = 0
This is the average balance sheet -- Dynamic balance is never achieved!