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TRANSCRIPT
Environmental Impact Assessment
Mohali District, Punjab by
Punjab Waste Management Project (PWMP).
Project Proponent
Punjab Waste Management Project
Consultant
Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited, Hyderabad
February 2018
For Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment,
Storage and Disposal Facility at Nimbua, Dera Bassi,
Submitted by
Punjab Waste Management Project (PWMP)Nimbua village, Dera Bassi tehsil, Mohali district, Punjab
NABET/EIA/1619/RA 0046
(Final Report)
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, New Delhi - 110003
Submitted to
Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal facility at Nimbua, Dera Bassi, Mohali district,
Punjab by Punjab Waste Management Project (PWMP)
Ramky Grandiose, Ramky Towers, Gachibowli, Hyderabad
Table of Contents
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Page i of x
Table of Contents
QCI/ NABET Certificate
Declaration of Experts
Terms of Reference (TOR)
TOR Compliance
Executive Summary
Description Page No.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Preamble 1.1
1.2 Purpose of the Report 1.1
1.3 Identification of Project and Project Proponent 1.1
1.3.1 Background of the Project 1.1
1.3.2 Project 1.3
1.3.3 Project Proponent 1.3
1.4 Brief Description of the Project and its Importance 1.4
1.4.1 Importance of project 1.4
1.4.2 Location of the project 1.5
1.5 Scope of the Study 1.8
Chapter 2 Project Description
2.1 Need of the project 2.1
2.2 Project Location 2.1
2.3 Existing Components in TSDF of PWMP 2.4
2.3.1 Activities Associated with Operation of TSDF 2.7
2.3.2 Flow Path of Wastes at ICHWTSDF 2.7
2.4 Waste Disposable Operations 2.8
2.4.1 Waste Stabilization 2.8
2.4.2 Secured Landfill 2.9
2.5 Proposed Incinerator 2.12
2.5.1 Concept of Incineration 2.15
2.5.2 Incineration System Design 2.16
2.5.3 Collection and Transportation 2.18
2.5.4 Storage of Incinerable Hazardous Waste 2.19
2.5.5 Laboratory Facilities 2.20
2.5.6 Waste Feeding 2.20
2.5.7 Combustion Chambers 2.20
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
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Description Page No.
2.6 Bio-medical Waste Management Facility 2.23
2.6.1 Categories of Bio-medical Waste as per BMW rules 2.24
2.6.2 Collection and Transportation 2.27
2.6.3 Disinfection and Destruction 2.27
2.6.4 Bio-medical Waste Incineration 2.27
2.6.5 Autoclave 2.27
2.7 E-Waste Management 2.28
2.7.1 Methodology 2.29
2.7.2 Process Description 2.30
2.8 Recycling Facilities 2.31
2.8.1 Spent Solvent Recycling 2.32
2.8.2 Used Oil Recycling 2.34
2.8.3 Alternative Fuels and Ram Materials Failicity 2.35
2.8.4 Lead Recycling 2.36
2.8.5 Waste Plastic Recycling 2.40
2.8.6 Waste Paper Recycling 2.42
2.9 Leachate Treatment Plant 2.43
2.9.1. Multiple Effect Treatment 2.43
2.9.2 Vertical Thin Film Dryer 2.45
2.10 Water Requirement 2.45
2.11 Energy and Power Requirement and its Source 2.46
2.12 Employment Details 2.46
Chapter 3 Description of the Environment
3.1 Introduction 3.1
3.1.1 Study Period 3.2
3.2 Micro Meteorology 3.2
3.3 Ambient Air quality 3.4
3.3.1 Methodology adopted for the study 3.4
3.3.2 Air quality scenario in the study area 3.9
3.4 Water Environment 3.12
3.4.1 Water Quality Assessment 3.13
3.4.2 Regional Scenario 3.17
3.5 Noise Environment 3.18
3.5.1 Source of Noise 3.19
3.5.2 Noise Levels in the Study Area 3.19
3.5.3 Regional scenario 3.23
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
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Description Page No.
3.6 Traffic Study 3.23
3.7 Soil quality 3.25
3.7.1 Criteria adopted for selection of sampling locations 3.25
3.7.2 Soil sampling location 3.25
3.7.3 Regional scenario 3.29
3.8 Ecological and Biodiversity 3.30
3.8.1 Introduction 3.30
3.8.2 Terrestrial Ecology studies 3.31
3.8.3 Flora 3.32
3.8.4 Fauna 3.33
3.8.5 Aquatic ecology cropping pattern 3.34
3.8.6 Aquatic ecology 3.35
3.8.7 Biological environment 3.36
3.8.8 Green belt development and afforestation 3.36
3.9 Google imagery and Topomap for 10 km Radius 3.38
3.10 Land Use land Cover 3.38
3.11 Socio Economic Survey 3.42
3.11.1 Demography and Socio-Economics 3.42
3.11.2 Methodology Adopted for the Study 3.42
3.11.3 Socio-Economic profile of the study area 3.42
3.11.4 Social Structure 3.43
3.11.5 Suggestions for improvement of Socio-Economic Status 3.46
Chapter 4 Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures
4.1 Identification of Impacts 4.1
4.2 Methodology 4.1
4.3 Potential Impacts 4.2
4.4 Prediction of Impacts 4.2
4.5 Impacts during Development Phase 4.2
4.5.1 Impacts on Air Quality 4.3
4.5.2 Impacts on Water Environment 4.4
4.5.3 Impacts on Noise Levels 4.5
4.5.4 Impacts Due to Solid Waste Generation 4.6
4.5.5 Impacts on Land Use 4.7
4.5.6 Imapcts on Demographic and Socio Economics 4.7
4.6 Impacts during Operation Phase 4.7
4.6.1 Impacts on Water Environment 4.7
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Description Page No.
4.6.2 Impacts on Air Quality 4.10
4.6.3 Impacts on Noise Quality 4.19
4.6.4 Impacts on Land Use 4.20
4.6.5 Impacts Due to Solid Waste generation 4.21
4.6.6 Impacts on Socio Economics Conditions 4.21
4.6.7 Impacts on Topography and Landscape 4.22
Chapter 5 Analysis of Alternatives
5.1 Introduction 5.1
5.2 Existing CHWMTSDF 5.1
5.3 Site selection criteria as per HWM Rule 5.1
5.4 Technological Aspects 5.2
5.4.1. Waste Minimization 5.3
5.4.2 Recycling Waste 5.3
5.4.3 Treatment of Waste 5.4
5.4.4 Collection, Transportation and Disposal 5.6
5.5 Disposal of Hazardous Waste 5.6
5.5.1 Landfill Disposal 5.6
5.5.2 Dumping at Sea 5.7
5.5.3 Underground Disposal 5.8
5.5.4 Incineration 5.9
5.6 Alternative technology - Plasma Gasification 5.10
5.6.1 Feedstock 5.10
5.6.2 Commercialization 5.11
5.6.3 Pros and Cons of Plasma Gasification 5.11
5.6.4 Conclusion 5.12
5.6 No Project option 5.12
Chapter 6 Environmental Monitoring Program
6.1 Environmental Monitoring Program 6.1
6.1.1 Construction phase 6.1
6.1.2 Operation phase 6.4
6.1.3 Post operation phase 6.6
6.2 Environmental Laboratory Equipment 6.7
6.3 Environmental Management Cell 6.7
6.4 Pollution Monitoring Facilities 6.8
6.4.1 Reporting Schedules of the Monitoring Data 6.8
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Description Page No.
6.4.2 Public Health Monitoring 6.8
6.5 Budgetary Provision for EMP 6.8
Chapter 7 Additional Studies
7.1. Risk Assessment & Disaster Management 7.1
7.1.1 Risk Analysis 7.1
7.1.2 Evaluating Hazards 7.1
7.2 Identification of Major Hazard Installations Based on GOI Rules, 1989 as amended in 1994 & 2000
7.2
7.2.1 Identification of Toxic, Flammable, Explosive Chemicals 7.2
7.2.2 Applicability of Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 & subsequent amendment
7.3
7.2.3 Storage facilities of hazardous chemicals 7.5
7.2.4 Safety precautions for the storage of fuel 7.6
7.2.5 Fire Explosive Toxicity Index (FETI) for HSD 7.7
7.2.6 Nature of Hazard from oil storage 7.8
7.2.7 Heat Radiation and Thermal Damage Criteria 7.8
7.3 On site Emergency Plan 7.13
7.3.1 Elements of Planning 7.13
7.4. Infrastructure 7.14
7.5 Operational Systems during Emergency 7.15
7.5.1 Communication system 7.15
7.5.2 Warning System & Control 7.15
7.5.3 Mutual Aid 7.16
7.6 Disaster Management Plan 7.16
7.6.1 An Earthquake 7.17
7.6.2 Cyclone Leading to Landfill flood 7.18
7.6.3 Major explosion of chemicals / fire and toxic 7.20
7.6.4 Contamination of soil and water sources 7.23
7.6.5 Release of toxic gases from incinerator 7.23
7.7 Hazardous Control Measures 7.24
7.7.1 Fire 7.24
7.7.2 Natural Disasters 7.25
7.7.3 Electrical Accidents 7.27
7.8 Full Mock Drill Monitoring 7.30
7.8.1 Steps of Mock Drills 7.30
7.9 Hydrological and Geo-Hydrological Conditions 7.31
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Description Page No.
7.9.1 Topography 7.31
7.9.2 Rainfall & Climate 7.31
7.9.3 Geology 7.31
7.9.4 Hydrogeological Studies 7.33
7.10 Public Hearing 7.34
Chapter 8 Project Benefits
8.1. Benefits of Hazardous Waste Management 8.1
8.1.1 Benefits of Landfill 8.2
8.1.2 Advantages of incineration Method 8.2
8.1.3 Benefits from Bio-medical Waste 8.2
8.1.4 Benefits of E-Waste Management 8.3
8.1.5 Benefits from Recycling Facilitites 8.3
8.1.6 Benefits of Alternative Fuel Raw material Facility 8.6
8.2. Improvement in Physical Infrastructure 8.7
8.2.1 Employment Benefits 8.7
8.2.2 Other Tangible Benefits 8.7
Chapter 9 Environmental Management Plan
9.1. Introduction 9.1
9.2. Environment Management during Construction 9.1
9.2.1 Air Quality Mitigation Measure 9.1
9.2.2 Water Quality Mitigation Measure 9.2
9.2.3 Noise Mitigation Measure 9.2
9.2.4 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures 9.3
9.2.5 Ecology Aspects 9.4
9.2.6 Site security 9.4
9.3 Environment Management during Operation 9.4
9.3.1 Air Quality Management 9.4
9.3.2 Odor Control 9.5
9.3.3 Gas Management 9.5
9.3.4 Water Quality Mitigation Measure 9.6
9.3.5 Noise Mitigation Measure 9.6
9.3.6 Solid Waste Mitigations 9.7
9.3.7 Post Operations of Landfill 9.7
9.4 Socio Economic Development Activities Under CEP 9.8
9.4.1 Planning 9.8
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Description Page No.
9.4.2 Implementation 9.9
9.4.3 Possible Areas of Activities under CEP 9.11
9.5 Occupational Health Managment 9.13
9.6 Fire Protection System 9.13
9.7 Environment Management Cell 9.13
9.7.1 Record Keeping and Reporting 9.14
Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusion
10.1 Introduction 10.1
10.2 Project Description 10.1
10.2.1 Project Importance 10.2
10.2.2 Land Details 10.3
10.2.3 Water Requirement and its Availability 10.3
10.2.4 Energy and Power Requirement and its Source 10.3
10.2.5 Employment Details 10.3
10.3 Baseline Monitoring Status 10.4
10.4 Anticipated Impacts 10.6
10.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan 10.7
10.6 Risk Analysis 10.9
10.7 Project Benefits 10.9
10.8 Environmental Management Plan 10.10
10.9 Cost Estimate of the Project 10.11
Chapter 11 Disclosure of Consultants
11.1 Ramky Group 11.1
11.2 Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited 11.1
11.2.1 Consultancy Services 11.1
11.2.2 Laboratory services 11.2
11.2.3 Training services 11.2
11.2.4 Field Services 11.3
11.2.5 Treatment Plant Services 11.3
11.2.6 Solid Waste Management Services 11.3
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List of Tables
Table No Description Page No.
1.1 Proposed Project details 1.3
1.2 Features of the Site 1.4
1.3 Chronology of Events for Obtaining EC 1.11
2.1 Site Features 2.2
2.2 Stabilization mechanism based on Waste Characteristics 2.9
2.3 Proposed Components for Incinerator setup 2.12
2.4 Technical Details of Incinerator setup 2.17
2.5 Categories of Bio-medical Waste 2.24
2.6 Key Features of the Proposed Autoclave 2.28
2.7 Technical Specification and Operational Parameters of MEE plant 2.43
2.8 List of components of MEE plant 2.43
2.9 Specification of Vertical Thin Film Dryer 2.45
2.10 List of components of Vertical Thin Film Dryer 2.45
2.11 Water requirement 2.46
2.12 Power and Fuel Requirement 2.46
3.1 Observed Meteorological Data 3.2
3.2 IMD Data of Ambala (1981-2010) 3.3
3.3 Season (March- 2016 to May - 2016)-Frequency Distribution Table 3.3
3.4 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations 3.5
3.5 Particulate Matter Levels in the Study Area (µg/m3) 3.6
3.6 Ambient Air Quality Levels in the Study Area (µg/m3) - SO2, NOX 3.6
3.7 Ambient Air Quality Levels in the Study Area (µg/m3) – O3, CO, NH3 3.7
3.8 Water Sampling Locations 3.13
3.9 Water Sample Analysis Results – Ground water 3.15
3.10 Surface Water Sample Analysis Results 3.16
3.11 Noise Monitoring Locations 3.20
3.12 Noise Levels in the Study Area – dB (A) 3.22
3.13 Traffic Survey at site connecting road 3.23
3.14 Traffic Survey at NH-73 3.24
3.15 Soil Sampling Locations 3.26
3.16 Soil Analysis Results 3.28
3.17 List of Flora in the Study Area 3.32
3.18 List of Fauna in the Study Area 3.33
3.19 Common crops/vegetables /pulses /fruits found in the study area 3.35
3.20 List of plants identified for greenbelt and avenue plantations. 3.37
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M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Page ix of x
Table No Description Page No.
3.21 Present Land Use and Land cover details (10 km Radius) 3.39
3.22 Distribution of Population in the Study Area 3.43
3.23 Distribution of Population by Social Structure 3.44
3.24 Distribution of Literate and Literacy Rates 3.44
3.25 Occupational Structure 3.45
3.26 Demographic details in the study area of 10 Kms radius: 3.47
4.1 Wastewater Generation Details in KLD 4.8
4.2 Stack Emission Details 4.13
4.3 24 Hours Mean Meteorological Data for summer season 4.14
4.4 Post Project Scenario – Units: µg/m3 4.14
5.1 Site selection criteria 5.1
6.1 Environmental Measures during Construction Site 6.2
6.2 Environment Monitoring during Operation Phase 6.4
6.3 Environmental Monitoring during Post Operation Phase 6.6
6.4 Budgetary Implementation of Environmental Management Plan 6.8
7.1 Description of applicable provisions of GOI rules’1989 7.4
7.2 Details of Chemicals and Applicability of GOI rules 7.5
7.3 Nature of Possible Hazards 7.5
7.4 Hazardous Chemicals at Site 7.7
7.5 Summary Table on the Inventories 7.7
7.6 F&EI of fuels used for the proposed Industrial Area 7.8
7.7 F&EI Category 7.8
7.8 Effect of Heat Radiation 7.9
7.9 Heat Radiation and Fatality 7.9
7.10 Scenario (Pool Fire) 7.10
7.11 First Aid for Burns 7.30
7.12 Geological Succession of the Study Area 7.32
7.13 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Dera Bassi block, Mohali 7.34
9.1 Mitigation Measures Proposed during Post Operation Period 9.7
9.2 Budget of CSR Activities 9.12
9.3 Record Keeping Particular 9.14
10.1 Proposed Project details 10.2
10.2 Site features 10.2
10.3 Power and Fuel Requirement 10.3
10.4 Ambient Air Quality Results (µg/m3) 10.4
10.5 Summary of Ground Water Analysis 10.5
10.6 Summary of Surface Water Analysis 10.5
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Table No Description Page No.
10.7 Noise Levels – dB (A) 10.5
10.9 Post Project Scenario-Units: μg/m3 10.7
10.10 Environmental Monitoring during Operational Phase 10.7
10.11 Mitigation Measure Proposed during Operation Phase 10.10
List of Figures
Figure No Description Page No.
1.1 Location Map of Existing Hazardous Waste TSDF Site in Nimbuan 1.6
1.2 Topographical Map of the Study Area 1.7
2.1 Project Boundary on Google map 2.3
2.2 Site Photographs 2.5
2.3 Layout of the ICHWTSDF, PWMP 2.6
2.4 Cross Section of the Landfill 2.11
2.5 Schematic Diagram of Incineration Process 2.18
2.6 Autoclave Sterilization Process 2.28
2.7 E-Waste Proposed Flow Chart 2.31
2.8 Flow Chart of Spent Solvent Recovery 2.33
2.9 Waste/Used Oil Recycling Plant 2.34
2.10 Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Facility 2.36
2.11 Lead Recycling 2.37
2.12 Lead Alloy Manufacturing 2.38
2.13 Process Flow Sheet of Plastic Recycling 2.41
3.1 Wind Rose Diagram – Summer Season 3.4
3.2 Ambient Air Quality Sampling locations Map 3.8
3.3 Ground Water and Surface Water Sampling locations Map 3.14
3.4 Noise Sampling locations Map 3.21
3.5 Soil Sampling locations Map 3.27
3.6 Land use and Land cover Map 3.40
3.7 Satellite Imagery 3.41
4.1 Leachate Treatment Plant 4.10
4.2 Predicted 24- Hourly Avg GLCs of PM (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius 4.15
4.3 Predicted 24- Hourly Avg GLCs of SO2 (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius 4.16
4.3 Predicted 24- Hourly Avg GLCs of NOx (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius 4.17
5.1 Layout of Plasma gasification 5.10
6.1 Organization Setup 6.7
7.1 Risk Contours with Pool Fire Threat Zone for HSD 7.11
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Page xi of x
Figure No Description Page No.
7.2 ALOHA Source point on the layout 7.12
List of Attachment
1. Annexure – 1 CTO Complianence Under Air and Water Act.
2. Annexure – 2 Trend Analysis of Environment Base Level Quality.
3. Annexure – 3 Trend Analysis of the Piezometer Wells.
4. Annexure – 4 Pieozometer Wells Monitoring Results 2005-2016.
5. Annexure – 5 Public Hearing Proceedings, Replies and Action plan.
QCI –NABET Accreditation
Certificate of Consultant
Declaration of Experts
Terms of Reference (TOR)
iii. List of waste to be handled and their source along with mode of transportation.
F.No:10-27/2016-IA.1IIGovernment of India
Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change(IA.III Section)
Indira ParyavaranBhawan,Aliganj, JorBagh Road,
New Delhi - 3
Dated: 4thMay, 2016
ToThe Project HeadMis Punjab Waste Management Project (PWMP)Village Nimbuan, PO Rampur Sainia,Dera Bassi, Mohali,
Punjab
E-mail: [email protected] ; Fax.: 040-23105100;
Sub: Establishment of Hazardous Waste Incinerator Facility (500 kg/hr) at ExistingCommon Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility at Nimbuan,DeraBassi, Mohali District, Punjab by Mis Punjab Waste Management Project(PWMP), Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited - Terms of Reference (ToR) reg.
Ref.: Your online proposal no. IA/PB/MIS/51358/2016 dated 9.3.2016.
Sir,
Kindly refer your online proposal no. IAlPB/MIS/51358/2016 dated 9.3.2016 alongwithproject documents including Form-I, Pre-feasibility Report and draft 'Terms of Reference' as perthe EIA Notification, 2006. It is noted that proposal is for establishment of Hazardous WasteIncinerator (500 kg/hr) at Existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and DisposalFacility at Nimbuan, Dera Bassi, Mohali District, Punjab by Mis Punjab Waste ManagementProject (PWMP), Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited.
2. Draft Terms of Reference (TOR) have been discussed and finalized by the 4th ExpertAppraisal Committee (Infrastructure -2) held during 28th - 29th March, 2016 for preparation ofEIAIEMP report. The Committee prescribed the following TOR in addition to Standard TORprovided at Annexure-1 for preparation of EIA-EMP report :
i. Importance and benefits of the project.
i. A separate chapter on status of compliance of Environmental Conditions granted byState/Centre to be provided. As per circular dated 30th May, 2012 issued by MoEF, acertified report by RO, MoEF on status of compliance of conditions on existing unit to beprovided in EIA-EMP report.
ii. Details of various waste management units with capacities for the proposed and existingproject.
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iv. Other chemicals and materials required with quantities and storage capacities.
v. Details of temporary storage facility for storage of hazardous waste at project site.
vi. Details of pre-treatment facility of hazardous waste at TSDF/incineration facility.
vii. Details of air Emission, effluents, hazardous/solid waste generation and theirmanagement.
viii. The report will present a trend analysis of base level quality before the existing facilitiescame into existence, present scenario (with the present activities being fullycommissioned) and the projected impacts of the proposed incinerator etc. as proposed.
ix. Ground water quality analysis of the peizometer wells installed in and around the TSDF.Trend analysis of results w.r.t. baseline data during initial project establishment to becarried out
x. Requirement of water, power, with source of supply, status of approval, water balancediagram, man-power requirement (regular and contract)
xi. Process description along with major equipments and machineries, process flow sheet(quantative) from waste material to disposal to be provided
xii. Hazard identification and details of proposed safety systems.
xiii. Layout maps of proposed Solid Waste Management Facilities indicating storage area,incinerator plant area, greenbelt area, utilities etc.
xiv. Details of effluent treatment and recycling process.
xv. Leachate study report and detailed leachate management plan to be incorporated.
xvi. Action plan for measures to be taken for excessive leachate generation during monsoonperiod.
xvii. Action plan for any pollution of ground water is noticed during operation period or postclosure monitoring period.
xviii. Detailed Environmental Monitoring Plan as well as Post Closure Monitoring Plan.
xix. Public hearing to be conducted and issues raised and commitments made by the projectproponent on the same should be included in EIAIEMP Report in the form of tabularchart with financial budget for complying with the commitments made.
xx. Any litigation pending against the project and/or any direction/order passed by any Courtof Law against the project, if so, details thereof shall also be included. Has the unitreceived any notice under the Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 orrelevant Sections of Air and Water Acts? If so, details thereof and compliance/ATR to thenotice(s) and present status of the case.
xxi. A tabular chart with index for point wise compliance of above TORs.
3. These 'TORs' should be considered for the preparation of EIA / EMP report forestablishment of 500 kg/hr Hazardous Waste Incinerator at Existing Common Hazardous WasteTreatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility at Nimbuan, DeraBassi, Mohali District, Punjab byPunjab Waste Management Project (PWMP), Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited in addition to allthe relevant information as per the 'General Structure of EIA' given in Appendix III and lilA in theEIA Notification, 2006. The EIAIEMP as per TORs should be submitted to the Chairman, Punjab ,
JbL-
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Pollution Control Board, (PPCB)for public consultation. The SPCB shall conduct the publichearing/public consultation as per the provisions of EIA notification, 2006.
4. You are requested to kindly submit the final EIAIEMP prepared as per TORs andincorporating all the issues raised during Public Hearing / Public Consultation to the Ministry forconsidering the proposal for environmental clearance within 3 years as per the MoEF O. M. No.J-11013/41/2006-IA.1I (I) dated 8th October, 2014.
5. The consultants involved in the preparation of EIAIEMP report after accreditation withQuality Council of India / National Accreditation Board of Education and Training (QCI/NABET)would need to include a certificate in this regard in the EIAIEMP reports prepared by them anddata provided by other Organization(s)/Laboratories including their status of approvals etc.
(A.N. Singh)Scientist '0'
Copy to:
1) Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (C), Regional Office (Northern Zone),MoEF&CC, Bay No.24-2S, Sector 31-A, Dakshin Marg, Chandigarh-160030.
2) The Chairman, Punjab Pollution Control Board, Vatavaran Bhawan, Nabha Road, Patiala,147001, Punjab.
xvii.
xviii.
..
••
Annexure-I
STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONDUCTING ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMEN STUDY
FOR COMMON HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES {TSDFS}
INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED IN EIA/EMP REPORT
i. Reasons for selecting the site with details of alternate sites examined/rejected/selected onmerit with comparative statement and reason/basis for selection. The examination shouldjustify site suitability in terms of environmental damages, resources sustainability associatedwith selected site as compared to rejected sites. The analysis should include parametersconsidered along with weightage criteria for short-listing selected site.Submit the details of the road/rail connectivity along with the likely impacts and mitigativemeasuresSubmit the present land use and permission required for any conversion such as forest,agriculture etcExamine the details of transportation of Hazardous wastes, and its safety in handling.Examine and submit the details of on line pollutant monitoring.Examine the details of monitoring of Dioxin and Furon.MoU for disposal of ash through the TSDF.MoU for disposal of scrubbing waste water through CETP.Examine and submit details of monitoring of water quality around the landfill site.Examine and submit details of the odour control measures.Examine and submit details of impact on water body and mitigative measures during rainyseason.Environmental Management Plan should be accompanied with Environmental Monitoring Planand environmental cost and benefit assessment. Regular monitoring shall be carried out forodour control.Water quality around the landfill site shall be monitored regularly to examine the impact on theground water.The storage and handling of hazardous wastes shall be as per the Hazardous WasteManagement Rules.Submit details of a comprehensive Disaster Management Plan including emergency evacuationduring natural and man-made disaster.Public hearing to be conducted for the project in accordance with provisions of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Notification, 2006 and the issues raised by the public should be addressed inthe Environmental Management Plan. The Public Hearing should be conducted based on theToR letter issued by the Ministry and not on the basis of Minutes of the Meeting available onthe web-site.A detailed draft EIA/EMP report should be prepared in accordance with the above additionalTOR and should be submitted to the Ministry in accordance with the Notification.
ii.
iii.
iv.v.
vi.vii.
viii.ix.x.xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
Any further clarification on carrying out the above studies including anticipated impacts due tothe project and mitigative measure, project proponent can refer to the model ToR available onMinistry website ''http://moef.nic.in/Manual/lncinerator"
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F. No. 10-27/2016-IA-III Government of India
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (IA.III Section)
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, New Delhi - 3
Date:9 February, 2018 To,
The Project Head, Village Nimbua, PO Rampur Sainia, Tehsil Derabassi, District Mohali, Punjab - 140507. E- Mail: [email protected]
Subject: Establishment of 500 kg/hr Hazardous Waste Incinerator at Existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility at Nimbuan, Dera Bassi, Mohali District, Punjab by M/s Punjab Waste Management Project (PWMP), by Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited -Amendment in Terms of Reference - reg.
Sir, This has reference to your online proposal No.IA/PB/MIS/51358/2016 dated
11.04.2017, submitted to this Ministry for seeking Amendment in Terms of Reference (ToR) in terms of the provisions of the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
3. The proposal for grant of Amendment in Terms of Reference (ToR) to the project was considered by the Expert Appraisal Committee (Infra-2) in its meetings held on 21-24 August, 2017 and 29-30 November, 2017.
3. The details of the project, as per the documents submitted by the project proponent, and also as informed during the above said meetings, are as under:
(i) Punjab Waste Management Project (TSDF), is proposing to enhance the existing Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Facility of Punjab Waste Management Project (PWMP) at Nimbua Village, Dera Bassi Tehsil, Mohali District, Punjab State with more treatment facilities like Direct Landfill (DLF) -20,000 TPA Landfill after Stabilization - 40,000 TPA, Incineration (Common for HW and BMW) - 500 kg/hr, Biomedical Waste Management - 5 TPD, Alternative Fuels and Raw Material Facility - 18,000 TPA, E-Waste Management Facility -8,000 TPA, Used Oil Recycling - 2 KLD, Spent Solvent Recycling - 5 KLD, Lead Recycling - 2,000 TPA, Paper Recycling - 2 TPD, Plastics Recycling - 2 TPD.
(ii) This proposed expansion falls in schedule 7(d) Common hazardous waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs), Category A.
(iii) This proposed plant is located at Sy.No.1/7, 1/13, 1/14, 1/15, 1/16, /17, 1/18, 1/23, 1/24, 1/25, 2/20,2/21, 2/22, 2/23, 10/1, 10/2, 10/3, 10/8, 10/9, 10/10, 11/2, 11/3, 11/4, 11/5, 11/6, 11/7, 11/8 and 11/9 situated in Nimbua Village, Teh: Dera Bassi, Distt. Mohali, Punjab.
(iv) The primary objective of this project is to provide an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage Disposal Facility (ICHWTSDF) to the hazardous waste disposal needs of the industries in the state of Punjab. Keeping in view of the diverse group of wastes generated by various existing and proposed industries in and around Dera Bassi as well as nearby sources, it is
Proposal No. IA/PB/MIS/51358/2016 Page 1 of 2
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Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited I/XIV
Terms of Reference Compliance
S.No. Terms of Reference Compliance to Terms of Reference
1 Reasons for selecting the site with
details of alternate sites
examined/rejected/selected on merit
with comparative statement and
reason/basis for selection. The
examination should justify site suitability
in terms of environmental damages,
resources sustainability associated with
selected site as compared to rejected
sites. The analysis should include
parameters considered along with
weightage criteria for short-listing
selected site.
Punjab Waste Management Project
(PWMP) has been providing hazardous
waste disposal services industries in Punjab
since 2007 through the Treatment Storage
and Disposal Facility (TSDF) with Secured
Landfill and Stabilization facilities. PWMP
wants to enhance the waste disposal
services through inclusion of hazardous
waste incinerator, bio-medical waste
management, Alternative fuels and Raw
material Facility (AFRF), E-waste management
and recycling facilities like used oil recycling,
spent solvent, lead recycling, paper recycling,
plastic recycling.
For the proposed project, site was
examined as per guidelines and details are
mentioned in Chapter 5 in Section 5.3.
2 Submit the details of the road/rail
connectivity along with the likely impacts
and mitigative measures.
The existing site is well connected by all
means, nearest National Highway is NH 73
at the distance of 1.6 km in East direction
from site, nearest railway station is
Ghaggar at the distance of 7.5 km in West
direction from site. Traffic study have been
carried out for NH 73 and connecting road
details given in Chapter 3 section 3.6
Minimal impacts as the proposed project is
expansion of the existing CHWTSDF.
3 Submit present land use &permission
required for any conversion such as
forest, agriculture etc.
PWMP CHWTSDF at Nimbua village,
Derabassi, Mohali, Punjab. As it is existing
CHWTSDF going for an expansion no
additional permission required.
4 Examine the details of transportation of The Transportation of Hazardous Waste will
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited II/XIV
Hazardous wastes, and its safety in
handling
be done as per the Hazardous and Other
Wastes (Management and Transboundary
Movement) Rules, 2016.
Packaging & Labelling:
(1) Any occupier handling hazardous or
other wastes and operator of the
treatment, storage and disposal facility
shall ensure that the hazardous and other
wastes are packaged in a manner suitable
for safe handling, storage and transport as
per the guidelines issued by the Central
Pollution Control Board from time to time.
The labelling shall be done as per Form 8.
(2) The label shall be of non-washable
material, weather proof and easily visible.
Transportation
(1) The transport of the hazardous and
other waste shall be in accordance with the
provisions of these rules and the rules
made by the Central Government under the
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and the
guidelines issued by the Central Pollution
Control Board from time to time in this
regard.
(2) The occupier shall provide the
transporter with the relevant information
in Form 9, regarding the hazardous nature
of the wastes and measures to be taken in
case of an emergency and shall label the
hazardous and other wastes containers as
per Form 8.
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited III/XIV
(3) In case of transportation of hazardous
and other waste for final disposal to a
facility existing in a State other than the
State where the waste is generated, the
sender shall obtain ‘No Objection
Certificate’ from the State Pollution Control
Board of both the States.
(4) In case of transportation of hazardous
and other waste for recycling or utilisation
including co-processing, the sender shall
intimate both the State Pollution Control
Boards before handing over the waste to
the transporter.
(5) In case of transit of hazardous and other
waste for recycling, utilisation including
coprocessing or disposal through a State
other than the States of origin and
destination, the sender shall give prior
intimation to the concerned State Pollution
Control Board of the States of transit
before handing over the wastes to the
transporter.
(6) In case of transportation of hazardous
and other waste, the responsibility of safe
transport shall be either of the sender or
the receiver whosoever arranges the
transport and has the necessary
authorisation for transport from the
concerned State Pollution Control Board.
This responsibility should be clearly
indicated in the manifest.
(7) The authorisation for transport shall be
obtained either by the sender or the
receiver on whose behalf the transport is
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited IV/XIV
being arranged.
Manifest system (Movement Document)
for hazardous and other waste to be used
within the country only.
(1) The sender of the waste shall prepare
seven copies of the manifest in Form 10
comprising of colour code indicated below
and all seven copies shall be signed by the
sender:
Copy 1 (White) : To be forwarded to the
SPCB/PCC by the occupier
Copy 2 (Yellow) : To be signed by the
transporter and retained by the occupier
Copy 3 (Pink) : To be retained by the
operator of a facility
Copy 4 (Orange): To be returned to the
transporter by the operator of facility after
accepting waste
Copy 5 (Green): To be forwarded to the
SPCB/PCC by the operator of facility after
disposal.
Copy 6 (Blue): To be returned to the
occupier by the operator of the facility after
disposal.
Copy 7 (Gray): To be sent by the receiver to
the SPCB of the sender in case the sender is
in another State.
(2)The sender shall forward copy 1 (white)
to the State Pollution Control Board, and in
case the hazardous or other wastes is likely
to be transported through any transit State,
the sender shall intimate State Pollution
Control Boards of transit States about the
movement of the waste.
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited V/XIV
(3) No transporter shall accept waste from
the sender for transport unless it is
accompanied by signed copies 3 to 7 of the
manifest.
(4) The transporter shall submit copies 3 to
7 of the manifest duly signed with date to
the receiver along with the waste
consignment.
(5) The receiver after acceptance of the
waste shall hand over copy 4 (orange) to
the transporter and send copy 5 (green) to
his State Pollution Control Board and send
copy 6 (blue) to the sender and the copy 3
(pink) shall be retained by the receiver.
(6) The copy 7 (grey) shall only be sent to
the State Pollution Control Board of the
sender, if the sender is in another State.
5 Examine and submit the details of on
line pollutant monitoring.
Online pollutant monitoring will be
provided as per CPCB guidelines for
monitoring particulate matter, SO2, NOx
and CO from the incinerator stack.
The results obtained will be uploaded into
State PCB server on regular intervals.
6 Examine the details of monitoring of
Dioxin and Furon.
The monitoring of Dioxins and Furans in the
Stack emissions will be carried out by third
party MOEF recognized laboratories as per
CFE conditions given by SPCB or EC
conditions given by MOEFCC and CPCB
protocol for TSDF. Air emission control
measure given in Chapter 6 Table 6.2.
7 MoU for disposal of ash through the
TSDF.
The ash generated from the incinerator will
be disposed to the secured landfill.
8 MoU for disposal of scrubbing waste The scrubbing wastewater generated from
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited VI/XIV
water through CETP. alkaline scrubber will be disposed through
spray drier / quencher which is used for
control of Dixon and Furan generation.
9 Examine and submit details of
monitoring of water quality around the
landfill site.
There are seven (7) peizometer wells
installed around the landfill site including
upstream and downstream sides and
Monitored monthly to examine the impact
on the ground water including heavy
metals.
The ground water and surface water
scenario of the study area details are given
in chapter 3 section 3.4
10 Examine and submit details of the odour
control measures.
Details of odour control measures are given
in the Chapter 9 Section 9.3.2
11 Examine and submit details of impact on
water body and mitigative measures
during rainy season.
There will not be any wastewater discharge
to any nearby water body and adopts the
zero wastewater discharge concept.
Wastewater generated from the TSDF shall
be treated and reused inside the facility.
The project design provides for diversion
and storage of this runoff water from
contaminated area to a dedicated
impermeable quarantined tank and a
storm-water pond and used for greenbelt.
12 Environmental Management Plan should
be accompanied with Environmental
Monitoring Plan and environmental cost
and benefit assessment. Regular
monitoring shall be carried out for odour
control.
Detailed Environmental Management Plan
is provided in Chapter 9, Detailed
Environmental Monitoring Plan is given in
Chapter 6 section 6.1.2 and budget for
implementation of EMP (capital cost of 300
lakhs and recurring cost 30 lakhs) is
provided in Chapter 6, Table 6.5.
13 Water quality around the landfill site
shall be monitored regularly to examine
the impact on the ground water.
There are seven (7) peizometer wells
installed around the landfill site including
upstream and downstream sides and
Monitored monthly to examine the impact
on the ground water including heavy
metals.
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited VII/XIV
14 The storage and handling of hazardous
wastes shall be as per the Hazardous
Waste Management Rules.
The storage and handling of hazardous
wastes are followed as per the Hazardous
and Other Wastes (Management and
Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.
15 Submit details of a comprehensive
Disaster Management Plan including
emergency evacuation during natural
and man-made disaster.
The disaster management plan including
precautions to be taken during natural and
manmade disaster are given in Chapter 7
section 7.6
16 Public hearing to be conducted for the
project in accordance with provisions of
Environmental Impact Assessment
Notification, 2006 and the issues raised
by the public should be addressed in the
Environmental Management Plan. The
Public Hearing should be conducted
based on the TOR letter issued by the
Ministry and not on the basis of Minutes
of the Meeting available on the web-site.
Public Hearing was conducted on 30.6.2017
at 11:00am held at the main gate of the
existing TSDF of Ramky Enviro Engineers
Ltd (Unit: Punjab Waste Management
Project) located opposite M/s Vardhman
Chemtech Ltd, Village Nimbuan, P.O.
Rampur Sainia, Tehsil Dera Bassi, District
Mohali (S.A.S. Nagar). Sh. Charandev Singh
Mann, P.C.S. Additional Deputy
Commissioner, on behalf of Deputy
Commissioner, S.A.S Nagar (Mohali) and Er.
S.S. Matharu, Environmental Engineer,
Regional Office, Punjab Pollution Control
Board, S.A.S Nagar (Mohali) were present
and supervise the PH Proceedings. PH
Proceedings minutes, action Plan and
replies for all the issues raised in PH were
given in Annexure 5.
17 A detailed draft EIA/EMP reports should
be prepared in accordance with the
above additional TOR and should be
submitted to the Ministry in accordance
with the Notification.
Noted and followed
18 Details of litigation pending against the
project, if any, with direction /order
passed by any Court of Law against the
Project should be given.
No litigations pending against the project
19 The cost of the Project (capital cost and
recurring cost) as well as the cost
The capital cost of the project is proposed
as INR 35.0 Crores, EMP cost for the
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited VIII/XIV
towards implementation of EMP should
be clearly spelt out.
proposed project is INR 3.0 Crores with INR
30 Lakhs as recurring cost. Details given in
the Chapter 6 section 6.5
Additional ToR
1 Importance and benefits of the project. There is a growing concern all over the
country for the disposal of hazardous
waste generated from anthropogenic
sources. The waste generators find it
difficult to dispose their hazardous waste
without causing environmental
disturbance, as very few appropriate
disposal facilities are available in the state.
To dispose the waste in a scientific
manner, Punjab Waste Management Project
proposed to put up an hazardous waste
incinerator, bio-medical waste management
facility, Alternative Fuels and Raw material
Facilities (AFRF), e-waste management and
recycling facilities like used oil recycling,
spent solvent, used lead acid batteries
recycling, paper recycling, plastic recycling
within the existing TSDF at Nimbua village so
that the existing TSDF will become an
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste
Management Facility (ICHWMF).
2 A separate chapter on status of
compliance of Environmental Conditions
granted by State/Centre to be provided.
As per circular dated 30th May, 2012
issued by MoEF, a certified report by RO,
MoEF on status of compliance of
conditions on existing unit to be
provided in EIA-EMP report.
The existing CHWSTSDF has been granted
CTO under the provisions of the Air
(Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act,
1981 and Water (Prevention & Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974 vide letter no. ZO-
I/SAS/Nagar/APC/2011-12/F-158 and letter
no. ZO-I/SAS/Nagar/WPC/2011-12/F-180
respectively and both Air and Water Act
were further extended till 3/11/2019 vide
letters dated 28/1/2015. Compliance of
PWMP for Consent to Operate under Air
and Water act 1974 has been attached as
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited IX/XIV
Annexure 1
3 Details of various waste management
units with capacities for the proposed
and existing project.
Existing Facility:
1. Secured Landfill and
Treatment/Stabilization – 36000 TPA
2. ETP/MEE – 10 KLD
Proposed facility
1. Secured Landfill – 20,000 TPA
2. Treatment/ Stabilization – 40,000 TPA
3. Hazardous waste Incinerator – 500 Kg/h
4. Biomedical Waste (BMW) – 5 TPD
5. AFRF – 18,000 TPA
6. E-Waste – 8,000 TPA
7. Used Oil Recycling – 2 KLD
8. Spent Solvent – 5 KLD
9. Lead Recycling – 2000 TPA
10. Paper Recycling – 2 TPD
11. Plastics Recycling – 2 TPD
4 List of waste to be handled and their
source along with mode of
transportation.
Hazardous wastes comprising viz. ETP
sludge, still bottom residues & process
sludge, spent carbon, evaporation salts,
Incineration ash, slags, spent catalysts &
resins, expired drugs, etc will be handled.
The sources of the hazardous waste are
industries present in the district and its
nearby districts.
The mode of the transportation is
dedicated trucks, having all necessary
documents, first aid kit, etc Transportation
will be done by dedicative vehicles having
manifest system.
5 Other chemicals and materials required
with quantities and storage capacities.
No major raw materials are required for the
proposed project
However typical reagents that would be
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited X/XIV
used for the stabilization process include
lime, fly ash, bentonite (clay), cement, saw
dust, etc., in combination with sodium
silicate solution, if required to create
additional binding properties of the wastes.
Diesel used as fuel for running DG set will
be stored in drums / tank.
6 Details of temporary storage facility for
storage of hazardous waste at project
site.
Wastes containing ignitable, reactive and
non-compatible characteristics will be
stored separately
Wastes containing volatile solvents or other
low vapour pressure chemicals will be
adequately protected from direct exposure
to sunlight
Storage of Incinerable hazardous waste:
Adequate storage space will be provided
with 15m distance between storage sheds,
fire break of at least 4m between two
blocks of stacked drums, maximum of 300
tons of waste storage limit in a block of
drums, at least 1m clear space between
two adjacent rows of drums in a pair for
routine inspection purpose.
7 Details of pre-treatment facility of
hazardous waste at TSDF/incineration
facility.
The hazardous waste shall be segregated
into direct landfillable and stabilization
followed by landfill, incinerable (calorific
value >/= 2500 K.Cal/kg), Recyclables, etc.
The hazardous waste which requires
stabilization will be sent to stabilization
shed, necessary ingredients suggested by
the laboratory will be added, properly
mixed and sent for landfill.
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited XI/XIV
The waste having high calorific value will be
sent to incinerator for incineration.
8 Details of air Emission, effluents,
hazardous/solid waste generation and
their management.
Details of air emissions proposed project
during construction and operation phases
are given in the chapter 4 section 4.5.1.
and section 4.6.2.
Details of the Effluents of the proposed
project is given in the chapter 4 section
4.6.1
Details of solid waste management for the
proposed project in given in chapter 4 and
section 4.6.5
9 The report will present a trend analysis
of base level quality before the existing
facilities came into existence, present
scenario (with the present activities
being fully commissioned) and the
projected impacts of the proposed
incinerator etc. as proposed.
Trend analysis of base level quality of Air
quality, ground water quality, noise, soil
quality of the existing facilities before came
into existence and present scenario given in
Annexure 2
The projected impacts of the proposed
incinerator is given in Chapter 4 section
4.6.2
10 Ground water quality analysis of the
peizometer wells installed in and around
the TSDF. Trend analysis of results w.r.t.
baseline data during initial project
establishment to be carried out
Total 7 piezometer wells installed in and
around the landfill site. Trend analysis of
the results are given in Annexure 3
Year wise monitoring report of Piezometer
wells given in Annexure 4
11 Requirement of water, power, with
source of supply, status of approval,
water balance diagram, man-power
requirement (regular and contract)
Details of water requirement is given in
Chapter 2 Section 2.10
Details of the power requirement for the
proposed project in given in chapter 2
section 2.11
Details of manpower requirement is given
in Chapter 2 Section 2.12
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited XII/XIV
12 Process description along with major
equipments and machineries, process
flow sheet (quantative) from waste
material to disposal to be provided
Process description of the proposed
facilities along with the major equipments
are discussed in details in chapter 2
13 Hazard identification and details of
proposed safety systems.
Hazard identification and proposed safety
systems are discussed detail in Chapter 7
14 Layout maps of proposed Solid Waste
Management Facilities indicating storage
area, incinerator plant area, greenbelt
area, utilities etc.
Layout of the existing PWMP TSDF site are
given in the Chapter 2 Figure 2-3
15 Details of effluent treatment and
recycling process
PWMP has been using Multiple Effect
Evaporator (MEE) to treat and reuse the
leachate collected from the secured landfill.
The capacity of the existing MEE plant is 10
KLD. Domestic Effluent will be 4 KLD is
treated through septic tank followed by
soak pit Details of the effluent treatment is
given in Chapter 2 section 2.5.
16 Leachate study report and detailed
leachate management plan to be
incorporated.
Collected leachate will be sent to grid
chamber thereafter sent to Oil & Gas Trap,
from O&G it will be further processed at
collection pit then it will be treated through
acid or alkaline or chemical precipitation.
After the treatment it will be further sent to
primary settling tank then to aeration
chamber. At next level the leachate will be
sent to secondary settling tank and finally
sent to treated water holding tank. Treated
Leachate will be finally reused as sprayer on
the landfill or sent for forced evaporation.
17 Action plan for measures to be taken for
excessive leachate generation during
monsoon period.
The following activities as a minimum
should be undertaken for the existing
landfill before on set of monsoon.
Cover the operating area of the landfill
temporarily during monsoon with
proper HDPE Liner (1.0 mm Thick)
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited XIII/XIV
Small operating area can be kept
available for disposing waste during non
-rainy days. To avoid or reduce storage
of waste in the temporary storage shed.
Provide proper gutter/drainage system
to drain off rain water fallen on the
waste storage sheds.
Ensure separation of leachate and storm
water drains carefully
Ensure cleaning of all the
sludge/dirt/soil in drainages (remove
blockages) for proper run off during
monsoon
Keep all the dewatering pumps (diesel
and electrical) ready including standby
pumps
Keep umbrellas, rain coats, gum boats
and other personal protective
equipment for the staff
Ensure proper insulation of all electrical
wire and avoid loose wires.
Avoid mixing rain water with leachate if
any.
Cover all the empty waste carrying
containers, drums etc., to avoid
generation of leachate
Avoid parking vehicles in the rain
18 Action plan for any pollution of ground
water is noticed during operation period
or post closure monitoring period.
There are seven (7) peizometer wells
installed around the landfill site including
upstream and downstream sides and
Monitored monthly to examine the impact
on the ground water including heavy
metals.
19 Detailed Environmental Monitoring Plan
as well as Post Closure Monitoring Plan.
Detailed Environmental Monitoring Plan for
the proposed project given in Chapter - 6.
20 Public hearing to be conducted and
issues raised and commitments made by
Public Hearing was conducted on 30.6.2017
at 11:00am held at the main gate of the
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited XIV/XIV
the project proponent on the same
should be included in EIAIEMP Report in
the form of tabular chart with financial
budget for complying with the
commitments made.
existing TSDF of Ramky Enviro Engineers
Ltd (Unit: Punjab Waste Management
Project) located opposite M/s Vardhman
Chemtech Ltd, Village Nimbuan, P.O.
Rampur Sainia, Tehsil Dera Bassi, District
Mohali (S.A.S. Nagar). Sh. Charandev Singh
Mann, P.C.S. Additional Deputy
Commissioner, on behalf of Deputy
Commissioner, S.A.S Nagar (Mohali) and Er.
S.S. Matharu, Environmental Engineer,
Regional Office, Punjab Pollution Control
Board, S.A.S Nagar (Mohali) were present
and supervise the PH Proceedings. PH
Proceedings minutes, action Plan and
replies for all the issues raised in PH were
given in Annexure 5.
21 Any litigation pending against the project
and/or any direction/order passed by
any Court of Law against the project, if
so, details thereof shall also be included.
Has the unit received any notice under
the Section 5 of Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 or relevant
Sections of Air and Water Acts? If so,
details thereof and compliance/ATR to
the notice(s) and present status of the
case.
No litigations pending against the project
22 A tabular chart with index for point wise
compliance of above TORs.
Noted and followed
Executive Summary
E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y P a g e 1 | 7
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility at
Nimbua Village, Dera Bassi Tehsil, Mohali District, Punjab by
Punjab Waste Management Project (PWMP)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Introduction
Punjab Waste Management Project (PWMP), located at Nimbua Village, Dera Bassi
Tehsil, Mohali District, Punjab State has been providing hazardous waste disposal
services to industries in Punjab since 2007 through the Treatment Storage and Disposal
Facility (TSDF) having secured landfill and stabilization facilities (36,000 TPA Capacity).
PWMP proposes to enhance the waste disposal services by increasing the Capacities of
existing Direct Landfill (DLF) and Landfill after stabilization treatment (LAT) to 20,000 TPA
and 40,000 TPA respectively along with installing of hazardous waste incinerator – 500
kg/hr, bio-medical waste management facilities – 5 TPD , alternative fuels and raw materials
facility – 18,000 TPA, E-waste management facilities – 8,000 TPA and recycling facilities like
used oil recycling – 2 KLD, spent solvent – 5 KLD, lead recycling – 2000 TPA, paper recycling –
2 TPD, and plastic recycling – 2 TPD within the existing TSDF to make this facility an
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
(ICHWTSDF) in line with MOEF&CC guidelines.
2. Project Details
The TSDF facility is spread over an area of 20.74 acres in Nimbua Village. Power
requirement for the total facility is 813 KW and the water requirement is 56 KLD. Water
shall be sourced through borewells/tankers. The nearest city from the proposed site is
Dera Bassi (10 km –SW). Nearest railway station is Ghaggar railway station (7.5 km W)
and nearest airport is Chandigarh airport (14.5 km W).
3. Baseline Environmental Status
Field studies were carried out to establish the existing environmental status (air, water,
noise, soil, and ecology) and prevailing socio-economic conditions. A study area of 10 km
radius from the project site was identified to establish the present environmental and
socio-economic conditions. The baseline studies were carried out during the summer
season of March 2016 to May 2016.
During the study period, wind direction was predominantly recorded from NW to SE.
Calm condition prevailed for 12.4% of the total time and the average wind speed for the
season is 2.29 m/s.
E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y P a g e 2 | 7
Ambient Air Quality
High volume samplers were installed at 10 different locations for estimating the
particulate and gaseous pollutants. The monitoring locations were selected in downwind,
cross wind and upwind direction of the existing project location. At each location,
monitoring was carried out at a frequency of 2 days per week for 12 weeks during the
study period, as per the NAAQM guidelines.
PM2.5 levels were recorded in the range of 16.7-31.3 µg/m3 while PM10 levels were in the
range of 45.5-57.5 µg/m3. SO2 concentrations were in the range of 10.9-18.8 µg/m3 and
NOx concentrations were in the range of 18.8-25.6 µg/m3. Ammonia concentrations were
in the range of 10.3-16.6 µg/m3 and Ozone concentrations were in the range of 12.8-20.9
µg/m3. CO levels were in the range of 224-600 µg/m3. Benzene concentration was in the
range of 0.6 to 0.92 µg/m3. The observed concentrations were compared with CPCB
standards (National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2009) and are found to be well within
the limits.
Water Quality Monitoring
A total of 10 ground water and 2 surface water samples were collected from different
sources within the study area and analyzed for all important physico-chemical
Characteristics to establish the quality of water prevailing in the project surroundings.
The ground water samples were drawn from the hand pumps and bore wells used by the
villagers for their domestic needs. Surface water samples were taken from the rivers in
the study area.
It is identified that the pH values of ground water were in the range of 7.08 to 7.57, while
pH values of surface water were in the range of 7.03 to 7.13. The TDS values of ground
water were in the range of 355 mg/l to 1330 mg/l, while the TDS values of surface water
were in the range of 402 to 424 mg/l. Chloride concentrations of ground water were in
the range of 10 mg/l to a maximum of 266 mg/l, while surface water values were in the
range of 52 to 54 mg/l. The hardness of ground water was in the range of 182 mg/l to
598 mg/l, while hardness of surface water was in the range of 180 to 222 mg/l.
Noise Monitoring
Noise levels were monitored at 10 locations within the study area, using a continuous
noise measurement device. The day levels of noise have been monitored during 6 AM to
10 PM and the night levels during 10 PM to 6 AM. The day equivalent values during the
study period were in the range of 51.1 to 53.6 dBA while the night equivalents were in
the range of 41.1 to 42.7 dB (A). From the results it can be seen that the day equivalent
E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y P a g e 3 | 7
values and the night equivalent values were within the ambient noise standards of
residential area.
Soil Quality
A total of 10 soil samples were collected from different locations within the study area.
The sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions representing
various land use conditions and geological features. From the analysis of soil samples, it is
found that in the study area, the pH values varied from 6.95 to 7.18, the organic carbon
varies from 0.43 to 0.65 %, the available Nitrogen from 189 to 286 kg/ha, the available
Phosphorus varies from 14 to 95 kg/ha and the available Potassium from 145 to 272
kg/ha.
Ecological Environment
A detailed study was carried out within 10 km radius area of the project site which
includes primary data generation through systematic studies to understand the existing
ecological status, fauna structure and important floristic elements. Secondary data was
collected from forest department. As per the primary survey details, some parts of the
land are fertile and support vegetation within some parts are devoid of any vegetation,
and agro- vegetation cover in the study area. There are no national parks, wildlife
sanctuaries, biosphere reserves and important bird areas within the study area. There are
no reports of occurrence of any Rare or Endangered or Endemic or Threatened (REET)
fauna in the study area. None of the species reported or recorded from the study area
are placed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and its subsequent
amendments.
Socio – Economic Environment
The socio-economic study adopts a two-fold methodology for data collection, namely,
review of published secondary data and analysis of primary data. The primary data was
collected through a range of research techniques and tools like transact walk,
administering structured questionnaire, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), observation and
key stakeholder interactions in project area villages. Secondary data was collected from
district census statistics of 2011, which includes demography, occupational structure,
literacy profile and social structure etc.
The socio-economic study observed that 29.5% of the people belong to scheduled
category. The study area had an average family size of 5.3 persons per household. This
represents moderate family size and also found to be similar with other parts of the
district. To reiterate, the male and female constitute 53.6% and 46.4% respectively and
number of females per 1000 males is 867. The occupational structure of project area is
E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y P a g e 4 | 7
studied with reference to three categories viz. main workers, marginal workers and non-
workers. Non-workers are predominant in the study area with main workers, marginal
workers, and non-workers constituting to 34.3%, 4.6% and 61.1% of the total population
respectively. The study also noted that, a vast majority of the educated tribal youth are
also part of the non-working population as they do not have any job opportunities in the
area.
The socio-economic study revealed that the youth in the project area are devoid of
employment opportunities. They can be a potential source of workers with minimum
handholding and vocational education skills. The youth have expressed their willingness
to setting up of industries in the area as it provides them gainful employment
opportunities. The study also noted an active presence of women groups in the project
area villages. Many of these groups are acting as micro-finance entities, rotating small
amount of loans among the group members.
4. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The potential impacts on the environment from the proposed project are identified
based on the nature of various activities associated with the project implementation and
project operations (impacts during construction phase and operation phase).
Impacts during Construction Phase
Construction phase works include site clearance, site formation, building works,
infrastructure provision and any other infrastructure activities. The impacts due to
construction activities are short term and are limited to the construction phase. The
impacts will be mainly on air quality, water quality, soil quality and socio-economics. All
necessary control measures will be taken to minimize the impacts. As the project site is
already in operation and well maintained by levelling and developed with thick green
belt, there will not be any impact of dust or other pollution due to the proposed
activities.
Impacts during Operations Phase
During the operation phase of the proposed project there would be impacts on the air,
water and land environment and socio-economic aspects.
Impact on Air Quality
The main sources of air pollution include point source emissions from incinerator and DG
sets as well as emissions from landfill operations, bio-medical waste management facilities,
alternative fuels and raw materials facility, E-waste management and recycling facilities like
used oil recycling, spent solvent, lead recycling, paper recycling, and plastic recycling. For
E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y P a g e 5 | 7
estimation of post project scenario, maximum Ground Level Concentrations (GLC) of 24-
hour average for Particulate Matter (PM), SO2 and NOx were predicted and superimposed
on the corresponding maximum baseline concentrations. The overall scenario with
predicted concentrations over the maximum baseline concentrations of PM10 – 59.9
μg/m3, SO2 – 26.8 μg/m3, NOX – 36.9 μg/m3 and Lead – 0.12 μg/m3. All the predicted
concentrations falls within the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Incinerator will be equipped with all necessary Air pollution Control Devices (APCDs)
including spray drier, cyclone, high pressure venturi scrubber, wet alkaline scrubber, bag
filter etc. to comply with emission standards. Also incinerator will be provided with a
30m stack height. The emissions from DG sets will be minimal since they will be operated
only during power failure. All the vehicles will be regularly serviced and maintained
properly to minimize emissions. All the internal roads will be maintained properly to
maintain dust generation. Proper tree plantation/green cover will be maintained around
the project boundary.
Impact on Water Quality
The water requirement, 56 KLD for the proposed project shall be met through ground
water (i.e., existing borewell) or through tankers. Possible sources of wastewater from
the TSDF include: wastewater from APCDs of Incinerator, leachate from landfill
operations, vehicle washing, floor washing, blowdown from boiler and cooling tower etc.
Wastewater from incinerator, floor washing etc. shall be treated appropriately and
recirculated to fulfill water requirement of APCDs connected to incinerator. Leachate
from secured landfill shall be treated in Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE). Sewage
generated will be treated in septic tank followed by soak pit or portable STP and the
treated water will be used for greenbelt development. Storm water drains shall be
provided throughout the facility and are connected to rain water collection chamber. The
rain water thus collected shall be used for greenbelt, vehicle washing etc. after
treatment, if necessary.
Impact on Land Environment
All the hazardous waste shall be stored in dedicated storage sheds with impermeable
flooring and closed roof, as per the applicable guidelines. Wastes such as incineration ash
generated during the process of incineration shall be stored in a separate area under
shed so as to avoid entry of rain water during the monsoon season. The leachate
generated from the land fill area is collected in the leachate holding tank and the
leachate is used back on the landfill for dust suppression, mixing in stabilization process,
etc. If any excess leachate is left over, it will be treated in spray dryer/MEE. As a result of
E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y P a g e 6 | 7
this there is no contamination of soil due to the wastewater generated and hence the
impacts due to the facility on the land environment are negligible.
Impact on Ecology
There are no ecological and otherwise sensitive areas viz. wildlife sanctuaries, national
parks, archeological important areas within 10km radius of the project site. There are no
known rare, endangered or ecologically significant animal and plant species. Due to the
development of green belt at the project vicinity, the impact on ecology will be minimal.
5. Impact on Socio Economics
The proposed facility is likely to provide direct and indirect employment and likely to
increase the socio-economic status of the nearby villages in the study area. Due to the
proposed project the facilities for public transport, water supply, telecommunications,
education, public health etc. are likely to improve. The proposed facility provides
treatment facility for all the hazardous waste generated from various industrial estates,
thus avoiding environmental damage due to unorganized disposal. The habitats in the
surrounding industrial estates are greatly benefited in terms of health status and
economy.
6. Environment Monitoring Program
Environmental monitoring program describes the processes and activities that need to
take place to characterize and monitor the quality of environment. Different activities
involved in the proposed project and their impact on various environmental attributes
have been taken into account while designing a detailed environmental monitoring
program. Environmental monitoring program has been prepared for the proposed
project for assessing the efficiency of implementation of Environment Management Plan
and to take corrective measures in case of any degradation to the surrounding
environment. Results of monitoring will be reviewed, analyzed statistically and submitted
to the concerned authorities.
Environmental Monitoring Program includes: (i) continuous online monitoring of the
incinerator stack emission for flue gas parameters, (ii) incinerator stack emission
monitoring to ensure compliance with emission standards, (iii) periodic analysis of water
from monitoring borewells, (iv) ambient air quality monitoring, (v) analysis of treated
wastewater, especially in case of discharge, (vi) periodic monitoring of incineration ash
and sludge etc., (vii) other parameters as prescribed in Consent for Operation (CFO) etc.
7. Environment Management Plan
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is provided to ensure sustainable
development of the plant area and the surroundings. The EMP aims to control pollution
E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y P a g e 7 | 7
at the source level to the possible extent with the available and affordable technology
followed by the standard treatments before disposal of any effluents.
The proposed incinerator shall be equipped with all necessary APCDs including spray
dryer, cyclone, high pressure venturi scrubber, wet alkaline scrubber, bag filter etc. to
comply with prescribed emission norms. Necessary precautions shall be taken to
minimize odour and noise. Wastewater generated from the incineration plant, from floor
washing/vehicle and container washing shall be adequately treated and reused to meet
the water requirement of APCDs. Minimum 30% of the total plot area shall be developed
as greenbelt as per CPCB guidelines. The budget allocated for implementation of EMP is
Rs 3 Crores with a recurring cost of Rs. 30 lakhs per annum.
8. Project Benefits
The contribution of the proposed project on local social infrastructure is expected to be
significant. This Project will provide a significant amount of direct employment
opportunities to the local people. Budget allocated for under taking CSR activities is Rs.
20 lakhs initially for two years and 2% of net profit from third year onwards. Potential
benefits of the TSDF includes easy and economically viable waste disposal option for
industries, minimizing the pollution load on environment from industrial hazardous
waste, compliance with prescribed regulatory norms which in turn avoid the closure of
industry on account of violation of rules, reduction in number of hazardous waste dump
sites in the area, prevention of natural resource contamination etc.
9. Conclusion
The EIA study has made an overall assessment of the potential environmental impacts
likely to arise from the proposed project setting up in the existing Hazardous Waste
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility of Punjab Waste Management Project (PWMP).
Baseline data was collected for various environmental attributes so as to compute the
impacts that are likely to arise due to the proposed project which include emissions
arising out of the present TSDF activities.
The potential impacts on the environment from the proposed project are identified
based on the nature of various activities associated not only with the project
implementation and operation, but also on the current status of the environmental
quality at the project site. Mitigation measures are proposed to minimize the adverse
impacts if any due to the project in the form of Environment Management Plan. The
costing for each of the plant has been done based on land cost with respective civil,
building, plant and machineries. The total project cost is Rs. 35 crores.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
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Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Preamble
Punjab is an industrialized state of India accommodating almost all types of industries.
There are thousands of industries which generate hazardous solid waste. The hazardous
waste contain heavy metals, cyanides, complex aromatic hydrocarbons and other
chemicals which are toxic, flammable, reactive, corrosive or have explosive properties
affecting the environment.
1.2 Purpose of Report
The objective of this EIA study report is the description of those aspects of the project which
are likely to cause environmental impacts in and around the proposed project area and
identification of long-term, short-term, reversible and irreversible impacts on the
immediate environment. Based on the impact prediction, suitable management plan is to
be defined that will control and/or minimize the detrimental impacts. The environmental
impacts of any new or expansion project must be surveyed, forecasted and evaluated by
the project proponent in the process of designing the project. These results and findings
are then incorporated in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report.
Environmental Impact Assessment report has been prepared to comply with the Terms of
Reference (TOR) received from MoEF&CC F.No.10-27/2016-IA.III dated 4th May 2016 and
amended Terms of Reference (TOR) dated 9th February 2018. As per EIA Notification S.O.
No 1533 dated 14thSep 2006 and its subsequent amendments the proposed project falls
under Project / Activity 7 (d) Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal
Facility (TSDFs), Category “A” (All integrated facilities having incineration & landfill or
incineration alone) and requires environmental clearance from the Expert Appraisal
Committee (EAC), MOEF&CC, New Delhi.
1.3 Identification of project, Project Proponent
1.3.1 Background of the Project
Supreme Court during the year 2003, issued directives to all the states for creating a hazardous
waste management facility in a time bound manner, and even appointed a monitoring
committee for overseeing the progress. Nimbua Greenfield (Punjab) Limited (NPGL) was, thus
promoted by a group of nine companies to develop and implement the project for creation of
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Page 1-2
IL&Fs which involved short listing of bidders in the 1st instance, NGPL awarded the contract for
design construction & operation of the facility to M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited
Hyderabad, on design build and operate basis. Project was inaugurated on 3rd October 2007 by
Honourable Chief Minister of Punjab S. Parkash Singh Badal, in the presence of S. Manoranjan
Kalia Honourable minister of industries and S. Bikram Singh Majithi, Honourable Minister of
Environment, Science & Technology. Operations are continuing on the site since 2007, and
industry had already received about 170409 tonnes of waste for disposal till January 2016. The
existing CHWSTSDF has been granted CTO under the provisions of the Air (Prevention & Control
of Pollution) Act, 1981 and Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 vide letter no.
ZO-I/SAS/Nagar/APC/2011-12/F-158 and letter no. ZO-I/SAS/Nagar/WPC/2011-12/F-180
respectively and both Air and Water Act were further extended till 3/11/2019 vide letters dated
28/1/2015. The letters of the same are attached as Annexure – I.
a common facility for storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste being generated in
the state. NPGL appointed Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Service (IL&FS) for assistance in
the project development and in true spirit of private public participation, a grant of Rs. 12.69
crores for the project was sanctioned under Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme
(IIUS), by the Department of Policy Promotion, Ministry of Industry & Commerce Government
of India.
Project site at village Nimbua situated at about 10 Km from Dera Bassi, was finalized by Punjab
Pollution Control Board, after carrying out environmental impact assessment studies. Punjab
Government fully supported the project, and in the true spirit of Public/ Private sector
participation, concerted efforts were made by Principal Secretary & Technology as well as
chairman, PPCB for acquisition of 20.74 acres of land for the project, which was acquired by
Punjab Pollution Control Board and was given to the company for the Project on a nominal
lease. A high powered technical committee was constituted under the chairmanship of
Principal Secretary & Technology for approving all crucial matters like selection of
operators/pre- qualification of TSDF/ finalization of bids etc. Committee included
technical experts and representatives from PPCB, CPCB, Ministry of Environment & Forests,
NGPL as well as Punjab Industry.
M/s Tetra Tech. India Ltd. were appointed as consultants for carrying out detailed
inventorisation studies, and as per their report, about 1800 industries are generating about
36,000 tonnes of waste per annum. M/s Senes (India) Limited were appointed as technical
consultants for preliminary design and engineering study.
After going through a comprehensive and transparent bidding process, with the assistance of
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
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1.3.2 Project
Punjab Waste Management Project (PWMP), a subsidiary of M/s. Ramky Enviro Engineers
Ltd, understands the increasing trend of waste disposal needs for industries. PWMP wants
to enhance the waste disposal services through inclusion of hazardous waste incinerator,
bio-medical waste management facilities, alternative fuels and raw materials facility, e-waste
management and recycling facilities like used oil recycling, spent solvent, lead recycling, paper
recycling, and plastic recycling within the existing TSDF. PWMP also wants to enhance the
existing treatment capacities of secured landfill/stabilization. The proposed facility details
are given in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Proposed Project Details
S.No. Facility Proposed Capacity
1 Direct Landfill (DLF) 20,000 TPA
2 Landfill after Stabilization Treatment (LAT) 40,000 TPA
3 Incineration (INC) – Common for HW and BMW 500 kg/hr
4 Biomedical Waste (BMW) 5 TPD
5 Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Facility 18,000 TPA
6 E-Waste 8,000 TPA
7 Used Oil Recycling 2 KLD
8 Spent Solvent Recycling 5 KLD
9 Lead Recycling 2000 TPA
10 Paper Recycling 2 TPD
11 Plastics Recycling 2 TPD
1.3.3 Project Proponent
Punjab Waste Management Project is a division of Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited (REEL).
REEL set up India's first hazardous waste management facility at Hyderabad in 1998. Today,
the company operates 15 facilities in India that handle over a million tonnes of hazardous
waste annually. Over the course of thirteen years, the company has set up facilities in
abroad. Serving over 10,000 customers, the company manages 60% of the total industrial
waste generated in India and is present in 10 states.
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1.4 Brief Description of Nature, Size, Location of the Project and its Importance to the
Country and Region
The project is proposed to treat and dispose the hazardous waste, bio medical waste, E
waste, Spent solvents and other miscellaneous waste generated in Punjab. The proposed
project will be designed on lines to meet the following rules.
Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules,
2016.
Details of the project site are given in Table 1.2
Table 1.2 Features of the Site
1 Total Land Area 20.74 acres
2 Survey Numbers 1/7, 1/13 to 1/18, 1/23, 1/24, 2/20 to 2/23, 10/1,
10/2, 10/3, 10/8, 10/9, 10/10, 11/2 to 11/9
3 Elevation Average elevation is 330 meters above MSL
4 Nearest Railway Station Ghaggar 7.5 km West
5 Nearest City Dera Bassi 10 km South West
6 Nearest Habitation Nimbua village 1 km South West
1.4.1 Importance of Project
There is a growing concern all over the country on the disposal of hazardous wastes, bio-
medical waste, e- waste generated from anthropogenic sources. The waste generators find
it difficult to dispose their hazardous wastes without causing environmental disturbance,
as very few appropriate disposal facilities are available. The Government of India has
promulgated the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary
Movement) Rules, 2016 through the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) under
the aegis of Environment (Protection) Act EPA Act 1986. Also in order to encourage the
effective implementation of these rules, the MOEF has further amended the rules several
times.
The hazardous wastes need to be disposed of in a secured manner in view of their
characteristic properties such as toxicity, corrosivity, ignitability, reactivity and persistence.
A wide range of health hazards have been attributed to their contamination. A number of
Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules,2016
Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016
Battery management and handling rules 2010 and subsequent amendments.
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options are available for the treatment and disposal of a variety of hazardous wastes
however the options available for hazardous waste management are not being efficiently
utilized by the waste generators resulting in severe pollution of land surface and ground
water.
At Treatment Storage Disposal Facility (TSDF), the wastes are collected from the waste
generators, treated as per their characteristics and finally disposed off. More than one unit
operation may be employed for the treatment and disposal of the wastes at TSDF.
However, the selection of a suitable site for an effective functioning of TSDF is the key
factor involved in the HWM. The site should be selected based upon several factors such
as waste characteristics, site characteristics, public acceptance and prevailing laws &
regulations.
1.4.2 Location of the Project
Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) provided land to Nimbua Greenfield Punjab Ltd. on
lease basis. The land bearing Sy.No.1/7, 1/13 to 1/18, 1/23, 1/24, 1/25, 2/20, 2/21,2/22
2/23, 10/1, 10/2,10/3, 10/8, 10/9, 10/10, 11/2, 11/3, 11/4, 11/5, 11/6, 11/7, 11/8, 11/9
situated in Nimbua Village, Teh: Dera Bassi, Distt. Mohali (Punjab). This lease deed
between the Punjab Pollution Control Board as lesser and Nimbua Green Field Punjab Ltd,
as lessee (consortium) entered in 2005 at Chandigarh. The proposed site for setting up of
incinerator is located within the existing TSDF of PWMP at Nimbua Village, Dera Bassi
Tehsil, Mohali District, Punjab State. The location map of existing TSDF is shown in Figure
1.1.
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Page 1-6
Figure 1.1 Location Map of Existing Hazardous Waste TSDF at Nimbua Village
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Page 1-7
Figure 1.2 Topographical Map of the Study Area
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Page 1-8
1.5 Scope of the Study
The scope of the study is to carry out the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies
to identify, predict and evaluate potential environmental and socio-economic impacts
from the proposed facilities at existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage &
Disposal Facility.
The Study is aimed at:
Establishing the existing environmental conditions, identifying potential
environmental impacts and identifying areas of significant environmental concerns
due to the proposed project.
Prediction of impacts on environment, socio-economic conditions of the people
etc. due to the proposed project.
Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
Development of post project environmental monitoring program.
The EIA study shall be conducted as per the applicable rules/guidelines of Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Govt. of India including general/sectorial provisions. The EIA
/study will necessarily include but not get restricted to the following:
a) Literature review
b) Field studies
c) Impact assessment and preparation of the EIA/EMP
Stage A
Establishing the relevant features of the project that are likely to have an impact on the
environment during construction and operation phase.
Stage B
Assessment of likely emissions from the proposed facility and impacts using scientific tools
to delineate post project scenario.
Stage C
Suggesting adequate pollution control measures to offset adverse impacts if any.
Preparation of the EIA and EMP document. Defense of the study findings before the
regulatory authorities.
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An outline of the activities carried out in stages A, B, C are briefly described below.
Stage A
The study area shall be up to 10 km radial distance from the proposed project with
reference to air, water, soil, noise, socio economic and ecological studies. The baseline
environmental conditions shall be established using topo sheets, through literature survey
and field investigations. In addition to the above, information on the location of
towns/cities, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and ecologically sensitive areas like
tropical forests, important lakes, bio-sphere reserves and sanctuaries within impact area
shall be furnished.
A review and analysis of the information available with various governmental, educational
and other institutions shall be carried out for each discipline. Based upon preliminary
review of the available data, detailed field work shall be planned to collect information on
the parameters critical to characterize the environment of the area. The baseline
environmental studies shall be undertaken for meteorology, air quality, noise, water
quality, water use, various aspects to be covered under different disciplines is as follows.
1. Meteorology
Following meteorological parameters of the area shall be measured at the project site. In
addition, data shall also be collected from the nearest IMD observatory for reference.
Temperature
Rainfall
Relative humidity
Wind speed and direction
2. Air Quality
Ambient Air Quality shall be monitored at requisite number of locations considering the
prevailing meteorological conditions, topography, nearby villages etc. The parameters for
monitoring shall be PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO, NH3, O3, lead, nickel, arsenic, benzene &
benzo (a) pyrene. Adequacy of the existing air pollution control measures shall be studied.
3. Noise
Noise monitoring survey shall be carried out to characterize the noise environment in the
study area. The noise level shall be measured using high level precision sound level meter
at suggested number of locations. Attenuation model shall be developed to predict the
noise level in the surrounding areas.
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4. Water
Surface water samples and ground water samples within study area shall be collected and
analyzed for physico - chemical analysis covering major, minor ion and some important
heavy metals.
5. Land Environment
Soil samples were collected from the plant site, not only at its immediate vicinity but also
in the surrounding villages in a 10 km radial zone. Physico - chemical properties of the soils
shall be determined. Information on land use pattern in the study area shall be collected.
Information regarding existing cropping pattern, their types and yield of the crop shall be
collected from various sources. Based on the attenuation factors for dust aerosols and air
pollutants, green belt species shall be identified.
6. Ecosystem
Information on eco-system within 10 km radius shall be collected from the state
Agricultural and Forest departments. The important flora species native to the area shall
be enumerated. A test check survey shall also be under taken to judge the correctness of
the data collected.
7. Socio Economic Environment
A field survey shall be conducted within 10 km radius of the proposed project. The
parameters selected under socio-economic component shall be demographic structure of
the study area, provision of basic amenities, industries likely to come up in the study area,
welfare facilities proposed by the project proponent, safety training and management,
community and occupational health hazards. Relevant information shall be collected from
selected villages for analysis.
Stage B Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project
With the knowledge of baseline conditions in the study area and proposed project
activities, impact on the environment shall be discussed in detail covering air emissions,
discharge of liquid effluents and particulates emission during construction, noise & solid
waste generation etc. Detailed projections shall be made to reflect the influence of the
proposed project on different environmental components.
Assessment of potential damage to terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna due to air
emissions, discharge of effluents, noise pollution, ash disposal, and change in land use
pattern, habitat degradation and fragmentation, anthropogenic activities from the
proposed project and delineation of guidelines to minimize adverse impacts shall be done.
Assessment of economic benefits arising out of the project shall also be done.
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Stage C Environmental Management Plan
At this stage, it may become apparent that certain mitigation measures are necessary to
offset the impacts from the proposed project. Environmental Management Plan and
pollution control measures shall be necessary to meet the requirements of the regulatory
agencies.
Environmental Management Plan shall consist of mitigation measures for item-wise
activity to be undertaken for construction and operation of the facility for its entire life
cycle to minimize adverse environmental impacts. It shall also delineate the environmental
monitoring plan for compliance of various environmental regulations.
1.6 Chronology of Events
Based on the proposed TOR and additional TOR issued by MOEFCC, the EIA report has been
prepared covering generic structure of Environmental Impact Assessment notification. To
chronology events for obtaining EC happened are given in Table 1.3
Table 1.3 Chronology of Events for Obtaining EC
Form 1 along with Pre-Feasibility
report uploaded MOEFCC online
portal to obtain TOR
Proposal No.
IA/PM/MIS/51358/2016
Dated 9th Mar 2016
Presented before EAC Committee
for obtaining TOR
F. No 10-27/2016-1A-III
4th Expert Appraisal Committee held
during 28th - 29th March 2016
Minutes Upload on Website F. No 10-27/2016-1A-III
Dated 11th April 2016
TOR Granted F. No 10-27/2016-1A-III
Dated 4th May 2016
TOR Amendment F.No 10-27/2016-1A-III
Dated 9th Feb 2018
CHAPTER 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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2. Chapter 2
Project Description
2.1. Need for the project
The primary objective of this project is to provide an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste
Treatment Storage Disposal Facility (ICHWTSDF) to cater the hazardous waste disposal needs
of the industries in the state of Punjab.
PWMP proposed to establish hazardous waste incinerator facility, bio-medical waste
management facility, Alternative Fuels and Raw material Facilities (AFRF), E-waste
management and recycling facilities for used oil, spent solvents, lead, paper, plastic within the
existing TSDF at Nimbua village so that the existing TSDF will become an Integrated Common
Hazardous Waste Management Facility (ICHWMF).
Objectives of the project include
To ensure that the environmental impacts are minimized.
To ensure that resource conservation is maximized.
To ensure techno-economic feasibility of the project.
To enable the TSDF to handle the hazardous wastes in a lawful manner.
To prevent accumulation of the hazardous wastes at the facility.
To establish an administrative framework and recommend necessary infrastructure to
ensure proper collection, transport, transit storage, treatment and disposal of the
hazardous wastes.
To minimize the health effects associated with hazardous waste handling and
management activities.
To ensure the technical reliability of the adopted technology in terms of safety,
flexibility and sustainability under local conditions.
To prevent or minimize waste generation.
To ensure compliance with regulatory requirements at every stage of hazardous waste
handling and disposal.
2.2. Project Location
The existing CHWTDSF is situated in Nimbua village, Dera Bassi, Mohali, Punjab. Figure 2.1
shows the site boundary on google map. Site features are presented in Table 2.1.
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Table 2.1 Site Features Latitude & Longitude 30°36'40” N 76°55'20” E
Land Ownership PPCB to Nimbua Greenfeild Punjab Ltd. on lease basis
Land area Total land area - 20.74 Acres.
Nearest Village Nimbua – 1 km SW
Nearest City Dera Bassi - 10 km NW
Nearest Railway Station Ghaggar Railway Station – 7.5 km W
Nearest Airport Chandigarh - 14.5 km W
Nearest major Water bodies Medkhali nala - 1.2 km N, Dangri nadi - 3.4 Km N,
Ghaggar river - 5.5 km NW, Dudhdarh ki nadi - 3.0 km SE
Reserved Forests Kholhai Raitan reserve forest – 11.3 km N
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Figure 2.1 Project Boundary on Google map
B
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2.3. Existing Components in TSDF of PWMP
Following are the components existing in TSDF PWMP. Photographs of the existing sit is given
in Figure 2.2. The layout of the existing TSDF showing the location of the proposed incinerator
is shown in Figure 2.3.
Various components of the facility include:
Security room
Weigh bridge
Administration cum lab building
Vehicle maintenance shed
Vehicle parking area
Temporary waste stores
Waste stabilization unit
Multi Effect Evaporator (10 KLD) - Leachate treatment facility
D.G & Electrical panel room
Toilet block
Under ground water reservoir (4.40m depth)
Three solar evaporation pond (capacity 400 KL)
Storm water pond
Intractable waste stores
Secured landfill area
Sample collection platform
Water supply, electrical network, roads, storm water drainage, monitoring borewells
etc.
Firefighting& occupational safety equipment.
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Figure 2.2 Site Photographs
Main Gate
Administration Block
Secured Landfill
Storage Facility
Laboratory Multiple Effect Evaporator
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Figure 2.3 Layout of the existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage Disposal Facility, PWMP
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2.3.1. Activities Associated with Operation of TSDF
The following general guidelines shall relate to daily activities associated with the operation of
TSDF:
The facility operates during day light hours throughout the year.
A security system has been maintained to avoid trespassing and hazard to the public.
The weigh bridge at the main entrance records all movements and weights and receive
waste tracking receipt as required by the waste manifest system.
A waste manifest system has been developed in accordance with the requirement of
the regulatory agencies to cover the transportation of the waste to TSDF and to provide
record of waste manifestation. The manifest system shall include details of the waste
generator, waste transporter, quantity of waste, characteristics of waste, physical
description, consistency of waste in terms of physical state and waste category number
as per HW (M&H) Rules, 2016.
Once a waste is received at the TSDF, a sample of waste is collected at the sampling
bay/temporary storage facility and undergoes laboratory analysis based on which its
pathway of treatment/ disposal shall be determined.
Each load of waste arriving at the facility shall be located properly and logged to identify
its pathway of treatment/ storage/ disposal by well-established laboratory as per
guidelines, waste analysis protocols and waste acceptance criteria as per Annexures I
to III.
The landfill will be staged in cells so that the minimum practical area of waste is exposed
and maximum practical area of waste has the final cap in place i.e., progressive filling
and capping of the landfill ensuring minimization of infiltration of wastes.
Monitoring and auditing of the facility shall be performed on a periodic basis.
Meteorological data is recorded on continuous basis round the clock.
2.3.2. Flow Path of Wastes at CHWTSDF
Outline pathway for waste manifestation within the HWTSDF shall be as below:
Comprehensive analysis of the waste - Laboratory facilities
Decision of waste pathway of treatment/ storage/ disposal
Collection and transportation of wastes.
Weighing and recording of waste receipt.
Sample collection (representative)
Storage at the temporary storage area.
Analysis (finger printing)
Waste disposal advise based on waste acceptance criteria
Waste treatment/ storage/ recycling /disposal.
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2.4. Waste Disposal Operations
2.4.1. Waste Stabilization
Waste stabilization is designed to convert industrial wastes in the form of liquids, semi-
solids or reactive solids into low leachable materials that can be deposited into a secured
landfill. The stabilization operation will be carried out for all waste that requires this to
minimize their contaminant leaching potential. This will change the nature of these wastes
to a less hazardous category. Stabilization involves the immobilization of leachable
materials by fixation as non-reactive solids. The treated wastes shall be assessed for
compatibility with other wastes before being landfill and for compatibility with the HDPE
and the pipe network. The term stabilization covers a number of mechanisms including:
Immobilization / Chemical Fixation – the chemical binding of contaminants within
a cementing structure to reduce the mobility or leachability of the waste.
Encapsulation – the occlusion or entrapment of contaminant particles within a solid
matrix.
Solidification – the conversion of slurries that do not readily de-water, into solids
by addition of adsorption agents.
Typical reagents that would be used for the stabilization process include cement, lime, fly
ash, bentonite clay, saw dust and other. Where required sodium silicate solution would be
used as an additive binding agent. The reagent to be used for stabilization shall be decided
depending upon the type of the waste to be stabilized, price and availability. These regents
shall generally be Stored in sufficient quantities. The Infrastructure proposed for the
stabilization unit would include:
Storage facilities for regents
Tanks/Drums for storage of reagents as required
Stabilization bins for mixing the wastes
Earth moving equipment for movement of wastes and mixing.
Place for curing the treated waste
Trucks for hauling the wastes.
Treatment facility utilizes a range of techniques and processes designed to change the
physical, chemical or biological characteristics of the waste. This may include changing the
composition so as to neutralize the waste, to recover energy or natural resources from the
waste, to render the waste non-hazardous or less hazardous, safer to transport, store, or
dispose off or to reduce its volume. Typical operations at Stabilization unit are as follows:
Waste receive
Reagent addition
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Mixing
Curing
Analysis of the stabilized wastes
Approval by the laboratory for disposal
Transfer of the waste materials to the truck
Disposal in the secured landfill
Application criteria: A study of the waste characteristics carried out as an integral part of
the project indicates the following applicability to the processed described below in Table
2.2
Table 2.2 Stabilization Mechanism based on Waste Characteristics
Mechanism Applicability
Immobilization / Chemical
Fixation
Heavy metal and metal plating sludge
Copper-chromium-arsenic wood preservative wastes
Mercury waste
Bag house dust
Tannery wastes
Spent catalysts
Others
Solidification Effluent treatment plant sludge
Oil and paint sludge
Bitumen wastes
Textile industry sludge
Wool scouring slurries
Others
Encapsulation
Aluminum powder
Asbestos
Filer aids
Others
2.4.2. Secured Landfill
The landfill will be designed and constructed as a secure facility to contain the waste
material and any leachate, which is formed by the entrapped moisture or by infiltration of
rainfall. To meet these requirements, the base of the landfill has been designed as an
engineered liner constructed prior to the placement of waste and also an engineered
capping over the surface after completion of filling to minimize the infiltration of rainfall.
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permeability less than 10-9 m/s and above this shall be a HDPE liner with permeability less
than 10–14 m/s above which a complete drainage system shall be placed. Above the
secondary base liner shall be placed a primary liner comprising of primarily clay layer and
HDPE membrane which will prevent infiltration into the secondary layer. A leachate
collection and removal system shall also be placed over the primary liner to collect and
remove any leachate generated by infiltration of precipitation or by the moisture
entrapped in the waste. This makes the secondary system to serve as a leak detection
system and an early warning of potential future liabilities to necessitate action for
remediation. Above the drainage system of the primary liner shall be placed a geo-textile
filter to act as a filter/ barrier between the waste and the drainage system. This entire
system would make the base liner a double composite liner meeting the national laws.
Clay Liner consists of a varying proportions of hydrated aluminum silicates (e.g. kaolnite,
bentonite, illite and montmorillonite) which, when properly compacted, form a soil mass
with a very low hydraulic conductivity. The clay material for use as the liner at this landfill
shall be analyzed and permeability testing shall be carried out to ascertain its low
The base liner of the landfill containment system is proposed to be a double composite
liner with synthetic geo-membrane plus clay. Adequate leachate collection system shall be
incorporated at the base to collect and remove the leachate. These shall incorporate HDPE
pipes embedded in drainage layers of sand/ gravel and /or geonet/ geotextile. The
composite liner (Secondary liner) shall comprise of a 450mm thick clay compacted to a
permeability. Design permeability of the clay liner has been fixed at 10–9 m/s and with
availability of clay liner; we will be able to achieve better results than the design values.
Placement of clay liner shall be most critical in terms of its efficiency of functioning. Clay
should be placed in layers not exceeding 600-mm and shall be compacted to attain the
required permeability. The clay layer after attaining the 450mm thickness should be
then checked for its permeability. Further to this, clay shall be kept moist to ensure that it
does not dry up and cause cracks to the lining system. To ensure this we intend to keep
the clay for the purpose at +4% wet of optimum moisture content.
Synthetic Liners consists of various synthetic flexible membrane liners have been
considered for use as the primary liner at the proposed landfill. Both Poly-Vinyl Chloride
(PVC) and High – Density Polyethylene (HDPE) liners are generally suitable for this landfill.
Tensile strength is a fundamental design consideration in order to assess the ability of the
liner to resist uniaxial and biaxial strains, which occurs in the landfill. Another stress strain
consideration is the coefficient of thermal expansion. Considering various membrane
properties it is decided to use HDPE liner with appropriate thickness as primary liner for
the base of the landfill. HDPE was selected for the following reasons:
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Adequate strength to withstand mechanical strength during construction,
placement and operations.
Acceptable weathering performance.
Superior physical properties under chemical and environmental exposure to wastes
Capability to withstand the seaming process.
The hydraulic conductivity of HDPE is of the order of 0.5*10–16 m/sec, which is effectively
impermeable. Construction of the seam welding process shall be subjected to strict QA/QC
measures to ensure the integrity of the liner.
Secure Landfill is the final placement area for land fillable hazardous wastes which are
treated or wastes does not require treatment. Waste directly or after treatment will be
disposed in the landfill as per the laboratory advice. Waste will be spread in the landfill
using heavy earth machinery and then compacted using vibro compactor. At the end of the
landfill operations 10 – 15 cm soil cover is placed as a daily cover.
During rainy season a flexible geo-membrane cover shall be placed over the uncapped area
of the landfill minimize infiltration of rainfall into the landfill; the rain water shall be
diverted to join the surface water drains. At the end of the total landfill operations the final
capping shall be done using composite liner with clay and synthetic geo-membrane, with
vegetative soil cover grass cover. The cross section of the landfill meeting MOEF Guidelines
is given in Figure 2.4
Figure 2.4 Cross section of the landfill
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2.5. Proposed Hazardous Waste Incinerator
The list of components proposed to be setup along with incinerator are given in Table 2.3
Table 2.3 Proposed Components for Incinerator setup
S.No List of Components Description
1.
Rotary Kiln System with
Shell of IS : 2062 Grade “A”
Riding rings with mountings
Girth gear with support brackets and
bolts
Kiln drive assembly with VVVF drive
Support roller assembly
Trunnion & thrust roller assembly
Sealing arrangement
Refractory material
Cart dumping system
Charging hopper
2. Inlet head with following material
handling arrangement
Ram feeding system
Refractory for inlet head
Ash conveyor
Refractory material
3. Discharge breeching with CS shell
Emergency vents
4. Single drum pyrolyser with the
following
Isolation damper
Refractory material
Combustion system
Ducting
Emergency stack
Refractory material
5. Secondary combustion chamber
with
CS vessel
SS distributor
6. Spray dryer with the following
Disc atomizer with motor
Refractory material
Effluent pumping unit
Pipe line connections
Cooling air fan
Rotary valve
Shell of SS construction with CS
supports
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S.No List of Components Description
Rotary valve
7. Multi cyclones
Lime silo with discharge bin
Carbon storage hopper with bag
holding mechanism
8. Reagent System which includes
the following
Screw feeder for both Lime &
activated carbon
Venturi Injection system with roots
blower
Interconnecting pipe lines
CS Housing, hopper and manifold
Compressed air header and blow-
tubes
9. Bag filter modules
Rotary air lock
Filter bags of PTFE membrane on fiber
glass
Bag cages
Pulse valve
Timer and sequence controller
Inlet butterfly valve, Outlet poppet
valves and bypass valve
Internal coating,
External insulation.
Hopper heaters & pneumatic
vibrators
CS packed bed chamber
Pre quench
10. Wet scrubber with the following
Packing materials
Scrubbing liquid circulation system
Caustic dosing system
Re-circulation tank
Sampling ports
Platform with ladder
11. Stack of 40m height with the
following:
Aviation lamp
Lightning arrestor
Drain point
Man hole
As per layout with refractory material.
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S.No List of Components Description
Kiln energetic liquid / waste oil lance
12. Interconnecting ducting Kiln aqueous waste / water spray
lance
13. Combustion system for rotary kiln
with
Kiln auxiliary clean fuel oil burner with
supply train
Burner and lance supply train
components
Fuel supply piping train components
Energetic liquid / waste oil lance
Auxiliary clean fuel oil burner with
supply train
14. Combustion System for SCC with
Burner and lance supply train
components
Fuel supply piping train components
Fuel pump with motor
Liquid waste pump with motor
15. Rotary equipment includes
Aqueous waste pump with motor
Evaporator cooler pump
Scrubber recirculation pumps
Caustic dosing pumps
C.A. fan
ID fan
Local push buttons
Electrical cables and connectors
16. Electrical panel as per drive list
Cable trays and supports
Allen Bradley make
Power supply with cable
17. PLC system
PC interface with PC and laser printer
Analog input and output cards
Fused digital input and output cards
KT interface card
I/O chassis
Fuel
High energy liquid waste
18. Day tanks Aqueous waste
Caustic lye
19. Instruments as per P& I diagrams
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S.No List of Components Description
20. Piping within the battery limit
21. Piping with fittings, valves, hardware required
2.5.1. Concept of Incineration
Incineration is an ultimate treatment process, applied to certain wastes that cannot be recycled,
reused or safely deposited into a landfill. It is a high temperature, thermal destruction oxidation
process in which hazardous waste is converted in the presence of oxygen in air into gases and
incombustible solid residue. The gases are vented into the atmosphere after cleaning as
deemed necessary, while the solid residue is sent to landfill for disposal.
The proposed incinerator would cater for the disposal/ destruction of the following wastes:
Spent solvents
Waste oils, oil emulsions and oil mixtures
Pesticide waste
Refinery waste
Pharmaceutical waste
Phenolic waste
Grease and wax waste
Organic waste containing halogens, sulfur, phosphorous or nitrogen compounds
Solid materials contaminated with oils.
Organics with high calorific value.
The Incineration system is designed to handle the following wastes from various Industries:
Solids, semi-solid and tarry drummed wastes as made available in packets of definite
size and weight.
Pumpable energetic liquid organic wastes free from suspended solids.
Pumpable aqueous wastes with limits as to TDS& free from suspended solids.
Advantages of Incineration
The following advantages of incineration of hazardous wastes
Ability to handle heterogeneous waste.
High efficiency due to.
o Vigorous mixing in the bed.
o High retention time.
Low NOx formation due to
o Lower operating temperature.
o Low excess air.
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In bed neutralization possible for removing acid gasses.
Quick restart due to heat stored in the bed.
Absence of moving parts hence low maintenance.
Flexibility to handle diverse fuels.
Residence time can be adjusted by varying kiln speed.
Waste feeding without much preparation.
Waste heat recovery is possible.
Gas cooling systems can be fixed.
Well Scrubbing systems can be added.
Temperature control for constant efficiency
Air control for adequate excess air.
Interlocks for safe operational shut down.
2.5.2. Incineration System Design
An incinerator consists of a burner which ignites the supplied fuel and combustibles in the waste
feed in a combustion chamber. Thermal destructions of most organic compounds occur at a
temperature between 850oC to 1150oC. To achieve thermal destruction, residence time usually
ranges from 30 to 90 minutes for solid waste and 0.5 to 2.0 seconds for liquid waste. Turbulent
mixing is important because the waste and fuel must contact the combustion gases if complete
combustion has to occur. Sufficient oxygen must be present and is supplied as ambient air or
as pure oxygen through an injection system.
A typical incineration system consists of several distinct units. The first unit is the kiln or primary
combustion chamber, in to which waste is fed and in which initial volatilization and destruction
of contaminants take place. Gases formed during incineration in the kiln include incombustible
organics or combustion by-products, which are generally referred as Products of Incomplete
Combustion (PIC). These PIC's are drawn to a secondary combustion chamber to inverse the
efficiency of destruction of PIC's. Residual bottom ash produced typically exits in the kiln
through a gravity drop and then cooled before disposal into the landfill. The off-gases from
secondary chamber is routed through an air pollution control system in which gases are cooled,
particulate matter is removed and final flue gases are emitted through a stack. The capacity
details of proposed incinerator are given in Table 2.4.
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Table 2.4 Technical Details of Incinerator setup
S.No. Details
1 Incinerator capacity 1.5 Million Kcal/hr
2 Quantity of hazardous waste 500 kg/hr
3 Calorific value 2500 - 4500 Kcal/kg
4 Water requirement 10 KLD (MEE Codensate)
6 Fuel requirement HSD/ Furnace oil: 30L/ hr,
The incinerable wastes shall be pre-processed if necessary for making it to make its calorific
value uniform. The norms of halogen concentrations are maintained to less than 1%. Waste fed
through cart dumper and ram feeder into the rotary kiln and the hot gases are sent to the
secondary combustion chamber. Temperature at SCC will be min. 1100°C for waste with a gas
residence time of 2 seconds. The residence time and the desired temperatures are maintained
at both primary and secondary combustion chambers for complete combustion as per
guidelines for hazardous waste incineration. The gases after complete combustion shall be sent
to spray dryer/evaporative cooler for cooling followed by gas cleaning equipment. The
Schematic diagram of incineration process is shown in Figure 2.5.
The gases are passed through multi cyclones for removal of particulates. Then dry lime and
activated carbon are injected for neutralization of acidic gases and removal of organic
constituents if any. The flue gases are then passed through bag filters for complete removal of
particulates and then through wet alkaline scrubber for neutralization. The flue gases after
complete cleaning in all respects shall be sent out through a 30 m stack.
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Figure 2.5 Schematic Diagram of Incineration Process
2.5.3. Collection and Transportation
For collection and transportation, own vehicles as per demand will be provided. Type of
vehicles used will be of relevant capacity (crane mounted / containerized collection and
loading vehicles /covered trucks / trucks having pneumatic loading / unloading
arrangements). For the existing vehicles the 7 copy manifest system and TREM card system
as per the Hazardous Waste Rules are implemented.
Experienced drivers are selected for the purpose. Eligibility shall be minimum 10th Standard
pass. They are trained in operating the manifest system and management of TREM card
system. As a practice a trained driver and helper was accompany the truck to ensure that
the manifest system and TREM card arrangement are properly maintained. Drivers and
helpers shall be trained to take care of pollution arising out of emergency and first aid in
case of injuries.
Washing of tanker/ container and disposal of effluent: Each container of vehicle shall be
thoroughly washed prior to being sent to the industry for collection of waste. The collected
water shall be treated and shall be taken to the leachate treatment facility.
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The manifest system shall contain information regarding:
Details of waste generator
Details of waste transporter
Quantitative and qualitative description of waste materials.
Consistency of the waste
Waste category number and characteristics
Precautionary measures for handling the wastes
Emergency procedures to be followed.
The 7 copies of the system shall be distributed as outlined below:
Copy 1 (White): To be forwarded to SPCB/PCC by the occupier
Copy 2 (Yellow): To be signed by the transporter and retained by the occupier
Copy 3 (Pink): To be retained by the operator of a facility
Copy 4 (Orange): Too be returned to the transporter by the operator of facility after
accepting the waste
Copy 5 (Green): To be forwarded to the SPCB/PCC by the operator of facility after
disposal.
Copy 6 (Blue): To be returned to the occupier by the operator of the facility after
disposal.
Copy 7 (Grey): To be sent by the receiver to the SPCB of the sender in case the
sender is in another State.
All other records in respect of the TSDF operation shall be maintained properly and kept
available to regulators as and when required.
2.5.4. Storage of Incinerable Hazardous Waste
An incinerable waste storage shed with adequate capacity as per guidelines will also be
established as a necessary infrastructure. The design of storage shed will be considered as per
following requirements.
Minimum of 15m distance between storage sheds.
Deck wall of at least 1-2 m between two blocks of stacked drums.
Maximum of 300 T incinerable waste storage limit in a block of drums.
At least 1m clear space between two adjacent rows of drums in a pair for routine
inspection purposes.
Spillage or leakage control measures to be adopted in the event of any leakage or
spillages.
Record keeping and maintenance of shed.
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Fire detection, protection and safety measures as well as performing safety audits every
year by the operator of the facility and externally once in two years by a reputed expert
agency.
Storage area shall be designed in such a way that the floor level is at least 150m above
the maximum flood level.
Signboards showing precautionary measures to be taken, in case of normal and
emergency situations shall be displayed at appropriate locations.
2.5.5. Laboratory Facilities
The existing laboratory facility will be used for tests to be conducted at incineration facility with
an objective to study the following:
Storage and feeding requirements: Physical form of waste, pH, hazardous waste
properties such as inflammability, reactivity, compatibility with other wastes etc. for
segregating the waste and to store accordingly, in order to suit feeding mechanism.
Operating conditions of the furnaces: Viscosity, moisture content, total organic carbon,
calorific value, volatility of the waste, special incompatible wastes, inorganic salts,
metals etc.
Air pollution control devices: Chlorides and other halogens, sulfur, nitrates, mercury,
other heavy metals etc. The laboratory of the TSDF facility shall be capable of
monitoring all the parameters prior to disposal.
2.5.6. Waste Feeding
Waste-feeding plays an important role to achieve desired combustion efficiencies. Continuous
feeding of homogeneous waste having same/similar calorific value to the combustion
chambers is the desired option. However, often maintaining homogeneous feed of waste is not
feasible due to incompatibility of different wastes for mixing. Conventionally, hazardous wastes
in solid form are fed through a hydraulic system, which will have automatic two gates i.e. once
the outside plate is closed, inner side plate is opened and solid waste mass is hydraulically
pushed inside the kiln and once the inner side plate is closed, outer plate is opened for the next
batch of solid waste. This system, besides negative pressure in the combustion chamber is
required to ensure safety and to prevent workmen exposure to thermal radiation.
2.5.7. Combustion Chambers
Incineration plant shall be designed, equipped, built and operated in such a way that after the
last injection of combustion air, the gas resulting from the process is raised in a controlled and
homogenous fashion.
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Incineration plant will be equipped with one auxiliary burner which would be switched on
automatically with the temperature of the combustion gases after the last injection of
combustion air falls below specified temperature. It will also be used during plant startup and
shut-down operations in order to maintain the minimum specified temperature at all times
during operation and as long as unburnt waste is in the combustion chamber.
The burners will be pressure-atomized type with approved certification from the Bureau of
Indian Standards or equivalent.
Kiln and secondary combustion chamber of the incinerator will be made of mild steel
conforming to IS: 2062 and of suitable thickness lined with high-grade refractory and insulation,
so as not to buckle in or bulge out.
Combustion chambers (kiln & secondary combustion chamber) will be designed to supply with
excessive air to ensure complete burning of wastes. The blower will be provided with
appropriate capability to supply combustion air. Incinerator facility will have a window fitted
with safety view glass to view the kiln (axially) and flame in secondary combustion chambers.
As the common incineration systems will be handling wastes having varying heat value, and
while ensuring Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Loss on Ignition (LOI) requirements in the
ash/slag, there are possibilities for sudden rise of temperatures in the kiln. Therefore, the
facilities will be designed with thermal refractory bricks and insulation capable of withstanding
a minimum temperature of 1,300°C (typically, corundum / chromium bricks). Interlocking
arrangements for CO and temperature controls (in primary and secondary chamber) with
feeding devices will also be provided.
All the burners will be equipped with automatic flame control system. Exit doors will be
provided at suitable place, one each on the primary kiln and the secondary chamber of the
incinerator for ease in inspection and maintenance.
2.5.7.1. Rotary Kiln
To maintain designed heat capacity of the kiln, quantity of the solid waste injection package
(kg/single injection) will be adjusted w.r.t. calorific value of the waste feed. When a high calorific
value possessing solid waste is injected in packets, the size of each injection will be reduced,
such that the peak CO concentration in the kiln does not exceed too high in the initial stage,
creating shooting of emissions to the secondary chamber, thereby crisis in ensuring the
required retention time.
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Appropriate slope (in general, 3 degrees), rotation rates (around 10 RPH) and solid waste
residence time (1-10 hr) will be adjusted for the kilns, in order to achieve total organic carbon
(TOC) and loss on ignition (LOI) requirements in the ash/slag.
In the rotary kiln, the temperature will be maintained at 800+°C in order to complete burning
of solid waste. Controlled flow of air will be maintained for complete volatilization of solid
waste.
2.5.7.2. Secondary Combustion Chamber
Minimum temperature requirement in the secondary combustion chamber is 1100 °C. The
design and operating conditions will be a minimum of 2 seconds residence time in the
secondary combustion chambers, under critical feed conditions, so as to bring complete
combustion of volatile matter evolved from the primary combustion chamber.
2.5.7.3. Pollution Control Devices
There are many combinations of treatment units installed for gas cleaning and removal of air
pollutants, to comply with the standards. Designed treatment scheme will comprise of
following equipment, in combination, with adequate efficiencies to meet the emission
standards:
Dioxins: Keeping De-novo synthesis in the backdrop, steps must be taken to prevent
reformation of dioxins by rapidly lowering the flue gas temperatures, particularly from 500 °C
to less than 200 °C by adopting rapid quench/catalyst/adsorption by activated carbon etc.
Particulate matter: Fine particulates in the flue gases require specific dust separation
technologies such as bag filters, electro static precipitator etc. in order to meet flue gas
standard. In case of electro static precipitators, special care is required to avoid electric sparks
due to the dust to avoid reformation of dioxins and adsorption to the fine dust.
Mercury: If the feeding waste contains mercury and its compounds, there is a chance of these
emissions to get air borne. Therefore, requires specific treatment for control of these emissions.
(Ex. activated carbon, conversion into mercuric chloride and then to mercuric sulphide etc.)
SO2: Sulfur in the feeding waste upon thermal oxidation forms sulfur dioxide, which requires
control measures to meet the standard. Conventional method is followed in which scrubbing
by alkali (alkali dry / wet scrubber with hydrated lime or sodium hydroxide injection) is done.
HCl & HF: In order to control halogen emissions to the desired level, in particular chlorides and
fluorides, conventional water/alkali scrubbers are in use.
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Mist: Often there is a need to eliminate the mist in the stack emissions, therefore, wherever
necessary de- mister may be provided.
Stack height: Stack height shall not be less than 30 meters, in any case. A Stack height
requirement based on sulfur dioxide emissions by using the equation - stack height = 14 (Q)0.3
[Where, Q is the emission rate of SO2 in kg/hr] By using simple Gaussian plume model to
maintain ambient air quality requirements for all concerned parameters, in the receiving
environment.
2.6. Bio-medical Waste Management Facility
Growth in population, industrialization and changing life styles and food habits have
brought with it various health related issues. More and more people are suffering from
ailments. Alongside this is the growing awareness towards utilizing proper medical
facilities. This has created the need for a whole range of health care establishments,
hospitals, clinics, laboratories which are generating “Bio-Medical Wastes” that are
incompatible with the environment. These wastes need professional attention for effective
management as the infectious nature of the waste can cause irreparable damage to the
human health and the environment. It has become imperative to monitor and control the
management and handling of these wastes.
The concern about disposal of infectious wastes generated by the hospitals is increasing
rapidly due to the fear of the spread of viruses such as Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS) and Hepatitis B. These wastes (bio-medical wastes generated from health
care establishments) present a high risk of causing potential damage to the human health
and the environment by way of spreading. To prevent the spread of such infectious wastes
that finds its genesis in bio-medical wastes (from hospitals, clinics, laboratories,
dispensaries etc.) a scientific approach is required. It is essential that professionally trained
personnel should handle the wastes and that the wastes should be disposed scientifically.
To enable effective management and handling of the bio-medical wastes, the Ministry of
Environment and Forests Climate Change (MOEFCC) has issued regulations for the
management and handling of these wastes. In response to these rules, Government and
major Private Hospitals initiated their arrangements for treatment and disposal of bio-
medical wastes. However, the smaller nursing homes, clinics and other similar institutions
which do not have or can afford such facilities need alternate modalities and arrangements
to dispose their wastes, in accordance with the Rules.
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In view of the difficulties faced by private hospitals, nursing homes and clinics that could
not make their own arrangements due to high cost involved in setting up treatment and
disposal facilities, the need for a centralized system for treatment was felt.
Consequentially, in September 2003, the Central Pollution Control Board enunciated the
“Guidelines for Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility” which in addition to
providing common facilities discouraged the setup of individual incineration facilities by
health care establishments.
2.6.1. Categories of Bio-medical Waste as per BMW Rules, 2016.
According to the BMW Management Rules 2016, the waste is classified in to four categories. A brief description of different categories of BMW, type and colour coding of bags/container along with treatment and disposal are given in Table 2.12.
Table 2.5 Categories of Bio-medical Waste
Category
Type of Waste Type of Bag/ Container
Treatment and Disposal options (as per BMW Rules, 2016)
Treatment / Disposal
Yellow (a)Human Anatomical Waste
Yellow coloured non-chlorinated plastic bags
Incineration or Plasma Pyrolysis or deep burial
Incineration (b)Animal
Anatomical Waste Incineration
(c)Soiled Waste Incineration deep burial or Plasma Pyrolysis/ Autoclaving or micro-waving/ Treated waste to be sent for energy recovery.
Incineration
(d)Expired/Discarded Medicines
antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs including all items contaminated with cytotoxic drugs along with glass or plastic ampoules, vials
Yellow coloured
non-chlorinated
plastic bags
Expired cytotoxic drugs to be returned back to the manufacturer for incineration at temperature >12000C or to Common facility for incineration or Encapsulation or Plasma Pyrolysis.
Incineration
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Category
Type of Waste Type of Bag/ Container
Treatment and Disposal options (as per BMW Rules, 2016)
Treatment / Disposal
(e)Chemical Waste
Chemicals used in production of biological and used or discarded disinfectants.
Yellow coloured containers/ non-chlorinated
plastic bags
Disposed of by incineration/or Plasma Pyrolysis/ Encapsulation in hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facility.
Incineration
(f)Chemical Liquid Waste: Liquid waste generated due to use of chemicals in production, Silver X-ray film developing liquid, discarded Formalin, infected secretions
Separate collection system leading to effluent treatment system
After resource recovery, the chemical liquid waste shall be pre-treated before mixing with other wastewater. The combined discharge shall conform to the discharge norms
Not accepted at the CBWTF
(g)Discarded linen, mattresses, beddings contaminated with blood or body fluid.
Non-chlorinated yellow plastic bags or suitable packing material
Non- chlorinated chemical disinfection followed by incineration/Plasma Pyrolysis/ for energy recovery.
Incineration
(h)Microbiology, Biotechnology and other clinical laboratory waste: Blood bags Lab cultures, stocks or specimens of micro- organisms, live or attenuated vaccines, human and animal cell cultures used in research, industrial laboratories, residual toxins, dishes and devices used for cultures.
Autoclave safe plastic bags or containers
Pre-treat to sterilize with non- chlorinated chemicals on-site as per National AIDS Control Organisation or World Health Organisation guidelines thereafter for Incineration.
Incineration
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Category
Type of Waste Type of Bag/ Container
Treatment and Disposal options (as per BMW Rules, 2016)
Treatment / Disposal
Red Contaminated Waste (Recyclable) Wastes generated from disposable items such as tubing, bottles, intravenous tubes and sets, catheters, urine bags, syringes (without needles
Red coloured non-chlorinated plastic bags or containers
Autoclaving/microwaving/hydroclaving followed by shredding or mutilation Treated waste to be sent to registered or authorized recyclers or for energy recovery
Autoclave
White (Translucent)
Waste sharps including Metals: Needles, syringes with fixed needles, needles from needle tip cutter or burner, scalpels, blades, or any other contaminated sharp object that may cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used, discarded and Contaminated metal sharps
Puncture proof, Leak proof, tamper proof containers
Autoclaving/Dry Heat Sterilization followed by shredding/mutilation/ encapsulation in metal container or cement concrete, combination of shredding cum autoclaving, and sent for final disposal to iron foundries or sanitary landfill or designated concrete waste sharp pit.
Autoclave
Blue (a)Glassware: Broken or discarded and contaminated glass including medicine vials and ampoules except those contaminated with cytotoxic wastes.
Cardboard boxes with blue coloured marking
Disinfection by soaking the washed glass waste after cleaning with detergent and Sodium Hypochlorite treatment/autoclaving/ microwaving and then sent for recycling.
Autoclave
(b)Metallic Body Implants
Cardboard boxes with blue coloured marking
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2.6.2. Collection and Transportation
Bio-medical waste will be collected from each health care establishment on a regular basis.
Wastes shall be segregated as per the color coding, properly packed and placed at a secure
designated point by the health care establishment from where it will be collected. Upon
collection wastes shall be placed into closed containers enclosed in a containerized vehicle
and transported to the site. The vehicles shall be dedicated for the purpose and shall adopt
the conditions specified in the BMW (Management & Handling) Rules-2016.
2.6.3. Disinfection and Destruction
Upon receipt of the waste at the facility, wastes containers shall be unloaded. Wastes
based on their colour codes shall be separated and properly treated and disposed off.
Categories 1, 2, 3 and 6 (as per MOEFCC rules) shall be directly loaded into the incinerator
while categories 4 and 7 shall be loaded into the autoclave for dis-infection. Ash, residue
from high temperature incineration and other material residues from the process shall be
collected into containers and shall be disposed into a secured landfill.
2.6.4. Bio Medical Waste Incineration
The incinerator proposed for Hazardous waste will be used for incineration of Bio-medical
Waste, hence it is a common facility for incineration of all incinerable wastes coming to the
facility.
2.6.5. Autoclave
The primary purpose of autoclave is to sterilize / disinfect the waste with steam.
Microorganisms which contribute to infection do not survive beyond 80oC. However, as a
precaution MOEFCC has stipulated a temperature of 120oC with 15 psi pressure and 60 min
duration to ensure distribution of temperature. At this temperature and pressure,
microorganisms are completely destroyed and thus render the wastes infection free. The
dis-infected waste shall then be segregated into HDPE, PP, rubber, latex, glass and metal.
The segregated materials shall then be shredded completing the process of disinfection
and ensuring non-recycling of the waste materials for medical / food grade purposes. All
the process control conditions will be as per the applicable Bio medical rules.
2.6.5.1. Autoclave Features
A vacuum type (programmable) autoclave which can operate at all the specifications
mentioned by MOEFCC is proposed. The autoclave shall have continuous and automatic
recording of temperature, pressure, date, time and batch of loading. Every batch shall be
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monitored with a strip chart recorder and once in a month the spore validation test and/or
spore monitoring shall be done. The Layout of typical autoclave process is given in Figure
2.6
Table 2.6 key features of the proposed autoclave
Type: Vacuum Type, automatic with documentation
Capacity: 432 liters per hour
Temperature: 120°C
Pressure: 15 psi
Automation: PLC with MMI ( Man-Machine interface)
Documentation/ Recording: Computerized recording
Figure 2.6 Autoclave Sterilization Process
2.7. E-Waste Recycling
The assessment of e-waste recycling sector in India indicates that e-waste trade starts from
formal dismantling sector and moves to informal recycling sector. There are no large scale
organized e-waste recycling facilities in India at present except few in some states of India,
while most of the e-waste recycling units are operating in un-organized sector. So, this will
be an opportunity for us to serve the industries by handling their E-waste. The main
objective of the proposed E-Waste facility is given below.
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To provide Safe and Secured Destruction services at project site to ensure
intellectual property assurance.
To provide innovative and pollution-free technology for recycling of E-waste.
To provide Environmental management system and solutions.
To recover up to 99% of total waste received
To enhance customer service through online account access.
To conserve natural resource & ensuring working towards global warming
The proposed project consists of the following facilities
World class security systems
Certified, Safe and Secured destruction services
Comprehensive EHS practices
Logistics, warehousing facility
Highly skilled manpower
2.7.1. Methodology
The methodology proposed to be followed at the E-Waste facility is as follows. Upon client
request, project management shall arrange a suitable and secured transport to collect the
material from Clients premises.
Collected material shall be weighed, if desired by clients at their premises using
their own weighing machine and witnessed by both parties.
Manifest to be issued by generator to transport with 7 colored copies as per HW
Rules, 2016.
Delivery Order will be issued by Client prior to collection from their premises.
Collected material is to be provided in good packaging condition and thereafter will
be transported to the facility.
After inspection by project security guard, material shall be weighed at site
weighbridge to determine the gross weight of the material and will then be sent to
its warehouse for acceptance.
Goods Receive Note (GRN) for the gross weight will be issued upon receiving the
material at the warehouse.
Material will then be sent for dismantling section under IDO (Internal Delivery
Order) for dismantling.
Destruction process can be witnessed by Client, if required.
Upon data destruction completed, official destruction certificate will be issued to
Client for records.
Dismantled material will then be sent to suitable recycling process.
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2.7.2. Process Description:
The process involved in proposed integrated E Waste recycling facility is basically physical
destruction and recovery of Platinum Group Metals (PGM’s). The steps of proposed process
is described in following paragraphs
The e-waste received from generator shall be stored at earmarked covered shed
having concrete floor and leak proof roof. Wooden or plastic pallets shall be
provided to store the waste.
Waste which may contain mainly electronic and electrical material and monitors of
computer or TV’s, shall be shifted to manual dismantling section in hand trolleys
A set of 8 to 10 no. of work stations are proposed with a suction hood for any dust
particle coming out of the dismantling process. A team of experts in dismantling
shall be deputed for dismantling purpose with all the required tools and tackles. The
tools and tackles shall be identified with best available brand to ensure optimization
in working and to avoid small accidents in the process. The employees at this section
shall be provided with all the required PPE’s i.e. apron, safety shoes, gloves, dust
mask etc. Fire extinguishers shall be provided in the working area.
The team deputed shall dismantle all the waste articles Eg. Computer CPU box, hard
drive, CD ROM, cables, PCB’s etc. and monitor into back cover and picture tube. The
hard drive, PCB’s shall be further dismantled into components attached and naked
PCB’s.
The dismantled PCB’s shall be sent for shredding followed by crushing and
pulverizing. The product shall be powder of PCB from which metal and non-metal
part which shall be segregated by physical process. Both the products shall be
stored in bags for disposal for recovery (metal part) and for making of toys and
monuments (non-metal part). In case the non- metal part fails to be recycled, the
same shall be disposed into incinerator as this consists of residue with high C.V.
The dismantled picture tube shall send to Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) cutting m/c,
which is a closed chamber attached with a hood connected to cyclone and
bughouse.
The CRT shall be put into the control panel connected automatic CRT cutting frame.
The CRT shall be cut into two pieces i.e. front glass and funnel glass.
The glass which is free from all coating etc shall be crushed further and stored in
bags to be dispatched for recycling
The components removed from PCBs shall be segregated and stored in bags for
further disposal and/or reuse.
The ferrous material i.e. cabinet, body of monitor etc shall be baled and disposed
for recycling
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Plastic from cabinet, monitor shall be shredded in the shredder and sold out for
recycling to authorized recyclers
The chemical process for recovery of PGM shall be established during phase – I
The waste generated from above process shall be stored at earmarked area and not
allow the waste to be exposed to the environment. The process flow sheet is given
in Figure 2.7.
Figure 2.7 E-Waste proposed Flow Chart
2.8. Recycling Facilities
The recycling facilities proposed for the site are
Spent solvent recycling
Used oil recycling
Alternative fuel and raw material facility
Lead recycling facility
Waste plastic recycling
Waste paper recycling
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2.8.1. Spent Solvent Recycling
Spent solvents are recovered using a distillation methodology. Following are few solvents
proposed to be separated /distilled initially:
Isopropyl alcohol
Butanol
Dimethyl formamide
Toluene and
Ortho dichloro benzene
Storage of spent solvents
The waste solvent shall be received in drums (MS/Plastic) and shall be stored in
shed which will be provided with garland drain, fire hydrant system, lined floor etc.
The drums shall be stacked as per the best practices. The leakages shall be avoided
at any point of time.
A separate storage shed sized 35x40 m is proposed adjacent to facility to store the
solvent drums.
The stacking of drums shall be in the manner that mixing of solvent drums shall be
avoided at maximum extent.
Distillation process is suitable for the recovery of many spent solvents. Distillation can be
a batch or continuous operation. It is proposed to adopt batch process in the proposed
facility. The process involves pre-treatment of neutralization and separation of spent
solvent feed mixture in a Reactor. After layer separation, the spent solvent mixture will be
sent to distillation still connected to distillation column. The solvent mixture is heated by
steam and the distillation column will be under total reflux for a specific period.
Fractionation of solvent takes place solvent / water as the case may be are separated
initially under atmospheric pressure and later under vacuum (if required). Distilled solvents
are analyzed, stored and recycled, liquid effluent mostly condensate will be recycled back
into system and solid residue sent for incineration / landfill. Steam for heating will be donor
from the boiler. The process diagram of the solvent recovery is depicted below:
2.8.1.1. Process Description
Distillation can be a batch or continuous operation. It is proposed to adopt batch process
in the proposed facility. The process involves pre-treatment of neutralization and
separation of spent solvent feed mixture in a Reactor. After layer separation, the spent
solvent mixture will be sent to distillation still connected to distillation column. The solvent
mixture is heated by steam and the distillation column will be under total reflux for a
specific period. Fractionation of solvent takes place solvent / water as the case may be are
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separated initially under atmospheric pressure and later under vacuum (if required).
Distilled solvents are analyzed, stored and recycled, liquid effluent mostly condensate will
be recycled back into system and solid residue sent for incineration / landfill. Steam for
heating will be donor from the boiler. Flow chart for Spent Solvent recovery is shown in
Figure 2.8.
Figure 2.8 Flow Chart of Spent Solvent Recovery
Incinerator
Cooling Tower
Chiller
Main Product
receiver
Solvent received in
Drums
Pre - Treatment
( Adjusting pH,
removal of SS etc.)
Pump
Feed Tank
Pump
Agitated Vessel
Sludge
Column
Condenser
Cooler
Trail product receiver
Collection Tank Collection Tank
Pump
Feed Tank/
Incinerator
Pump
Drums
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2.8.2. Used Oil Recycling
Used oil is termed as hazardous. Lube oil does not wear out with use it only gets
contaminated with water, carbon and fuel etc. that means used oil when it is ready for
rejection can be re-used. The methods of disposal being followed are Dumping, Burning or
Reprocessing. The Used / Waste Oil generated are not easily biologically degradable.
Therefore, dumping of Used / Waste oil is harmful to environment.
Burning of Used / Waste Oil is not desirable for the following reasons:
Waste Fuel Oil contains substantial quantity of water that will prevent proper
burning of fuel and lead to generation of carbon monoxide.
The Used Oil (used lubricants, Transformer oils etc), they may contain chemicals,
metallic compounds, Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) etc which when burned will
release gas to the atmosphere. Therefore, burning of used / Waste Oil should not
be encouraged.
The other option is Repressing. Improper reprocessing methods can lead to
generation of waste which is even more hazardous than Used / Waste Oil.
Therefore, reprocessing should be allowed only with approved methods.
Reprocessing of Used / Waste will not only be a solution for disposal of waste but it
will have tremendous economic advantage.
The process diagram of the waste/ used oil recycling plant will be as below in Figure 2.9
Figure 2.9 Waste/ Used Oil Recycling Plant
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2.8.3. Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Facility
Alternative fuel platforms will be developed as below:
“S” Type
Alternative Fuel Preparation Facility
“L” Type
Alternative fuel preparation Facility
‘L’ Type Alternative Fuels Area
‘L’ Type Alternative Fuels are basically Liquid Type Incinerable Waste which are more
than 2500 Kcal.
1. Common Neutralization Tank to maintain pH level 7
2. 25 KL Mixing Tank with Cooling Coil and External Jacket to control the heat
for Exothermic Liquid Waste
3. 25 KL Mixing Tank for the Non-Exothermic Liquid Waste
4. Agitator set up made by Stainless Steel
5. Pump
‘S’ Type Alternative Fuels Area:
‘S’ Type Alternative Fuels are basically Solid Type Incinerable Waste which are more
than 2500 Kcal
1. Common Neutralization Tank to maintain pH level 7
2. Mixing pit of 5 x 5 m
3. Jaw mixer for premixing of the solid and semisolid Waste.
4. Blender
Solid blend is prepared through mixing in an appropriate quantity of solid/ semi
solid waste with binders. The first step of preparing solid blend is to selection of
waste.
The segregation of waste according to their pH & calorific value helps in it. Source
materials for solid substitute fuel include Paint Sludge, Oily Filter Cake, Spent
Carbon, Organic waste, Tarry waste, Biomass, Resin, Distillation Residues, Grease,
ETP sludge, and alumina sludge etc.
Assortment of waste is done according blending norms.
A general waste selection criteria for high calorific value fuel is Low moisture
content, High LOI & TOC, High calorific value, Good compressibility, Less ash
content, non-toxic, Less pollutant, Sustainable combustion.
Schematic Diagram for the Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Facility is shown in Figure
2.10.
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Figure 2.10 Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Facility
2.8.4. Lead Recycling
Lead is one of the most vital nonferrous metal having multiple uses like in lead acid
batteries, cable covering, alloying elements in solders, nuclear shield etc, and in terms of
its chemical it is used in glass, paint and as an important stabilizers in PVC as lead striate
etc.
Almost 70 to 80 % of lead productions come from recycling and balance 20 to 30% from
virgin sources that is lead concentrates. The requirement of lead is going up at the rate of
15 to 20 % annually. Its requirement is going up more in developing countries like India
and China. Further almost 70% of the lead goes in to the production of lead acid batteries.
Demand for lead acid batteries is going up almost at the rate of 20 to 25% in India & China.
In India only Hindustan Zinc Limited and two other producers in smaller quantities produce
lead from lead concentrates. Rest of the lead production is either from recycling or
imports. Since more & more scrap lead acid batteries and other scrap of lead will be
available there is a good scope to recover lead in and environmentally friendly manner.
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2.8.4.1. Lead Recycling Process
Extraction of Lead from used Lead Acid Battery Plates, Lead Scrap, lead dross and other
lead bearing wastes is carried out by using Rotary Furnace and Reverberatory Furnace.
Conventional method of lead extraction from used lead acid battery plates, lead scrap, lead
dross and other concentrate generates huge amount of sludge which becomes very difficult
for disposal in the landfill. However, the combination of Rotary furnace and Reverberatory
furnace with high calorific furnace oil as fuel reduces the quantum of slag generation and
improves the recovery of lead metal considerably. Furnace oil will be used as fuel to melt
the battery and other scrap. The schematic diagram of the lead recycling is shown in Figure
2.11 & Schematic Diagram of Lead and Lead alloys manufacturing is shown in Figure 2.12.
Figure 2.11 Lead Recycling
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Figure 2.12 Lead Alloys Manufacturing
The Reverberatory furnace is filled with the charcoals and ignited by using the blower. The
blower supplies the required combustion air for burning the charcoal. After a sustained
fire, the lead scrap (raw material) is fed into the furnace. The metallic lead in the scrap
melts and the oxides of lead are reduced by the carbon present in the charcoal.
The charging of charcoal and raw material are repeated and the molten metal is collected
in a pot at the downstream side of the furnace. The fuel used in the manufacturing process
is charcoal and the quantity used in one shift (8 hrs) is approximately 30 Kg per furnace.
The rotary furnace is manufactured from steel Plates with refractory lining inside the
furnace to withstand temperature up to 1600°C. It is cylindrical in shape at the center and
conical at both ends. The entire structure is supported by four numbers antifriction double
row spherical bearings and shafts which are firmly mounted on a common base frame.
The rotary furnace is driven by electrical Motor (which is 7.5 HP) and the Motor shaft is
connected with rotary furnace shaft through a double reduction worm gear box, chain and
sprockets. A low stage burner with high speed blower is fitted at one end of the Rotary
Furnace to inject oil and for ignition. The other end of the Rotary Furnace is connected with
a suitably designed chute to carry the dust particles to the pollution control equipment.
The fuel burner receives fuel continuously from a oil storage tank through insulated pipe
line. A heater and a pump are used to heat and pump the fuel during winter season to
overcome the slow discharge rate due to viscosity of the fluid. Battery scrap, lead bearing
members of the slag containing lead are charged inside the furnace manually and heated
up to 800 to 900°C. After certain time the recharging process of scrap continues, and the
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disintegrated tiny particles along with dust are conveyed to the air Pollution Control System
for filtration.
1. The rotary furnace is closed while processing the metal. The ambient air quality
around the furnace will be kept in accordance with the latest norms prescribed
the Central Pollution Control Board. The smelting process proposed in lead
recycling unit is explained in detailed below:
2. The raw materials namely, the batteries are received at the unit. The battery
casing are broken with the help of cutting machine and sorted accordingly.
3. The plastic containers, polypropylene wastes are processed in plastic grinding
machine and the PVC separator waste is sold to the PVC recyclers.
4. Initially, the lead scrap is fed into the rotary furnace and the flux agent like
charcoal, iron boring are added for ignition.
5. The burner supplies the heat required for melting the scrap. After a sustained
fire is established, the lead in the scrap (raw material) is melted gradually.
The metallic lead in the scrap melts and the oxides of lead are reduced by carbon from
charcoal. The chemical reaction shown is below:
PbO + C ---------Pb + CO or CO2
The chemical reaction taking place during smelting process is as follows:
2PbO + C -----------------2Pb + CO2
2 PbO2 + 2C ------------- 2Pb + 2 CO
PbSO4 + 2C -------------PbS + 2 CO2
PbSO4 + PbS -----------2Pb + 2SO2
Sb2O3 + 3 Pb -------------2Sb + 3PbO
2Pbo + C -------------2Pb + CO2
While heating up the battery plates. Sulphur dioxide gas generated.
PbSO4 + 2C -------------PbS + 2 CO2
PbSO4 + PbS -----------2Pb + 2SO2
3Pb + Sb2 O3-----------2Sb + 3 PbO
1. The fuel used in the manufacturing process is furnace oil.
2. The lead obtained from rotary furnace and reverbatory furnace is stored in a
separate place and it is known as impure lead. These lead are refined for making
lead alloys and lead oxides depending upon customer’s requirement.
3. The pot furnace is used for refining and alloying process. The alloy pot is
connected to the air pollution control system for filtration. The dust particles
obtained from the alloy pot burner is fed into a carbon arrestor and then passed
to chimney which is 10 m high.
4. The disintegrated tiny particles and dust particles like SO2, NOx and lead
particles are carried to the air pollution control system for filtration.
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The following machinery will be employed for the processing.
Rotary furnace
Charcoal Furnace 1
Charcoal Furnace 2
Charcoal Furnace 3
Charcoal Furnace 4
Melting Pot 1
Melting Pot 2
Gravity Chamber
Cyclone Chamber
Bag House
Gen Set
ID Fan Flower
Chimney
Furnace Oil Tank
Air Compressor
EB Connection
2.8.5. Waste Plastic Recycling
A recycling plant uses seven steps to turn plastic trash into recycled plastic:
Segregation
The plastic shall be segregated manually into 2 major components i.e. dirty plastic
not suitable for granulation and plastic can be used for granulation.
Mechanized Cleaning
Since the plastic drums contain hazardous material, mechanized cleaning is done
with some cleaning agents to remove any types of hazardous substances. The
cleaned drums can be re-used or further processing can be done based on the
requirement.
Chopping
The washed drums are chopped into flakes for further processing.
Drying
The plastic flakes are dried in a tumble dryer.
Melting
The dried flakes are fed into an extruder, where heat and pressure melt the plastic.
Different types of plastics melt at different temperatures.
Filtering
The molten plastic is forced through a fine screen to remove any contaminants that
slipped through the washing process. The molten plastic is then formed into strands
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Pelletizing
The strands are cooled in water, and then chopped into uniform pellets.
Manufacturing companies buy the plastic pellets from recyclers to make new
products.
Production of liquid fuel
Through the process of random depolymerization, plastic can be converted to liquid
fuel. This fuel can be utilized in various plants as a fuel supplement.
The process flow sheet of plastic recycling is given in below Figure 2.13
Figure 2.13 Process flow sheet of plastic recycling
The process is having following steps
Shredding of plastic waste: a simple shredder will be deployed to shred the plastic
into the pieces of 3-4” size, ease to fed into pyrolysis unit.
Pyrolysis: the temperature of the column will be maintained around 300-500oC.
Catalytic Converter: A catalyst (metal compound) will be catalyze the reaction of
de polymerization. The plastic converted into fuel (mixed of liquid and gaseous
fraction both).
Condenser: the gaseous fraction of fuel shall be condensed to liquid fraction at
maximum possible extent. Part of gaseous fraction that cannot be condensed
shall sent be to pyrolysis section for heating purposes as a supplement to fuel.
The liquid fuel can be stored in tanks or vessel for FURTHER use in various
applications.
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2.8.6. Waste Paper Recycling
Paper Recycling is the process of recovering waste paper and remaking it into new paper
products. There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstock for making
recycled paper:
Mill broke: Paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper,
and is recycled internally in a paper mill.
Pre-consumer waste: Material which left the paper mill but discarded before it was
ready for consumer use.
Post-consumer waste: Post-consumer waste are the material discarded after
consumer use such as old magazines, old newspaper, office wastes, old telephone
directories, residential mixed paper, industrial packaging , waste multi-wall cement
paper bags.
2.8.6.1 Process for Paper Recycling:
ICWF focuses on recovering waste paper and sending to paper manufacturing industry. It
is proposed to carryout baling in the following steps:
Step 1: Waste Paper Collection: Collection of waste paper material shall be done
through special color coded recycling bins (segregated directly at Generator’s
premises). However, at some locations, all kinds of papers may be collected in a
single bin.
Step 2: Manual Segregation: The waste paper collected is segregated according to
variety / thickness of paper like newspaper, office stationary, packaging paper, Card
boards etc.
Step 3: Compaction and Baling: The waste paper is manually fed to the Baling press.
It is equipment which utilizes Hydraulic pressure on the loose paper in an enclosed
chamber to compact them into Bales. The bale weight can be varied from 40 – 60
kg, making them very convenient to handle manually.
Baling Wire and Tape
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Step 4: Transportation: Transportation of bales to paper mills and other paper
related product manufacturing units.
2.9. Leachate Treatment Plant
2.9.1. Multiple Effect Evaporator
PWMP has been using Multiple Effect Evaporator to treat and reuse the leachate collected
from the secured landfill. The capacity of the existing MEE plant is 10 KLD. The feed shall
be received in a level controlled balanced tank and passed through pre-heaters, calandrias
and vapor separators of various effects. The evaporation takes place under vacuum, which
is maintained mainly by vacuum system. Steam is supplied through Thermal Vapor
Compressor (TVR) as a heating medium to the first effect jacket. The concentrated product
at the desired concentration is continuously taken out from the plant and sent it to the
vertical film dryer. Salts from the vertical film dryer are sent to secured landfill after
stabilization. MEE condensate will be reused in the process. Technical details of the existing
MEE plant shown in Table 2.7.
Table 2.7 Technical Specification and Operational Parameters of MEE plant
S.No Parameters Units Range
1. Feed Rate kg/h 500
2. Feed Temperature °C 30
3. Initial Solids % 8
4. Total Suspended Solids ppm <1000
5. Final Solids % 40
6. Concentrate output Kg/h 100
7. Water Evaporation Kg/h 400
8. Power Consumption kW 13.6
2.9.1.1. Components of MEE Plant
The Multiple Effect Evaporator plant will comprise the following components.
Table 2.8 List of components of MEE plant
S.No List of Components Description
1. Balance Tank Fitted with the feed inlet connection along with float,
operated valve to maintain the liquid level in the tank and
outlet connection
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S.No List of Components Description
2. Inline Filter Filter the effluent to remove the foreign suspended
particles. Fitted in line with the balance tank and
evaporator.
3. Feed Pump Centrifugal pump with sanitary design and SS mechanical
shaft seal capable of pumping the required feed rate. The
pump will have sealing arrangement and will be coupled
to the electric motor
4. Pre Heater Straight tube type of heating the feed up to boiling point
by means of vapor from all effects of the plant.
5. Calandrias Calandrias are shell and tube vertically arranged heat
exchangers. Preheated feed is pumped by recirculation
pump through the bottom of the calandrias tubes with
high velocity from down to upward in case of forced
circulation evaporator. Dry saturated steam/vapor is
supplied as heating medium in the jacket which causes
high heating of feed through the tubes.
6. Vapor Separators Vapor separators, separate the vapor from concentration
and normally placed in front of the calandrias. These are
connected to calandria top with a tangential inlet with a
central top outlet vapor duct.
7. Thermal Vapor Re-
Compressor
Thermal vapor re- compressor will have steam nozzles of
stainless steel, will be insulated and covered with
aluminum sheet. The re-compressor will have a pressure
gauge located at the steam inlet.
8. Condenser The water is circulated in the tubes and vapor gets
condensed on the shell side
9. Recirculation
Pumps
Pump is to recirculate the liquid from the bottom of forced
circulation type calandria the pump will have adequate
capacity to pump the feed to the calandrias and its
separators. The pumps will be supplied with suitable
horsepower rating motors
10. Concentrate
Discharge Pump
Pump will have adequate capacity to extract the final
concentrated product from last effect. The pumps will be
supplied with suitable horsepower rating motors.
11. Condensate Pump One pump for extracting out the condensate from all the
effects through condenser.
12. Vacuum Pump Liquid ring water sealed type coupled to an electric motor
of suitable rating through a flexible coupling
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S.No List of Components Description
13. Seal Water Tank The function is to supply seal water for all SS Pumps
14. Operational cum
instrumental panel
with MCC
Operational and instrumental panel for switching all the
electrical motors in the plant with corresponding
indication lamps
2.9.2. Vertical Thin Film Dryer
The concentrate from MEE plant is collected and sent it to the vertical thin film dryer. Dryer
converts the concentrated liquid into salts, which are later on sent to the secured land fill
after stabilization process. The capacity of the existing Vertical thin film dryer is 57 kg/hr.
Specifications and components of the vertical thin film dryer is shown in Table 2.9 and
Table 2.10.
Table 2.9 Technical Specification and Operational Parameters of
Vertical Thin Film Dryer
S.No Parameters Units Range
1. Feed Rate kg/h 100
2. Feed Moisture % 60
3. Final Moisture % 6-8
4. Water Evaporation Rate Kg/h 57
5. Dried salt output Kg/h 43
6. Power Consumption kW 8
Table 2.10 List of components of Vertical Thin Film Dryer
S.No List of Components
1. Balance Tank
3. Feed Pump
4. Vertical Thin Film Dryer
6. Vapor Exhaust Duct
7. Vacuum Pump
8. Condenser
9. Operational cum instrumental panel with MCC
2.10. Water Requirement
Total water requirement for the proposed facilities are 56 KLD. The source of water is from
bore well located within the exiting TSDF facility or through tankers and MEE Condensate
which is recycled and reused in incinerator cooling tower. The detailed water requirement
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for the proposed facility is shown in Table 2.11.There will be no discharge of process
effluent outside the plant. Domestic waste water is sent to soak pit/ septic tank or treated
in portable STP. Industrial effluent sent to Multiple Effect Evaporated (MEE) and MEE
condensate will be reused in the incinerator for cooling, MEE salt will be sent to secured
landfill.
Table 2.11 Water requirement
Sl. No Utility Total
Cum/day
1 Domestic 5
2 Floor Washings 4
3 Hazardous waste treatment, 6
4 Recycling 10
5 Bio-medical waste facility 5
6 Boiler 12
7 Cooling Tower 10
8 Green belt 4
Total 56
2.11. Energy and Power Requirement and its sources
The energy requirement for operating the proposed facilities is about 750 KW and power
load for the exiting TSDF is about 62.3 KW. The details of the power required for operation
of the facility and fuel required for running DG sets for emergency use during power failure
are given in Table 2.12.
Table 2.12 Power and Fuel Requirement
S.No Details Capacity Remarks
1. Total Power Required 813 KW From State electricity board
2. Auxiliary Fuel for Incinerator HSD/Furnace Oil
30 KLD From Local Dealers
3. DG Sets 500 KVA DG set is used for emergency power backup, Fuel will be procured from local dealers
2.12. Employment details
The man power deployment will not be found lacking and conforms to the organizational
hierarchy. The manpower for the proposed project during construction phase 50 Nos. and
during operation phase 30 Nos.
CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF THE
ENVIRONMENT
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3 Chapter 3
Description of the Environment
3.1 Introduction
Baseline environmental status in and around the existing project depicts the existing
environmental conditions of air, noise, water, soil, biological and socio-economic
environment. With existing project as the centre, a radial distance of 10 km is considered
as the ‘study area’ for baseline data collection and environmental monitoring. Baseline data
was collected for various environmental attributes so as to compute the impacts that are
likely to arise due to the Proposed Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment,
Storage, and Disposal Facility at Nimbua, DeraBassi, Mohali District, Punjab.
The main aim of the baseline study is to identify the critical environmental attributes which
will be affected and have adverse impacts on the surrounding systems due to the present
scenario. This study is carried out during the project planning stage itself, so that the
proposed facilities can be implemented in a technically, financially and environmentally
sustainable long term basis.
The study depends mainly upon two factors. First is estimation of impact from existing
project on the environment and the second is assessment of the baseline environmental
condition. Both are key factors to arrive at the post project scenario. The estimated impact
due to the proposed project can be superimposed over the existing conditions to arrive at
the post project scenario. The scope of the baseline studies includes detailed
characterization of the following environmental components.
Meteorological conditions
Ambient Air Quality
Noise Levels
Water Quality (Surface & Ground water)
Soil Quality
Biological Environment and
Socio Economic studies.
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3.1.1 Study Period
The baseline data generation for the TSDF has been carried out during the summer season of
(March 2016 to May 2016). The data collection with respect to meteorological conditions, air
pollution levels, noise levels, water quality, soil quality and socio economic conditions were
carried out during the study period.
3.2 Micro-meteorology
The study of micro-meteorological conditions of a particular region is of utmost importance to
understand the variations in ambient air quality status in that region. The prevailing
micrometeorology at project site plays a crucial role in transport and dispersion of air
pollutants released from the project site. The persistence of the predominant wind direction
and wind speed at the project site will decide the direction and extent of the air pollution
impact zone. The principal variables, which affect the micrometeorology, are horizontal
transport and dispersion (average wind speed and directions), convective transport and
vertical mixing (atmospheric stability) and also topography of the area towards local
influences.
The micro-meteorological data recorded in the study region as well as surface meteorological
data procured from IMD corresponding to nearest available observatories are appropriately
used in this study. The hourly record of wind speed and wind direction during study period
was used for computing the relative percentage frequencies of wind occurrences in various
directions. The observed meteorological data at site is given in Table 3.1. The wind rose
diagram for summer season is presented in Figure 3.1. Secondary meteorological data has
been mentioned in Table 3.2 obtained from the nearest IMD station of Ambala.
Table 3.1 Observed Meteorological Data
Period Temperature (o C) R. Humidity (%) Predominant wind
direction from Min Max Min Max
March 2016 12 34 14 92
NW-SE April 2016 17 41 6 77
May 2016 19 43 5 91
During the summer season the winds were predominantly recorded from NW to SE
direction. Calm condition prevailed for 12.4% of the total time and the average wind speed
for the season is 2.29 m/sec. Wind frequency distribution for season March to May 2016 is
given in Table 3.3
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Table 3.2 IMD Data of Ambala (1981-2010)
Month
Temperature °C Humidity
% Rainfall
Pre
Dominant
Direction Mean
Max
Mean
Min Highest Lowest Min Max
Monthly
mm
No of
rainy
days
Jan 18.9 6.4 24.1 2.7 63 87 27.3 1.9 NW
Feb 22.4 9.1 27.3 5 54 81 35.1 2.2 NW
Mar 27.8 13.8 33 8.9 45 70 27.2 1.8 NW
Apr 34.9 19.1 40.1 13.7 28 51 12.3 1.2 NW
May 38.1 23.4 42.6 18 31 50 31.5 2.7 NW
Jun 38.1 25.4 42.8 20.3 42 62 86.6 4.5 SE
Jul 34.4 25.5 38.9 21.8 67 81 264.7 9.1 SE
Aug 33.3 25 36.3 22.2 72 84 239.2 9 SE
Sep 33.1 23 35.7 19.3 64 82 134.8 4.8 NW
Oct 31.7 17.1 34.6 12.4 51 76 15.1 0.8 NW
Nov 27.1 11.1 30.5 6.6 53 81 4.5 0.6 NW
Dec 21.7 7.1 25.5 3.3 60 86 19.7 1 NW
Table 3.3 Season (March- 2016 to May - 2016)-Frequency Distribution Table
Directions/ 0.5 - 1.5 1.5 - 2.5 2.5 - 3.5 >= 3.5 Total (%)
Wind Classes (m/s)
N 1.31 0.77 0.59 1.22 3.89
NNE 1.00 0.91 1.04 0.77 3.71
NE 1.18 0.82 0.50 1.04 3.53
ENE 1.45 0.72 0.72 1.13 4.03
E 1.36 0.86 0.63 1.40 4.26
ESE 1.13 1.04 0.63 1.31 4.12
SE 2.36 2.08 1.09 1.81 7.34
SSE 0.86 0.63 1.09 0.95 3.53
S 1.40 0.82 0.59 0.77 3.58
SSW 1.09 1.00 0.54 1.31 3.94
SW 1.09 0.91 0.50 1.13 3.62
WSW 0.91 0.45 0.41 1.36 3.13
W 4.17 2.63 1.90 3.58 12.27
WNW 3.03 1.81 1.22 2.58 8.65
NW 3.03 2.49 3.03 5.53 14.09
NNW 1.09 0.54 0.77 1.45 3.85
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Directions/ 0.5 - 1.5 1.5 - 2.5 2.5 - 3.5 >= 3.5 Total (%)
Wind Classes (m/s)
Sub-Total 26.45 18.48 15.26 27.36 87.55
Calms (< 0.5 m/s) 12.4
Total 100 %
Note: 1.Average Wind Speed – 2.29 m/s
2.All values are in Percentage
Figure 3.1 Wind Rose Diagram – Summer Season (March 2016 –May 2016)
3.3 Ambient Air Quality
The ambient air quality was monitored in the impact study area as per MoEFCC guidelines.
The primary objective of the baseline air quality study is to assess the existing ambient air
quality of the area with reference to conventional air pollutants.
3.3.1 Methodology Adopted for the Study
The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through a scientifically
designed ambient air quality network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality
surveillance programme has been made based on the following considerations:
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Topography of the study area
Representation of regional background
Populated and sensitive areas
Screening of maximum ground level concentrations and distances of their
likely occurrences as per climate
Representation of valid cross sectional distribution in downwind direction
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were installed at 10 different locations
with due consideration to the above mentioned points. AAQ locations were selected in
downwind, cross wind and upwind direction of the existing project location. The details of
the monitoring stations are given in Table 3.4. The Ambient Air Quality sampling location
map is given in Figure 3.2.
Ambient air quality monitoring stations were selected on the basis of surface influence,
demographic influence and meteorological influence. At each sampling station monitoring
was carried out for a frequency of 2 days per week for 12 weeks during study period. The
common air pollutants namely Particulate Matter (PM<2.5µm, PM<10µm), Sulfur dioxide
(SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Ammonia (NH3)
were sampled on 8/24 hourly and results were averaged to 24 hours to meet the
requirements of the MOEFCC and observed concentrations were compared with CPCB
standards (National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2009).
Table 3.4 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations
Code Name of the
Locations
W.R.T. Site
Latitude
(North)
Longitude
(East) Wind Type Distance
(km) Direction
1 Site (PWMP) - - - 30°36'30.75" 76°55'32.98"
2 Ramgarh Upwind 5.3 NW 30°38'54.91" 76°53'15.78"
3 Naggal Down Wind 2.8 SE 30°35'34.54" 76°57'01.99"
4 Rehwar Down wind 6.0 SE 30°33'53.55" 76°57'50.36"
5 Pangwada Up Wind 4.2 W 30°38'54.91" 76°53'15.78"
6 Behra Cross Wind 6.0 SSE 30°33'23.37" 76°54'14.56"
7 Derabassi Cross Wind 8.0 WSW 30°34'43.35" 76°50'28.84"
8 Bila Cross Wind 3.0 N 30°38'13.95" 76°55'45.16"
9 Rattewali Cross Wind 7.0 NE 30°38'19.12" 76°58'59.35"
10 Sukhdarshanpur Cross Wind 5.5 E 30°36'03.71" 76°58'49.66"
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Figure 3.2 Ambient Air Quality Sampling Locations Map
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The existing values of air pollutants of concern as mentioned above are presented in Table
3.5-3.9. Statistical parameters like minimum, maximum and 98th percentiles have been
computed from the observed raw data for all sampling stations. These are compared with
the standards as prescribed by MoEFCC for industrial, residential and rural zone.
Table 3.5 Particulate Matter Levels in the Study Area (µg/m3) – 24hrs
Code Location
Particulate Matter <2.5µ Particulate Matter <10µ
Min Max 98th
Percentile Min Max
98th
Percentile
A1 Site (PWMP) 26.4 31.3 31.3 51.7 57.5 57.5
A2 Ramgarh 14.1 16.8 16.7 42.0 46.1 46.0
A3 Naggal 21.5 24.0 24.0 46.4 51.2 51.1
A4 Rehwar 20.4 23.9 23.9 43.0 49.3 49.3
A5 Pangwada 14.7 17.2 17.0 42.2 45.6 45.5
A6 Behra 15.5 18.9 18.8 43.8 47.0 46.9
A7 Derabassi 20.7 25.1 25.1 48.6 54.8 54.8
A8 Bila 18.0 21.3 21.1 47.0 52.3 52.1
A9 Rattewali 16.6 19.4 19.3 44.3 53.9 53.7
A10 Sukhdarshanpur 15.8 19.5 19.4 47.6 51.4 51.3
98th Percentile 16.7-31.3 45.5-57.5
NAAQS (2009) 60 for 24 hrs 100 for 24 hrs
Table 3.6 Ambient Air Quality Levels in the Study Area (µg/m3)
Code Location
SO2 µg/m3 NOx µg/m3
Min Max 98th
Percentile Min Max
98th
Percentile
A1 Site (PWMP) 15.3 18.8 18.8 21.0 25.6 25.6
A2 Ramgarh 8.7 12.2 12.0 17.4 19.2 19.0
A3 Naggal 11.5 13.9 13.8 19.0 22.7 22.7
A4 Rehwar 11.2 13.4 13.3 18.8 22.4 22.3
A5 Pangwada 8.8 11.0 10.9 16.9 19.0 18.8
A6 Behra 9.9 12.0 11.8 17.7 19.7 19.6
A7 Derabassi 12.8 15.0 15.0 19.6 22.9 22.8
A8 Bila 10.1 13.5 13.4 17.9 20.0 19.9
A9 Rattewali 9.7 11.8 11.7 17.5 19.7 19.6
A10 Sukhdarshanpur 9.4 11.7 11.6 17.0 19.2 19.1
98th Percentile 10.9-18.8 18.8-25.6
NAAQS (2009) 80 for 24 hrs 80 for 24 hrs
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Table 3.7 Ambient Air Quality Levels in the Study Area (µg/m3)
Code Location
O3 µg/m3 CO µg/m3
Min Max 98th
Percentile Min Max
98th
Percentile
A1 Site (PWMP) 16.8 20.9 20.9 466 600 600
A2 Ramgarh 11.2 13.1 13.0 205 278 277
A3 Naggal 14.8 17.5 17.5 319 425 425
A4 Rehwar 14.3 17.2 17.1 298 401 400
A5 Pangwada 10.6 12.9 12.8 191 226 224
A6 Behra 10.9 13.2 13.1 217 269 268
A7 Derabassi 15.2 18.6 18.6 367 478 478
A8 Bila 10.9 13.1 13.0 217 258 257
A9 Rattewali 10.8 13.2 13.1 210 237 236
A10 Sukhdarshanpur 10.6 13.0 13.0 200 228 227
98 Percentile 12.8-20.9 224-600
NAAQS (2009) 100 for 8 hrs 2000 for 8 hrs
Table 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Levels in the Study Area (µg/m3)
Code Name of the
Location
Benzene (C6H6) Ammonia (NH3)
Min Max 98th
Percentile Min Max
98th
Percentile
A1 Site (PWMP) 0.75 0.92 0.92 12.8 16.6 16.6
A2 Ramgarh 0.62 0.71 0.7 8.9 10.8 10.7
A3 Naggal 0.75 0.82 0.82 10.7 13.0 13.0
A4 Rehwar 0.68 0.78 0.78 10.5 12.8 12.8
A5 Pangwada 0.54 0.61 0.6 8.3 10.4 10.3
A6 Behra 0.58 0.66 0.66 8.6 10.9 10.8
A7 Derabassi 0.65 0.88 0.87 11.2 15.6 15.6
A8 Bila 0.53 0.75 0.74 9.5 11.8 11.7
A9 Rattewali 0.56 0.69 0.68 9.2 11.3 11.2
A10 Sukhdarshanpur 0.59 0.71 0.71 9.1 11.1 11.0
98th Percentile Range 0.6-0.92 10.3-16.6
NAAQ Standards 2009 5 for Annually 400 for 24 hrs
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Table 3.9 Ambient Air Quality Levels in the Study Area
Parameter Lead - μg/m3 Nickel - μg/m3 Arsenic - μg/m3 Benzo (a)
Pyrene - ng/m3
98th Percentile Range *BDL BDL BDL BDL
BDL Value 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01
NAAQ Standards
2009
1.0 0.02 (20
ng/m3)
0.006 (6 ng/m3) 1.0
*BDL – Below Detectable Limit
3.3.2 Air Quality Scenario in the Study Area
3.3.2.1 Particulate Matter <2.5µm &<10µm
Particulate Matter (PM) is the term used for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets
suspended in the air. These particles originate from a variety of sources, such as power
plants, industrial processes, and diesel trucks, and they are formed in the atmosphere by
transformation of gaseous emissions. Their chemical and physical compositions depend on
location and time of year. Particulate matter is composed of both coarse and fine particles.
Coarse particles (PM10) have an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5µm and 10µm. They
are formed by mechanical disruption (e.g. crushing, grinding, and abrasion of surfaces)
evaporation of sprays, and suspension of dust. PM10 is composed of alumina silicate and
other oxides of crustal elements, and major sources including fugitive dust from roads,
industry, agriculture, construction and demolition, and fly ash from fossil fuel combustion.
The lifetime of PM10 is from minutes to hours and its travel distance varies from <1km to
10km.
Fine particles have an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5µm (PM2.5). They differ from
PM10 in origin and chemistry. These particles are formed from gas and condensation of
high temperature vapours during combustion, and they are composed of various
combinations of Sulfate compounds, Nitrate compounds, Carbon compounds, Ammonium,
Hydrogen ion, organic compounds, metals (Pb, Cd, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe), and Particle
bound water. The major sources of PM2.5 are fossil fuel combustion, vegetation burning,
and the smelting and processing of metals. Their lifetime is from days to weeks and travel
distance ranges from hundreds to thousands of kilometers.
The 98th percentile of Particulate Matter <2.5µm recorded within the study area were in
the range of 16.7-31.3µg/m3
The 98th percentile of Particulate Matter <10µm recorded within the study area were in
the range of 45.5-57.5µg/m3.
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The 24 hourly average values of Particulate Matter <2.5µm & Particulate Matter <10µm
were compared with the national ambient air quality standards and found that all sampling
locations recorded values within the applicable limits of residential and rural area limits for
all locations in study area.
3.3.2.2 Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur dioxide gas is an inorganic gaseous pollutant. Sulfur dioxide emissions are expected
to be emitted wherever combustion of any fuel containing sulfur takes place. The sulfur in
the fuel will combine with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide. Sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid
mist are the other important pollutants in the sulfur group. In general some of the
important sources of sulfur dioxide are Power stations, sulfuric acid plants, oil refining,
boilers in utilities in any industry and domestic use of coal. The following sources of Sulfur
dioxide in the study area are identified:
Emissions from domestic fuel (coal, diesel, etc.)
Emissions from DG sets used by industries and local residents
Sulfur dioxide in atmosphere is significant pollutant because of its toxicity. Sulfur dioxide is
capable of producing illness and lung injury. Further it can combine with water in the air to
form toxic acid. Aerosols can corrode metal surfaces, fabrics and the leaves of plants. Sulfur
dioxide is irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Excessive exposure to sulfur dioxide
causes bronchial asthma and other breathing related diseases as it affects the lungs.
The 98th percentile of SO2 recorded within the study area was in the range of 10.9-
18.8µg/m3.
The 24 hours average values of SO2 were compared with the national ambient air quality
standards and it was found that all sampling locations recorded values much lower than
the applicable limit of 80 µg/m3 for residential and rural areas.
3.3.2.3 Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of Nitrogen are inorganic gaseous pollutant like Sulfur dioxide. Oxides of Nitrogen
emissions are expected to be emitted wherever combustion at high temperatures takes
place. Nitrous oxide and Nitric Acid Mist are the other important pollutants in the inorganic
nitrogen group. In general some of the important sources of oxides of Nitrogen are Boilers
(utilities) in any industry and Auto exhaust. In a metropolitan towns NOx levels are
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predominantly due to automobile emissions. The following sources of oxides of nitrogen in
the study area are identified:
Emissions from industrial and domestic burning of coal.
Emissions from automobiles.
Oxides of nitrogen have far greater significance in photochemical smog reaction than any
of the other inorganic gaseous contaminants. NOX in the presence of sunlight will undergo
reactions with a number of organic compounds to produce all the effects associated with
photochemical smog. NOX has inherent ability to produce deleterious effects by themselves
like toxicity. It acts as asphyxiate when in concentrations great enough to reduce the
normal oxygen supply from the air.
The 98th percentile of NOX recorded within the study area was in the range of 18.8-
25.6µg/m3.
The 24 hourly average values of NOX were compared with the national ambient air quality
standards and it was found that all the sampling locations recorded values much lower than
the applicable limit of 80 µg/m3 for residential and rural areas.
3.3.2.4 Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere results primarily from the decomposition and
volatilization of animal wastes. As such it is in principle a natural trace gas. Other sources
of ammonia emission include direct volatilization from mineral fertilizers (particularly
urea), agricultural crops and a wide range of non-agricultural sources including sewage,
catalytic converters, wild animals, seabirds and industrial processes.
Atmospheric ammonia has impacts on both local and international (transboundary) scales.
In the atmosphere ammonia reacts with acid pollutants such as the products of SO2 and
NOX emissions to produce fine ammonium (NH4+) containing aerosol. While the lifetime of
NH3 is relatively short (<10-100 km), NH4+ may be transferred much longer distances (100-
>1000 km). In addition to the transboundary effects, NH3 has substantial impacts at a local
level: emissions occur at ground level in the rural environment and NH3 is rapidly deposited.
As a result some of the most acute problems of NH3 deposition are for small relict nature
reserves located in intensive agricultural landscapes.
The 98th percentile of NH3 recorded within the study area was in the range of 10.3-
16.6µg/m3.
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3.3.2.5 Ozone (O3)
Ozone (O3) or Trioxygen, is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is an
allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope (O2). Ozone in the
lower atmosphere is an Air pollutant with harmful effects on the respiratory systems of
animals and will burn sensitive plants. The Ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is
beneficial, preventing potentially damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth’s
surface. Ozone is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth’s atmosphere.
The 98th percentile of Ozone recorded within the study area was in the range of 12.8-
20.9µg/m3. The 8 hour average values of Ozone were compared with the national ambient
air quality standards and found that the recorded values were within the applicable limits
of residential and rural area limits for all the locations in study area.
3.3.2.6 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
It is a colourless, odourless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air. It is toxic
to humans and animals when encountered in higher concentrations, although it is also
produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities, and is thought to have some
normal biological functions. In the atmosphere, it is spatially variable and short lived,
having a role in the formation of ground-level ozone. Along with aldehydes it is part of
series of reactions that form photochemical smog.
Carbon monoxide is present in small amounts in the atmosphere, chiefly as a product
of volcanic activity but also from natural and man-made fires (such as Forest and bush fires,
burning of crop residues and sugarcane fire-cleaning).
Carbon monoxide is a temporary atmospheric pollutant in some urban areas, mainly from
the exhaust of internal combustion engines (including vehicles, portable and back-up
generators, lawn mowers, power washers, etc.), but also from incomplete combustion of
various other fuels (including wood, coal, charcoal, oil, paraffin, propane, natural gas, and
trash).
The 8 hourly average values of CO were compared with the national ambient air quality
standards and it was found that all the sampling stations recorded values much lower than
the applicable limit of 2000 µg/m3 for residential and rural areas.
The 98th percentile of CO recorded within the study area was in the range of 224-
600µg/m3.
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3.3.2.7 Benzene (C6H6)
Benzene is a clear, colorless, highly flammable and volatile, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon
with a gasoline-like odor. Benzene is found in crude oils and as a by-product of oil-refining
processes. Benzene is found in the air from emissions from burning coal and oil, gasoline
service stations, and motor vehicle exhaust. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure of
humans to benzene may cause drowsiness, dizziness, headaches, as well as eye, skin, and
respiratory tract irritation.
The 98th Percentile of Benzene recorded within the study area was in the range of 0.6
μg/m3to 0.92 μg/m3
Remaining Parameters (Lead, Nickel, Arsenic and Benzo (a) Pyrene) are all falling below
detectable Limits.
3.4 Water Quality
Surface water and ground water samples were collected from different sources within the
study area and some important physical & chemical parameters including heavy metals
were considered for depicting the baseline status of the study area.
3.4.1 Water Quality Assessment
Total 10 ground and 2 surface water samples were identified and collected from the study
area to assess the water quality during the study period. The ground water samples were
drawn from the hand pumps and bore wells used by the villagers for their domestic needs.
Surface water sampling was carried out from the river in the study area. The details of the
locations are given in Table 3.10 and Figure 3.3.
The water samples collected from the below locations were analysed for important water
quality parameters and the analytical results of the water samples were compared with IS:
10500-2012 drinking water standards and the results are shown in Table 3.11 ,surface
water results are shown in Table 3.12.
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Table 3.10 Water Sampling Locations
Code Name of the
Locations
Source
Type
W.R.T. Site Latitude
(North)
Longitude
(East) Distance
(km) Direction
Groundwater
GW1 Site Borewell - 30°36’37.37” 76°55’29.12”
GW2 Ramgarh Borewell 5.3 NW 30°38’58.24” 76°53’14.70”
GW3 Naggal Borewell 2.8 SE 30°35’36.85” 76°57’01.11”
GW4 Rehwar Hand Pump 6.0 SE 30°33’53.55” 76°57’50.36”
GW5 Pangwada Hand Pump 4.2 W 30°37’03.82” 76°52’45.89”
GW6 Behra Hand Pump 6.0 SSE 30°33’24.16” 76°54’20.85”
GW7 Derabassi Hand Pump 8.0 WSW 30°35’05.75” 76°50’37.90”
GW8 Bila Bore Well 3.0 N 30°38’13.99” 76°55’31.19”
GW9 Rattewali Hand Pump 7.0 NE 30°38’18.77” 76°59’14.90”
GW10 Sukhdarshanpur Hand Pump 5.5 E 30°36’04.66” 76°58’49.18”
Surface Water
SW1 Ghaggar River (Up Stream)
SW2 Ghaggar River (Down Stream)
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Figure 3.3 Ground Water and Surface Water Sampling locations Map
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Table 3.11 Water Sample Analysis Results – Ground water
S. No Parameter Unit GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8 GW9 GW10 IS:10500-2012 Standards
Acceptable Permissible
1 Odor - Unobjectable Agreeable
2 pH - 7.24 7.38 7.57 7.25 7.08 7.15 7.29 7.12 7.22 7.31 6.5-8.5 No relaxation.
3 Turbidity NTU 2.2 0.5 0.5 2.5 4.6 2.1 1.3 4.4 2.4 0.5 1 5
4 Elec. Conductivity µs/cm 700 647 576 1187 1227 2105 823 860 558 722 - -
5 Total Dissolved solids mg/l 452 414 366 760 780 1330 526 552 355 458 500 2000
6 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 303 255 243 412 322 434 262 327 210 287 200 600
7 Chlorides as Cl mg/l 10 18 15 39 120 266 24 50 19 29 250 1000
8 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 11 12 16 109 98 142 104 20 26 21 200 400
9 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 1.2 3.3 1.0 0.8 18 40 2 2.0 2.0 2.0 45 No relaxation.
10 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 258 245 230 363 394 598 295 316 182 253 200 600
11 Calcium as Ca mg/l 64 62 56 86 92 144 72 74 45 60 75 200
12 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 24 22 22 36 40 57 28 32 17 25 30 100
13 Sodium as Na mg/l 36 31 22 97 96 140 46 50 39 43 - -
14 Potassium as K mg/l 5 5 5 7 6 24 5 5 5 5 - -
15 Flouride as F mg/l 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5
16 Zinc as Zn mg/l 2.1 1.9 2.1 3.1 <1 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.1 <1 5 15
17 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.26 0.22 <0.2 <0.2 0.3
No relaxation.
18 Lead as Pb mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01
19 Mercury as Hg mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001
20 Cadmium as Cd mg/l <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 0.003
21 Chromium as Cr mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05
22 Copper as Cu mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 1.5
23 Cyanide as CN- mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 No relaxation.
24 Arsenic as As mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.05
25 Boron as B mg/l 0.36 <0.1 0.46 0.48 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.5 1
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Table 3.12 Surface Water Sample Analysis Results
Parameter Unit SW1 SW2 IS 2296 – 1992 Inland surface water Stds
A B C D E
Color Pt-Co 2.1 1.5 10 300 300 - -
pH - 7.03 7.13 6.5 – 8.5
Odor Un Objectionable Un
Objectionable - - - -
Turbidity NTU 108 153 - - - - -
TSS 36 42 - - - - -
Elec. Cond µs/cm 633 654 - - - - 2250
Total Dissolved solids mg/l 402 424 500 - 1500 - 2100
Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 187 196 - - - - -
Chlorides as Cl mg/l 52 54 250 - 600 - 600
Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 38 41 400 - 400 - 1000
Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 0.5 0.5 20 - 50 - -
Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 180 222 200 - - - -
Calcium as Ca mg/l 42 52 - - - - -
Magnesium as Mg mg/l 18 22 - - - - -
Sodium as Na mg/l 54 56 - - - - -
Potassium as K mg/l 8 12 - - - - -
Flouride as F mg/l 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 - -
Iron as Fe mg/l 0.24 0.26 0.3 - 0.5 - -
Lead as Pb mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.1 - 0.1 - -
Copper as Cu mg/l 0.56 0.61 1.5 - 1.5 - -
Zinc as Zn mg/l <1 1.1 15 - 15 - -
Cadmium as Cd mg/l <0.003 <0.003 0.01 - 0.01 - -
Arsenic s As mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.05 0.2 0.2 - -
Mercury as Hg mg/l <0.001 <0.001 0.001 - - - -
Cyanide as CN mg/l <0.05 <0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Boron as B mg/l <0.1 <0.1 - - - - 2
DO mg/l 5.1 5.0 6 5 4 4
COD mg/l 64 81 - - - - -
BOD mg/l 18 22 2 3 3 - -
Residual chlorine as Cl2 mg/L <0.01 <0.01
Oil & Grease mg/L <15 <15
Phenolic compounds mg/L <0.1 <0.1
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3.4.2 Regional Scenario
3.4.2.1 Groundwater
The pH limit fixed for drinking water samples as per IS: 10500-2012 standard is 6.5
to 8.5 beyond this range the water will affect the mucus membrane and or water
supply system. In the study area, the pH was varying from 7.08 to 7.57 showing that
they are within the acceptable range.
The acceptable limit for total dissolved solids as per IS: 10500-2012 Standard is 500
mg/l whereas the permissible limits in absence of alternate source are 2000 mg/l,
beyond this palatability decreases and may cause gastro intestinal irritation. In
ground water samples collected from the study area, the total dissolved solids are
varying from 355 mg/l to 1330 mg/l. The TDS of five samples are above the
acceptable limit but within the permissible limit; rest all the samples are below the
acceptable limit.
The acceptable limit for chloride is 250mg/l as per IS: 10500-2012 Standards
whereas the permissible limit of the same is 1000 mg/l beyond this limit, taste,
corrosion and palatability are affected. The Chloride levels in the ground water
samples collected in the study area were ranging from 10 mg/l to a maximum of
266 mg/l. The chloride of one sample is above the acceptable limit but within the
permissible limit; rest all the samples are below the acceptable limit
The acceptable limit as per IS:10500-2012 Standards for hardness as CaCO3 is 200
mg/l whereas the permissible limit for the same is 600 mg/l beyond this limit
encrustation in water supply structure and adverse effects on domestic use will be
observed. In the ground water samples collected from the study area, the hardness
is varying from 182 mg/l to 598 mg/l. Hardness as CaCO3 in nine samples are above
acceptable limit but within permissible limit, whereas one sample is within the
acceptable limit.
Fluoride is the other important parameter, which has the acceptable limit of 1 mg/l
and permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l. However the optimum content of fluoride in the
drinking water is 0.6 to 1.5 mg/l. If the fluoride content is less than 0.6 mg/l it causes
dental carries, above 1.5 mg/l it causes staining of tooth enamel, higher
concentration in range of 3 - 10 mg/l causes fluorosis. In the ground water samples
of study area the fluoride value were in the range of 0.5 to 1.4 mg/l. Fluoride in five
samples are above acceptable limit but within permissible limit, whereas five
samples are within the acceptable limit.
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3.4.2.2 Surface Water
The pH is in the range of 7.03 to 7.13. The pH values for all the samples collected in
the study area during study period were found to be within the limits as per IS:
2296-1992.
The total dissolved solids were in the range of 402 to 424 mg/l which were within
the Class A norms as per IS: 2296-1992.
The chlorides were in the range of 52 to 54 mg/l, which are within the limits of Class
‘A’ norms as per IS: 2296-1992.
The Hardness as CaCO3 in samples varies between 180 to 222 mg/l.
The fluoride in the above samples varies between 1.1 to 1.2 mg/l which are within
the limits of Class ‘A’ norms as per IS: 2296-1992.
The BOD in the above samples were found to be in the range of 18 to 22 mg/l.
3.5 Noise Environment
Noise can be defined as unwanted sound or sound in the wrong place at the wrong time.
It can also be defined as any sound that is undesirable because it interferes with speech
and hearing, is intense enough to damage hearing or is otherwise annoying. The definition
noise as unwanted sound implies that it has an adverse effect on human beings and their
environment including land, structures, and domestic animals. Noise can also disturb
natural wildlife and ecological systems.
Sound can be transmitted through gases, liquids, and solids. Noise impacts can be of
concern during the construction and the operational phases of projects. Noise should also
be considered in relation to present and future land use zoning and policies.
Construction noise can be a significant source of community noise. Of concern are impacts
on people near the construction site, who are totally unrelated to construction activities
(e.g. area residents, office workers, school children, staff, etc.) Factors which are important
in determining noise levels that will potentially impact such populations include distance
from the noise source, natural or man-made barriers between the source and the
impacted population, weather conditions which could potentially absorb, reflect or focus
sound (such as wind speed, direction, temperature inversions), the scale and intensity of
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the particular construction phase (excavation, erection, or finishing).
The Environment/health impacts of noise can vary from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)
to annoyance depending on loudness of noise levels and tolerance levels of individual.
While measuring the day-night equivalent noise levels (Ldn), it is considered that one
event at night is equivalent to ten similar events during the day time. Ldn is similar to 24
hours equivalent sound level (LEq) except that, during the daytime 10 dB (A) weighing is
added. The Ldn for a given location in a community may be calculated from the hourly
(LEq) equivalent sound levels with a 10 dB (A) correction added to the night time value
(Ln).
Ldn=10 Log (0.0416 [15(10Ld/10]+9(10Ln+10/10]) +......
Where Ldis the Equivalent noise levels at day (6.00A.M to 10.00 P.M) and
Ln is the Equivalent noise levels at night (10.00P.M to 6.00 A.M)
3.5.1 Sources of Noise
The main sources of noise in the study area are domestic activities, industrial activities and
vehicular traffic.
3.5.2 Noise Levels in the Study Area
Baseline noise levels have been monitored at 10 locations within the study zone, using a
continuous noise measurement device. Random noise level measurement locations were
identified for assessment of existing noise level status, keeping in view of the land use
pattern, residential areas in villages, schools, bus stands, etc., the day levels of noise have
been monitored during 6 AM to 10 PM and the night levels during 10 PM to 6 AM. The
noise monitoring stations are shown in Table 3.13 and Figure 3.5. The results are presented
in Table 3.14.
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Table 3.13 Noise Monitoring Locations
S. No Code Name of the
Locations
W.R.T. Site Latitude
(North) Longitude (East) Distance
(km) Direction
1 N1 Site - 30°36’37.37” 76°55’29.12”
2 N2 Ramgarh 5.3 NW 30°38’47.93” 76°53’14.70”
3 N3 Naggal 2.8 SE 30°35’26.70” 76°56’59.11”
4 N4 Rehwar 6.0 SE 30°33’53.55” 76°57’50.36”
5 N5 Pangwada 4.2 W 30°37’01.70” 76°52’35.33”
6 N6 Behra 6.0 SSE 30°33’25.69” 76°54’12.96”
7 N7 Derabassi 8.0 WSW 30°35’05.75” 76°50’37.90”
8 N8 Bila 3.0 N 30°38’13.99” 76°55’31.19”
9 N9 Rattewali 7.0 NE 30°38’18.77” 76°59’14.90”
10 N10 Sukhdarshanpur 5.5 E 30°36’04.66” 76°58’49.18”
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Figure 3.4 Noise Sampling locations Map
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Table 3.14 Noise Levels in the Study Area – dB (A)
Time (Hours) N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10
AA
Q S
tan
dar
ds
in r
esp
ect
of
No
ise
SO
123
(E)
dt
14th
Fe
b 2
000–
Res
iden
tial
Are
a
AA
Q S
tan
dar
ds
in r
esp
ect
of
No
ise
SO
123
(E)
dt
14th
Feb
200
0–
Co
mm
erci
al A
rea
1.00 41.2 40.6 41.2 40.5 40.1 40.3 40.8 40.8 40.9 41.3 2.00 42.3 41.3 42.3 42.3 40.9 41.3 42.1 41.9 41.3 42.9 3.00 43.4 42.3 43.6 43.6 41.4 43.1 43.2 42.4 42.9 45.1 4.00 44.3 42.9 44.9 44.7 44.7 46.9 44.5 42.9 44.8 44.7 5.00 45.6 43.2 48.5 45.9 44.9 49.4 45.3 44.7 45.8 44.7 6.00 51.5 47.6 51.2 53.4 48.7 44.3 43.1 45.9 51.8 45.2 7.00 53.4 52.4 52.1 54.3 52.3 53.2 46.3 53.2 52.9 53.4 8.00 52.1 54.3 54.7 55.4 54.3 53.7 46.9 54.9 54.5 54.3 9.00 54.3 55.4 55.9 56.6 55.4 54.6 55.4 56.5 55.6 52.3
10.00 55.4 56.4 55.7 56.3 55.8 55.4 54.5 55.4 54.5 52.1 11.00 54.3 53.2 56.4 55.4 54.3 54.8 54.4 54.6 56.4 51.7 12.00 52.1 54.6 54.3 54.3 53.2 53.8 51.1 54.5 54.3 50.8 13.00 53.2 52.1 52.6 52.3 52.4 51.2 50.8 46.1 49.9 55.6 14.00 54.3 53.4 54.3 53.4 51.2 52.4 51.6 54.5 48.9 53.3 15.00 52.3 52.1 53.6 52.1 53.3 51.2 53.4 55.7 55.4 47.9 16.00 52.1 53.4 55.2 51.2 54.9 53.2 45.5 56.0 54.5 54.0 17.00 52.1 52.3 54.0 50.3 53.2 54.4 50.6 52.6 52.6 51.3 18.00 50.6 51.7 53.4 49.7 53.2 51.2 46.9 52.9 52.0 52.7 19.00 48.6 50.6 45.8 48.2 48.7 49.5 50.1 44.3 45.1 55.4 20.00 47.5 45.4 47.6 47.4 46.5 47.6 49.8 46.1 46.4 43.1 21.00 45.6 44.3 43.9 45.4 45.4 43.2 47.8 45.5 46.9 44.7 22.00 42.4 42.3 42.7 42.3 43.5 42.1 45.4 44.6 42.5 42.8 23.00 41.3 41.3 42.4 41.2 41.2 42.1 41.2 42.3 42.1 43.1 24.00 40.6 40.8 41.2 40.7 40.3 41.3 40.8 41.2 40.7 42.1
Minimum 40.6 40.6 41.2 40.5 40.1 40.3 40.8 40.8 40.7 41.3 Maximum 55.4 56.4 56.4 56.6 55.8 55.4 55.4 56.5 56.4 55.6
Day Equivalent 52.5 52.8 53.6 53.2 52.9 52.5 51.1 53.4 53.1 52.3 55 65 Night Equivalent 41.8 41.1 42.2 41.9 41.5 42.4 42.3 41.9 41.8 42.7 45 55
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3.5.3 Regional Scenario
The values of noise observed in some of the rural areas are primarily owing to vehicular
traffic and other anthropogenic activities. In rural areas wind blowing and chirping of birds
would contribute to noise levels especially during the nights. The day equivalents during
the study period are ranging between 51.1 to 53.6 dB (A) areas the night equivalents were
in the range of 41.1 to 42.7 dB (A). From the results it can be seen that the day equivalents
and the night equivalents were within the Ambient Noise standards of residential.
3.6 Traffic Study
Traffic studies are required to assess the traffic density pattern of the region and to assist
the proponent in planning vehicular movement during the project activity.
The methodology adopted for carrying out the traffic study was to select the major roads
around the project site and count the various categories of vehicles moving on these roads.
The traffic survey was carried out at site connecting road & NH 73. The details of the
vehicular movement is given in Table 3.15 and Table 3.16. From the studies it was observed
that the project site connecting road, the highest peak observed was 58 PCU/hr during 10
to 11 AM and the existing level of service is excellent and NH-73 was 822 PCU/hr during 10
to 11 AM and the existing level of service is good.
Table 3.15 Traffic Survey at site connecting road
Hours Two wheeler Three Wheeler
Passenger cars &Pick-up Vans
Heavy commercial
Vehicles (HCV) Total vehicles
v/hr PCU/hr(0.75)
v/hr PCU/hr v/hr PCU/hr v/hr PCU/hr Total Total
PCU/hr
6-7 am 5 4 3 6 2 2 0 0 10 12
7-8 am 8 6 2 4 4 4 1 4 15 18
8-9 am 13 10 6 12 5 5 2 7 26 34
9-10 am 16 12 11 22 6 6 3 11 36 51
10-11 am 23 15 14 28 8 8 2 7 47 58
11-12 pm 21 16 12 24 6 6 3 11 42 57
12-1 pm 18 14 11 22 5 5 0 0 34 41
1-2 pm 15 11 9 18 4 4 2 7 30 41
2-3 pm 14 11 8 16 3 3 2 7 27 37
3-4 pm 16 12 6 12 4 4 0 0 26 28
4-5 pm 19 14 9 18 7 7 0 0 35 39
5-6 pm 21 16 12 24 9 9 2 7 44 56
6-7 pm 20 15 11 22 3 3 2 7 36 47
7-8 pm 15 11 5 10 2 2 1 4 23 27
8-9 pm 12 9 3 6 2 2 0 0 17 17
9-10 pm 9 7 2 4 0 0 0 0 11 11
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Hours Two wheeler Three Wheeler
Passenger cars &Pick-up Vans
Heavy commercial
Vehicles (HCV) Total vehicles
v/hr PCU/hr(0.75)
v/hr PCU/hr v/hr PCU/hr v/hr PCU/hr Total Total
PCU/hr
10-11 pm 6 5 1 2 0 0 0 0 7 7
The highest peak observed is 58PCU/hr during 10 to 11 am
Total width of the Road in meters ( Sub-Arterial Road) 7
Carrying capacity of the road (the road is 2 lane 2 way road) As per IRC:106-1990 (PCU’s per hour)
1500
Existing V/C Ratio 0.04
LOS=Level of Service (Existing ) A
V/C LOS Performance
0.0-0.2 A Excellent
0.2-0.4 B Very good
0.4-0.6 C Good
0.6-0.8 D Fair/Average
0.8-1.0 E Poor
1.0 &above F Very poor
Table 3-16 Traffic Survey at NH-73
Hours Two wheeler
Three
Wheeler
Passenger
cars &Pick-
up Vans
Heavy
commercial
Vehicles
(HCV)
Total vehicles
v/hr PCU/hr(0.75) v/hr PCU/hr v/hr PCU/hr v/hr PCU/hr Total Total PCU/hr
6-7 am 46 35 14 28 42 42 19 70 121 175
7-8 am 67 50 24 48 58 58 43 159 192 315
8-9 am 124 93 35 32 87 87 74 274 320 486
9-10 am 135 101 47 94 155 155 94 348 431 698
10-11 am 155 116 64 128 174 174 109 403 502 822
11-12 pm 146 110 62 124 167 167 103 381 478 782
12-1 pm 126 95 53 106 156 156 99 366 434 723
1-2 pm 99 74 44 88 140 140 78 289 361 591
2-3 pm 79 59 42 84 133 133 63 233 317 509
3-4 pm 70 53 56 112 124 124 74 274 324 562
4-5 pm 93 70 62 124 166 166 85 315 406 674
5-6 pm 113 85 58 116 156 156 65 241 392 597
6-7 pm 135 101 46 92 145 145 54 200 380 538
7-8 pm 111 83 32 64 138 138 45 167 326 452
8-9pm 93 70 27 54 99 99 43 159 262 382
9-10pm 37 28 12 24 57 57 32 118 138 227
10-11pm 24 18 8 16 44 44 12 44 88 122
The highest peak observed is 822PCU/hr during 10 to 11 am
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Hours Two wheeler
Three
Wheeler
Passenger
cars &Pick-
up Vans
Heavy
commercial
Vehicles
(HCV)
Total vehicles
v/hr PCU/hr(0.75) v/hr PCU/hr v/hr PCU/hr v/hr PCU/hr Total Total PCU/hr
Total width of the Road in meters ( Sub-Arterial Road) 7
Carrying capacity of the road (the road is 2 lane 2 way road)
As per IRC:106-1990 (PCU’s per hour) 1500
Existing V/C Ratio 0.5
LOS=Level of Service (Existing ) C
V/C LOS Performance
0.0-0.2 A Excellent
0.2-0.4 B Very good
0.4-0.6 C Good
0.6-0.8 D Fair/Average
0.8-1.0 E Poor
1.0 &above F Very poor
3.7 Soil Quality
The present study on soil quality establishes the baseline characteristics in the study area
surrounding the project site. The study has been addressed with the following objectives.
To determine the base line characteristics
To determine the soil characteristics of existing project site.
To determine the impact of industrialization/ urbanization on soil characteristics
To determine the impacts on soils from agricultural productivity point of view.
3.7.1 Criteria Adopted for Selection of Sampling Locations
For studying the soil types and soil characteristics, 10 sampling locations were selected to
assess the existing soil conditions representing various land use conditions and geological
features. The homogenized soil samples collected at different locations were packed in a
polyethylene plastic bag and sealed. The sealed samples were sent to laboratory for
analysis. The important physical, chemical parameter concentrations were determined
from all the samples.
3.7.2 Soil Sampling Locations
Details of the soil sampling locations are given in Table 3.17 and the soil sampling location
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map is given in Figure 3.6.
Table 3.17 Soil Sampling Locations
S.No Locations Distance
(km)
Directions
wrt site
Coordinates
Latitude
(North)
Longitude
(East)
1 Site - 30°36’30.50” 76°55’27.88”
2 Ramgarh 5.3 NW 30°38’47.93” 76°53’14.70”
3 Naggal 2.8 SE 30°35’40.44” 76°57’03.43”
4 Rehwar 6.0 SE 30°33’55.84” 76°57’49.34”
5 Pangwada 4.2 W 30°37’03.82” 76°52’45.89”
6 Behra 6.0 SSE 30°33’39.63” 76°54’25.13”
7 Derabassi 8.0 WSW 30°35’05.75” 76°50’37.90”
8 Bila 3.0 N 30°28’10.15” 76°55’37.19”
9 Rattewali 7.0 NE 30°38’18.77” 76°59’14.90”
10 Sukhdarshanpur 5.5 E 30°36’04.66” 76°58’49.18”
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Figure 3.5 Soil Sampling Locations Map
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Table 3.18 Soil Analysis Results
Parameter Unit S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 Standard Soil Classification – Indian Council of
Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Texture Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Color Light Brown
Light Brown
Light Brown
Light Brown
Light Brown
Light Grey
Light Brown
Light Brown
Light Brown
Light Brown
pH ( 1:5 extract) -- 7.03 7.18 7.05 7.02 7.13 7.01 6.98 7.03 6.95 7.01
Acidic <6.0
Normal to saline 6.0 – 8.5
Tending to become alkaline 8.6-9.0
Alkaline > 9.0
EC ( 1:5 extract) µs/cm 212 179 124 114 193 121 136 192 150 155
Normal <1000
Critical for germination 1000 – 2000
Critical for growth 2000- 4000
Injurious to most crops > 4000
Bulk Density g/cc 1.39 1.3 1.43 1.36 1.42 1.39 1.31 1.21 1.38 1.23
Total organic Carbon % 0.54 0.65 0.43 0.54 0.62 0.51 0.48 0.58 0.65 0.54 Low <0.5%, Medium 0.5-0.75%, High >0.75%
Organic Matter % 0.93 1.11 0.74 0.93 1.12 0.88 0.83 1.11 1.12 0.94
Calcium as Ca mg/Kg 3731 4046 982 4124 4399 2828 1099 4360 1532 3142
Magnisium as Mg mg/Kg 643 405 238 667 333 690 261 452 119 238
Available Potassium as K
Kg/Ha 195 145 150 199 193 272 112 195 180 156 Low below 110; Medium 110 to 280; High above 280
Available Nitrogen as N Kg/Ha 232 221 243 286 245 283 218 198 189 223 Low below 280; Medium 280 to 560; High above 560
Available Phosphorus as P
Kg/Ha 47 14 62 51 63 95 39 31 56 24 Low below 10; Medium 10 to 25; High above 25
Chloride as Cl mg/Kg 342 147 98 98 98 195 98 147 98 98
Copper as Cu mg/Kg 3.74 7.12 1.75 5.04 5.81 6.67 1.39 4.82 0.07 2.64
Boron as B mg/Kg 1.42 0.89 1.03 2.06 1.31 0.79 1.04 1.59 2.05 1.91
Zinc as Zn mg/Kg 69.7 62.8 23.9 43.1 41.9 46.9 19.4 37.6 19.9 26.1
Lead as Pb mg/Kg 8.21 7.81 7.62 6.71 7.21 5.62 6.36 8.12 S.91 6.72
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3.7.3 Regional Scenario
The analytical results of the soil samples collected during the study period are
summarized in above Table 3.18.
The pH of the soil is an important property as plants cannot grow in low and high
pH soils. The normal range of the soils from 6.0 to 8.5 is called as normal to saline
soils. Most of the essential nutrients like N, P, K, Cl and SO4 are available for plants
at the neutral pH, except for Fe, Mn and Al which are available at low pH range. The
soils having pH below 7 are considered to be acidic from the practical standpoint,
those with pH less than 5.5 and which respond to liming may be considered to
qualify to be designated as acid soils. On the basis of pH measurements, the degree
of soil acidity may be indicated. The pH values in the study area are varying from
6.95 to 7.18.
Based on the electrical conductivity, the soils are classified into 4 groups (Normal,
Critical for germination, Critical for growth of the sensitive crops, Injurious to most
crops). The electrical conductivity in the study area is varying from 114 to 212 µs/cm
indicating that soils falling under Normal category.
The organic carbon in the study area is varying from 0.43 to 0.65 %.
The other important parameters for characterization of soil for irrigation are N, P,
K. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium are known as primary nutrients; Calcium,
Magnesium and Sulphur as secondary nutrients. The primary and secondary
nutrient elements are known as major elements. This classification is based on their
relative abundance and not on their relative importance.
Nitrogen encourages the vegetative development of plants by imparting a healthy
green colour to the leaves. It also controls, to some extent, the efficient utilization
of phosphorus and potassium. Its deficiency retards growth and root development,
turns the foliage yellowish or pale green, hastens maturity, causes the shriveling of
grains and lowers crop yield. The older leaves are affected first. An excess of
nitrogen produces leathery (and sometimes crinkled), dark green leaves and
succulent growth. It also delays the maturation of plants, impairs the quality of
crops like barley, potato, tobacco, sugarcane and fruits increases susceptibility to
diseases and causes ”lodging” of cereal crops by inducing an undue lengthening of
the stem internodes. The available Nitrogen as N in the study area is varying from
189 to 286 kg/ha, samples are falling in medium category.
Phosphorus influences the vigor of plants and improves the quality of crops. It
encourages the formation of new cells, promotes root growth (particularly the
development of fibrous roots), and hastens leaf development, the emergence of
ears, the formation of grains and the maturation of crops. It also increases
resistance to disease and strengthens the stems of cereal plants, thus reducing their
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tendency to lodge. It offsets the harmful effects of excess nitrogen in the plant.
When applied to leguminous crops it hastens and encourages the development of
nitrogen fixing nodule bacteria. If phosphorus is deficient in the soil, plants fail to
make a quick start, do not develop a satisfactory root-system, remain stunted, and
sometimes develop a tendency to show a reddish or purplish discolouration of the
stem and foliage owing to an abnormal increase in the sugar content and the
formation of anthocyanin. However the deficiency of this element is not so easily
recognized as that of nitrogen. It has also been observed that cattle feeding on the
produce of phosphorus deficient soils become dwarfed, develop stiff joints and lose
the velvety feel of the skin. Such animals show an abnormal craving for eating bones
and even soil itself. In the study area available Phosphorus is varying from 14- 95
kg/ha, which indicates that samples are falling in high category.
Potassium enhances the ability of the plants to resist diseases, insect attacks, cold
and other adverse conditions. It plays an essential part in the formation of starch
and in the production and translocation of sugars and is thus of special value to
carbohydrates rich crops, e.g. sugarcane, potato and sugar beet.
The increased production of starch and sugar in legumes fertilized with potash
benefits the symbiotic bacteria and thus enhances the fixation of nitrogen. It also
improves the quality of tobacco, citrus, etc. With an adequate supply of potash,
cereals produce plump grains and strong straw. But excess of the element tends to
delay maturity, though not to the same extent as nitrogen. Plants can take up and
store potassium in much larger quantities than what is needed for optimum growth
and this excess uptake is known as luxury consumption. With the maturity or death
of plants, potassium is washed out from the plant body readily.
Vegetables and legumes are particularly heavy consumers of potassium. The
deficiency of potassium produces the characteristic ringing of alfalfa leaves with
rows of small white spots, reddish brown discoloration of cotton leaves, the drying,
scorching and curbing of leaf margins of potato, interveinal chlorosis and flaring
along the edges of maize leaves. The older leaves are affected first.
The available potassium in the study area is varying between 145 to 272 kg/ha
which indicates that all samples are falling in medium category.
3.8 Ecology and Biodiversity
3.8.1 Introduction
An ecological survey of the study area was conducted particularly with reference to
recording the existing biological resources in the study area. Ecological studies are one of
the important aspects of Environmental Impact Assessment with a view to conserve
environmental quality and biodiversity. The present objective is to study an area 10 km
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radius from the proposed project site.
Ecological systems show complex inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic
components including dependence, competition and mutualism. Biotic components
comprise of both plant and animal communities, which interact not only within and
between themselves but also with the abiotic components viz. physical and chemical
components of the environment.
Generally, biological communities are good indicators of climatic and edaphic factors.
Studies on biological aspects of ecosystems are important in Environmental Impact
Assessment for safety of natural flora and fauna. The biological environment includes
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
The animal and plant communities co-exist in a well-organized manner. Their natural
settings can get disturbed by any externally induced anthropological activities or by
naturally occurring calamities or disaster. So, once this setting is disturbed, it sometimes is
either practically impossible or may take a longer time to come back to its original state.
Hence, changes in the status of flora and fauna are an elementary requirement of
Environmental Impact Assessment studies, in view of the need for conservation of
environmental quality and biodiversity. Information on flora and fauna was collected within
the study area. Relevant details on aquatic life within the study area were collected from
related government offices.
Generation of base-line data and knowing the types and extents of pollutants would be the
first step of the environmental study report. The biological assessment is trustworthy and
acceptable method to understand the impact of surroundings. This leads to suggesting
remedial measures for minimizing impact. The aim of environment management plan is to
manage the ecosystems with least alterations because only this can make ecosystem
stable.
3.8.2 Terrestrial Ecological Studies
3.8.2.1 Objectives of Ecological Study
The main objective of the survey is to collect the information about the ecology and
biodiversity of the project site and its surrounding of the project site within 10.0km radius.
Generate baseline data from field observations from various terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems, to assess the distribution of flora and fauna in and around of the project site
compare the data so generated with authentic past records to understand changes
characterize the environmental components like land, water, flora and fauna. To assess the
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impacts of the project on the immediate ecology and biodiversity.
3.8.2.2 Methods Adopted for the Study
To accomplish the above objectives, a general ecological survey covering an area of 10 km
radius from the proposed project boundary was done as follows:
Reconnaissance survey for selection of sampling sites in and around the site on the
basis of meteorological conditions;
Compilation of secondary data from published literature of Forest Division
Primary data generation through systematic studies which was done through:
Generation of primary data to understand baseline ecological status, fauna
structure and important floristic elements;
Preparing a checklist of plants observed at the site.
Determining the bird population by taking random readings at every location.
Observing mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects through their calls, droppings,
burrows, pugmarks and other signs.
Interaction with local residents
Collection of secondary data from Forest Working Plan and Gazetteers. The compilation of
primary and secondary data for flora and fauna is appended. Primary data collected from
core and buffer zone of the project site, surrounding villages.
3.8.3 Flora
As per primary survey details, some parts of the land are fertile and support vegetation
some parts of the land is devoid of any vegetation, and a fair agro- vegetation cover in the
study area. Growth of grasses in the study area is more in rainy season. There are no
notified areas used by protected, important or sensitive species of flora or fauna within
10km radius of the project. The list of flora observed at the study area and surrounding of
the project site given in Table 3.19
Table 3.19: List of Flora in the Study Area
S. No. Botanical Name Local Name/ English Name
1 Ficus carica Anjir
2 Terminalia belerica Baheda
3 Prosopis juliflora Vilayati babool
4 Polyalthia longifolia Ashok
5 Accia arabica Babool
6 Azadirachta indica Neem
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S. No. Botanical Name Local Name/ English Name
7 Dendrocalamus
strictus
Bans
8 Albizzia lebbeck Kala siras
9 Mangifera indica Aam/Mango
10 Pyrus communis Nashpati
Source: Primary Field Survey Report
3.8.4 Fauna
As the project site is near to the Nimbuan village and nearby no protected/declared
biosphere is available. The core area is isolated from its surroundings by barrier; there are
no chances for any kind of isolation or restriction of any wild animal to the core area or the
buffer area. As they are capable of moving from place to place either for food or shelter or
mate, it is not proper to list them separately for different areas. Hence, common lists are
prepared based on available secondary data and on the basis of direct observation, indirect
or circumstantial evidence such as foot prints, feathers, skin, hair, hooves etc.
The presence of fauna depends on topography and vegetation in the area. The animals like
Neel Gai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Fox (Vulpes bengalensis), Hare (Lepus nigricollis), are
found in the study area. The reptiles like snake, lizard are also found in the area. Among
the birds mainly crow (Corvus splendens), sparrow (Athene broma), dove, pigeon (Columba
livia) are found in the area.The list of fauna observed during primary survey and based on
secondary sources is given in Table 3.20
Table 3.20 List of Fauna in the Study Area
S.No Scientific name Common name Family WPA Schedule
Mammals
1 Lepus nigricollis Hare Lepomprphia Schedule-IV
2 Boselaphus tragocamelus
Nilgai Bovidae Schedule-III
3 Vulpes bengalensis Fox Canidae part-II Schedule-II
4 Harpestes edwardsi Common mongoose Herpestidae Schedule -II
5 Funambulus pennanti Five Stripped squirrel
Sciuridae Schedule-III
6 Canis lupus Dog Canidae Schedule-IV
7 Capra aegagrus hircus Goat Bovidae Schedule-IV
8 Felis cattus Cat felidae Schedule-IV
9 Bubalus bubalis Buffaloes Bovidae Schedule-IV
10 Cynopterus sphinx vahl. Bat Pteropodidae Schedule-V
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S.No Scientific name Common name Family WPA Schedule
Avian Fauna
1 Acridotheres tristis Myna Sturnidae Schedule-IV
2 Corvus splendens House Crow Corvidae Schedule-V
3 Coracias benghalensis Indian roller Coraciidae Schedule-IV
4 Gruidae Crane Gruidae Schedule-IV
5 Psittacula krameri Parrot Psittaculidae Schedule-IV
6 Eudynamys scolopaceus Common Koel Cuculidae Schedule-VI
7 Milvus migrans Black Kite Accipitridae Schedule-VI
8 Clanga hastate Common Eagle Accipitridae Schedule-IV
9 Dinopium benghalense Woodpecker Picidae Schedule-IV
Reptiles
15 Hemidactylus sp House Lizard Gekkonidae Schedule-II
16 Calotes versicolor Garden Lizard Agamidae Schedule-III
17 Ptyas mucosus Rat snake Colubridae Schedule-II
18 Naja naja Cobra Elapidae Schedule-IV
19 Bungarus candidus Krait Elapidae Schedule-IV
20 Vipera russeli Viper Viperidae Schedule-IV
21 Chamaeleo chamaeleon common chameleon Chamaeleonidae
Amphibians
22 Bufo melanosticus Indian Toad Bufonidae Schedule-IV
23 Rhacophorus maculatus Indian Tree frog Rhacophoridae Schedule-IV
Rana tigrina Bull frog Dicroglossidae Schedule-IV
Rodents
24 Rattus rattus Rat Muridae Schedule-V
25 Mus musculus House Mouse Muridae Schedule-V
26 Bandicota indica Bandicoot Muridae Schedule-IV
Source: Primary Field Survey Report
3.8.5 Aquatic Ecology Cropping Pattern
3.8.5.1 Cropping Pattern of the Study Area
Some agricultural activity is observed in the buffer zone of the study area. The district has
two main major crops, wheat and paddy with combined cropping area of more than 86%.
The principal rabi crop is wheat, while subsidiary crops are gram, barley, oilseeds(sarson,
torial taramira & alsi) and winter vegetables such as peas , cabbage, cauliflower , turnip,
carrot , etc, The principal kharif crops are paddy , sugarcane, cotton and ground nut , while
maize , jowar and bajra are minor crops.
Kharif vegetables include tomato and ladyfinger, kharif pulses are maily moong, mash
arhar, soyabeen, etc. while fruits like grapes, pear, peach, guava, etc. are grown in the
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district.
Most of the cultivation of the area is based on monsoon rains. However, ground water i.e.
by tube wells and dug wells are also used for cultivation.
Table 3.21 Common crops/vegetables /pulses /fruits found in the study area
S. No. Botanical Name Local Name/ English Name
Common crops
1 T. aestivum Gaihoon/ Wheat
2 Hordeum vulgare Jow/ Barley
3 Gossypium arboreum Rui/ Cotton
4 Zia mays Makka/Maize
Vegetables
1 Brassica oleracea var.Botrytis Phool Gobhi /Cauli flower
2 Solanum esculentum Tamatar/ Tomato
3 Pisum sativum Matar/ Pea
4 Spinacia oleracea Palak/ Spinach
5 Allium cepa Piaz /Onion
Pulses
1 Vigna radiate Moong/ Green gram
2 Cajanus cajan Arhar /Pigeon pea
3 Lens culinaris Masoor/ Lentil
Common fruit trees
1 Litchi chinensis Lichi/ Lichi
2 Pyrus Nashpati/ Pear
3 Ziziphus mauritiana Ber/ Indian jujube
4 Psidium guajava Amrood/ Guava
Common oilseeds
1 Arachis hypogaea Mungfali/ Groundnut
2 Helianthus annuus Surajmukhi/ Sunflower
3 Sesamum indicum Til/ Sesamum
4 Brassica napus Sarso/ Rapeseed
3.8.6 Aquatic Ecology
Other than the seasonal streams, village tanks and rain water harvesting ponds and there
is Ghaggar River 5.5 km flowing NW from the project site. Dangri River which is 3.0 km
North is dry. At the time of site visit it was dry and there was no reservoir either in the core
area or buffer zone. There are no protected wetlands or other ecologically sensitive areas
within the 10 km radius of the project area. As such, the area is not important from the
point of aquatic ecology. There are no REET category species of aquatic and semi aquatic
plants in the study area.
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3.8.7 Biological Environment
There are no National Park and Wildlife Sanctuaries within the study area. Hence, there is
no impact anticipated on the same. Inspite of this, efforts will be made not only to maintain
the ecological balance of the surroundings but also to improve upon the same.
The attributes that are identified to describe ecology are animals, birds, fish, field crops,
threatened species, natural vegetation etc. The study area does not have any identified
endangered species, national park, sanctuaries and hence there is no question of any
adverse impact on the same.
As it is an existing project sufficient green belt is already developed in area of 6.2 acres in
which is 30% of the project area. Emphasis will be placed on social forestry programme
wherein tree plantation would be undertaken within the plant premises.
Out of the total project area of 20.7 acres, along the boundary a 10 m wide greenbelt with
three rows of plantation shall be grown. The total area under greenbelt and block
plantations shall come to 33% of the total area. All along the roads on both sides, avenue
trees will be grown at the rate of 400 per every km of road, at a distance of 5 m.
The tree plantation under this programme would help in absorbing atmospheric heat, noise
as well as pollutants. Hence, all efforts will be put-up by the project proponent to maintain
the ecological balance and improve the environment in terms of ecology and green belt
development.
3.8.8 Green Belt Development and Afforestation
Tree plantation is one of the effective remedial measures, which controls air pollution. It
also causes aesthetic and climatological improvements of an area as well as sustains and
supports the biosphere.
It is a well-established fact that trees and vegetation act as a vast natural sink for the
gaseous as well as particulate air pollutants due to enormous surface area of leaves.
Plantation around the air pollution sources control the air pollution by filtering particulate
matter and interacting with gaseous pollutants before it reaches the earth. Trees also act
as buffers and absorbers against accidental release of pollutants.
AS per the CPCB guidelines for development of green plantation the project area falls under
the transgenic plains climatic zones and the climate is semi-arid to dry sub-humid type.
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Most of the region is covered with soils of alluvial (recent-calcareous type). A list of plants
suggested for greenbelt and avenue plantations is given in Table 3.22.
Table 3.22. List of Plants Identified for Greenbelt and Avenue Plantations.
Botanical name Local or common name Importance
Abutilon indicum Linn Kanghi Shrub
Acacia auriculiformis Australian wattle Avenue tree
Acacia catechu, Wild Khair Shade and timber
Acacia dealbata Silver wattle Tree
Acacia leucophloea Wild Safed baul Shrub
Alstonia scholaris Chattiyan saittan kajat Ornamental tree
Albizia lebbeck siris Shade and timber
Anthocephalus indica Kadamba Shade and timber
Azadirachta indica Neem Multipurpose
Bambusa arundinacia (Retz) Roxb Kantabans Shade and timber
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad Golden bamboo Shade and timber
Dalbergia sissoo Shisham Avenue and timber tree
Dendrocalamus strictus Bamboo Bamboo products
Grevillea robusta Silver Oak Erect non shedding tree
Gardenia jasminoides Eills. dikamali Tree
Holoptelia integrifolia Kanju Fibre and timber
Lagerstroemia parviflora Phurush Tall Tree
Mangifera indica Mango/aam Edible fruit
Millingtonia hortensis Indian cork Ornamental tree
Mimosops elengi Bakuli Shade and edible fruit
Muntingia calabura Wild cherry Shade and edible fruit
Peltophorum pterocarpum Copper pod Shade only
Populus nigra lombardy Tree
Polyalthia pendula Ashoka Majestic tree
Polyalthia longifolia Ashoka Avenue tree
Samania saman Rain tree Avenue tree.
Spathodea companulata Flame of the forest Ornamental avenue tree
Syzygium cumini Jamun Edible fruits
Tamarindus indica Imli Tamarind fruit and leaf
Terminalia arjuna Nallamaddi Timber and shade tree
Terminalia catappa Desi Baadam Edible nuts
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3.9 Google Imagery and Topo map for 10 km radius
The satellite based remote sensing is a sustainable global information system because it
has the potential to meet the needs and demands of the present and future. The synoptic
coverage, which provides capability for integration of real time information on regional and
global scales, is a unique characteristic of this information system. Its versatility lies in its
inherent capability to conceptualize situation to give clear perceptions for defining short
term and long term objectives.
3.10 Land Use land Cover
The satellite based remote sensing is a sustainable global information system because it
has the potential to meet the needs and demands of the present and future. The synoptic
Average, which provides capability for integration of real time information on regional and
global scales, is a unique characteristic of this information system. Its versatility lies in its
inherent capability to conceptualize situation to give clear perceptions for defining short
term and long term objectives.
An activity could bring about changes in the Land use and Land cover in the vicinity. A data
based on Land use and land cover indicates ecosystems existing in and around the centre
of an economic activity, to safeguard to allow comparison at a future date to draw
conclusions on the nature.
The study reported here is with the honest intention of building such a database on Land
use and land cover in an area within about 10 km radius of the proposed project. The details
of the land use present in the 10 km study area are given below in Table 3.23; Land use
Land cover Map and satellite imagery shown in figure is shown in Figure 3.7, 3.8
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Table 3.23 Present Land Use and Land cover details (10 km Radius)
Sl.No Description Area in Ha %
1 Habitation 2470.7 7.5
2 Industrial Land 801.7 2.4
3 Agricultural Land 6460.7 19.6
4 Current Fallow 5460.2 16.6
5 Plantation 173.2 0.5
6 Open Forest 972.5 3.0
7 Scrub Forest 930.1 2.8
8 Barren Rocky 168.0 0.5
9 Others 6033.9 18.3
10 Land with Scrub 6029.4 18.3
11 Land without Scrub 1241.4 3.8
12 River with Water channel 1025.8 3.1
13 Dry River Bed 735.4 2.2
14 Nala 380.1 1.2
15 Water Body 15.9 0.0
Total area 32899.0 100.0
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Figure 3.6 Land use and Land cover Map
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Figure 3.7 Satellite Imagery
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3.11 Socio-Economic Environment
3.11.1 Demography and Socio-Economics (secondary data description)
This section illustrates the prevailing socio-economic aspects of people inhabiting in villages
around boundary PWMP at Nimbua village, Mohali Dist., Punjab. It also attempts to
comprehend the social phenomenon so as to represent the demographic, occupational,
gender and diversity among the project area villages, thereby postulate impactful
developmental interventions.
3.11.2 Methodology Adopted for the Study
The study area covers 16 villages in the 10-km radial distance from the periphery of the
project site of PWMP a Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Facility, at Nimbua village, Mohali Dist., Punjab. The baseline study adopted a two-fold
methodology for data collection, namely, review of published secondary data and
collection of primary data. Secondary data was collected from district census statistics of
2011, which includes: demography, occupational structure, literacy profile and Social
structure etc.
Similarly, the primary data was collected through transact walks, administering structured
questionnaire, Focus group discussions, observation and key stakeholder interactions in
project area villages.
The salient features of the demographic and socio-economic aspects are described in the
following sections. Similarly, village wise demographic data as per 2011 census is also
presented in subsequent Annexures.
3.11.3 Socio-Economic profile of the study area:
3.11.3.1 Demographic Aspects Distribution of Population
As per 2011 census the study area consists of 17188 and the distribution of population in
the study area is given in Table 3.24
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Table 3.24 Distribution of Population in the Study Area
Source: District Primary Census statistics of Punjab -2011
As illustrated in the above table, the gender composition, as percentage of men and women
constitute about 53.6% and 46.4% in the study area respectively.
3.11.4 Average Household Size
According to the Census data of 2011, the study area had an average family size of 5.3
persons per household. This represents moderately high family size and also in similarity
with other parts of the district.
3.11.4.1 Population Density
It is estimated that the average density of population of the study area is 320 persons per
km2.
3.11.4.2 Sex Ratio
To reiterate; the male and female constitute 53.6% and 46.4% respectively and number of
females per 1000 males is 867. The gap in sex ratio perhaps could be attributed to certain
sociological aspects with regards female births rate in rural areas. This is a result of infant
mortality among female children, single person family structure and migration of industrial
workers.
3.11.4.3 Social Structure
The Socio-Economic study observed that 29.5% of population belongs to Scheduled Castes
(SC) in the project area. On the other hand, there are no Scheduled Tribe (ST) households
S no. Particulars 0-10 km
1 No. of Households 3231
2 Male Population 9206
3 Female Population 7982
4 Total Population 17188
5 Total Population (0-6 years) 2168
6 Average Household Size 5.3
7 % of males to the total population 53.6
8 % of females to the total population 46.4
9 Sex Ratio (no of females per 1000 males) 867
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in the entire project area villages which are covered in the Socio-Economic study. The
distribution of population in the study area by social structure is shown in Table 3.25.
Table 3.25 Distribution of Population by Social Structure
S.no Particulars 0-10 km
1 Schedule caste 5068
2 % to the total population 29.5
3 Schedule Tribes 0
4 % to the total population 0
5 Total SC and ST population 5068
6 % to total population 29.5
7 Total population 17188
Source: District Primary Census statistics of Punjab -2011
3.11.4.4 Literacy Levels
The analysis of the literacy levels in the study area reveals that an average literacy rate of
64.4% as per 2011 census data. The distribution of literates and literacy rates in the study
area is illustrated in Table 3.26. However, the male literacy of the study area is 58.3%,
whereas literacy rate among women, which is an important indicator for social change, is
estimated to be 41.7%.
Table 3.26 Distribution of Literate and Literacy Rates
Sr.no Particulars 0-10 km
1 Male Population 9206
2 Female Population 7982
3 Total Population 17188
4 Male literates 6453
5 Female literates 4614
6 Total literates 11067
7 Male literacy rate (%) 58.3
8 Female literacy rate (%) 41.7
9 % of Male literates to the Male Population 70.1
10 % of Female literates to the Female Population 57.8
11 Total Literacy rate (%) 64.4
Source: District Primary Census statistics of Punjab -2011
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3.11.4.5 Occupational Structure
The occupational structure of project area is studied with reference to three categories via.,
main workers, marginal workers and non-workers. The main workers include 4 categories
of workers defined by the Census Department; consists of cultivators, agricultural
labourers, those engaged in manufacturing, processing and repairs in household industry;
and others including those engaged in household industry, construction, trade and
commerce, transport and communication and all other services.
The marginal workers are those workers engaged in some work for a period of less than six
months during the reference year prior to the census survey. The non-workers include
those engaged in unpaid household duties, students, retired persons, dependents, beggars,
vagrants etc.; institutional inmates or all other non-workers who do not fall under the
above categories.
As per 2011 census, there is a total of 34.3% main workers in the study area. The marginal
workers and non-workers constitute to 4.6% and 61.1% of the total population
respectively. Therefore, non-workers are predominant in the total distribution of workers
by occupation. The occupational structure of the study area is given in Table 3.27.
Table 3.27 Occupational Structure
S.no Particulars 0-10 km
1 Total Population 17188
2 Total workers 6680
3 Work participation rate (%)(Total Workers / Total population)*100 38.9
4 Main workers 5865
5 % of main workers to total population 34.3
6 Marginal workers 785
7 % of marginal workers to total population 4.6
8 Non-workers 10508
9 % of non-workers to total population 61.1
10 Dependency Ratio 1.6
Source: District Primary Census statistics of Punjab -2011
3.11.4.6 Dependency Ratio
Based on the occupational structure of the study area the dependency rate of non-workers
on the workers category has been estimated at 1.6. The study also noted that, majority of
the educated youth are also part of the non-working population as they don’t have any job
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opportunities in the area. The prevalence of low industrialization and subsistence
agriculture has affected the employability of local population, therefore there is a need for
income generation activities to strengthen the livelihoods of local population.
3.11.4.7 Other Observations
The socio-Economic study revealed that the youth in the project area are devoid of
employment opportunities. They can be a potential source of workers with minimum
handholding and vocational education skills. The youth have expressed their willingness to
setting up of industries in the area as it provides them gainful employment opportunities.
Similarly, this would also trigger many direct and indirect benefits for economic
advancement and social development of project area. The study also noted an active
presence of women groups in the project area villages. Many of these groups are acting as
micro-finance entities, rotating small amount of loans among the group members.
3.11.5 Suggestions for improvement of Socio-Economic status
The socio-Economic status of the population in the project area shall be improved through
CSR and focused community development interventions. Some of the salient activities are
illustrated below:
Need to develop Sustainable water sources through village level Overhead tanks for
the consumption of people and their livestock is the prime factor to be considered
as the most of the villagers are not vulnerable in getting proper drinking facilities
Periodical health check-up camps need to be conducted
Providing capacity building trainings and strengthening of SHG activities
Distribution of vitamin and de worming tablets to anganwadi and school going
children, distribution of iron tablets to women will bring a tremendous change in
the health of women and children
Youth empowerment programs though awareness creation about various
government schemes, providing appropriate opportunities with relevance to their
qualification and skills, conducting skills inculcating programs etc.,
Enhancing women empowerment through conducting skill training programmes for
rural women in tailoring, manufacturing household items would enhance their
income thereby create better livelihood opportunities for the rural women. These
products can be purchased or marketed by company, which will provide additional
employment opportunity of the rural women & adolescent girls.
A number of CSR activities can be initiated in the project area villages on
convergence mode whilst partnering with exiting Government schemes and
financial support from developmental institutions like NABARD.
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Table 3.28 Demographic details in the study area of 10 km radius:
S.NO
Name of the
village No_HH TOT_P TOT_M TOT_F P_06 P_SC P_ST P_LIT M_LIT F_LIT
TOT_
WORK_P
MAIN
WORK_P
MARG
WORK_P
NON_
WORK_P
1 Ratwara 78 491 248 243 61 0 0 389 199 190 205 154 51 286
2 Rajgarh 4 26 13 13 3 0 0 19 11 8 9 9 0 17
3 Chatauli 106 557 293 264 66 276 0 297 173 124 167 114 53 390
4 Naggal 66 336 168 168 37 228 0 261 139 122 95 95 0 241
5 Kauru Majra 5 26 15 11 3 0 0 20 13 7 25 25 0 1
6 Alipur 57 353 186 167 50 18 0 249 138 111 114 113 1 239
7 Kalauli 358 2030 1082 948 245 1380 0 1226 734 492 683 677 6 1347
8 Batauli 237 1305 690 615 128 725 0 953 531 422 390 375 15 915
9 Kheri gujran 280 1696 936 760 194 278 0 992 602 390 501 481 20 1195
10 Fatehpur 237 1218 649 569 186 508 0 790 454 336 489 336 153 729
11 Behra 621 3046 1642 1404 423 150 0 1746 1041 705 1147 1051 96 1899
12 Bhagwanpur 256 1275 684 591 143 479 0 874 498 376 408 250 158 867
13 Rampur Sainian 412 2096 1118 978 213 350 0 1571 907 664 1293 1120 173 803
14 Nimbua 168 901 493 408 152 546 0 496 289 207 482 472 10 419
15 Bahadurgarh 59 305 161 144 50 67 0 183 111 72 176 174 2 129
16
Haripur
Hinduan 287 1527 828 699 214 63 0 1001 613 388 496 449 47 1031
Total 3231 17188 9206 7982 2168 5068 0 11067 6453 4614 6680 5895 785 10508
Abbreviations:
No_HH: No. of House Holds, TOT_P: Total Population, TOT_M: Total Male, TOT_F: Total Female, P_06: Population below 6 years P_ST:
Population belongs to ST, P_LIT: Population Literate, P_ILL: Population Illiterate, TOT_WORK_P: Total Working Population NON_WORK_P:
Number of Non-Working population.
CHAPTER 4
4
ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
MEASURES
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4. Chapter 4
Anticipated environmental impacts and
Mitigation measures 4.1 Identification of Impacts
Any developmental activity in its wake will bring about some impacts associated with its
origin, which can be broadly classified as reversible, irreversible, long and short-term
impacts. In this chapter, an endeavor has been made to identify various environmental
impacts associated with the operation of facility and other activities wherein, there may
be a chance of pollution. Based on the possible worst case emissions and waste
generation from the proposed project and also taking into consideration the baseline
environmental status at the proposed project site, the environmental factors that are
likely to be affected (Impacts) are identified, quantified and assessed. Both instrumental
(positive) and detrimental (negative) impacts are accounted for this purpose. The
prediction of impacts helps in the preparation of a sound environmental management
plan which has to be executed during the on-going activities for the proposed project to
minimize the adverse impacts on the environmental quality.
A large number of adverse impacts occur from facility operations. These impacts can be
fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles) infrastructure damage (e.g.,
damage to access roads by heavy vehicles) pollution of the local environment (such as
contamination of groundwater and/or aquifers by leakage and residual soil contamination
during landfill usage, as well as after landfill closure) off-gassing of methane generated by
decaying organic wastes (methane is a greenhouse gas many times more potent than
carbon dioxide, and can itself be a danger to inhabitants of an area); harboring of disease
vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from improperly operated landfills.
4.2 Methodology
The potential impacts on the environment from the proposed project are identified based
on the nature of the various activities associated not only with the project
implementation and operation, but also on the current status of the environmental
quality at the project site.
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4.3 Potential Impacts
The potential significant environmental impacts associated with the project are grouped
as below.
Air Environment
Impacts on ambient air quality
Impacts on ambient odor
Impacts on ambient noise
Water Environment
Impacts on surface & ground water quality
Impacts on aquatic life
Land Environment
Impacts on land use
Impacts on soil fertility
Impacts on agriculture
Socio Economics
Impacts on infrastructure
Impacts on employment
Indirect Impacts
Impacts on public health and safety
Impacts on aesthetics
4.4 Prediction of Impacts
The impact assessment is carried out for the following phases and presented in the
following paragraphs.
Impacts during development phase
Impacts during operation phase
4.5 Impacts during Development Phase
Construction phase works include site clearance, site formation, building works,
infrastructure provision and any other infrastructure activities. The impacts due to
construction activities are short term and are limited to the construction phase. The
impacts will be mainly on air quality, water quality, soil quality and socio-economics.
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4.5.1 Impact on Air Quality
The principal potential source of air quality impact arising from the construction of the
proposed project is fugitive dust generation. The dust, measurable as Suspended
Particulate Matter and Respirable Suspended Particulates would be generated as a result
of construction activities. The construction program of the projects shall commence
immediately after obtaining statutory clearances.
The potential dust sources associated with construction activities are loading and
unloading of the materials, top soil removal, travel over unpaved roads and wind erosion
etc. The construction works associated with the proposed development are broadly given
below.
1. Site development and foundation works
2. Dust generation due to vehicles bringing raw materials
3. Un loading of raw materials, removal of un wanted waste material from site
4. Civil constructions and provision of infrastructure required for various activities
proposed
Among all the construction activities, site formation has the highest potential for causing
dust nuisance to the nearby air sensitive locations. During the construction of the project,
existing houses nearby may be subject to the potential dust impacts.
Exhaust emissions from vehicles and equipment deployed during the construction phase
is also likely to result in marginal increase in the levels of SO2, NOX, PM, CO and un-burnt
hydrocarbons. The impact of such activities would be temporary and restricted to the
construction phase. The impact is generally confined to the project area and is expected
to be negligible outside the plant boundaries.
Mitigation Measures Proposed – Air Quality
For the proposed project site levelling and grading will be carried out, where ever
possible to maintain the natural elevations they will not be disturbed, only levelling
activity will be carried out for providing roads, sewage network, storm water system, and
places required for providing buildings for administrative and plant shed erection.
According to the engineering assessment; most of the excavated material shall be reused
within the project boundary. The movement of cut and fill material will be limited.
Most of the construction dust will be generated from the movement of construction
vehicles on unpaved roads. Unloading and removal of soil material shall also act as a
potential source for dust nuisance. The control measures proposed to be taken up are
given below.
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1. The important dust suppression measures proposed will be regular water
sprinkling on main haul roads in the project area, this activity will be carried out at
least twice a day, if need arises frequency will be increased on windy days, in this
way around 50% reduction on the dust contribution from the exposed surface will
be achieved.
2. The duration of stockpiling will be as short as possible as most of the material will
be used as backfill material for the open cut trenches for road development.
3. Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the site of
dust generation or all around the project site as barrier for dust control.
4. Tree plantations around the project boundary will be initiated at the early stages
by
5. Plantation of 2 to 3 years old saplings, regular watering will be done, so that the
area will be moist for most part of the day.
6. To reduce the dust movement from civil construction site to the neighborhood the
external part of the building (administration, canteen, etc) will be covered by
plastic sheets
Given the implementation of proper control measures for dust suppression, no adverse
impacts are expected and compliance with the Ambient Air Quality is achieved at ASR’s
(Air Pollution Sensitive Receivers) at all time.
4.5.2 Impact on Water Quality
The proposed project will involve various construction activities. The following section
summarizes the activities likely to be undertaken during the proposed development and
describes the potential impacts on water quality from each activity.
Site formation
Preparation of designated area of land for subsequent development activities involves
levelling of the ground surface, removal of vegetation, stockpiling and generation of
construction waste. Construction of temporary infrastructure such as drainage culverts
may be required. The site formation may produce large quantities of run-off with high
suspended solids loading in the absence of appropriate mitigation measures. This
potential problem may be aggravated during rainy season.
Construction of Buildings
In rainy season during the construction phase due to construction of various civil
structures site runoff results significant pollution in the receiving water bodies and
washing of various construction equipments will also result in water pollution.
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Site workshop
The used engine oil and lubricants, and their storage as waste materials as the potential
to create impacts if spillage occurs. Waste oil may infiltrate into the surface soil layers, or
runoff into local Water courses, increasing hydrocarbon levels. Proper precautionary
measures should be taken to prevent any spillage of the above materials and their
subsequent runoff into the water bodies.
Presence of workers
During construction, impacts from the workers include waste and wastewater generated
from eating areas, and sewage from temporary sanitary facilities. Sewage is characterized
by high levels of BOD, ammonia and E.Coli. Significant water quality impact will happen
only if the sewage is discharged directly into the receiving waters without any prior
treatment.
Mitigation Measures – Water Quality
During site development necessary precautions will be taken, so that the runoff water
from the site gets collected to working pit and if any over flow is, will be diverted to
nearby greenbelt/ plantation area. During construction activity all the equipments
washed water will be diverted to working pit to arrest the suspended solids if any and the
settled water will be reused for construction purposes, and for sprinkling on roads to
control the dust emission, etc. The domestic sewage generated will be treated in portable
STP or sent to septic tank/soak pit.
4.5.3 Impact of Noise Levels
The major activities, which produce periodic noise, during construction phase, are as
follows:
Foundation works, Fabrication of structures
Plant erection
Operation of construction equipment
Movement of vehicles etc
Mitigation Measures
All noise generating equipment will be used during day time for brief period of its
requirement. Proper enclosures will be used for reduction in noise levels, where ever
possible the noise generating equipment will be kept away from the human habituation.
Therefore, impact on noise environment due to proposed project would be insignificant.
All vehicles entering into the project will be informed to maintain speed limits, and not
blow horns unless it is required.
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4.5.4 Impact Due to Solid Waste Generation
This category of waste generation in the proposed project is due to different types of raw
materials being used during construction stage in general may comprise the following
Cement concrete
Bricks, tiles,
Cement plaster
Steel (RCC, door/ window frames, roofing support, railings of staircase etc)
Rubble, sand, Stone (Marble, granite, sand stone)
Timber/wood
Paints/varnishes
Besides above there are some major and minor components namely conduits, pipes,
electrical fixtures, panels, etc. all the above items will be segregated and stored at the site
and once the facility established will be process the same in respective treatment
facilities within the site.
Mitigation Measures for Solid Waste
The solid waste generated during this period being predominantly inert in nature. Hence
maximum effort would be made to reuse and recycle them. The most of the solid waste
material can be used for filing/ levelling of low-laying areas within the site. All attempts
should be made to stick to the following measures.
1. All construction waste shall be stored within the site itself. A proper screen will be
provided so that the waste does not get scattered.
2. Attempts will be made to keep the waste segregated into different heaps as far as
possible so that their further gradation and reuse is facilitated.
3. Materials, which can be reused for purpose of construction, levelling, making
roads/ pavement will also be kept in separate heaps from those which are to be
sold or land filled.
4. The local body or a private company may be arranged to provide appropriate
number of skip containers/ trolleys on hire.
The use of the construction material basically depends on their separation and conditions
of the separated material. A majority of these materials are durable and therefore, have a
high potential for reuse. It would, however, be desirable to have quality standards for the
recycled materials. Construction waste can be used in the following manner.
1. Reuse of bricks, tiles, stone slabs, timber, piping railings etc to the extent possible
and depending upon their conditions.
2. Sale/ auction of materials which cannot be used at the site due to design
constraint
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3. Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal etc will be stored and processed within the site
premises.
4. Rubble/ brick bats can be used for building activity, such as levelling, under coat of
lanes where the traffic does not constitute heavy moving loads.
5. Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filing up low laying areas.
6. Fine material such as sand, dust, etc can be used as cover material
7. The unearthed soil can be used for levelling as well as for lawn development
8. The broken pieces of the flooring material can be used for levelling in the building
or can be disposed off
9. The unused or remaining paints/varnishes/wood can either be reused or can be
disposed off.
4.5.5 Impact on Land Use
Due to the development of Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage,
Disposal and Recycling Facilities providing necessary air pollution control measures,
wastewater treatment and disposal measures, noise pollution control measures, etc, the
impacts on the land use will be envisaged as sufficient greenbelt will be provided around
the boundary to enhance the aesthetics of the project area.
4.5.6 Demographic and Socio Economic
The impact of the proposed unit on demography and socio economic conditions of the
study area would be as follows.
1. Additional strain on civic amenities like road, transport, communication, drinking
water, sanitation & other facilities to meet the work force requirement
2. Increase in demand for services like hotels, lodges, public transport etc.
3. Employment opportunities for construction labourers, skilled and unskilled
workers etc.,
4. Economic up liftment of the area.
5. Increase in Labour rates.
6. More work to the civil construction and transportation companies
4.6 Impacts during Operation phase
4.6.1 Impacts on Water Environment
Total waste water expected to come to treatment plant shall be 25 KLD. The proposed
plant will not have adverse impact on water environment and proposed project will have
zero discharge of waste water and hence the proposed industry will have no effect on
water environment.
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Table 4.1 Wastewater Generation Details in KLD
Sl. No Utility Water
requirement
Waste water
Generation
1 Domestic 5 4
2 Floor washings 4 4
4 Recycling 10 2
5 Bio-medical waste facility 5 5
6 Boiler 12 7
7 Cooling tower 10 3
8 Green belt 4 -
Total 56 25
Scrubber bleed will be generated and the same will be recycled to spray drier/ quencher
and there will be no discharge of process effluent, hence zero discharge will be
maintained. Domestic Effluent will be generated around 4KLD and the same is treated
through septic tank followed by soak pit. The other wastewater likely to be generated
includes washings (due to floor, vehicle, tank washings etc.) and domestic wastewater
generated onsite. These sources can also contaminate downstream sources, if discharged
untreated and need to be treated at the on-site treatment plant.
There will be very low potential of polluted run-off from the site area. Rainwater, which is
falling on the site areas will at no time be in contact or pass any hazardous material and
would be allowed to go to the storm water tank directly and be used for plant watering. It
is expected that due to maximum rainfall high amount of surface run off will be generated
which needs to properly collected and discharged subject to prior checking. The project
design provides for diversion and storage of this runoff water from contaminated area to
a dedicated impermeable quarantined tank and a storm-water pond.
The storage of rainwater in the project site may have a negligible impact on the surface
water quantity due to rainwater harvesting within the project site for use in greenbelt.
Mitigation Measures:
Leachate collected from Secured Landfill and other wastewater including vehicle and
container washing, leachate generated at treatment, incineration are treated (excluding
domestic wastewater) in incineration/ Forced evaporation/spraying on landfill. The
domestic effluent generated will be treated in septic tank followed by soak pit or portable
STP and the treated water is used for greenbelt development. The effluent generated
from floor washings, recycling activity, etc. will be collected in collection tank followed by
settling tank and the settled water is reused. The effluent from bio medical waste is
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treated and recycled to incinerator or circulation back to system. The waste water
generated from boiler and cooling tower used in ash quenching and for greenbelt
development purpose. There will not be any wastewater discharge to any nearby water
body and adopts the zero wastewater discharge concept.
4.6.1.1 Leachate Collection/ Treatment and Disposal
Leachate collection and removal is provided above the geo-membrane in two layers viz.
the primary and the secondary liner. The primary liner serves as leachate collection and
removal system, while the secondary liner serves as leak detection system and a signal of
potential liabilities in terms of environmental pollution.
Leachate is collected by a network of lateral and header pipes embedded in a drainage
layer, all of which eventually drain into a leachate collection sump. The collected leachate
is transferred to a leachate treatment system. Leachate, thus collected is transferred to
the forced evaporation system and the residue after decanting is subjected back to the
land-filling process.
The leachate collection system in an engineered landfill takes the form of an under-drain
beneath the waste material. It is required to ensure there is no more than a limited head
of pressure above the base liner to cause leakage of liquid from the base of the landfill.
The design maximum pressure head in the landfill is limited to 300mm.
Drainage is affected by a layer of about 300mm thick graded sand / gravel having high
permeability. Within this layer a network of HDPE pipes are placed to collect leachate and
conduct it quickly to the collection sump for removal from landfill. The pipes are typically
perforated only over the upper half to allow the leachate to enter the pipe and thereafter
to be contained within the pipe network system. The layout of the pipe network generally
includes sufficient redundancy to ensure that if a blockage occurs somewhere in the
network the leachate simply backs-up a little then flows into the system a little further
up-gradient. Two layers of the leachate collection system are provided one over the
other. Slotting area of the pipe is done only on the top 120o portion of the pipe and to an
extent of 100 Sq. cm per running meter of the pipe.
The pipe must have sufficient strength to withstand the load imposed by the overlying
waste and the earth moving activities associated with the placement and the compaction
of the waste (Min 6 Kg/ Sq.cm). The main pipe (headers) feeding leachate to the sump has
the capability to be cleaned out in case of clogging. However, the design must include
sufficient redundancy of pipe work to ensure alternative drainage paths are available in
the event of localized clogging of any part of the system.
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4.6.1.2 Leachate Treatment Plant
Collected leachate will be sent to grid chamber thereafter sent to Oil & Gas Trap, from
O&G it will be further processed at collection pit then it will be treated through acid or
alkaline or chemical precipitation. After the treatment it will be further sent to primary
settling tank then to aeration chamber. At next level the leachate will be sent to
secondary settling tank and finally sent to treated water holding tank. Treated Leachate
will be finally reused as sprayer on the landfill or sent for forced evaporation. Schematic
diagram is given in Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1 Leachate Treatment Plant
4.6.2 Impact on Air Quality
4.6.2.1 Prediction of Impacts on the Air Environment
Prediction of impacts from the proposed project on the ambient air quality was carried
out using air quality simulation models. The main sources of air pollution are as follows.
1. Area source emissions from Landfill operations
2. Point source emissions from Incinerator, DG set.
The emissions from the DG sets are minimal since they will be operated only during
power failures.
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4.6.2.2 Atmospheric Dispersion of Stack Emissions
In order to estimate the ground level concentrations due to the emissions from the
proposed project, EPA approved American Meteorological Society/ Environmental
Protection Agency Regulatory Model - AERMOD 7.0.3 dispersion Model has been used.
AERMOD dispersion Model provides option to model emissions from a wide range of
sources that are present at a typical industrial source complex. The model considers the
sources and receptor in undulated terrain as well as plain terrain and the combination of
both. The basis of the model is the straight line steady state Gaussian Plume Equation,
with modifications to model simple point source emissions from stacks, emissions from
stack that experience the effect of aerodynamic down wash due to nearby buildings,
isolated vents, multiple vents, storage piles etc. AERMOD dispersion model with the
following options has been used to predict the cumulative ground level concentrations
due to the proposed emissions.
Area being rural, rural dispersion parameters are considered
Predictions have been carried out to estimate concentration values over radial
distance of 10 km around the sources
A combination of cartesian and polar receptor network has been considered
Emission rates from the sources were considered as constant during the entire
period
The ground level concentrations computed were as is basis without any
consideration of decay coefficient
Calm winds recorded during the study period were also taken into consideration
24-hour mean meteorological data extracted from the meteorological data
collected during the study period as per guidelines of IMD/CPCB has been used to
compute the mean ground level concentrations to study the impact on study area.
4.6.2.3 Area Sources
Daily waste will be discharged by tipping at the working area on a landfill, within the area
demarcated for the cell. Daily/Weekly cover (optional) is primarily used for prevention
windblown dust, litter and odours, deterrence to scavengers, birds, reduction of
infiltration (during unseasonal rain) and in improving the sites visual appearance. Soil
used as daily / weekly cover shall give a pleasing uniform appearance from the site
boundary. To achieve this thickness of about 150 mm is usually adequate and shall be
adopted.
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4.6.2.4 Point Sources
The point source emissions considered for the proposed project are Incinerator. The DG
set will be used only during power failure for emergency requirements. Hence the
impacts from DG set will be felt only during power failure. The inputs used to run the
model are stack details and emissions details which are given in Table 4.2 and twenty four
hours mean meteorological data is given in Table 4.3.
The predicted maximum ground level concentration of 24 hour average PM
concentrations considering 24 hour mean meteorological data of study season are
superimposed on the maximum baseline concentrations obtained during the study period
to estimate the post project scenario, which would prevail at the post operational phase.
The overall scenario with predicted concentrations over the maximum baseline
concentrations is given in Table 4.3 and isopleths are given in the Figure 4.2 to 4.4.
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Table 4.2a Stack Emission Details
Table 4.2b Stack Emission Details
Facility Incinerator E-Waste Facility Lead Recycling
Capacity 500 kg/hr 4000 TPA 4800 TPA
Stack Details Incinerator Attached to crusher -
Stack Height, m 30 3 m above roof level 30
Stack Diameter, m 0.85 0.2 0.5
Velocity, m/s 14.5 12 14
Volumetric Flow Rate,
m3/s 8.22 0.3768
2.75
Temperature, °C 120 45 140
PM Emissions, g/s 0.54 0.05 -
SO2 Emissions, g/s 2.17 0.00008 -
NOx Emissions, g/s 4.34 0 .004 -
Lead Emissions, g/s - - 0.04
Parameters Emission Standards (mg/Nm3)
PM 50 115 -
SO2 200 0.2 -
NOx 400 10 -
Lead - - 10
Facility DG Set Used oil
recycling Spent Solvent MEE
Capacity 320 kVA 2 KLD 5 KLD -
Stack Details DG set Boiler - 2 TPH Boiler - 2 TPH Boiler - 1 TPH
Stack Height, m 7 30 30 30
Stack Diameter, m 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.3
Velocity, m/s 14 12.5 12.5 10
Volumetric Flow Rate, m3/s
0.44 2.45 2.45 0.71
Temperature, °C 420 120 120 110
PM Emissions, g/s - 0.09 0.09 0.05
SO2 Emissions, g/s 0.012 0.58 0.58 0.29
NOx Emissions, g/s 0.28 0.39 0.39 0.19
Parameters
Ash content - 40% 40% 40%
NOx 4 g/kWh 260 g/GJ 260 g/GJ 260 g/GJ
Sulphur content 350 mg/kg 0.5% 0.5% 0.5%
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Table 4.3 24 Hours Mean Meteorological Data for summer season
Hour Temperature
°C
Wind Speed
m/s
Wind
Direction
Degree
Relative
Humidity
%
Stability
Class
1 25 2.51 270 68 6
2 22 2.09 315 74 6
3 18 2.27 270 78 6
4 16 2.06 135 84 6
5 12 1.86 315 90 6
6 18 1.37 290 92 5
7 22 1.72 315 88 4
8 28 2.41 290 78 4
9 31 2.56 315 66 3
10 33 2.34 315 56 3
11 36 2.56 315 37 2
12 40 2.76 315 25 1
13 42 2.86 315 12 1
14 43 2.65 315 5 1
15 42 2.74 315 11 1
16 40 1.93 270 19 2
17 38 2.16 270 29 3
18 37 2.29 315 38 4
19 35 2.21 315 45 5
20 34 2.23 315 49 6
21 33 2.14 315 52 6
22 32 2.31 315 58 6
23 30 2.19 290 62 6
24 27 2.01 315 64 6
Table 4.4 Post Project Scenario – Units: μg/m3
Particulars Particulate Matter
(PM)
Sulphur Dioxide
(SO2)
Oxides of Nitrogen
(NOx)
Lead
Baseline Scenario (Max) 57.5 18.8 25.6 --
Predicted GLC (Max) 2.4 8 14 0.12
Distance (km) 0.6 0.6 Within site 0.6
Overall Scenario (Worst Case) 59.9 26.8 39.6 0.12
NAAQ Standards 2009 100 80 80 1
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Figure 4.2 Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of PM (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius
Max Concentration is 2.4 µg/m3 @ 0.6 km in SE Direction
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Figure 4.3 Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of SO2 (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius
Max Concentration is 8 µg/m3 @ 0.6 km in SE Direction
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Figure 4.4 Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of NOx (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius
Max Concentration is 14 µg/m3 @ within site in SE Direction
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Figure 4.5 Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of Lead (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius
Max Concentration is 0.12 µg/m3 @ 0.6 km in SE Direction
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Mitigation Measures
DG Set
DG set will be used only in case of power failure. The DG set will be provided with
acoustic erective and adequate height of stack meeting MOEF/CPCB guidelines. So impact
due to D. G. Set will be temporary & for short time.
Incinerator
Incinerator will be provided with a stack height meeting MOEF Guidelines (minimum
30m), Spray dryer, Multi cyclone, Bag house, Wet scrubber. The gases are passed
through multi-cyclone for removal of particulates. Dry lime and activated carbon are
injected for neutralization of acidic gases (HCl, HF, SO2) and removal of organic
constituents. Flue gases are passed through bag filters for complete removal of
particulates and then to wet alkaline scrubber for neutralization
4.6.1.1 Boiler
Particulate Matter: ESP with efficiency of 99.5% will be installed to collect fly ash from the
flue gas of boiler. The collected fly ash and bottom ash will be sent to landfill.
Gases: For proper dispersion of Sulphur dioxide & Oxides of Nitrogen emissions from the
boiler, stack height meeting MoEF&CC/CPCB guidelines will be provided for proper
dispersion into atmosphere.VTo control fly ash generation at ash handling areas, fly ash
evacuation from the ESP collecting hoppers would be done in closed pipelines by
pneumatic means. The following pollution control measures would be installed for ash
disposal.
Closed trucks & containers would be used for this purpose, as far as possible.
It is proposed to cover the ash in the open trucks with tarpaulin to prevent flying
of fine ash during transportation.
Dioxins: To prevent reformation of dioxins by rapidly lowering the flue gas temperatures,
particularly from 500 °C to less than 200 °C by adopting rapid quench / catalyst /
adsorption by activated carbon etc.
Mercury: If the feeding waste contains mercury and its compounds, activated carbon
treatment for control of these emissions is given. (Ex. activated carbon, conversion into
mercuric chloride and then to mercuric sulphide etc.)
Mist: Often there is a need to eliminate the mist in the stack emissions, therefore, where
necessary de mister may be provided.
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Secured Landfill
During operation part of the Secured land fill, to minimize the odor and gases generation,
daily it will be covered with soil/ash and during rainy period with temporary cover
(HDPE/Plastic sheets).
4.6.3 Impact on Noise Quality
Impacts to noise quality post construction phase will be mainly due to project related
vehicular traffic movement connecting access to various project components and
machinery including emergency DG set, incinerator, fans, compressors, blowers, etc. The
observed noise level of these machineries in the proposed plant is given below.
Diesel Generator : 95-105 dB(A)
Fans, compressors and blowers : 90-95 dB(A)
Incinerator : 78-80 dB(A)
The overall increase in traffic is expected to be due to the proposed project in unloading
hazardous waste at the site.
Mitigation Measures during Adequate measures for noise control, at the design stage shall be taken such as keeping
high noise generating equipments like pumps, motors, etc., on anti-vibration pads, closed
rooms and regular maintenance as suggested by the manufacturer. Some of the
mitigation measures proposed are
Noise level specification of the various equipments as per the Occupational Safety
and Health Association (OSHA) standards.
Providing suitable enclosures (adequate insulation) to minimize the impact of high
noise generating sources.
Employees will be provided with PPE like ear plugs, helmets, safety shoes, etc.
Development of greenbelt all along the boundary and along the roads within the
project
4.6.4 Impact on Land Use
Due to the development of Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage,
Disposal and Recycling Facilities providing necessary air pollution control measures,
wastewater treatment and disposal measures, noise pollution control measures, etc, the
impacts on the land use will be envisaged as sufficient greenbelt will be provided around
the boundary to enhance the aesthetics of the project area.
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4.6.4.1 Prediction of Impacts on Land Environment
Environmental Impacts on land environment have been classified primarily into two
broad aspects, i.e. direct impacts on the soil and land in the area and impacts on the flora
and fauna of the area. Land environment in the area has potential for contamination
arising out of solid waste stored on to the landfill area. The leachate generated from the
land fill area is collected in the leachate holding tank and the leachate is used back on to
the landfill for dust suppression, mixing in stabilization process, etc. If any excess leachate
is left over, it will be treated in spray dryer/MEE. As a result of this there is no
contamination of the soil due to the wastewater generated and hence the impacts due to
the facility on the land environment are negligible.
To address the impacts on flora and fauna, it has been observed that there are no
endangered species in the project area and green belt will be developed along the
boundary and adjacent to roads. Under CSR activities adjacent open lands, parks, etc will
be improved by plantation.
4.6.4.2 Predicted Impacts due to Landfill
The project has secured scientific landfill which comprises Govt. of India Regulations and
Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules 1989 and its subsequent
amendments in 2000, 2003, 2008 and 2009 as the Hazardous Wastes (Management,
Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules with containment measures.
Composite bottom liner to prevent Leachate percolation
Landfill gas management system
Rodent controlled
Dust control etc.
There shall be no loss of carbon sequestration on account of the proposed activity since
the area is almost barren. Development of a thick greenbelt all long the boundary of the
site will more than compensate for the loss. As there are no rare or endangered or
endemic or threatened (REET) species, the proposed project will not pose any problem to
any REET species. Hence, the impact of the project on biota is negligible.
4.6.5 Impact Due To Solid Waste Generation
The ash generated in the incinerator is considered as a hazardous solid waste. The
incinerator ash will be collected in specified containers and stored in the predestinated
totally enclosed storage yards lined with HDPE and disposed in the exiting secured
landfill. Dried sludge from ETP is burnt in the incinerator or used as manure for greenery
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development inside the factory premises. Filter cake from MEE will be collected in
specified drums and reprocessed and disposed in landfill. All the hazardous solid wastes
generated are properly handled and treated and hence, there is no adverse impact of
hazardous solid wastes on soil, air or water environment.
4.6.6 Impact on Socio Economic Conditions
There can be infringement due to employment of labor force from adjoining or far away
people. People also have expectations regarding employment opportunity, and
development of the area. Many people also have concern for negative impacts due to
contamination of local environment (in terms of air and water).
4.6.7 Impacts on Topography and Landscape
Due to the development of Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage,
Disposal and Recycling Facilities providing necessary air pollution control measures,
wastewater treatment and disposal measures, noise pollution control measures, etc, the
impacts on the land use will be envisaged as sufficient greenbelt will be provided around
the boundary to enhance the aesthetics of the project area.
4.6.8 Impact on Health, Sanitation and Aesthetics
Impact on health will be primarily due to air pollution i.e. emissions of SPM, NOX & SO2
and noise generation. Adequate air pollution and noise pollution control measures will be
provided as per the regulatory standards. Employee working in the plant would be
provided with personnel protective appliances. During construction period, workers will
be provided with basic amenities like safe water supply, sanitation facility, first aid,
required protective equipment etc. otherwise, there could be an increase in diseases
related to personal hygiene. The environmental management and emergency
preparedness plans are proposed to ensure that probability of undesired events and
consequences are greatly reduced.
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
(Technology & Site)
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5. Chapter 5
Analysis of Alternatives
5.1. Introduction
The proposed facility has four principal waste disposals / recycling or recovery facilities
such as Hazardous Waste TSDF, hazardous waste incinerator, bio-medical waste disposal
Facility, E-waste management, alternative fuel and raw materials recovery and Recycling
Facilities. In addition to the above, there shall be temporary and long term storages for
interim storage and for intractable/ in-compatible wastes respectively.
5.2. Existing CHWTSDF
The project is proposed to enhance the waste disposal services within the existing TSDF to
make this facility an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and
Disposal Facility (ICHWTSDF). So there are no alternative sites considered for the
proposed facility.
5.3. Site selection criteria as per HWM Rule
The existing Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility, at
Punjab Waste Management Project was selected as per the CPCB Guidelines (site
selection criteria (HAZWAMS/17/2001-2002)). Table 5.1 shows that the existing project
site is matching with site selection criteria of MOEFCC.
Table 5.1 Site selection criteria
Parameter Criteria Existing CHWTSDF Punjab
Waste Management Project,
Lake or pond
(Distance from SW body)
Should not be within
200 m
No lake or pond present within
200 m
River
Should not be within
100 m
No river stream present within
100 m
Flood plain Should not be within
100 year flood plain
Not in flood plain of any river
High way – State or
National
Should not be within
500 m
No state or national highway
present within 500 m.
NH-73 1.6 km N
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Parameter Criteria Existing CHWTSDF Punjab
Waste Management Project,
NH-22 7.5 km W
Habitation – Notified
habituated area
Should not be within
500 m
Public Parks Should not be within
500 m
No public park is present within
500 m
Critical habitat area –
area in which one or
more endangered
species live
Not suitable No critical habitat area is
present.
Reserved Forest area Not suitable Kholhai Raitan reserve forest –
11.3 km N
Wet lands Not suitable No wetland is present
AirPort Should not be within
zone around the
airport(s)
Chandigarh International Airport
Mohali – 14.5 km (NW)
Water supply No Water supply
well within 500 m
No water supply well exists
within 500 m however
groundwater drawn through
bore well located within the
existing TSDF facility.
Coastal Regulation Area Not suitable Not in the CRZ area
Ground Water Table
level
GW table should be
>2m from the base
of the landfill
Level of the ground water table
is 4.5 m. from the base of the
landfill.
Presence of monuments
/ religious structures
Not suitable No monuments / religious
structure exists
5.4. Technological Aspects
Hazardous wastes have become an important environmental and public health issue
which concerns many countries in the world. In the modern framework of hazardous
waste management, a four pronged strategy has been adopted
1. Minimizing the quantity of waste
2. Recycling of waste
3. Treatment of the waste
No habitation is present within
500 m.
Nimbua 1km SW
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4. Collection, transport and disposal of waste in an environmentally sound manner
All four of these approaches are important and are not exclusive of each other. When
dealing with a given hazardous waste problem, often there is a need to utilize a
combination of the four general approaches outlined above
5.4.1. Waste Minimization
The first priority in hazardous waste management is to reduce the quantity of waste to
minimum. Three major waste reduction schemes which are often used are summarized
as below:
Process Modification
Often the industrial process can be altered in such a way that the use of raw materials is
optimized and the amount of-hazardous waste is reduced to barest minimum. For
example, in zinc electroplating, the sulphate salt is substituted by the chloride
compound with slight modification of the process; this can eliminate the cyanide
problem.
Waste Concentration
The waste can be concentrated using evaporation, precipitation or decantation
techniques which mean that the volume of waste can be considerably reduced using
these methods. Incineration, viz., oxidation of inflammable-waste is often practiced in
order to reduce the volume of waste to be handled. It is an excellent method of waste
disposal, but the cost of operation usually exceeds the net gains.
Waste Segregation
Segregating the hazardous waste streams from non-hazardous streams decreases the
volume of hazardous wastes, thus, making it easier to treat
5.4.2. Recycling Wastes
Many substances in wastes have value. These include glass, wood fiber from paper
products, metals etc., Scientists have developed ways of recycling many wastes so they
can be reused again. Almost all materials are recyclable. However, in some cases more
energy will be expended in recovery than the recovered value warrants. The two broad
ways of processing hazardous waste are waste reuse and waste recycling. We shall
briefly deal with them.
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Waste Reuse
In some cases waste material can be used as a raw material with very little processing.
Transfer of the waste "as is" without reprocessing, to another facility is known as waste
reuse or waste exchange. Unwanted materials of commence such as outdated chemicals
or untested materials not meeting the high quality control requirements of purchasing
industry, can be reused without processing. Process wastes such as cardboard for
making paper pulp, copper or other metal salt solutions for metal recovery, oils that can
be used as fuels. This includes a variety of other materials that can be reused as
industrial feed stocks.
Waste Recycling
Recycling differs from reuse in that the waste must first be treated before it can be used
in a manufacturing process. When a transfer of waste "as is" is not possible,
reprocessing the waste for material recovery is known as recycling. For example, bag
house dust from scrap steel processors, containing up to 25% zinc oxide can be
combined with waste sulphuric acid to make galvaniser's pickle acid. The spent pickle
liquor containing 8-10 percent zinc sulphate and some iron salts is then usable, as
fertilizer in agricultural fields. Use of waste organic solvents is the best example of
recycling waste.
5.4.3. Treatment of Waste
After material recovery, the waste water containing hazardous waste chemicals should
be detoxified and neutralized through treatment. There are many technologies available
for treating hazardous wastes before they are ultimately disposed of. Their aim is to
modify the physical and/or chemical properties of the wastes so that they are rendered
harmless. Selection of a treatment process depends on many factors such as the nature
of the waste, the desired characteristics of the output stream, and economic and energy
considerations. The treatment technologies can be divided into the following groups,
namely:
Physical treatment
Chemical treatment
Biological treatment
Solidification, and Incineration
Physical Treatment
Physical treatment conducted using various methods such as phase separation. Phase
separation includes three steps, namely: lagooning, prolonged storage in tanks and
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sludge drying in beds. Lagooning and tank storage are collectively used to separate
particulate impurities
Chemical treatment
This treatment is used to facilitate complete breakdown of hazardous wastes and more
usually to modify the chemical properties of the wastes, e.g., to reduce water solubility
or to neutralize acidity or alkalinity. The techniques involve oxidation, chemical
reduction, neutralization, heavy metal precipitation, oil/water separation and
solvents/fuels recovery.
Biological treatment
The gross impurities obtained from treatment of sewage are collectively known as
sludge, which is given biological treatment, before disposal. This is known as sludge
processing which has become important since improvements in industrial waste water
treatment. The typical technologies for sludge processing include conditioning,
digestion, composting, thickening or dewatering and solidification.
Conditioning: In this step the sludge is exposed to atmosphere for a stipulated
period until a desired consistency is reached
Digestion: In this process the sludge is treated with bacteria which break down
the long chain compounds into simpler ones
Composting: In this step the organic matter in the waste sludge is converted into
a usable stable material
Solidification
Processes convert the liquid waste into insoluble, rock-hard material and are used as
pretreatment prior to landfill disposal. This is usually done by mixing the waste with
various reactants to produce a solid mass. The basic aim of solidification process is to
immobilize the hazardous constituents of the waste, so that these do not leach out at
the landfill disposal site.
Incineration
Thermal oxidation through incinerator is one of the proven technologies for destruction
of hazardous waste in all the forms i.e. solid / semi solid / liquid and gaseous, based on
the feeding system, so as to render them innocuous in the form of non-toxic and non-
hazardous residues.
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5.4.4. Collection, Transportation and Disposal
Waste disposal is a multiphase activity, the different stages of which, i.e. collection,
interim storage, transport; treatment and disposal are highly interdependent, both
technically and organizationally. Safe collection and transport of hazardous waste form a
critical link in the chain between its point of generation and its place of treatment and
disposal. In many respects, the same precautions apply to hazardous waste in transit as
apply to the carriage of dangerous goods; however, additional problems arise from the
hazardous nature of certain wastes because:
Waste in general has no perceptible economic value to the generator;
The chemical and physical properties of a waste may not be precisely known
because it is frequently a complex mixture from which all economically useful
components have been extracted.
Mixing of non-compatible wastes for convenience in transit could create an acute
hazard, either immediately or on treatment and disposal (for example, a mixture
of ether waste containing a sodium residue with an aqueous ether waste will
explode)
Therefore, for a safe and secure disposal of hazardous waste, there should be a proper
collection, transport and storage system. The non-compatible wastes should be
segregated and transported separately.
5.5. Disposal of Hazardous Waste
The final disposal of the hazardous wastes also needs to be carefully planned. There are
four different ways in which hazardous wastes can be finally disposed
Landfill disposal.
Dumping at sea
Underground disposal
Incineration.
5.5.1. Landfill Disposal
The disposal of hazardous waste by land filling is an important method of disposal in
many countries. Landfilling means storing harmful substances under the ground. This
involves hauling the refuse to an area allocated for this purpose. In India such areas range
from unsanitary open dumps to properly operated sanitary landfills. Open dumps are a
poor method of waste disposal because they cause environmental problems. For
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example, they can ruin the appearance of all area and provide a home for rats and other
rodents who spread disease. If garbage is exposed, it rots and smells foul. Most dumps
allow some burning, which fills the surroundings with smoke. In addition, rain water can
drain through refuse and carry harmful substances to streams.
Properly operated sanitary landfills cause little damage to the environment. The area to
be filled with waste must be lined with a nonporous substance such as clay, or high
density polyethylene (HDPE)—plastic membrane to prevent the wastes from leaking to
the surrounding areas. The wastes are packed and dumped at the site and covered with
earth each day. They cover of earth prevents insects and rodents from getting into refuse.
Operators of these sites forbid burning. In time, sanitary landfill sites become filled up;
many communities then cover the site for a final time and use the area for recreational
purpose.
A typical landfill site consists of an artificial double liner at the bottom and a cover at the
top. The above design of landfill site does not have any provision for monitoring and
repair of the site. In the recent past, a new concept has developed in which the landfill
site is constructed on a structure consisting of concrete cells. The cell is a space for plant
personnel to visit and observe any fault and repair the same.
5.5.2. Dumping at Sea
Another method of disposal of hazardous wastes involves dumping wastes at deep sea,
designed to prevent contamination of groundwater. Disposal at sea, of waste generated
on land, is based on the misconceived notion that-the enormous volume of water
available for dilution enables the seas to be used as a dump without permanent damage.
However, this is an erroneous conviction. The decision to choose this method of disposal
is generally based on financial considerations. The site of disposal is determined by the
geographical location of the waste producer.
Disposal of waste at sea is controlled by international legislation and by the national
legislation required for the ratification of the international legislation. To prevent
pollution of the seas by the direct discharge of waste, the international legislation bans
the dumping of extraordinarily hazardous wastes such as organic silicon compounds,
halogenated organics, mercury and its compounds, cadmium, carcinogenic waste and
plastics into the sea. The last of these can seriously disturb fishing and navigation.
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5.5.3. Underground Disposal
It maybe excessively expensive to dispose of certain hazardous wastes, such as
radioactive nuclear wastes, in an environmentally acceptable manner at landfill still sites
or incinerate them at thermal treatment plants. These wastes are generated in all
operations associated with the use of nuclear energy for national defense or peaceful
purposes such as mining of radioactive ore, production of nuclear fuel, laboratory
experiments and medical treatment. Underground disposal may provide an
environmentally and economically viable option in case of radioactive wastes. The
underground disposal of hazardous waste is acceptable only in inactive or partially active
mines that meet specific geological and technical criteria. Worldwide, only one deep-mine
disposal facility is currently in operation: a worked-out halite/potash salt mine at Herfa
Neurode in the Federal Republic of Germany (now united Germany).
Salt mines are often used for radioactive waste disposal because the excellent properties
of salt deposits prevent the interaction of wastes with other geological formations. The
very existence of a salt deposit is a proof that the underground site has been unaffected
by water for millions of years. Salt is impermeable to liquids and gases. Due to its
hygroscopic nature, salt is capable of absorbing water entering the formation from
outside and of repairing minor fractures by re-crystallization, thus maintaining the original
impermeability. This feature is frequently supplemented by impermeable upper strata
consisting of wastes, usually rock, from mines or other industries.
The atmosphere in salt mines is extremely dry, so metal equipment and containers do no
trust. There is no risk of methane explosions as in coal mines. Bursting of carbon dioxide
gas inclusions in the salt mines may be observed during excavation of rocks but this does
not pose a risk, particularly after mining operations have ceased. Thermal conductivity of
salt is good. Salt is strong, permitting the excavation of spacious, stable galleries. In
addition, salt has certain plasticity under pressure, allowing the dispersion of strain and
increasing the overall stability.
Based on the several options present for safe treatment, storage, disposal & recycling of
various wastes in the proposed projects the following options are considered which
meeting the national standards.
Hazardous wastes: Recycling, treatment stabilization, secured landfill, incineration
Bio medical wastes: Disinfections, shredding, incineration, secured landfill
E Wastes: Dismantling, cutting, disposal to authorized dealers, incineration
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5.5.4. Incineration
Incineration burns waste products. This is another method many industries and large
cities use if they do not have enough vacant areas for disposal sites nearby. Most
hazardous wastes are detoxified in this process. This is also an excellent method of waste
minimization, waste detoxification and disposal, but its cost of operation is very high, if
the heat content of waste is not reutilized.
Advantages
Incineration is a process for the high-temperature oxidation of gaseous, liquid or solid
wastes, converting them into gases and an incombustible residue. The flue gases are
released to the atmosphere with or without recovery of heat and with or without
cleaning; and any slag or ash produced is deposited in a landfill. In general, incineration
may be considered as an alternative method of detoxifying some non-recoverable highly
toxic wastes. It is an excellent method of reducing waste volume, and in addition offers
the possibility for recovering the heat content of the waste. In some communities heat
from municipal waste incineration is used to produce steam. This steam drives turbines
that produce electric power. Recycling of heat thus reduces the cost of operation of
incinerators.
Waste Input
Generally, the wastes having inflammable characteristics are incinerated. The following
types of wastes are commonly treated in hazardous waste incinerators:
Solvent waste and sludge
Waste mineral oils
Varnish and paint waste
Plastics, rubber and latex waste
Oils, emulsions and oil/water mixtures
Phenolic wastes
Mineral oil sludge
Resin waste
Grease and wax wastes
Pesticide waste
Acid tar and spent clay
Organic waste containing halogen, sulfur or phosphorus compounds.
Waste having high chlorine, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus contents, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB) and those containing heavy metals and carcinogenic substances need
special incineration technologies and precautions. A large number of municipal
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incinerators lack adequate air pollution control devices. Burning in many of these devices
may release gases and solid particles that may harm human health, damage property and
kill plants. The flue gases from ordinary incinerators can be dangerous in the absence of
pollution control devices.
5.6. Alternative technology - Plasma Gasification
Plasma gasification is the process which converts organic matter into synthetic gas using
plasma technology. A plasma torch powered by an electric arc is used to ionize gas and
catalyze organic matter into synthetic gas and solid waste (slag). It is used commercially
as a form of waste treatment. However, it has also been tested for the gasification of
biomass and solid hydrocarbons, such as coal, oil sands, and oil shale. The process can
generate electricity while reducing the volume of waste.
Figure 5.1 Layout of Plasma gasification
5.6.1. Feedstock
The feedstock for plasma waste treatment is most often municipal solid waste, organic
waste, or both. Feedstock may also include biomedical waste and hazardous waste
materials. Content and consistency of the waste directly impacts performance of a plasma
facility. Pre-sorting and recycling useful material before gasification provides consistency.
Too much inorganic material such as metal and construction waste increases slag
production. In turn this decreases syngas production. However the benefit is that the slag
itself is chemically inert and safe to handle. Certain materials may affect the content of
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the gas produced, however shredding waste before entering the main chamber. This
creates an efficient transfer of energy. This ensures that more materials are broken down.
5.6.2. Commercialization
Plasma gasification is in commercial use for waste disposal. Plasma arc gasification is a
means to destroy bio medical waste and also destroys hazardous waste. The main
advantages of plasma gasification is
Clean destruction of hazardous waste streams.
Prevents hazardous waste from reaching landfills.
No harmful emissions or toxic waste.
Production of clean alloyed slag which could be used as construction material.
Processing of organic waste allows production of combustible syngas which can be
used in various applications, e.g. electric power and thermal energy generation.
Production of value-added products (metals) from slag.
5.6.3. Pros and Cons of Plasma Gasification
Main Advantages of Plasma Technology are as follows
Far less toxic emissions compared to landfills or other waste-to-energy facilities.
Toxic waste can be safely processed, such as asbestos and medical wastes.
Syngas is a byproduct of the process, hence it is as clean as or cleaner than natural
gas and can be used to produce energy, such as biofuel.
Metal is nearly 100 percent recoverable and can be used to make new steel.
Low dioxin emissions.
Waste is shrunk to 1 percent of its original size, one-tenth the size of byproducts
of incineration.
Main disadvantages of plasma technologies for waste treatment are:
Waste gasification and combustion ultimately releases carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere instead of sequestering a large fraction of the carbon in a landfill.
Large capital costs relative to current landfills.
Requires large electrical energy input if the waste stream does not contains a large
fraction of unoxidized hydrocarbons.
The highly corrosive plasma flame may lead to frequent maintenance and
component replacement with associated facility down time.
The filters and gas treatment systems are themselves sources of toxic waste, some
of which (e.g. acidified water) are poor candidates for plasma processing.
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5.6.4. Conclusion
Plasma gasification technology is commercially proven and viable, while also meeting all
current regulatory requirements. Plasma gasification is positioned to take hold as a
practical, economical and environmentally responsible alternative to conventional forms
of waste disposal and power generation. Considering demerits of plasma gasification,
project management has decided to adopt Hazardous waste Incinerator
5.7. No Project Option
It has been made mandatory by the government to dispose of Solid (Hazardous, Bio-
medical, E Waste, etc.,) waste in systematic and scientific disposal way and pollution
control boards have been asked to ensure it. For systematic & scientific disposal of
hazardous wastes, a CHWMF becomes necessary where care is to be taken to avoid any
negative effects on the environment.
Benefits and Advantages of project
Management of hazardous waste with additional benefit of green and clean
Environment.
It minimizes the pollution load on environment from industrial hazardous waste.
Compliance with prescribed regulatory norms which in turn avert the risk of
closure on account of violation of rules.
It reduces the number of hazardous waste sites in the area and also eliminates the
pollution potential.
The management of wastes is relatively easier & economically viable at common
facility.
Cost of environmental monitoring is less at common facility
Reduced environmental liability due to captive storage of hazardous waste in the
premises of industries
Better occupational health and safety at individual industry level
Prevention of natural resource contamination thereby improving overall
environmental status of the region
The proposed project will not cause depletion of natural resources or the significant
adverse impacts on environment. On the contrary, it will produce value added resources
such as facilitating better management of the industrial wastes. Hence, “No Project
Option” is not considered.
CHAPTER 6
ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING PROGRAM
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6. Chapter 6
Environmental Monitoring Program
6.1. Environmental Monitoring Program
Environmental monitoring program describes the processes and activities that need to
take place to characterize and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental
monitoring is used in the preparation of environmental impact assessments, as well as in
many circumstances in which human activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the
natural environment. All monitoring strategies and program have reasons and
justifications which are often designed to establish the current status of an environment
or to establish trends in environmental parameters. In all cases the results of monitoring
will be reviewed, analyzed statistically and submitted to concerned authorities. The
design of a monitoring program must therefore have regard to the final use of the data
before monitoring starts.
The monitoring program will have three phases
1. Construction phase
2. Monitoring phase
3. Post monitoring phase
6.1.1. Construction Phase
The proposed project to to enhance the waste disposal services within the existing TSDF
to make this facility an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and
Disposal Facility (ICHWTSDF). The major construction activities involved in installation of
incinerator, diesel generator and other civil, mechanical and electrical equipment. The
construction activities require clearing of vegetation, mobilization of construction
material and equipment. The construction activities are expected to last for few months.
The generic environmental measures that need to be undertaken during project
construction stage are given in the following Table 6.1.
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Table 6.1 Environmental Measures during Construction Site
S. No
Potential Impact
Detailed action to be followed as per EMP
Parameters for Monitoring
Frequency of Monitoring
1. Air Emissions All equipments are operated within specified design parameters.
Random checks of equipment logs/ manuals
Once in a quarter/as per CTE issued by SPCB
Vehicle trips have to be minimized to the extent possible
Vehicle Logs Once in a quarter/as per CTE issued by SPCB
Any dry, dusty materials stored in sealed containers are prevented from blowing.
Stockpiles or open containers of dusty materials
Once in a quarter/as per CTE issued by SPCB
Compaction of soil during various construction activities
Construction logs
DG set emissions have to meet stipulated standards
Gaseous emissions (SO2, HC, CO, NOx)
Once in a quarter/as per CTE issued by SPCB
Ambient air quality within the premises and adjacent villages of the proposed unit to be monitored.
PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, and CO
At 3-4 locations in every quarter/as per CTE issued by SPCB
2. Noise List of all noise generating machinery onsite has to be prepared.
Equipment logs, noise monitoring
Once in a month/as per CTE issued by SPCB
Working during night has to be minimized.
Records of working hours
Daily till the construction activities are completed/ as per CTE issued
Generation of vehicular noise has to be minimized
Maintenance of records of vehicles
Implement good working practices (equipment selection and siting) to minimize noise and also reduce its impacts on human health (ear muffs, safe distances, and enclosures).
Maintaining records of noise levels
Machinery should not be run when not required.
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S. No
Potential Impact
Detailed action to be followed as per EMP
Parameters for Monitoring
Frequency of Monitoring
Acoustic mufflers/enclosures have to be provided for large equipment
Mufflers/enclosures shall be in place.
by SPCB
Noise levels have to be monitored in ambient air within the plant premises.
Continuous recording of noise levels
The noise levels shall not exceed the permissible limits both during day and night
All equipments shall be operated within specified design parameters.
Random checks of equipment logs/ manuals
Vehicle trips to be minimized to the extent possible
Vehicle logs
3. Soil Erosion Minimize the area of site clearance by complying within the defined boundaries
Site boundaries not extended / breached as per plan document.
Once in six months/ as per CTE issued by SPCB
Protect topsoil stockpile Effective cover in place.
4. Wastewater Discharge
No direct discharge of wastewater to be made into surface water, groundwater or soil.
No discharge hoses shall be in vicinity of watercourses.
Once in a quarter/ as per CTE issued by SPCB
The discharge point would be selected properly and sampling and analysis would be undertaken prior to discharge
Discharge norms for effluents as given in Permits
Take care of the disposal of wastewater generated such that soil and groundwater resources are protected.
Discharge norms for effluents as given in permits
5. Drainage and Effluent Management
Ensure drainage system and specific design measures are working effectively. They are designed to incorporate existing drainage pattern and avoid disturbing the same.
Visual inspection of drainage and records
Once in a month/ as per CTE issued by SPCB
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S. No
Potential Impact
Detailed action to be followed as per EMP
Parameters for Monitoring
Frequency of Monitoring
6. Waste Management
Implement waste management plan that identifies and characterizes every waste associated with the proposed activities Also to identify the procedures for collection, handling and disposal of each waste that arises.
Comprehensive Waste Management Plan should be in place and available for inspection onsite. Compliance with Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling Rules), 2016
Once in a quarter/ as per CTE issued by SPCB
7. Non-routine events and accidental releases
Plan will be drawn, considering the likely emergencies and steps required to prevent/limit consequences.
Mock drills and records of the same
Once in six months/ as per CTE issued by SPCB
8. Health Health check-ups for employees and migrant labour
All relevant parameters of occupational health
Once in six months/ as per CTE issued by SPCB/ as per Factories Act
6.1.2. Operation Phase
During operational phase period air emissions from incinerator, DG set, landfill if any,
wastewater characteristics, ash generation quantity, etc., monitored are given in Table
6.2. The following attributes which merit regular monitoring based on the environmental
setting and nature of project activities are listed below:
Point source emissions and ambient air quality in nearby villages.
Groundwater Levels and ground water quality.
Water & wastewater quality & quantity.
Solid waste characterization (ash, leachate treatment plant & septic tank/soak pit
sludge).
Soil quality.
Noise levels (equipment and machinery noise levels, occupational exposures and
ambient noise levels).
Ecological preservation and afforestation.
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Table 6.2 Environment Monitoring during Operation Phase
S.
No
Potential Impact Action to be Followed Parameters for
Monitoring
Frequency of
Monitoring
1. Air Emissions Stack emissions from
Incinerator
As per CFE conditions-
Operating hours,
Temperature, Pressure,
TOC of residues, LOI of
residues, Stack temp, CO,
PM, HCl, HF, SO2, NOx,
TOC, mercury, heavy
metals, dioxins & furans
As per CFE
conditions given
by SPCB or EC
conditions given
by MOEF and
CPCB protocol for
TSDF.
Gas quality from landfill
areas
VOC, H2S. As per CFE
conditions given
by SPCB or EC
conditions given
by MOEF and
CPCB protocol for
TSDF.
Stack emissions from
DG sets
As per CFE conditions
PM, SO2, NOx.
AAQ within the project
premises.
All vehicles to be PUC
certificate.
As per CFE conditions.
Vehicle logs to be
maintained.
Meteorological data Wind speed, direction,
temp., relative humidity
and rainfall.
2. Noise Noise generated from
operation of boiler,
cooling towers, etc. to
be monitored.
Spot Noise Level
recording
Periodic during
operation phase
Once in month by
third party
3. Wastewater
discharge
(leachate)
Compliance to
wastewater discharge
standards.
pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD
& Oil& grease (heavy
metals if required).
Daily at regular
intervals.
Once in a month
by third party.
4. Solid
waste/hazardous
waste
Check compliance to
HWM rules.
Quality & quantity
monitoring.
Periodically /
CPCB norms.
5. Ground water
quality
Monitoring ground
water quality, through
piezometers.
As per guidelines. Periodically & as
per CPCB norms.
6. Flora and fauna Vegetation,
greenbelt/green cover
development.
No. of plants, species. Once a year
7. Soil quality Checking & Physico-chemical Once a year
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S.
No
Potential Impact Action to be Followed Parameters for
Monitoring
Frequency of
Monitoring
maintenance of good
soil quality around
parameters and metals.
8. Health Employees and migrant
labour health checkups.
All relevant parameters
(BP, HIV, chest X-ray, eye
vision, etc.) and HIV for
BMW workers.
Regular
checkups.
6.1.3. Post Operational Phase
Post-closure monitoring of the landfill will be done primarily as a compliance requirement
in addition to social responsibility; this also provides an early warning towards possible
adverse impacts on human health and the environment. The post-closure program of
monitoring water quality in the ground water and surface waters down gradient of the
landfill will be similar to that established for the operational stage of the facility. The
frequency of monitoring may be varied from time to time depending on changing
circumstances.
There is no need for the post-closure monitoring of air quality, noise or visual effects
during the post-closure period however this need will be reviewed periodically and should
any aspects warrant further monitoring as they will be included in the program. The
details of the post closure monitoring are given in Table 6.3.
Table 6.3 Environmental Monitoring during Post Operation Phase
S.
No
Potential
Impact
Action to be Followed Parameters for
Monitoring
Frequency of
Monitoring
1. Air Emissions Gas quality from
landfill areas.
VOC, H2S. As per CFE
conditions given by
SPCB or EC
conditions given by
MOEF and as per
CPCB protocol for
TSDF.
AAQ within the project
premises.
All vehicles to be PUC
certificate.
As per CFE conditions
vehicle logs to be
maintained.
Meteorological data Wind speed, direction,
temp., relative humidity
and rainfall.
2. Wastewater
discharge
(leachate) if
Compliance to
wastewater discharge
standards.
pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD
& Oil& grease
Once in a month
(during initial
period more
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present regularly)
3. Ground water
quality and
water levels
Monitoring ground
water quality, and
water levels within
plant site.
As per guidelines. Periodically and
CPCB protocol for
TSDF.
4. Flora and fauna Vegetation,
greenbelt/green cover
development
No. of plants, species. Once a year
5. Health Employees and
migrant labor health
checkups.
All relevant parameters
(BP, Sugar, chest X-ray,
eye vision, etc.)
Regular checkups
as per factories act.
6.2. Environmental Laboratory Equipment
PMWP has an in-house environmental laboratory for the routine monitoring of air, water,
soil, meteorology and noise. For all non-routine analysis, the plant will utilize the services
of external recognized laboratories and facilities. Standard methods will be followed for
analysis and sampling of various environmental parameters.
6.3. Environmental Management Cell
An efficient environmental management cell headed by a project in charge/head having a
minimum of 5 to 10 years of experience had formed. The project in charge/head is
supported by team of members (managers, operators, chemists, technicians, etc.) having
minimum of 2 to 3 years of experience in their respective fields of work. The
organizational setup of the environmental management cell is given below in Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.1 Organization Setup
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6.4. Pollution Monitoring Facilities
Incinerator stack should have provision of platform and port hold to stack sampling
meeting standards with necessary power point. Environmental laboratory shall have
above equipment/instruments to analyze air and wastewater parameters.
6.4.1. Reporting Schedules of the Monitoring Data
It is proposed that voluntary reporting of environmental performance with reference to
the EMP should be undertaken. The environmental monitoring cell shall co-ordinate all
monitoring program at site and data thus generated shall be regularly furnished to the
state regulatory agencies. The frequency of reporting shall be after every six months to
the local state PCB officials and to regional office of MoEF. The environmental audit
reports shall be prepared for the entire year of operations and shall be regularly
submitted to regulatory authorities.
6.4.2. Public Health Monitoring
The value of public health studies in seeking to establish whether or not a site or facility
has caused significant adverse health effects is well known. In this situation the results
from a public health study may not fulfill the primary objective of such a program, which
is to detect health changes before the manifestation of adverse health effects. However,
three-stage health monitoring program is proposed.
Monitor the health of workers within the project site to identify adverse health
effects.
Periodically obtain feedback from local doctors regarding any potential indicators
of adverse health effects due to environmental cause in the communities
surrounding, and particularly down-stream of the landfill.
By organizing health camps on a regular basis.
6.4.3. Budgetary Provision for EMP
In order to comply with the environmental protection measures as suggested in the
above sections, the project management has made budgetary provision for
environmental protection and safety measures. Cost towards environmental mitigation
measures are given in Table 6.5.
Table 6.5 Budgetary Implementation of Environmental Management Plan
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S. No Particulars Capital Cost
(Rs. Lakhs)
Recurring Cost
(Rs. Lakhs/annum)
1 Air Pollution Control Systems 100 10
2
Noise Control measures – Acoustic
enclosures for DG set, Noise barriers for
pumps, etc
5 0.5
3 Greenbelt development 5 0.5
5 Online Stack monitoring 50 10
6 Ambient Air quality monitoring 25 3
7
Third party environmental monitoring,
energy audit, environmental audit, training
programs, etc.
40 6
8 Environmental control measures during
construction stage and Miscellaneous works 75 -
Total 300 30
Capital Cost of the project is Rs 35 Crores
CHAPTER 7
ADDITIONAL STUDIES
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7. Chapter 7
Additional Studies
7.1. Risk Assessment & Disaster Management Plan
The principal objective of the risk assessment study is to identify and quantify the major
hazards and the risks associated with various operations of the proposed project, which
may lead to emergency consequences (disasters) affecting the public safety and health.
Based on this information, an emergency preparedness plan is to be prepared to mitigate
the consequences. The approach involves hazards identification, hazards assessment and
evaluation, developing Disaster Management Plan (DMP).
7.1.1. Risk Analysis
Risk analysis includes an estimate of the probability or likelihood that an event will occur.
Estimation of random incidents totally uncorrected with plant activities may also be
taken. Risk can be characterized in qualitative terms as high medium or low, or in
quantitative terms using numerical estimates and statistical calculations. For practical
purposes a risk analysis may be based on a subjective, common- sense evaluation. Both
probability and consequences are extremely important in evaluating risk. A high risk
situation can be the result of a high probability with severe consequences (e.g.
irreversible health effects or death due to an airborne toxic dust, a fire or explosion with
injuries or fatalities), whereas moderate risk situations can be a result of either high
probability with mild consequences or low probability with more severe consequences.
Diminishing the likelihood of an accident or minimizing the consequences will reduce risk
overall.
A relative ranking of hazards requires extensive mathematical evaluations, application of
statistics and extensive support from experts. Application of readily available information
and common sense when combined with site-specific evaluations such as the
vulnerability analysis, will complete much of the risk analysis process.
7.1.2. Evaluating Hazards
The need for the sophisticated techniques for evaluating hazards depends on the result of
Preliminary Hazard Analysis. Various techniques for evaluation hazards are:
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Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)
Accident Consequence Analysis
Event Tree Analysis
Fault Tree Analysis
Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis.
In order to be in a state of readiness to face the adverse effects of accidents, an
Emergency Preparedness Plan (EPP) has to be prepared. The possible hazardous
situations in the locality and the causes, areas most likely to be affected, on-site and off-
site plans, establishment of Emergency Control Centres (ECC), location of emergency
services and duties of officers/staff during emergency.
The EPP document for accidents is to be designed to provide for measures to contain the
incident and for minimization of effects due to fire, explosives, release or escape of toxic
gas, spillage of hazardous substances in storage, processing or during transportation. The
necessary preventive and protective steps required to be taken before, during and after
an accident need to be worked out in operational terms and detailed in the document.
7.2. Identification of Major Hazard Installations Based on GOI Rules, 1989 as amended
in 1994 & 2000
By Studying accidents occurred in industries in India over a few decades, a specific
legislation covering major hazard activities has been enforced by Government of India in
1989 in conjunction with Environment Protection Act, 1986. This is referred here as GOI
rules 1989. For the purpose of identifying major hazard installations the rules employ
certain criteria based on toxic, flammable and explosive properties of chemicals.
7.2.1. Identification of Toxic, Flammable, Explosive Chemicals
Toxic Chemicals: Chemicals having the following values of acute toxicity and which owing
to their physical and chemical properties are capable of producing major accidents:
S.No Toxicity Oral toxicity
LD50(mg/kg)
Dermal toxicity
LD50(mg/kg)
Inhalation
toxicity
LC50(mg/l)
1. Extremely toxic 1-50 1-200 0.1-0.5
2. Highly toxic 51 – 500 201-2000 0.5 - 2.0
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Flammable Chemicals: Flammable gases: Gases which at 200C and at standard pressure of
101.3 KPa are:-
Ignitable when in a mixture of 13 percent or less by volume with air, or
Have a flammable range with air of at least 12 percentage points regardless of the
lower flammable limits.
Note: - The flammability shall be determined by tests or by calculation in accordance with
methods adopted by International Standards Organization ISO Number10156 of 1990 or
by Bureau of Indian Standards ISI Number 1446 of 1985.
Extremely flammable liquids: chemicals which have flash point lower than or equal
to 230C and boiling point less than 350C
Very highly flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point lower than or
equal to 230C and initial boiling point higher than 350C.
Highly flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point lower than or equal
to 600C but higher than 230C.
Flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point higher than 60oC but lower
than 900 C.
Explosives: Explosives means a solid or liquid or pyrotechnic substance (or a mixture of
substances) or an article.
Which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a
temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the
surroundings
Which is designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke or a
combination of these as a result of non-detonative self-sustaining exothermic
chemical reaction
7.2.2. Applicability of Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules,
1989 & subsequent amendments
A systematic analysis of the chemicals and their quantities of storage has been carried out
to determine threshold quantities as notified by GOI Rules, 1989 and the applicable rules
are identified. The results are summarized in Table 7.1.
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Table 7.1. Description of applicable provisions of GOI rules’1989 as amended in 1994 &
2000
Applicable
rules
Description
1 Short Title And Commencement
These rules are called as Manufacture, Storage and Import of
Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989.
2 Definitions
In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires
3 Duties Of Authorities
4
General Responsibility Of The Occupier During Industrial Activity
Take adequate steps to prevent major accidents
Provide information to persons working onsite
Impart training, provide equipment and antidotes
5 Notification of major accidents to concerned authority
If any major accident occurs, occupier to inform Concerned authority as
listed in Schedule 5 and submit report as per the format in Schedule 6
(applies after commencing of the activity)
6 Industrial Activity To Which Rules 7 To 15
7 Notification of site to competent authority
8 Updating of site notification following changes in threshold quantity
9 Transitional provision for the existing activity
10 Preparation of safety reports for commencement of activity
11 Updating of safety reports based on modification
12 Provision of further information on safety reports to the authority
13 Preparation of onsite emergency plan by the occupier
14 Preparation of offsite emergency plan by the occupier
15 Information to be given to persons liable to be effected by a major
accident
16 Disclosures of Information
Where for the purpose of evaluating information notified under rule 5
or 7 to 15, the concerned authority discloses that information to some
other person, that other person shall not use that information for any
purpose, and before disclosing the information the concerned
authority shall inform that other person of his obligations under this
paragraph.
17 Collection, development and dissemination of information on
hazardous chemicals employed by the occupier
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Applicable
rules
Description
18* Import of hazardous chemicals
19 Improvement Notices
If a person has contravened the provisions of these rules, the
concerned authority shall serve on him a notice
20 Power Of The Central Government To Modify The Schedules
Occupier shall develop information in the form of safety data sheet as specified in
Schedule 9. Every container of the hazardous chemical should be labelled with name of
the manufacturer or importer of the hazardous chemical.
7.2.3. Storage facilities of hazardous chemicals
The storage capacities / details of the major hazardous chemicals proposed to be used in
the project are given in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2 Details of Chemicals and Applicability of GOI rules
Solvent Storage
Type
Storage
Capacity(Tons)
Listed in
Scheduled
Threshold Quantity (Tons)
for Application of
Rules
5,7-9,13-15 10-12
Diesel Tankers 5 Schedule 3
(part II)
5000 50000
From the above table it can be inferred that there would be no major Hazardous
chemical stored at the proposed plant, which would attract the GOI rules 4 5,7-9 and 13-
15, as the quantity likely to be stored at site lies below the stipulated threshold
quantities.
Table 7.3 Nature of Possible Hazards
Hazard Area Probable Cause Of The Accident
Explosion
Boilers / Transformers / Receivers
for the Air compressors. Malfunctioning of the Safety Valve
Flammable Petroleum Product
Storage Tank / Drum Storage
area
External fire causing pressure built up
in the tanks / barrels
Fire H.S.D. / FO Storage Area Flammable vapor / air mixture and
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Hazard Area Probable Cause Of The Accident
source of ignition.
Flammable Petroleum Product
Storage Tank / Drum Storage
Shed /Production Area
Formation on pool in the dyke wall and
source of ignition.
External fire Built up of internal
pressure Failure of the top cover
Tank on Fire
Spillage Acid / Alkali Storage Area
Spillage of Acid / Alkali due to rupture
of the pipe line, collapse of the storage
tank
7.2.4. Maximum credible accident analysis for diesel storage area
Identification of causes and types of hazards is the primary task for planning for risk
assessment. Hazard can happen because of the nature of chemicals handled and also the
nature of process involved. So for risk analysis first step is to identify the hazardous
chemicals which are to be studied for risk analysis.
Identification of Hazardous Chemicals is done in accordance with The Manufacture,
Storage and import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989.
Schedule 1, of the Rule provides a list of the Toxic and Hazardous chemicals and the
flammable chemicals. It defines the flammable chemicals based on the flash point and
boiling point.
"Major accident hazards (MAH) installations" is defined as the isolated storage and
industrial activity at a site handling (including transport through carrier or pipeline) of
hazardous chemicals equal to or, in excess of the threshold quantities specified in Column
3 of Schedule 2 and 3 respectively Schedule 3 has classified hazardous substances in an
operating plant into 5 groups and has provided the threshold quantities for application of
above rules.
Group1 & 2 – Toxic substances
Group 3 – Highly reactive substances
Group 4 – Explosive substance
Group – 5 Flammable substances
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The following Table 7.4 shows the list of major chemicals which have been identified as
hazardous chemicals in The Manufacture, Storage and import of Hazardous Chemical
Rules, 1989 and which are to be considered as Major accident hazards (MAH)
installations. 10 KL/month of diesel fuel is expected to be consumed at incinerator site.
Table 7.4 Hazardous Chemicals at Site
S.No Chemical Use Nature of Chemical
(Schedule 1 & 3)
Type of
Storage & No’s
Storage
Quantity
1 Diesel Supporting
fuel for
Vehicles
Highly Flammable Vertical 1 No 5 KL
Table 7.5 Summary Table on the Inventories
Chemical Codes/
Label TLV FBP MP FP
UEL LEL
%
HSD
(High Speed
Diesel)
Flammable 800
mg/m3TWA
215 - 3760
C NA 320 C 6.0 0.6
TLV : Threshold Limit Value FBP : Final Boiling Point
MP : Melting Point FP : Flash Point
UEL : Upper Explosive Limit LEL : Lower Explosive Limit
7.2.5. Fire Explosive Toxicity Index (FETI) for HSD
The application of FETI would help to make a quick assessment of the nature and
quantification of the hazard in these areas.
Table 7.6 F&EI of fuels used for the proposed Industrial Area
Chemical/Fuel NFPA Classification
GPH SPH *F&EI F&E
Category Nh Nf Nr MF
HSD 1 2 0 10 1.8 2.83 50.89 Light
*FEI = MF *(1+GPH) * (1+SPH)
The F&EI values are ranked into following categories
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Table 7.7 F&EI Category
S.No F&EI F&E Category
1 1-60 Low
2 60-90 Medium
3 90 and above Severe
7.2.6. Nature of Hazard from Oil Storage:
Diesel is a petroleum product. It is a highly flammable liquid having flash point between
32 0C– 96 0C. However its auto ignition temperature is 2560C. Its boiling point ranges
between 150 0C – 400 0C. Furnace Oil is of similar characteristics having flash point above
660C. Major Hazards from oil storage can be fire. Maximum credible accidents from oil
storage tank can be
a) Tank Fire
b) Pool / Dyke fire.
a) Tank Fire
Oil is stored in floating roof tank. Leak in rim seal leading to accumulation of vapour is a
source of fire. Lighting can be a source of ignition and can cause tank fire. Overflow from
tank leading to spillage may cause vapour cloud formation. This can catch fire and it can
flash back to the tank to cause tank fire.
b) Pool / Dyke Fire
If there is outflow from the tank due to any leakage from tank or any failure of connecting
pipes or valves, oil will flow outside and form a pool. Where the tank is surrounded by a
dyke, the pool of oil will be restricted within that dyke. After sometime, the vapour from
the pool can catch fire and can cause pool or dyke fire.
7.2.7. Heat Radiation and Thermal Damage Criteria
The level of damage caused by heat radiation due to fire is a function of duration of
exposure as well as heat flux (i.e. radiation energy onto the object of concern). This is true
both for the effect on building and plant equipment and for the effect on personnel.
However the variation of likely exposures times is more marked with personnel, due to
possibility of finding shelter coupled with protection of the skin tissue (clothed or naked
body). Further, it is assumed that everyone inside the area by the pool fire will be burned
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to death (100% lethality) or will asphyxiate. Radiation at various heat flux levels which are
critical in risk analysis, are given in the Table 7.8.
Table 7.8 Effect of Heat Radiation
Exposure Time in seconds for % Fatality
Radiation Level (Kw/m2) 1% 50% 99%
1.6 500 1300 3200
4.0 150 370 930
12.5 30 80 200
37.5 8 20 50
The damage and fatality (percentage of the exposed people to be killed) due to the
exposure time is very important in determining the degree of fatality and corresponding
effect distance. It is observed that the exposed persons normally find shelter or
protection from the heat radiation (e.g. against a wall) within 10 seconds. However,
exposure time of 30 seconds is normally assumed for pessimistic calculation which applies
if people do not run away immediately or when no protection is available. The variation
of the effects on humans due to heat flux and duration of exposure have been developed
in the form of a Probit Equation which gives following values for human fatality levels in
Table 7.9.
Table 7.9 Heat Radiation and Fatality
Incident Radiation
Intensity (KW/m2) Type Of Damage
37.5 Sufficient to cause damage to process equipment
25 Minimum energy required to ignite nearby wood at infinitely
long exposure (non piloted)
12.5
Minimum energy required for piloted ignition of wood,
melting plastic tubing etc. 1st degree burns for 10 seconds
exposure.
4.5
Sufficient to cause pain to personnel if unable to reach cover
within 20 seconds; however blistering of skin (1st degree
burns) is likely.
1.6 Will cause no discomfort to long exposure
For the storage of HSD (Diesel), it is assumed that the complete liquid leaks due to tank
failure or ruptures and develops into a pool and gets ignited. Hazards distances have been
arrived due to effect of pool fires. For computing the damage distance from the tank
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failure area ALOHA SOFTWARE is used. Full tank storage capacity has been considered.
The out is given as Table 7.10
Table 7.10 Scenario (Pool Fire)
SITE DATA
Location NIMBUA, DERA BASSI MOHALI, INDIA
Time August 31, 2016 1221 hours ST (using computer's clock)
CHEMICAL DATA
Chemical Name High Speed Diesel Vapour Pressure at Ambient
Temperature: 0.047 atm Molecular Weight 114.23 g/mol
IDLH: 1000 ppm LEL: 9600 ppm UEL: 65000 ppm
ATMOSPHERIC DATA
Wind 2.29
meters/second
Wind Direction from NE Air Temperature: 43° C
Stability Class: D Relative Humidity: 50% Ground Roughness: open
country
SOURCE STRENGTH
Leak from hole in vertical cylindrical tank and Flammable chemical is burning as it escapes
from tank
Tank Diameter: 1.5
meters
Tank Length: 3 meters
Tank Volume: 5.30 cubic
meters
Chemical Mass in Tank: 3,646
kilograms
Tank is 100% full
Note: Per Day Fuel requirement is 360 liters maximum. Fuel storage capacity is for two
week i.e 5 KL in vertical tank
Risk scenario for Model run
1. The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed a burning puddle.
2. Circular Opening Diameter: 2.5 inches
3. Chemical Mass in Tank: 3,646 kilograms
THREAT ZONE: Threat Modelled: Thermal radiation from pool fire
Thermal radiation Distance in meters Remark
37.5 kW/(sq m) less than 10 meters Note: Thermal
radiation from pool
fire is within
boundary limit of site.
25 kW/(sq m) less than 10 meters
12.5 kW/(sq m) 14 meters
4.5 kW/(sq m) 24 meters
1.6 kW/(sq m) 38 meters
The risk contours are given below in Figure 7.1 and 7.2
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Figure 7.1 Risk Contours with Pool Fire Threat Zone for HSD
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Figure 7.2 ALOHA Source point on the layout
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7.3. On-Site Emergency Plan
An on-site emergency is caused by an accident that takes place in plant itself and the
effects are confined to the factory premises involving only the people working in the
factory. On-site emergency plan to deal with such eventualities is the responsibility of the
occupier and is mandatory. An on-site emergency plan should contain the following key
elements:
Basis of the plan: Hazard analysis
Accident prevention procedure/measures;
Accident/emergency response procedure/measures and
Recovery procedure.
7.3.1. Elements of Planning
The charts and maps should highlight the accident-prone areas of the industry so that in
case of an emergency, it provides a basis for taking any action.
7.3.1.1. Emergency Personnel’s Responsibility during Normal Office Hours
Site Controller: The Project Head (however called) or his nominated depute will assume
overall responsibility for the plant / storage site and its personnel. His duties will be to:
Assess the magnitude of the situation and decide if staff needs to be evacuated
from their assembly points to identify safer places;
Exercise direct operational control over areas other than those affected;
Undertake a continuous review of possible developments and assess in
consultation with key personnel as to whether shutting down of the plant or any
section of the plant and evacuation of personnel are required;
Liaise with senior officials of Police, Fire Bridge, Medical and Factories
Inspectorate and provide advice on possible effects on areas outside the factory
premises:
Look after rehabilitation of affected persons on discontinuation of emergency;
Issues authorized statements to news media, and ensure that evidence is
preserved for enquiries to be conducted by the statutory authorities.
Fire & Security Officer: The Chief Fire and Security Officer, will be responsible for
firefighting. On hearing the fire alarm, he shall reach the fire station immediately and
advise fire and security staff in the factory of the incident zone and cancel the alarm. He
will also announce on PAS or convey through telephones or messengers to the
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Communication Officer, Incident Controller and Site Controller about the incident zone.
He will open the gates nearest to the incident and stand by to direct the emergency
services.
Telephone Operator: On hearing the emergency alarm, he will immediately contact Site
Controller and on his advice, call the local fire bridge or mutual-aid scheme members. In
case the PAS internal/external telephone system becomes inoperative, he shall inform
the Communication Officer through a messenger. In case, fire has been detected and the
alarm is not in operation, he shall receive information about location from the person
who detected the fire and thereafter immediately consult the Incident Controller and
make announcement on PAS or telephone telling the staff about location of the incident
and to evacuate to their assembly points. He will continue to operate the switch board
advising the callers that the staff is not available and pass all calls connected with the
incident to the Communication officer
Departmental Heads: The Departmental Heads will report the incident to the Incident
Controller and provide assistance as required. They will decide the staff required at the
incident site.
Fire Pump Attendant: Two persons identified in each shift will work as fire pump
attendants. On hearing the fire alarm, they will immediately proceed to pump house to
ensure that pumps are operating and standby to maintain them. At the end of
emergency, they will be relieved of their duty by the Fire and Security Officers.
7.4. Infrastructure
Emergency Control Room- Emergency Control Room is to be set up and marked on the
site plan. The Control Room will be the focal point incase of an emergency from where
the operations to handle the emergency are directed and coordinated. It will control site
activities and should be furnished with external and internal telephone connections, list
of essential telephone numbers, list of key persons and their addresses.
Assembly Points- Assembly points are to be set up farthest from the location of likely
hazardous events where pre-designated persons from the works, contractors and visitors
would assemble in case of emergency. Up-to-date list of pre-designated employees of
various departments (shift-wise) must be available at these points so that roll call could
be taken. Pre-designated persons would take charge of these points and mark presence
as the people come into it.
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7.5. Operational Systems during Emergency
7.5.1. Communication System
There are different types of alarms to differentiate one type of an emergency from other
as described below:
Fire or Gas : Normal Fire Siren
Emergency/Evacuation : High-pitched wailing Siren
Alarms should be followed by an announcement over Public Address System (PAS). In
case of failure of alarm system, communication should be by telephone operator who will
make announcement in industrial complex through Public Address System which should
be installed. If everything fails, a messenger could be used for sending the information.
7.5.2. Warning System & Control
The Control centres should be located at an area of the minimum risk or vulnerability in
the premises concerned, taking into account the wind direction, areas which might be
affected by fire/explosion, toxic releases, etc.
For promptness and efficiency, the factory premises/storage sites may be divided into ‘X’
number of zones, which should be clearly marked on the site plan.
Emergency Services - Under this, each factory should describe the facilities of
fire-fighting, first-aid and rescue. Alternate sources of power supply for operating
fire pumps, communication with local bodies, fire brigade, etc. Should also be
clearly indicated.
An adequate number of external and internal telephone connections should be
installed.
A plan or plans of the works to illustrate-
Areas with large inventories of hazardous material.
Sources of safety equipment.
Fire-hydrant system and alternate supply sources.
Stock of other fire-fighting materials.
Assembly points, first-aid centres.
Surrounding habitation within 1/ 2 km distance.
Availability of first-aid equipment.
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7.5.3. Mutual Aid
It is essential to have mutual aid arrangements as it is useful in cases of major fire and
other emergencies. Mutual aid arrangements have to be worked out in the plan to
facilitate additional help in, fire-fighting or medical attention which might be beyond the
capacity of an individual factory/unit. To make the mutual aid plan a success, the
following are considered essential:
Written procedure which spells out how call for help will be made and how it will
be responded.
The type of equipment which would be used and procedure for making
replacement.
A quick hot-line method of communication.
A brief mention of the type of hazard in each plant and fire-fighting measures.
Orientation and joint training program for staff.
Joint inspections and drills.
7.6. Disaster Management Plan
Emergency prevention through good design, operation, maintenance and inspection are
essential to reduce the probability of occurrence and consequential effect of such
eventualities. The overall objective of the DMP/Emergency Response Plan (ERP) is to
make use of the combined resources at the site and outside services to achieve the
following.
Localize the emergency on property and people
Minimize effects on property and people
Effective rescue and medical treatment
Evacuation.
A disastrous event strikes suddenly, violently and without warning. Identifying the
potential hazards ahead of time and advance planning can reduce the dangers of serious
injury, loss of life and damage to environment in the event of an incident occurrence.
The first response to a disaster is the job of the local government’s emergency services
with the help from the nearby municipalities and the volunteer service agencies. In a
catastrophic disaster only the govt. can provide the rescue search on the disaster site,
resumption of electric power, food, water, medicines, cloths, shelter and other basic
human needs. It is the long term recovery phase of disaster which places the most severe
financial strain to govt. in-addition to damage to public facilities and infrastructure. It
takes longer time to get aid from the govt. for rescue work when there is a natural
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calamity because of various constraints such as reaching the site, priority of personnel
involved, availability of material, equipment and rescue team personnel etc. It is always
advisable to develop teams within the organization for taking immediate rescue action if
possible. Industry has to prepare a detailed disaster control measures and give
information such as the quantity of hazardous material stored, the location of storage,
the approximate population living in the vicinity and the detail of the hazardous
characteristic of the material to the Employees, District Collector, Police, Fire service
department, Director of Factories, State Pollution control Board and the Public living in
the vicinity regularly to enable the government to prepare the disaster management plan.
Educate employees and the public living in the vicinity the safety measures required to be
taken in the event of an accident taking place.
What are the types of disasters that can occur in a hazardous waste management site?
An earth quake leading to damage of liner and contamination of soil and ground
water due to leakage of chemicals, waste material and leachate.
Cyclone leading to flood water entering landfill site contamination of ground
water and soil.
Major explosion of chemicals fire and toxic gas release.
Contamination of soil and water sources due to leakage of contaminants from
the landfill waste or due to leakage of leachate.
Release of dangerous gases from the incinerator affecting the public in the
vicinity.
7.6.1. An earthquake.
During site selection stage based on the past seismic metrological data / reports earth
quake prone areas have to be avoided. Cover the site with public liability insurance as per
the advice of government. Design building to withstand minor shocks of earth quake
without damage to structures.
Maintain inventory of material and the location of stock on day today basis and submit
the report to disaster management authority (district collector) and the state pollution
control board weekly / monthly also maintain parallel record at H.O.
Maintain MSDS of stored materials toxicity of gases that can emanate due to reactions of
stored materials including the landfill material. Provide communication facilities internal
and with people living in the vicinity. Educate the employees and the surrounding peoples
about the possible dangers in case of an earthquake and the safety measures required to
be taken.
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Take preventive action of stopping work activities, informing and evacuating employees
and the public living in the vicinity to safe location as per the advice of government
agency if there is an advance earth quake warning from the agencies.
After an earth quake (if the site is affected), Inform disaster management authorities and
state pollution control board authorities over phone, e-mail or through messenger.
Display Phone Numbers of: District Collector, Police S.P, Fire Service Department,
Factories Inspectorate and nearby Hospitals. Inform company authorities through phone:
Phone numbers: Project Head, EHS Head, HR Head. Inform the insurance authorities
about the incident. Phone Numbers: Local Insurance officer and Divisional Manager
Test the nearby water sources and soil for contamination and the extent of damage and
compare data with the base data. If found contaminated, Inform public of the affected
area not to use water from the wells or bore wells through mobile public announcement
system and by using media like radio and TV. Arrange supply of drinking water from
outside till the condition is normalized.
Use the services of the lab and expertise of pollution board and find solutions to arrest
the leakage of material and leachate and start remedial measures.
Divert material required for lining and transfer skilled employees for new pit construction
from other site along with additional number of equipment. Construct new pit and start
transfer landfill material / leachate in to the new pit. Test the soil contamination level and
find out the level of damage and treat the soil if required or remove the contaminated
soil and safely transfer it in the new land fill.
Check the water contamination level and advise authorities and public about the usability
of water.
Asses the expenditure required for implementation of required remedial measures.
Prepare cost estimate of the total loss including the transport and remediation cost.
Make insurance claim and pay compensation if any advised by the govt. authorities to the
affected victims.
7.6.2. Cyclone leading to land fill flood
Control measures during planning and operation:
During site selection and approval of the site for hazardous waste disposal and should
highlight the history / possibility of cyclone / Floods, Tsunami in the particular area. If it
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falls in any of the above better avoid usage of that site, for hazardous waste handling and
storage.
Maintain base line data of quality of water and soil at least one year before start of site
activities.
Check the possibility of breach of an upland water pond / tank or dam which can cause
flood before finalizing the location. Design buildings as per national building code to
withstand for the maximum wind speed experienced by the region without damage.
Cover the site with public liability insurance as per government advice. Check the
maximum rainfall in the location and the possibility of rain water entry from outside in to
the site. Arrest the outside water entry by raising the ground level or by constructing
bund wall / compound wall and providing proper drains along the boundary.
Ensure the storm water drainage system is well designed and maintained to drain storm
water from the site to outside drains and is sufficient to drain rain or flood water without
allowing it to accumulate near landfill. Maintain waste storage and landfill level above the
drain level.
Ensure the leachate ponds capacity is sufficient and will not over flow due to rain water
collection. Get the warning advice from the weather forecasting department regularly.
Stop all activities of land fill and cover the land fill with liners regularly to prevent rain
water contact with the waste material before the start of rain fall. If possible provide
temporary bund wall with sand bags to reduce the damage to landfill bund due to the
flowing water. Evacuate the place and move to safe location as per the advice.
After the occurrence
Check the extent of contamination and damage to ground water source and the soil after
the flood and compare data with base data. Inform disaster management authorities and
state pollution control board authorities if contamination is detected through phone or
through messenger. Inform company authorities over phone. Phone numbers: Project
Manager, HR manager, EHS manager. Inform public of the affected area not to use water
from the wells or bore wells through mobile public announcement and by using media
like radio and TV. Arrange supply of drinking water from outside till the condition is
normalized. Continuously test and monitor the soil and ground water sources and advise
public the condition regularly.
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Check the soil contamination level if necessary start remedial action as per the advice of
pollution board. Plan for removing the contaminated soil and fill it in a new land fill pit.
Inform insurance company over phone. Phone Numbers: Assess the damage, prepare and
submit estimate of damage and claim insurance. If necessary relocate the affected public
to an unaffected site.
7.6.3. Major explosion of chemicals / fire and toxic gas release in landfill or Stores
Control measures during planning
Analyze material samples before accepting the materials for disposal. Ensure material
samples collected and analyzed before taking the material inside the premises. Explosive
materials should not be accepted without treatment and check the incoming materials
using an explosive meter.
Ensure good covered storage space available for incinerable waste material. Storage is
well ventilated to prevent accumulation and concentration of gases below explosive and
flammable limit. Install gas detectors and explosive level meters with early warning alarm.
Avoid electric fittings in flammable material storages use flame proof materials if felt
essential.
Compartmentalize storage to limit the stock quantity and risk of fire spread. Locate
incinerable waste storages away from heat source and hot furnace areas.
Provide communication facility and sufficient number of security personal for 24 hours
manual watching.
Installation of smoke detection and warning and automatic fire hydrant with foam
monitors, automatic sprinklers, mist sprays and CO2 flooding system in incinerable waste
storage will help a lot in early detection and automatic fire fighting. Provide separate
storage for reactive chemicals. Provide spark proof equipment to handle solvent waste
containers.
Ensure sufficient gap between storage sheds are maintained as per national building code
to prevent fire spread and easy movement of fire vehicles around the storage during an
emergency.
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Wind socks with wind speed indicators are installed in the site to see the wind direction
from any location. Lightning arrestors are installed to cover the whole site. Employ only
qualified and trained employees to supervise the storage activities.
Operation:
Ensure public liability insurance cover is in force for the site. Plan for the disposal of Low
flash point material immediately on arrival and minimize inventory of low flash point
materials and flammable materials. Reactive materials are separated and stored away
from the flammable materials store. Display No smoking warning boards around the
waste material storages. Do not allow any source of heat or spark in material storage.
Ensure static electricity is discharged from material containers by bonding the containers.
Maintain sufficient gap between stack for inspection and also for better ventilation. Do
not use mechanical handling equipments which produce sparks or static electricity.
Use spark proof equipment while handling low flash point and waste containing solvents.
Ensure good housekeeping is maintained in and around storage. Maintain record of
quantity of material stock and the MSDS of material in each shed for giving required
information to disaster management team on arrival at site. Install and maintain sufficient
number of appropriate first aid fire appliances and ensure the approach way is not
blocked.
Train all the employees in first aid, firefighting and the procedures to be followed in case
of an emergency. Replace leaky containers and clean spillage immediately. Remember
inhaling gas generated due to a fire or explosion is dangerous. Use of Self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA) is mandatory for all rescue and firefighting work in case of an
explosion or fire. Check the wind direction and inform everyone to stand on the upwind
direction through public address system or through phones. Advice evacuation of people
at site and surrounding if found necessary.
Try and put off fire with the help of available hand appliances, fire hydrant water using
internal trained employees. Bring all available firefighting appliances and also get help
from nearby industries in control and rescue operations only if they are trained and have
the required PPE to carry out the work safely. Phone Numbers of nearby industries: If the
fire is found very major leave it to professionals to deal with it.
Inform state fire and police department about the disaster through phone or through
messenger. Display Phone Numbers: Nearby Fire station, Police station at many locations.
Inform company authorities through phone. Phone Numbers: Use SCBA and rescue
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affected employees to safe location and if necessary give first aid with the help of trained
first aider.
Remember to wash with cool water in case of burn injury or chemical spills on human
body and eye at least for 15minits before shifting the victim to hospital. Measure the gas
pollution level in the environment and advice concerned. Inform disaster management
authorities and state pollution control board authorities through phone or through
messenger or phone calls inform nearby hospitals the possible gas that can release from
the incident for quick treatment.
Call additional ambulance if felt necessary the site controller will direct concerned
department to arrange without delay. Provide FIRST AID to the affected victim before
moving them to hospitals. Send the victims to hospital with their personal data and their
medical history while sending for treatment. Measure the contamination level of air and
soil and report to authorities. Initiate remedial measures such as supply of drinking water
and measure air contamination level regularly till the condition normalizes.
If felt necessary, Inform public living near the affected area to evacuate through public
announcement and by using media like radio and TV the direction of escape route and
advise them to use wet cloth to cover the nose while moving. Put off fire using the fire
hydrant water and foam compound or with the help of fire extinguisher.
Use Self Contained Breathing Apparatus and Collect gas samples analyze the type of gas
emanated and the toxicity level.
Inform Fire service and police personnel about the potential of the gas emanated due to
the reaction promptly. Block the road traffic at least 5 km distance depending on the
toxicity of the gas and the wind speed to prevent exposure of more number of public.
Provide first aid to burn injuries by pouring cool water before shifting the victim to
hospital: Phone Number of Hospitals: Shift the gas affected victims to well ventilated area
and provide breathing oxygen. Transport the affected to the hospitals with the advice of
the possible name of gas inhaled by the victim.
Check the extent of damage to the liners if any and arrange for immediate repair based
on the need. Prepare report of the incident and investigate and find out the root cause of
accident. Inform insurers about the incident. Estimate the loss incurred and make the
insurance claim and pay for the actual expenses inquired for treatment and
compensation for the victim or the family members of the victim.
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7.6.4. Contamination of soil and water sources due to leakage of contaminants
Control measures:
First and the foremost is to collect soil and water samples from the site before starting
operations and establish the base line data. Cover the site with public liability insurance.
Make sure that the preparation of landfill pits done as per the laid out standard. Special
care is taken while laying the liners such as visual check for damage of liner material and
proper welding of joints to ensure that the leakage of leachate from the liner is absolutely
nil also by conducting leak proof tests ultrasonic or X-ray tests.
Avoid damage of liners during land fill operation by the use of sharp edged objects such
as cutting knives, dropping of crow bars and by moving heavy vehicle on the liners.
Contamination of water and soil due to leakage of leachate from the liners / due to over
flowing from leachate ponds especially during rainy season spillage while pumping or
spillage during handling operation to be avoided.
Flooring of material stores should not have cracks and should not allow seepage of
material. The floor should be provided with bund wall and collection pit.
Periodic checking of soil and water samples and compare data with base line data at least
once a month. If any adverse increase in parameters noticed increase the frequency of
tests. Prepare comparative analysis data if found more, than the base line data inform the
pollution board authorities.
After the incident:
If the operation is continued the condition is going to be disastrous after some time.
Hence it is necessary to initiate corrective measures as per the advice of the pollution
control board. Follow the corrective measures mentioned after an earth quake and flood.
7.6.5. Release of toxic gases from incinerator
Control Measures:
Ensure public liability insurance cover is taken for the site. Analyze the combination of
waste material that is proposed to be burned and check the possibility of toxic gas
generation and get the written report from lab before start feeding the waste material in
the incinerator.
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Install wind socks and wind speed monitor at site visible from all points. Employ qualified
and well trained operators to operate the incinerator. Maintain the temperatures of
gases at locations as per the incinerator operation instruction. Install instruments to
detect and warn operators before the toxicity level reaches higher than the statute limit.
Monitor the toxic content levels at the chimney exhaust continuously during the
operation. If any changes in parameters of gases noticed during the operation stop
feeding the material and inform the lab manager immediately and take corrective
measures. Reanalyze the sample and decide the combination of materials before restart.
Maintain the record of changes made for future reference. Inform the employees and the
public living in the vicinity about the safety measures required to be taken in case of an
accidental release.
After an incident:
Evacuate everyone from the site and the vicinity to safe place. Additional care to be taken
while evacuating, sick, old, infants and physically challenged persons. Detect the gas that
is generated by analyzing the gas and its toxicity level. Provide first aid to victims by
removing them to safe and well ventilated area. If necessary send the victim for
treatment with information of the type of gas victim is exposed to.
If necessary make insurance claim and meet the expenses.
7.7. Hazard Control Measures
7.7.1. Fire
To increase the level of safety in proposed project, installation of smoke alarms or
automatic fire detection /alarm systems will be proposed at strategic locations as an early
warning of fire to the occupants.
To prevent fire mishaps and to manage the emergency situation during fire in the
proposed project the following activities and precautions are proposed.
Emergency evacuation plan is important for all projects, and the same will be
prepared as per Fire & Safety rules.
Regular mock drills will be carried out to create awareness on procedures to be
followed in times of emergency situation/evacuation
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It will be advised to keep oxygen cylinders, medical kits and masks to prevent
smoke inhalation especially for those with respiratory disorders for whom smoke
inhalation can be very dangerous.
Plant manager will be advised to ensure that the firefighting equipments are in
good working conditions.
The plant will be provided with sufficient firefighting gadgets (water, soil,
cylinders, etc).
Simple steps to be followed during emergency are as follows.
Call the fire rescue department: During fire in plant, leave the premises by nearest
available exit. Call fire department and do not assume anyone else has called the fire
department. If your cloth catches fire, do not get panic or run, stop, drop and roll.
Cover your nose and mouth with a wet clean cloth: Stay calm cover your nose and
mouth with a wet, clean cloth to prevent smoke inhalation injury and choking. Never
jump off or attempt to climb down the side of a tall structure as it will mean certain
death.
Do not run: During a fire, smoke containing poisonous gases such as CO tends to rise up.
When you run in a smoke filled room, you tend to inhale the smoke faster. CO dulls the
senses and prevents clear thinking, leading to panic. To prevent being asphyxiated, dip
tissues or cloth in water and cover your noise with it.
Head-count of the occupants: During an emergency, make good use of the evacuation
procedure and help each other to reach out of plant/building safely. Ensure nobody is left
behind by doing a head-count of occupants. Visitors should read and understand the
evacuation plan before going into the plant/building area and ensure their safety.
7.7.2. Natural Disasters
Disasters occur without notice. Most disasters are natural such as earthquake, floods,
hurricanes, sandstorms, landslides, tsunamis and volcanoes. We have no way of stopping
them, but we can learn to deal with the difficult situations that arise due to them.
During disasters like floods, fire, earth quake, landslides, rescue beings at site. Even
before external help arrives, people affected by the disasters help each other.
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The government and many voluntary organizations send teams of workers trained in
rescue operations to disaster-affected areas. These teams join hands with the local
community helpers such as doctors, nurses, social workers and policemen.
Temporary shelters are built for displaced people. Doctors and nurses provide medical
aid. They treat the wounded and work to control epidemics. Social workers collect food
and cloth from all over the country for the disaster-affected people. The police maintain
law and order. Media –persons help in spreading news about the victims and their
conditions. They also post advertisements that urge people to donate for victims.
In extreme conditions, the army and Air force organize rescue operations. They clear
roads, send medical teams and help to move people to safer places. The air force drops
food, water and clothes in the affected areas. Organization like UN helps in providing aid
during massive disasters.
Individually, people from all over the world also come forward to help during a disaster.
They donate blood while many donate money. Some even reach the disaster affected
places to give an extra hand in the rescue operation. Families adopt children who have
lost their parents and thus give them a new home.
Some of the points we can keep in mind when disaster happens
If there is a tornado, take shelter in a place without windows.
In an earthquake, remember to crouch under some heavy furniture or stand under
the doorframe for cover.
In case of a fire in the building, leave the building by nearby exit
If the site is flooded, then climb up to the roof.
Do not use the telephone, except to call for help, so as to leave telephone lines
free for the organization of response
Listen to the messages broadcast by radio and the various media so as to be
informed of development
Carry out the official instructions given over the radio or by loudspeaker
Keep an emergency kit ready. In all the different types of emergency, it is better to
be prepared than to get ready, to get information so as to get organized, to wait
rather that act too hastily
During floods turn off electricity to reduce the risk of electrocution
As soon as flood begins, take vulnerable people (old, children, sick, etc) to upper
floor
Beware of water contamination, wait until the water is declared safe before
drinking or boil the water before drinking
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Clean and disinfect the room that is flooded
During storms and hurricanes do not go out in a car or a boat once the storm has
been announced
If caught outside in a storm, take refuge as quickly as possible in shelter (never
under a tree), if there is no shelter, lie down flat in a ditch.
In a thunderstorm keep away from doors, windows, and electrical conductors,
unplug electrical appliances and aerials. Do not use any electrical appliances or the
telephone
During earthquake keep calm, do not get panic, People who are indoors should
stay there but move to the central part of the building, people who are outside
should stay there, keeping away from buildings to avoid collapsing walls and away
from electrical cables. Anyone in a vehicle should park it, keeping away from
bridges and buildings
During spread of clouds of toxic fumes, close doors and windows, seal any cracks
or gaps around windows and doors with adhesive tape. Organize a reserve of
water (by filling wash basins, baths, etc. Turn off ventilators and air conditioners.
7.7.3. Electrical Accidents
Electrical hazards can cause burns, shocks, and electrocution which can lead to serious
injury and even death. When dealing with potentially serious electrical hazards stop and
think! Instead of taking a chance and risking your personal safety, call trained
professionals to handle problems.
Many times people prefer to take electrical matters into their own hands. Other small
aspects of electrical repair in a business setting may be taken care of without needing
professional service technicians. If you do decide to take matters into your own hands,
safety precautions can avoid injuries and other losses.
7.7.3.1. Prevention of Electrical Accidents
Flexible cords connected to appliance should be wired to confirm to the international
color code. Color of insulation wire is
Brown represents live wire,
Blue represents neutral wire and
Green/yellow stripes represent earth wire.
What you should look for when selecting an electrical appliance are given below
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a. The appliance should be suitable for operation on local electrical supply of 240
volts AC and frequency of 50 Hz.
b. The appliance should preferably be tested and certified by a national or reputed
standards testing authority
c. Look for certified plugs on the flexible cords connected to the appliances. If the
appliance is double insulated and has a 2-pin plug, then it should be fitted with a
suitable certified plug.
d. An essential formality when buying any appliances is a duly completed guarantee
card with the dealers/retailer's official stamp and details of the appliance (serial
number, etc.).
Safety precautions to be taken when using electrical appliances
a. Avoid using handheld appliances when your hand and/or body is wet.
b. Do not use or leave appliances where liquid can splash onto them
c. Flexible cords connecting the appliance and the plug should be in good condition,
if the cord is frayed, chaffed, cut or melted, have the entire cord replaced by a
competent person.
d. Check accessories such as plugs attached to appliances for cracks and burnt marks
and have them replaced. If undue overheating occurs or burnt marks appear in
any electrical appliance, have it checked.
Some common causes of electrical accidents in the house
a. Faulty wiring: This usually occurs when unauthorized extension or rewiring is done
by unqualified persons. Some of the usual faults are the omission of earth wires
and the reversing of the live and neutral wires. Without an earth wire, the
exposed metal parts of appliances may deliver a lethal shock to the user when a
fault develops.
b. Improper flexible cords: This can be caused by connecting the flexible cord
wrongly to the plug. In the case of appliances which have exposed metallic parts, a
2-core instead of a 3-core flexible cord is used. When the appliance is faulty, the
exposed metal parts may become live and a fatal accident could result.
c. Faulty appliance: Attempts to repair faults in electrical appliances by people not
trained to do so can result in accidental shock.
To prevent Electrical accidents, the following points should be kept in mind:
All electrical wiring, rewiring or extension work must be carried out by licensed
electrical contractors. On completion, the contractors should test before
electricity supply is connected.
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Repair of appliances and replacement of flexible cords should be carried out only
by competent persons.
To ensure electrical safety in the facility, a current-operated Earth Leakage Circuit
Breaker (ELCB) or Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) set to operate at a very
small leakage current is recommended. (This is usually marked 100mA or 0.1A on
the label). In case of dangerous electrical leakage to earth, it should automatically
cur off the supply of electricity.
DO NOT use multi-way adaptors. Over loading can cause fire. One socket outlet is
for one appliance only.
DO NOT carry out wiring extension, Engage a licensed wiring contractor for the
work.
DO NOT use a two-way lighting adaptor for any extension.
DO NOT connect any electrical appliance to lighting outlets. A lighting outlet does
not have an earth wire to prevent danger.
ENSURE the switch is in "OFF" position before changing bulbs.
DO NOT make joints to lengthen the lead of the electrical appliances. If the lead
wire is worn out or too short, replace it with a new wire.
DO NOT drive nails carelessly on the wall. There may be concealed wiring.
USE individual socket outlet for every electrical appliance.
KEEP AWAY from danger areas such as a substation for whatsoever reasons.
CHECK before carrying out excavation work to prevent damaging any underground
cable. The operator may receive severe electric shock or even be electrocuted.
TAKE PRECAUTION when working in the vicinity of overhead lines to avoid any
unforeseen incident.
DO NOT meddle with any broken overhead wire. Report the matter immediately
to the nearest electric office.
DO NOT climb any electric pole. You may receive an electric shock or get
electrocuted.
DO NOT throw anything onto the overhead lines.
NEVER attempt to retrieve anything stuck to overhead lines by whatever means.
DO NOT climb transmission line towers. No one is safe from its high voltage shock.
DO NOT erect any structure close to transmission lines.
DO NOT fly kites close to overhead lines.
TAKE PRECAUTION when working in the vicinity of overhead lines to avoid any
unforeseen incident.
NEVER stand on a damp or wet surface when using electrical equipment.
USE a portable electrical tool, which is properly earthed.
DO NOT tap electrical power without a proper plug.
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DO NOT use any electrical tool which has a damaged casing, cap, switch, lead or
plug.
7.7.3.2. First Aid and Emergency Procedures
Burns can cause due acid spillage and leakage of electricity. Curative measures for any
issues of burns and First Aid procedures are given below:
Table 7-11 -First Aid for Burns
Burns Covering Small Area Burns Covering Extensive Area
i. Allow cold tap water to run
gently over the area or
immerse in cold water.
ii. It may be necessary to cover
with gauze or a clean
handkerchief, and bandage.
i. Allow person to lie down.
ii. Cover burned areas with sterile dressing
or clean cloth and lightly bandage.
iii. If clothing is adhering, do not disturb;
leave the clothing alone.
iv. Keep person warm. If person is not
nauseated, he may have sips of water.
v. Arrange for immediate medical care.
Note:
Do not user ointments, greases, pastes or powder on burned area.
Do not prick the blisters caused by burns.
Tetanus immunization - Protection against tetanus should be considered whenever the skin is
broken by injuries
7.8. Full Mock Drill Monitoring
The mock drills are to be conducted at regular intervals. For conducting mock drills a
committee has to be organized. The committee may invite any other official/expert, if
considered necessary.
7.8.1. Steps of Mock Drills
The Mock Drills should be carried out step by step as stated below.
First Step : Test the effectiveness of communication system
Second Step : Test the speed of mobilization of the emergency teams.
Third Step : Test the effectiveness of search, rescue and treatment of casualties.
Fourth Step : Test Emergency isolation and shut down and remedial taken on the system.
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Fifth Step : Conduct a full rehearsal of the actions to be taken during an emergency.
The Disaster Management Plan should be periodically revised based on experience
gained from the Mock Drill.
7.9. Hydrological and Geo-Hydrological Conditions of the Project Area
Objectives
Study of the geological and hydro-geological condition of the study area and its
surroundings
Characterization of various geological formations and their disposition in the study
area and surroundings
The impacts assessment studies on surface water bodies and groundwater around
the study area covering a radius of 5 km
7.9.1. Topography
The area can be broadly grouped into two depending upon its geomorphic features as
alluvial fans and alluvial plains. Alluvial fans are deposited by hill torrents with a wavy
plain rather than a steep slope. Adjacent to the alluvial fan are the alluvial plains which
forms a part of large Indo- gengetic Quaternary basin comprises of thick sand and silty
sand layers interbedded with silt and clay beds. The soils are mainly developed on
alluvium under the dominant influence of climate followed by topography and time. The
major soil type of the district is weakly colonized by tropical arid brown soils. In total
20.74 Acres of land, 1.20 Acres land will be allocated for the Incinerator. Topographically
allocated Incinerator area is planed without any streams. Average elevation of site is 330
meters above MSL.
7.9.2. Rainfall & Climate
The climate of Mohali district can be classified as subtropical. The normal annual rainfall
of the district is 1061 mm which is unevenly distributed over the area in 49 days. The
south west monsoon contributes about 80% of the annual rainfall.
7.9.3. Geology
The study area under consideration geologically comprises two distinct types of
geological deposits, viz., the Siwalik (Middle Miocene to Early Pleistocene) and the Indo-
Gangetic Plain (Pleistocene to Holocene). The Siwalik sequence comprise the Upper
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Siwalik formation which is divisible into two distinct lithofacies namely, the Sandstone
and the Conglomerate Facies which are clearly distinguishable and persistent throughout
the Siwalik belt of the area. Detailed Geological Succession is given in Table: 7.12.
Table 7.12 Geological Succession of the Study Area
Stratigraphic Unit Litho Unit Lithology
Indo- Gangetic Plain
Bhabar
Coarse textured deposits composed of
gravel packed with infilling of finer
material and sands deposits in general
free of calcium carbonate
Terai
Deposits consist of light olive brown to
dark greyish brown finer textured silty
loam. Loam and sandy loam materials. The
unit often contains calcium carbonate
concretions.
Siwalik group Upper Siwaliks Conglomerates
Facies
Well indurated massive
conglmeratic bed
composed of pebble,
cobble and boulder
sized megaclasts of
cherts, quartizites,
sandstone and
siltstones cemented
together by calcareous
and ferruginous matrix.
Sandstone
Facies
Thickly bedded poorly
to moderately
indurated light grey to
pale brown pebble
sandstones with
occasional thin
clays/silts/clays of
various shades.
Middle Siwaliks
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7.9.4. Hydrogeological Studies
In-order to evaluate the hydrogeological setup of the proposed site, a study was
conducted towards observation of groundwater conditions in and around the study area.
Groundwater is mainly being extracted by way of dug wells in study area there are few
bore wells present. The data collected through systematic well inventory within 5km
radius of the proposed site is analyzed for making a meaningful representation of the
occurrence and movement of groundwater. All these observations are detailed below.
7.9.4.1. Occurrence of Ground Water
The occurrence and movement of ground water in the study area is occupied by
Quaternary Alluvial deposits belongings to the vast Indo –Gangetic alluvial plains, which
forms the main aquifer system. Groundwater occurs under phreatic conditions in the
shallow aquifers while leaky confined to confine conditions occurs along deeper aquifers
of Quaternary alluvial deposits. The principal aquifer system of the study area is Alluvium
and major aquifer system. Depth of water level ranges between 5 to 10 m bgl during pre-
monsoon and 4 to 9 m bgl during post monsoon period.
Groundwater resource potential of the district has been assessed as per Groundwater
Resource Estimation Methodology (GEC-97) as on 31.03.09 by considering administrative
block as the assessment unit. The Net Annual Ground Water Availability of the district is
27,514 ham, existing ground water draft for all uses is 28,005 ham. Provision for domestic
and industrial requirement supply to 2025 years is 5455 ham. Net ground water
availability for future irrigation development is 1379 ham. The stage of groundwater
development for the district is 102%.
The stage of groundwater development in Dera Bassi & Kharar blocks is 133 % & 100%
respectively and falls under Over Exploited category, whereas stage of ground water
development of Sialba Majri Block is 46 % and falls in safe category. In Kharar block,
Agriculture draft decreased but Industrial & Domestic drafts increased tremendously.
Status of groundwater development in Dera Bassi block is given in Table: 7.13.
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Table No. 7.13 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of
Dera Bassi block, Mohali District
S. No. Item Total (in ham)
1 Total net groundwater availability 11907
2 Existing gross ground water draft for all uses 15612
3 Provision of domestic and industrial requirements 2225
4 Existing Gross draft for irrigation 13867
5 Net Ground water availability for future irrigation
& development -4185
6 Stage of Ground Water Development and
Category
133% (Stage)
Over Exploited
(Category)
7.9.4.2. Natural Drainage:
The Ghagga River, medkhallinala, and DangriNadi are major streams flowing in the 10km
radius of study area. These streams are originating from Siwalik Hills located at northern
side of site. These streams of the Siwalik Hills are ephemeral in nature and prove to be an
economic liability. The drainage network of an area is principally governed by the
topography of the land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks,
and the gradient of the land. Since the study areas are located on an upland area with
respects to its surrounding environs, several first order streams originate at this location
and forming the most common form of drainage system called dendritic system. All the
existing drains are moving to the down streams and connecting to the nearest surface
streams. There is no major / minor drainage passing through the proposed site. There are
several surface tanks existing around the proposed site. Most of them are minor tanks
connected with the nearest surface streams as catchment. There are no major streams &
surface water bodies located within 1 km radius of project site.
7.10. Public Hearing
As per the provision of the Environment Impact Assessment Notification No. S.O. 1533
dated 14.9.06 and as revised in December 2009, Office Memorandum No. J-
11015/387/2008-I A, 11 (m) dated 28th Sep. 2011 of the Ministry of Environment and
Forest, Government of India, New Delhi, an application for the proposed project to
provide 500 kg/hr Hazardous waste incinerator facility in the existing Common Hazardous
waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility has been submitted before Expert
Appraisal Committee, New Delhi as formed by the Ministry of Environment and Forest,
Government of India, New Delhi. A condition for public hearing on the issued T.O.R. Letter
F.No 10-27/2016-IA.III Dated 04.05.2016 to the said project has been set forth by the
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commission. Considering the ongoing industrialization needs, it was realized that, there is
a requirement to increase the existing Direct Landfill (DLF) and Landfill after stabilization
treatment (LAT) to 20,000 TPA and 40,000 TPA, respectively, along with installation of
hazardous waste incinerator of capacity – 500 kg/hr, bio-medical waste management
facilities of capacity – 5 TPD , alternative fuels and raw materials facility of capacity –
18,000 TPA, e-waste management facility of capacity – 8,000 TPA and recycling facilities
like used oil recycling of capacity – 2 KLD, spent solvent @5 KLD, lead recycling @ 2000
TPA, paper recycling @ 2 TPD, and plastic recycling @ 2 TPD to convert it into an
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage & Disposal Facility in existing
Plant premises located at Village Nimbuan, District Mohali (S.A.S Nagar), Punjab. In that
compatibility of values, a public hearing is planned on date 30.6.2017 at 11:00 A.M. held
at the main gate of the existing TSDF of Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd (Unit: Punjab Waste
Management Project) located opposite M/s Vardhman Chemtech Ltd, Village Nimbuan,
P.O. Rampur Sainia, Tehsil Dera Bassi, District Mohali (S.A.S. Nagar), Punjab.
As per the provision of the EIA notification, a public notification has been published in the
locally distributed newspapers Hindustan Times’ & ‘Ajit’ on 27.05.2017. Besides,
pamphlets were also spread in all the nearby wards. For the promotion of public hearing,
announcements were also made through banners and loudspeaker installed on a mobile
vehicle. The public hearing was held under the supervision of Sh. Charandev Singh Mann,
P.C.S. Additional Deputy Commissioner, on behalf of Deputy Commissioner, S.A.S Nagar
(Mohali) and Er. S.S. Matharu, Environmental Engineer, Regional Office, Punjab Pollution
Control Board, S.A.S Nagar (Mohali). On behalf of the project, the technical advisor Shri
Chakradhar and other officers along with staff were present. Dr. Chakradhar, the
environment advisor, was present as a representative on behalf Ramky Enviro Services
Private Limited for the project. The people of almost all the nearby wards were present at
the public hearing and the description of the same is as per the attached attendance roll.
Public hearing minutes (signed copy) is attached as Annexure-5 and the suggestions / complaints raised during public hearing and replies along with action plan are given in
Annexure-5.
CHAPTER 8
PROJECT BENEFITS
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8. Chapter 8
Project Benefits
8.1. Benefits of Hazardous Waste Management
Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016
the industries from dumping their solid wastes indiscriminately. At the same time they
permit the industries to dispose their waste in safe & secured manner. It has been made
mandatory by the government to dispose the hazardous waste in systematic and
scientific way and pollution control boards have been asked to ensure it. For systematic &
scientific disposal of solid wastes, a facility has to be developed where care is to be taken
to avoid any negative effects on the environment.
The main benefits of the proposed project are
The proposed project facilitates better management of the industrial hazardous
wastes.
It will be the showcase for other districts / states for management of hazardous
waste with additional benefit of green and clean Environment
It minimizes the pollution load on environment from industrial hazardous waste
Compliance with prescribed regulatory norms which in turn avert the risk of
closure on account of violation of rules
It reduces the number of hazardous waste dump sites in the area and also
eliminates the pollution potential
Possibility for recovery of material can be researched at common site
The management of wastes is relatively easier & economically viable at common
facility
Cost of environmental monitoring is less at common facility
In absence of expertise or availability of less expertise this route is confirmed to be
most viable and workable
Reduced environmental liability due to captive storage of hazardous waste in the
premises of industries
Better occupational health and safety at individual industry level
Prevention of natural resource contamination thereby improving overall
environmental status of the region
Competitive advantage in international markets vis-à-vis grading of the products
on environmental consideration
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8.1.1. Benefits of Landfill
Landfills minimize the natural impact of solid waste on the environment by the following
mechanics:
Isolation of inert waste through containment
Elimination of polluting pathways
8.1.2. Advantages of Incineration Method
The following are the advantages of incineration of hazardous wastes.
Ability to handle heterogeneous waste.
High efficiency due to
o Vigorous mixing in the bed
o High retention time
Low NOx formation due to
o Lower operating temperature &
o Low excess air
In bed neutralization possible for removing acid gasses.
Quick restart due to heat stored in the bed.
Absence of moving parts hence low maintenance.
Flexibility to handle diverse fuels.
Residence time can be adjusted by varying kiln speed.
Waste feeding without much preparation.
Waste heat recovery is possible.
Gas cooling systems can be fixed.
Well Scrubbing systems can be added.
Temperature control for constant efficiently.
Air control for adequate excess air.
Interlocks for safe operational shut down.
8.1.3. Benefits from Bio Medical Waste
In appropriate treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste contributes to environmental
pollution, uncontrolled burning / incineration causes air pollution, dumping in nallas,
tanks and along the riverbed causes water pollution and unscientific land filling cause soil
pollution.
The proper bio-medical waste management will help to control nosocomial diseases
(hospital acquired infections), reduce HIV/AIDS, sepsis, and hepatitis transmission from
dirty needles and other improperly cleaned / disposed medical items, control zones
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(diseases passed to humans through insects, birds, rats and other animals), prevent illegal
repacking and resale of contaminated needles, cut cycles of infection and avoid negative
long-term health effects like cancer, from the environmental release of toxic substances
such dioxin, mercury and others.
8.1.4. Benefits of E-Waste Management
Electronic products are made from valuable resources and highly engineered materials,
including metals, plastics and glass, all of which require energy to mine and manufacture
them. Reusing and recycling consumer electronics conserves our natural resources and
avoids air and water pollution, as well as greenhouse gas emissions that are caused by
manufacturing virgin materials.
Recycling of E Waste helps protect the environment in a number of ways. Electronic and
electrical items are made from valuable resources such as precious metals, copper, and
plastics all of which require energy to mine and process. Recovering these materials by
recycling avoids the need to mine and process new materials, which in turn, conserves
our natural resources, and avoids air and water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Recovering metals from used E-waste will reduce extraction of raw metals from the earth.
Materials Recovered from E Waste
Almost all of the materials used to manufacture electronic equipments can be recovered
to make new products. Metals, plastics, and rechargeable batteries from recycled
electronic equipment are turned into new materials and products.
Electronic equipment contain a number of different metals – gold, silver, platinum,
palladium, copper, tin, and zinc – that are recovered in the recycling process. The
recovered metals are then used by a number of different industries such as jewelry,
plating, electronics, automotive, and art foundries.
The plastics recovered from the electronic equipment are recycled into plastic
components for new electronic devices or other plastic products such as garden furniture,
license plate frames, non-food containers, and replacement automotive parts. When the
rechargeable battery can no longer be reused, the battery can be recycled into other
rechargeable battery products.
8.1.5. Benefits from Recycling Facilities
Recycling is the process of making or manufacturing new products from a product that
has originally served its purpose. If these used products are disposed off in an
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appropriate, environmentally friendly way, the process of recycling has been set in
motion. In the proposed project the following recycling facilities are proposed.
Lead Recycling
Used Oil Recycling
Spent Solvents Recycling
8.1.5.1. Lead Recycling
Lead is a mineral that has been in use for at least 5000 years. Current statistics reveal
Current statistics reveal approximately 88 % of the batteries were Starting, Lighting &
Ignition (SLI) automotive batteries with a lifespan of about 4 years accompanied by 8% of
motive power type with a lifespan of 6 years. Further, 4 percent were a stationary type
with a lifespan of 10 years. Widely researched facts conclude that 97 percent of the lead
recycled was from lead acid batteries. Until couple of years ago, the lead recycled as a
percentage of apparent lead supply, was estimated at 63% with a recycling efficiency of
95%. The rest was from other metal sources including castings, sheet, solders and
miscellaneous fabrications. The main benefits are as follows.
1. Recycled lead is cheaper to produce than virgin lead. Recycled lead takes less than
25% of the energy required to produce lead from ore extraction.
2. Recycling of lead has a smaller carbon footprint than mining, conserves ore
reserves, and reduces the amount of waste associated with primary extraction
3. A high recycling rate means that there is less opportunity for lead to end up in the
waste stream where it requires would pose a health risk to people.
4. In recent decades, the amount of lead from batteries ending up in landfills has
dramatically decreased, and as a result, overall flow of lead to landfills has
dropped markedly.
5. By keeping lead out of landfills, recycling helps conserve landfills, and reduce the
need for investment in controls to eliminate airborne particulate from
incineration.
8.1.5.2. Used Oil Recycling
Many people who are unfamiliar with the importance of recycling used oil are
unconsciously harming the environment by throwing it away with their normal garbage or
emptying their used oil into storm drains. Such actions, especially emptying used oil into
storm drains, can cause real harm to the environment. To put it into perspective, just one
gallon of used oil can contaminate 1 million gallons of water.
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Recycling used motor oil keeps it out of our rivers, lakes, streams and even the ground
water. In many cases, that means keeping it out of our drinking water, off our beaches,
and away from wildlife. We all share the responsibility of protecting our environment and
keeping our waters safe. Recycling used oil allows us to continue to enjoy what many of
us take for granted every day – clean water.
To recycle used oil, processors and refiners remove water, insoluble, dirt, heavy metals,
nitrogen, chlorine, and oxygenated compounds from oil drained from automobiles or
other machines. The resulting product called “refined” oil must meet the same stringent
refining, compounding, and performance standards as virgin oil for use in automotive,
heavy duty diesel, and other internal combustion engines, and hydraulic fluids and gear
oils. Extensive laboratory testing and field studies conclude that refined oil is equivalent
to virgin oil it passes all prescribed tests and, in some situations, even outperforms virgin
oil.
The same consumers and businesses that use regular oil also can use refined oil, since
refining simply reconditions used oil into new, high-quality lubricating oil. Any vehicle
maintenance facilities, automobile owners, and other machinery maintenance operations
that use oil also can use refined oil. In some cases, fleet maintenance facilities that use
large volumes of oil arrange to reuse the same oil that they send to be refined—a true
closed recycling loop. The main benefits of Recycling Oil are given below.
Recycling used oil keeps it from polluting soil and water.
Motor oil does not wear out—it just gets dirty—so recycling it saves a valuable
resource.
Less energy is required to produce a gallon of redefined base stock than a base
stock from crude oil.
8.1.5.3. Spent Solvent Recycling
Waste solvent recycling means reducing the amount of local, state and central toxic
release inventory. Recycling waste solvents keeps excess contaminants from entering
water systems and damaging the environment. Recovering solvents reduces emissions
and cuts down raw material costs. Some of the benefits due to spend solvents recycling
are as follows.
Recycling solvents reduces the environmental impact by reducing the volume of
solvents destined for disposal at incineration facilities.
Reduces the amount of hazardous waste generation
Reduces the amount of virgin solvents manufacturing
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Where waste is suitable for fuel blending a more cost effective solution will be
provided.
8.1.5.4. Waste Plastic Recycling
Recycling plastic conserves the natural resources and energy that would be
required to produce plastic from scratch.
When plastic is recycled, less plastic is sent to landfill and thus, less of this material
takes up room in our environment for hundreds of years. In fact, recycling one ton
of plastic can save 7.4 cubic yards of landfill space.
Plastics are becoming increasingly easy to recycle. Besides the invention of new
plastic recycling technology, governments all over the world have plastic collection
schemes in place
8.1.5.5. Waste Paper Recycling
Reduces Logging for Fiber
Conserves Energy
Conserves Water
Reduces Air and Water Pollution
Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions
8.1.6. Benefits of Alternate Fuel Raw material Facility
Low calorific value, non-hazardous waste, inorganic materials can be used as a
blender
Homogeneity of the mixers parameter is vital for the end user
The Cement Industry can play an important role in the urgent global need for
destruction of hazardous wastes like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB), Persistent
Organic Pollutant (POP), and ensuring the Destruction and Removal Efficiency
(DRE) of 99.9999 %.
Investigation proved cement kiln had the Lowest Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
dioxins and dibenzo furans (PCDD/DFs) emission reduced to the extent of 99.3%
using Hazardous Wastes.
Methane is a particularly potent Green House Gases (GHG), and is currently
considered to have a Global Warming Potential (GWP) 25 times that of CO2.
Reduction of about 1.6 kilograms (kg) of CO2 per kg of utilized Refuse Derived Fuel.
A holistic approach to waste management has positive consequences of GHG
emissions. Co processing proved a viable method to dispose the HW.
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The surrounding industrial belts located in and around Nalgonda including
Mahaboobnagar, Warangal, Khammam will be benefitted from the proposed site.
8.2. Improvement in the Physical Infrastructure
The proposed project is expected to yield a positive impact on the socio economic
environment. It helps to sustain the development of this area including further
development of physical infrastructural facilities. The following physical infrastructure
facilities will improve due to proposed project.
Road transport facilities.
Housing facilities.
Water supply and sanitation.
8.2.1. Employment Benefits
The main advantage of the proposed project is direct employment generation (i) absorbs
rural labour and unskilled workers (in addition to semi-skilled and some skilled); (ii)
provides opportunity for seasonal employment thereby supplementing worker’s income
from farming, and (iii) permits participation of women workers both during construction
and operation phase.
Additionally it is estimated that good number of jobs will be created as an indirect
employment opportunities at local/regional level. The other related employment due to
transportation requirement, supply of essential items and services to the project site and
other community services will be plenty. Employment in these sectors will be permanent
based on own initiatives and interest of the individual. Involvement of unskilled labour
requirement will be on continuous basis depending on the requirement of contractor at
site. A major part of this labour force will be hired from nearby places.
8.2.2. Other Tangible Benefits
Additional housing demand for rental accommodation will increase.
Cultural, recreation and aesthetic facilities will also be improved.
Improvement in communication, transportation, education, community
development and medical facilities.
Overall change in employment and income opportunity.
The state government will also benefit directly from the proposed project, through
increased revenue from royalties, excise duty etc.
CHAPTER 9
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGMENT PLAN
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9. Chapter 9
Environmental Management Plan
9.1. Introduction
Preparation of environmental management plan is required for formulation,
implementation and monitoring of environmental protection measures during and after
commissioning of projects. The plan indicates the details of various measures which have
been proposed and to be followed including cost components. Cost of measures for
environmental safeguard should be treated as an integral component of the project cost
and environmental aspects should be taken into account at various stages of the project.
Conceptualization: preliminary environmental assessment
Planning: detailed studies of environmental impacts and design of safeguards
Execution: implementation of environmental safety measures
Operation: monitoring of effectiveness of built-in safeguards
9.2. Environmental Management during Construction Stage
The impacts during the construction phase on the environment would be basically of
temporary in nature and are expected to reduce gradually on completion of the
construction activities.
9.2.1. Air Quality Mitigation Measure
For the proposed project, site leveling and grading will be carried out if required. Where
ever possible, to maintain the natural elevations, they will not be disturbed. Only leveling
activity will be carried out for providing roads, sewage network, storm water system and
places required for construction of sheds and administrative buildings. According to the
engineering assessment, most of the excavated mud generated during construction
activities will be reused within the project site for leveling during road formation, bunds
construction around the land fill site, etc. The excess if any will be given to the local
contractors for disposal in low lying areas, road construction use, etc.
During construction period, most of the dust will be generated from the movement of
construction vehicles on unpaved roads. Unloading and removal of soil material shall also
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act as a potential source for dust nuisance. The control measures proposed to be taken
are given below.
1. Water sprinkling on main haul roads in the project area will be done, this activity
will be carried out at least twice a day. If need arises, frequency will be increased
on windy days. In this way, around 50% reduction on the dust contribution from
the exposed surface will be achieved
2. The duration of stockpiling of excavated mud will be as short as possible as most
of the material will be used as backfill material for the open cut trenches for road
development.
3. Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the site of
dust generation or all around the project site as barrier for dust control.
4. All vehicles carrying raw materials will be instructed to cover with tarpaulin /
plastic sheet, Unloading and loading activities will be stopped during windy days.
5. To reduce the dust movement from civil construction site to the neighborhood,
the external part of the construction activity will be covered by plastic sheets.
9.2.2. Water Quality Mitigation Measure
During site development, necessary precautions will be taken. So that the runoff water
from the site gets collected to working pit and if any over flow, will be diverted to nearby
greenbelt / plantation area. During construction activity all the equipment’s washed
water will be diverted to working pit to arrest the suspended solids if any and the settled
water will be reused for construction purposes, and for sprinkling on roads to control the
dust emission, etc.
The domestic wastewater generated from toilets used by the work force will be diverted
to septic tank followed by soak pit. Therefore, impact on water quality would be
insignificant.
9.2.3. Noise Mitigation Measures
Noise generating equipment will be used during day time for brief period of its
requirement. Proper enclosures will be used for reduction in noise levels, wherever
possible the noise generating equipment will be kept away from the human habituation.
Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the noise
generating activity or all around the project site as barrier for minimizing the noise travel
to surrounding areas. Therefore, impact on noise environment due to proposed project
would be insignificant.
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All vehicles entering into the project will be informed to maintain speed limits, and not
blow horns unless it is required. Personal protective equipment like earmuffs, helmets
covering ears would be provided to the workers working near noise generating
equipment and would see that workers use the protective gadgets regularly.
9.2.4. Solid Waste Mitigation Measures
The solid waste generated during construction period being predominantly inert in
nature, construction and demolition waste does not create chemical or biochemical
pollution. However maximum effort would be made to reuse and recycle them. The most
of the solid waste material will be used for filing/ leveling of low-laying areas, as road
construction material, if any excess given to local contractors for lifting and dumping in
low lying areas. All attempts would be made to stick to the following measures.
1. All construction waste shall be stored within the site itself. A proper screen will be
provided so that the waste does not get scattered.
2. Attempts will be made to keep the waste segregated into different heaps as far as
possible so that their further gradation and reuse is facilitated.
3. Materials, which can be reused for purpose of construction, leveling, making
roads/ pavement will also be kept in separate heaps from those which are to be
sold or land filled
The use of the construction material basically depends on their separation and conditions
of the separated material. A majority of these materials are durable and therefore, have a
high potential for reuse. It would, however, be desirable to have quality standards for the
recycled materials. Construction waste can be used in the following manner.
Reuse of bricks, tiles, stone slabs, timber, piping railings etc. to the extent possible
and depending upon their conditions.
Sale/ auction of materials which cannot be used at the site due to design
constraint
Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal, used cement bags, etc., can be sent for
recycling in the industries
Rubble/ brick bats can be used for building activity, such as leveling, under coat of
lanes where the traffic does not constitute heavy moving loads.
Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filing up low laying areas.
Fine material such as sand, dust, etc., can be used as cover material
The unearthed soil can be used for leveling as well as for lawn development
The broken pieces of the flooring material can be used for leveling in the building
or can be disposed off
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The unused or remaining paints/varnishes/wood can either be reused or can be
disposed.
9.2.5. Ecological Aspects
During construction period, there could be clearing of vegetation in order to prepare the
site for construction, the top soil from the construction area will collected and will be
stored separately and will be used for greenbelt development. A comprehensive green
belt program will be planned to improve the ecological condition of the region.
9.2.6. Site Security
Adequate security management would be made to ensure that the local inhabitants and
the stray cattle are not exposed to the potential hazards of construction activities. Round
the clock security personnel will be appointed to restrict entry of unwanted people to the
site.
9.3. Environmental Management during Operation Stage
Necessary control measures will be undertaken at the design stage to meet the statutory
requirements and towards minimizing environmental impacts.
During project implementation period special emphasis will be made on measures to
minimize leachate / effluent generation and dust control at source. The specific control
measures related to air emissions, liquid effluent discharges, noise generation, solid
waste disposal etc. are described below:
9.3.1. Air Quality Management
The main activities from the proposed project which cause air pollution are as follows:
Incinerator stack emissions
DG set stack emissions
Dust particulates due to movement of vehicles and road sweepings
Temperature & odour from bio medical waste management plant
Dust, odour and gas generation from secured landfill
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The following methods of abatement will be employed for the air pollution control.
Incinerator will be provided with a stack height meeting MOEF Guidelines, spray
dryer, multi cyclone, bag house and wet scrubber.
DG set will be provided with a stack height meeting MOEFCC Guidelines for proper
dispersion of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
Internal roads will be concreted / asphalted to reduce dust emissions
Speed restriction will be followed within the project and speed breakers will be
provided at entry and exit points
Gas management system in secured landfill will be provided
Green belt will be provided along the internal roads and plant boundary
9.3.2. Odor Control
The odor management is one of the issues in TSDF. The main aim is to minimize the
number of sources of odor generation which exist in site. To undertake direct
management of odor generating sources that give rise to odor problems.
The mitigation measures proposed to minimize and control odor are as follows.
Dilution of odorant by odor counteraction or neutralize by spraying Ecosorb
(organic and biodegradable chemical) around odor generation areas at regular
intervals.
Covering the landfill area under operation daily with layer of earth, clay or a
similar material.
Covering by using heavy duty hessian, plastics and foams odor can be minimized.
Covering of trucks carrying waste while transportation.
The waste after combustion in primary and secondary stages the off gas/flue
gases shall be passed through spray dryer, cyclone separation, activated carbon
dry lime and wet scrubber. The odour will be removed during the above gas
cleaning operations especially the activated carbon shall adsorb any organics if so
present in the flue gases. The odour free gases shall be released into the
atmosphere from 30 m stack.
9.3.3. Gas Management
Land fill gas is generated as a product of waste biodegradation. In land fill, Organic waste
is broken down by enzymes produced by bacteria in a manner. Considerable heat is
generated by these reactions with methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen
sulfide and other gases as by products. Methane and carbon dioxide are the principle
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gases produced with almost 50-50% share. When methane is present in the air in
concentrations between 5 to 15%, it is explosive. Landfills generate gases with a pressure
sufficient enough to damage the final cover and largely have the impact on vegetative
cover. Also because only limited amount of oxygen are present in a land fill, when
methane concentration reach this critical level, there is a little danger that the land fill will
explode.
To minimize the gas generation in the proposed project incinerator is proposed for
incineration of organic based (high calorific) waste, hence gas generation is anticipated to
be less. To manage the gas generated a venting system with flaring arrangement is
proposed if the gas generation is more it will be diverted to canteen.
9.3.4. Water Quality Mitigation Measures
The main wastewater generations sources in the proposed project are domestic
wastewater, leachate generation from secured land fill (hazardous waste) area, Effluent in
Bio medical waste, vehicle wash area, etc. Leachate treated in incineration/ Forced
evaporation/spraying on landfill. The domestic effluent generated will be treated in septic
tank followed by soak pit or portable STP and the treated water is used for greenbelt
development. The effluent generated from floor washings, recycling activity, etc will be
collected in collection tank followed by settling tank and the settled water is reused. The
effluent from bio medical waste is treated in ETP and recycling to incinerator or
circulation back to system. The waste water generated from boiler and cooling tower
used in ash quenching and for greenbelt development purpose. There will not be any
wastewater discharge to any nearby water body and adopts the zero wastewater
discharge concept.
9.3.5. Noise Mitigation Measures
The main sources of noise generation is due to movement of vehicles carrying waste, all
vehicle (drivers) entering into the project will be informed to maintain speed limits, and
not blow horns unless it is required. Necessary speed controlling bumps will be placed
near weighbridge and entrance of the site.
The other areas where noise generation is anticipated is Incinerator section, DG set room,
necessary personal protective equipment like earmuffs, helmets covering ears would be
provided to the workers working near noise generating equipment and would see that
workers use the protective gadgets regularly. Regular maintenance of the equipment will
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be carried out as per the schedule given by suppliers. The noise pollution management
measures proposed is given below.
Acoustic Enclosure for all the high noise level equipment
All the design/installation precautions as specified by the manufacturers with
respect to noise control are strictly adhered to
Major noise generating sources are insulated adequately by providing suitable
enclosures
Other than the regular maintenance of the various equipment, ear plugs are
provided to the personnel close to the noise generating units
All the opening like covers, partitions are designed properly
9.3.6. Solid Waste Mitigation Measures
The ash coming from the incinerator will be used as a daily cover for landfill along with
soil and mud.
9.3.7. Post operation of Landfill
A final landfill cover is usually composed of several layers, each with a specific function.
The surface cover system must enhance surface drainage, minimize infiltration, support
vegetation and control the release of landfill gases. The landfill cover to be adopted will
depend on the gas management system.
As recommended by the MOEFCC, the final cover system must consist of a vegetative
layer supported by a drainage layer over barrier layer and gas vent layer. The details of
the landfill cover are given below.
A 60cm thick compacted clay
A HDPE geo-membrane liner of thickness 1.5mm
Geo net and 285 gsm Geotextile, 7-8mm drainage composite
Top soil 45cm and vegetative soil 15cm followed by vegetation.
The mitigation measures proposed during post operation period are given in Table 9.4.
Table 9.4
Mitigation Measure proposed during Post Operation Period
Post Operation Phase
Landfill
maintenance
After closure of the landfill, the integrity of the final cover will be
maintained, if any repairs required it will be rectified as necessary
After closure of the landfill, shall continue Leachate, gas and surface
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water management as well as environmental monitoring of the landfill
for a period of 30 years or until harmful leachate is not produced for
5continuous years
After few years of closure, the leachate is observed to meet all
discharge standards, the same shall be discharged directly to lined
drains
The landfill shall be abandoned after 30 years of closure if
concentrations of contaminants in all liquid and gaseous emissions from
the landfill are observed to be below prescribed limits
9.4. Socio Economic Development Activities under CEP
Corporate Environmental Policy (CEP), also known as Corporate Social Responsibility
(CSR), is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. Ideally, CEP
policy would function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would
monitor and ensure its support to ethical standards and international norms.
Consequently, business would adopt responsibility for the impact of its activities on the
environment, consumers, employees, Communities, Stakeholders and all other members
of the public sector. CEP focused businesses would proactively promote the public
interest by encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating
practices that harm the public sector, regardless of legality.
Economic growth is possible only through consumption of inputs available in the
environment and society. The harnessing of natural resources has a direct impact on the
economy, the environment and society at large. CEP is a concept whereby organizations
serve the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on
customers, employees, shareholders, communities and the environment in all aspects of
their operations.
Thus CEP is a management’s commitment to operate in an economically, socially and
environmentally sustainable manner, while recognizing the interests of its stakeholders.
This commitment is beyond statutory requirements. CEP is, therefore, closely linked with
the practice of sustainable Development.
9.4.1. Planning
The planning for CEP starts with the identification of the activities/projects to be
undertaken. CEP projects/activities may be undertaken in the periphery of project
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boundaries or anywhere in the country. However, specific CEP strategies shall be
developed that mandate the design of CEP Action Plan (Long-term, medium-term and
short-term), with a shift from the casual approach to the project based accountability
approach.
Selection of activities under CEP would be made to ensure that the benefits reach the
smallest units in the area of District depending upon the operations and resource
capability of the project. The approach to CEP planning needs to be shifted from an ad-
hoc charity to a long-term sustainable approach. The monitoring skills available with the
project authorities could be shared as far as possible, with the local administration by
training and setting up required structures and systems.
The long-term CEP Plan shall match with the long term Business Plan. This shall be broken
down into medium term and short term plans. Each of these plans shall be clearly
specified the following.
Requirements relating to baseline survey
Activities to be undertaken
Budgets allocated
Time-lines prescribed
Responsibilities and authorities defined
Major results expected
However, these plans shall also clearly specify the implementation guidelines and the
involvement of the implementing agency
9.4.2. Implementation
CEP initiatives shall be considered the following parameters for identifications/selection
of schemes/projects as per the stipulated guidelines:
Investment in CEP should be project based. Mere donations to
philanthropic/charity or other organizations would not come under the category
of CEP.
CEP activities should generate community goodwill, create social impact and
visibility.
For every project, the time-frame and periodic milestones should be finalized at
the outset.
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CEP activities should also involve the suppliers in order to ensure that the supply-
chain also follows the CEP principles.
CEP activities should help in building a positive image of the company in the public
perception.
CEP projects may be closely linked with the principles of sustainable Development.
Based on the immediate and long term social and environmental consequences of
their activities.
Management should take the shoulder responsibility for restoring/Compensating
for any ecological damage that is taking place as a result of its operations.
Project activities identified under CEP shall be implemented by Specialized Agencies and
generally not by staff of the project management. Specialized agencies would be made to
work singly or in tandem with other agencies.
Specialized agencies would include:-
Community based organizations whether formal or informal
Elected local bodies such as Panchayat
Voluntary Agencies (NGOs)
Institutes/Academic Organizations
Trusts, Missions, etc.,
Self-help Groups
Government, Semi-Government and autonomous Organizations
Standing Conference of Public Enterprises (SCOPE)
Mahila Mandals/Samitis and the like
Contracted agencies for civil works
Professional Consultancy Organizations, etc.,
Project Management will take responsibility to develop awareness among all levels of
their staff about CEP activities and the integration of social processes with business
processes. Those involved with the undertaking of CEP activities will be provided with
adequate training and re-orientation.
Initiatives of State Governments, District Administration, local administration as well as
Central Government Departments/Agencies, self-Help Groups, etc., would be
dovetailed/Synergized with the initiatives taken by the management.
Every care will be taken to ensure that there is no duplication of CEP activities undertaken
by the project with that of programs run by Central State and Local Governments. While
assigning CEP projects to specialized agencies, every possible effort will be made to verify
the reliability and clean track record of such agencies or they may select from panels
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maintained by Government, Semi-Government, Autonomous Organization or the
National CEP Hub, etc.
Activities related to sustainable Development will form a significant element of the total
initiatives of CEP. However, these activities will be carried out under the 3 UN Global
compact principles, pertaining to the Environment. Nevertheless, business related with
project activities will be asked to:
Support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges
Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility
Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly
technologies.
9.4.3. Possible Areas of Activities under CEP
Some of the possible areas of activities under CEP are given below; they will be
undertaken depending on the local requirement and its immediate need.
Drinking Water Facility
Education
Electricity Facility
Solar Lighting System
Health and Family Welfare
Plantation/Irrigation Facilities
Sanitation and Public Health
Pollution Control
Animal Care
Promotion of Sports and Games
Promotion of Art and Culture
Environment Friendly technologies
Promotion of livelihood for economically weaker sections through forward and
backward linkages.
Relief to victims of Natural Calamities like earth-quake, Cyclone, drought & Flood
situation in any part of the country
Supplementing Development Program of the Government
Non-conventional Energy Sources
Construction of Community Centres/Night Shelters/Old Age Homes
Imparting Vocational Training
Setting up of skill development centers
Adoption of Villages
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Scholarships to meritorious students belonging to SC, ST, OBC and disabled
categories
Adoption/Construction of Hostels (especially those for SC/ST and girls)
Skill training, entrepreneurship development and placement assistance program
for youth
Building of Roads, Pathways and Bridges
Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP)
Disaster Management Activities including those related to amelioration/mitigation
Activities related to the preservation of the ecology and to sustainable
development.
The tentative budget allotted for undertaking CSR activities are given in Table 9.5.
Table 9.5 Budget for CSR activities
S. No Activities Details Total Amount
Rs. (Lakhs)
1 Hazardous Waste awareness
programs
Sensitization through organizing
lectures of experts
2.0
2 Health checkups Health checkup for communities
in the nearby villages
5.0
3 Installation of Hand pumps Hand pump & Community Water
Filter Units in the nearby villages
4.0
4 Development of schools Through donating books and other
need based education materials to
the school
3.5
5 Health immunization camps For nearby villagers – Women &
Children
4.0
6 Parks/Playgrounds Parks and playground will be renovated or developed in nearby villages/schools
1.5
Total 20
Capital Cost of the project is Rs. 35 Crores
Note: The company shall earmark the fund of Rs.20 lakhs for CSR. This fund shall be utilized over
a period of 2 years. Thereafter the company shall allot 2% of the annual profit towards the same.
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9.5. Occupational Health Management
There will be routine observation of health as certain sufferings are likely to appear as
result of exposure by the workers during operations of various facilities. All the
employees shall be required to undergo a medical checkup before joining the facility.
Medical checkup will be conducted on regular basis and the health conditions will be
monitored. First aid facilities required to attend immediately for meeting emergency
situations shall be made available at the facility.
9.6. Fire Protection System
The fire protection system will protect the entire site area from fire hazards happening
accidentally. This fire protection system comprises of a ground level water storage tank to
store the anticipated requirement of water. One electric motor driven pump and one
diesel high pressure pumps will be provided to pump the water to a high pressure header
from where the water is distributed to various high pressure hydrants provided at
selected locations. Necessary fire hoses terminated with spouts will be kept ready at each
hydrant location to facilitate firefighting. The header also caters to a multi fire system to
automatically sprinkle water through sprinklers provided.
9.7. Environmental Management Cell
The Environmental Cell will be headed by the Project Managers followed by other officers
and technicians. The department is the nodal agency to co-ordinate and provides
necessary services on environmental issues during operation of the project. This
environmental group is responsible for implementation of environmental management
plan, interaction with the environmental regulatory agencies, reviewing draft policy and
planning. This department interacts with State Pollution Control Board and other
environment regulatory agencies. The department also interacts with local people to
understand their problems and to formulate appropriate community development plan.
The major duties and responsibilities of Environmental Management Cell shall be as given
below:
To implement the environmental management plan,
To assure regulatory compliance with all relevant rules and regulations,
To ensure regular operation and maintenance of pollution control devices,
To minimize environmental impacts of operations as by strict adherence to the
EMP,
To initiate environmental monitoring as per approved schedule
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Review and interpretation of monitored results and corrective measures in
case monitored results are above the specified limit
Maintain documentation of good environmental practices and applicable
environmental laws as ready reference
Maintain environmental related records
Coordination with regulatory agencies, external consultants
9.7.1. Record Keeping and Reporting
Record keeping and reporting of performance is an important management tool for
ensuring sustainable operation. Records should be maintained for regulatory, monitoring
and operational issues. Typical record keeping requirements for the TSDF is summarized
in Table 9-6.
Table 9-6 Record Keeping Particulars
Parameter Particulars
Solid Waste Handling and Disposal
Daily quantity of waste receive
Daily quantity sent to landfill
Waste water Daily quantities of treated effluent disposed
Quantity and point of usage of treated wastewater
Treated wastewater quality
Regulatory Licenses
(Environmental)
Environmental Permits / Consents from APPCB
Monitoring and Survey Records of all monitoring carried out as per the
finalized monitoring protocol
Accident reporting Date and time of the accident
Sequence of events leading to accident
Chemical datasheet assessing effect of accident on
health and environment
Emergency measure taken
Step to prevent recurrence of such events
Other Log book of compliance
Employee environmental, health and safety
records
Equipment inspection and calibration records,
where applicable
Vehicle maintenance and inspection records
CHAPTER 10
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10 Chapter 10
Summary and Conclusions
10.1 Introduction
Punjab Waste Management Project (PWMP), located at Nimbua village, Dera Bassi tehsil,
Mohali district, Punjab State has been providing hazardous waste disposal services to
various industries in Punjab since 2007 through the Treatment Storage and Disposal
Facility (TSDF) having Secured Landfill and Stabilization facilities. PWMP wants to
enhance the waste disposal services through inclusion of hazardous waste incinerator,
bio-medical waste management facilities, alternative fuels and raw materials facility, E-waste
management facilities as well as recycling facilities for used oil, spent solvent, lead, paper, and
plastic within the existing TSDF.
Environmental Impact Assessment report has been prepared to comply with the Terms of
Reference (TOR) received from MoEF&CC F.No.10-27/2016-IA.III dated 4th May 2016 and
amended Terms of Reference (TOR) dated 9th February 2018. As per EIA Notification S.O.
No 1533 dated 14thSep 2006 and its subsequent amendments the proposed project falls
under Project / Activity 7 (d) Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal
Facility (TSDFs), Category “A” (All integrated facilities having incineration & landfill or
incineration alone) and requires environmental clearance from the Expert Appraisal
Committee (EAC), MOEF&CC, New Delhi.
10.2 Project Description
Punjab Waste Management Project (PWMP), a subsidiary of M/s. Ramky Enviro Engineers
Ltd, understands the increasing trend of waste disposal needs of industries. PWMP wants
to enhance the waste disposal services within the existing TSDF. By enhancing the existing
treatment capacities of secured landfill/stabilization. The existing and proposed project
facility details are given in Table 10.1. The site features are presented in Table 10.2.
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Table 10.1 Proposed Project Details
S.No. Facility Proposed Capacity
1 Direct Landfill (DLF) 20,000 TPA
2 Landfill after Stabilization Treatment (LAT) 40,000 TPA
3 Incineration (INC) – Common for HW and BMW 500 kg/hr
4 Biomedical Waste (BMW) 5 TPD
5 Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Facility 18,000 TPA
6 E-Waste 8,000 TPA
7 Used Oil Recycling 2 KLD
8 Spent Solvent Recycling 5 KLD
9 Lead Recycling 2000 TPA
10 Paper Recycling 2 TPD
11 Plastics Recycling 2 TPD
Table 10.2 Site features
Nature of the project
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment,
Storage, and Disposal Facility at Nimbua,
Dera Bassi, Mohali District, Punjab by Punjab
Waste Management Project (PWMP)
Latitude and Longitude 30°36'40” N 76°55'20” E
Land Ownership PPCB to Nimbua Greenfeild Punjab Ltd. on lease basis
Land area Total land area - 20.74 Acres
Nearest Village Nimbua
Nearest City Dera Bassi - 10 km NW
Nearest Railway Station Ghaggar Railway Station – 7.5 km W
Nearest Airport Chandigarh - 14.5 km W
Nearest major Water Bodies
Medkhali nala - 1.2 km N Dangrinadi - 3.4 Km N Ghaggar river - 5.5 km NW Dudhdarh ki nadi - 3.0 km SE
Reserved Forests Kholhai Raitan reserve forest – 11.3 km N
10.2.1 Project Importance
There is a growing concern all over the country for the disposal of hazardous wastes
generated from anthropogenic sources. The waste generators find it difficult to dispose
their hazardous wastes without causing environmental disturbance, as very few
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appropriate disposal facilities are available. The Government of India has promulgated
the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules,
2016.through the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MOEF&CC)
under the aegis of Environment (Protection) Act EPA Act 1986. Also in order to encourage
the effective implementation of these rules, the MOEF has further amended the rules
several times.
10.2.2 Land Details
The total land area of the existing Punjab Waste Management Common Hazardous Waste
Management Facility is 20.74 Acres.
10.2.3 Water Requirement and its availability
The water requirement for operating the proposed incinerator is about 56 KLD. The
source of water is from borewell located within the exiting TSDF facility or through
tankers, MEE condensate is recycled and reused in incinerator.
10.2.4 Energy and Power Requirement and its sources
The energy requirement for operating the proposed facilities is about 750 KW and power
load for the exiting TSDF is about 62.3 KW. The details of power required for operation of
the facility and fuel required for running DG sets during power failure are given in Table
10.3.
Table 10.3 Power and Fuel Requirement
S.No Details Capacity Remarks
1. Power requirement 813 KW From State electricity board
2. Alternative Fuel for
Incinerator (HSD/Furnace oil)
30 KLD From Local Dealers
3. DG Sets 500 KVA DG set is used for emergency
power backup, Fuel will be
procured from local dealers
10.2.5 Employment details
The manpower for the proposed project during construction phase is 50 Nos. and during
operation phase is 30 Nos.
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10.3 Baseline Environmental Status
The baseline data generation for the TSDF facility has been carried out during the summer
season (March 2016 to May 2016). Data collection with respect to meteorological
conditions, air pollution levels, noise levels, water quality, soil quality and socio economic
conditions were carried out during the study period. During the study period the winds
were predominantly recorded from NW closely followed by SE. Calm conditions prevailed
for 12.4% of the total time and the average wind speed for the season is 2.29 m/sec.
The ambient air quality was monitored at 10 locations and the results obtained
are given in Table.10.4a & 10.4b.
Table 10.4a Ambient Air Quality Results (μg/m3)
Details PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
Minimum In 98th Percentile 45.5 16.7 10.9 18.8
Maximum In 98th Percentile 57.5 31.3 18.8 25.6
NAAQ Standards 2009 100 60 80 80
Table 10.4b Ambient Air Quality Results (μg/m3)
Details CO O3 Ammonia Benzene
Minimum In 98th Percentile 224 12.8 10.3 0.6
Maximum In 98th Percentile 600 20.9 16.6 0.92
NAAQ Standards 2009 2000
(8 hourly)
100
(8 hourly)
400
(24
hours)
5
(Annually)
Water samples in the study area were collected from 10 ground and 2 surface
water location to assess the water quality during the study period. The ground
water samples were drawn from the hand pumps and bore wells used by the
villagers for their domestic needs. Surface water sampling was carried out from
the river/nallas in the study area. The summary of important parameters are given
in Table 10.5 and Table 10.6. Overall, all the ground water samples collected from
the study area were found to be fit for human consumption; however, the
hardness, chlorides, dissolved solids and fluorides in some of the ground water
samples seem to be above acceptable limit but well within the permissible limits
and all surface water samples are meeting the class ‘A’ norms as per IS: 2296-1982
inland surface water standards. Hardness in one sample is meeting the class ‘B’ or
‘C’ norms as per IS: 2296-1992 inland surface water standards.
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Table 10.5 Summary of Ground Water Analysis
Parameters Units Minimum Maximum
Drinking water Standards
IS:10500:2012
Acc’ble Per’ble
pH - 7.08 7.57 6.5-8.5 No Relaxation
TDS mg/l 355 1330 500 2000
Chlorides mg/l 10 266 250 1000
Hardness mg/l 182 598 200 600
Fluorides mg/l 0.5 1.4 1.0 1.5
Table 10.6 Summary of Surface Water Analysis
Parameters Units Minimum Maximum
IS:2296 – 1992 Inland surface water
Stds
A B C D E
pH - 7.03 7.13 6.5-8.5 6-9 6.5-8.5 6-8.5
TDS mg/l 402 424 500 - 1500 - 2100
Chlorides mg/l 52 54 250 - 600 - 600
Hardness mg/l 180 222 200 - - - -
Fluorides mg/l 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 - -
Baseline noise levels have been monitored at 10 locations within the study zone,
using a continuous noise measurement device. The results are presented in Table
10.7.
Table 10.7 Noise Levels – dB (A)
Parameters Minimum Maximum Standards
Residential Commercial
Day Equivalent 51.1 53.6 55 65
Night Equivalent 41.1 42.7 45 55
To determine the impact on agricultural productivity of soil due to the proposed
activity soil samples were collected at 10 locations. The summary of the results
obtained are presented in Table 10.8 and compared with Indian Council of
Agricultural Research standards.
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Table 10.8 Soil Quality in Study Area
Parameters Minimum Maximum
Standard Soil Classification – (Indian
Council of Agricultural Research, New
Delhi
pH 6.95 7.18 Acidic<6.0, Normal to Saline 6.0-8.5,
Tending to become Alkaline8.6 to 9.0,
Alkaline above 9.
EC (µs/cm) 114 212 Normal<1000, Critical for germination
1000-2000, Critical for growing 2000 -
4000, Injurious to most crops>4000
Organic carbon
(%)
0.43 0.65 Low < 0.5 , Medium 0.5 – 0.75, High > 0.75
Nitrogen (kg/Ha) 189 286 Low below 280, Medium 280-560, High
above 560
Phosphates
(kg/Ha)
14 95 Low below 10, Medium 10-25, High above
25
Potassium
(kg/Ha)
145 272 Low below 110, Medium 110-280 High
above 280
10.4 Anticipated Impacts
Construction phase works include site clearance, site formation, building works,
infrastructure provision and some other infrastructure activities. The impacts due to
construction activities are short term and are limited to the construction phase. The
impacts will be mainly on air quality, water quality, soil quality and socio-economics.
Necessary control measures will be taken to minimize the impacts.
During the operation phase of the proposed project there would be impacts on the air
environment, water environment, Land environment and socio-economic aspects. The
main sources of air pollution are as follows.
1. Area source emissions from Landfill operations
2. Point source emissions from incinerator, boilers, DG set.
The area source emissions and line source emissions will be within the plant premises,
whereas point source emissions expected the proposed project, and predicted GLCs are
given in Table 10.9
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Table 10.9 Post Project Scenario-Units: μg/m3
Particulars Particulate Matter
(PM)
Sulphur Dioxide
(SO2)
Oxides of Nitrogen
(NOx)
Lead
Baseline Scenario
(Max) 57.5 18.8 25.6 --
Predicted GLC (Max) 2.4 8 14 0.12
Distance (km) 0.6 0.6 Within site 0.6
Overall Scenario
(Worst Case) 59.9 26.8 39.6 0.12
NAAQ Standards
2009 100 80 80 1
10.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan
The main spirit of environmental monitoring program is aimed such that there is not
much of time lag between commencements of damage to environment and mitigation
measures to various environmental parameters that are being affected. Environmental
monitoring program has been prepared for assessing the efficiency of implementation of
Environment Management Plan and details of the same are given in Table 10.10.
Table 10.10 Environmental Monitoring during Operational Phase
S.
No
Potential Impact Action to be
Followed
Parameters for
Monitoring
Frequency of
Monitoring
1. Air Emissions Stack emissions from
Incinerator
As per CFE conditions-
Operating hours,
Temperature,
Pressure, TOC of
residues, LOI of
residues, Stack temp,
CO, PM, HCl, HF, SO2,
NOx, TOC, mercury,
heavy metals, dioxins
& furans
As per CFE
conditions
given by SPCB
or EC
conditions
given by MOEF
and CPCB
protocol for
TSDF.
Gas quality from
landfill areas
VOC, H2S. As per CFE
conditions
given by SPCB
or EC
conditions
given by MOEF
and CPCB
Stack emissions from
DG sets
As per CFE conditions
PM, SO2, NOx.
AAQ within the
project premises.
All vehicles to be PUC
As per CFE conditions.
Vehicle logs to be
maintained.
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S.
No
Potential Impact Action to be
Followed
Parameters for
Monitoring
Frequency of
Monitoring
certificate. protocol for
TSDF. Meteorological data Wind speed, direction,
temp., relative
humidity and rainfall.
2. Noise Noise generated
from operation of
boiler, cooling
towers, etc. to be
monitored.
Spot Noise Level
recording
Periodic during
operation
phase
Once in month
by third party
3. Wastewater
discharge
(leachate)
Compliance to
wastewater
discharge standards.
pH, TSS, TDS, BOD,
COD & Oil& grease
(heavy metals if
required).
Daily at regular
intervals.
Once in a
month by third
party.
4. Solid
waste/hazardous
waste
Check compliance to
HWM rules.
Quality & quantity
monitoring.
Periodically /
CPCB norms.
5. Ground water
quality
Monitoring ground
water quality,
through piezometers.
As per guidelines. Periodically &
as per CPCB
norms.
6. Flora and fauna Vegetation,
greenbelt/green
cover development.
No. of plants, species. Once a year
7. Soil quality Checking &
maintenance of good
soil quality around
Physico-chemical
parameters and
metals.
Once a year
8. Health Employees and
migrant labour
health checkups.
All relevant
parameters (BP, HIV,
chest X-ray, eye vision,
etc.) and HIV for BMW
workers.
Regular
checkups.
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10.6 Risk Analysis
Risk assessment was carried out to identify and quantify major hazards and the risk
associated with various operations of the proposed project that may lead to an
emergency (disaster) affecting public safety and health. A systematic analysis of the
chemicals and their quantities of storage has been carried out to determine threshold
quantities as notified by GoI Rules, 1989. The computations of FETI for HSD at proposed
TSDF is carried out. Based on F&EI, HSD comes under “Low” category and nil toxicity. The
effects on humans due to variations in heat flux and duration of exposure have been
developed in the form of a Probit model was also evaluated. For computing the damage
distance from the tank failure area, ALOHA software is used. The results indicate that for
heat radiation of 25 KW/m2 the damage distance is found to be less than 10 m from the
accidental site, whereas for heat radiation of 12.5 KW/m2 the impact distance is 14m.
Heat radiation of intensity of 4.5 KW/m2 the damage distance is of 24 m. However, all
necessary measures to minimize the risk due to the proposed project will be taken during
design stage and also during operation period. In view of the hazardous nature of
products/process handled at the project site, BWMP has prepared (both on-site and off-
site) an Emergency Preparedness Plan. The plan is based on various probable scenarios
like fire, explosion, natural calamities etc. Besides, it has also got good infrastructure and
a dedicated team to handle emergency situations.
10.7 Project Benefits
From the proposed project the major benefits, include improving the degraded
environment by establishing an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment,
Storage, Disposal and Recycling Facilities.
The proposed project facilitates better management of the industrial hazardous
wastes.
It will be the showcase for other districts / states for management of hazardous
waste with additional benefit of green and clean Environment
It minimizes the pollution load on environment from industrial hazardous waste
Compliance with prescribed regulatory norms which in turn avert the risk of
closure on account of violation of rules
It reduces the number of hazardous waste dump sites in the area and also
eliminates the pollution potential
Possibility for recovery of material can be researched at common site
The management of wastes is relatively easier & economically viable at common
facility
Cost of environmental monitoring is less at common facility
In absence of expertise or availability of less expertise this route is confirmed to be
most viable and workable
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Page 10-10
Reduced environmental liability due to captive storage of hazardous waste in the
premises of industries
Better occupational health and safety at individual industry level
Prevention of natural resource contamination thereby improving overall
environmental status of the region
Competitive advantage in international markets vis-à-vis grading of the products
on environmental consideration
10.8 Environmental Management Plan
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable
development in the area of the proposed project site. Hence, it needs proper
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to meet these objectives. The purpose of the
Environmental Management Plan is to minimize the potential environmental impacts
from the project and to mitigate the adverse impacts. Details of Environment
Management Plan are given in Table 10.11
Table 10.11 Mitigation Measure proposed during Operation Period
Air Quality
Management
Incinerator will be provided with a stack height meeting MOEF
Guidelines, Spray dryer, Multi cyclone, Bag house, Wet scrubber
DG set will be provided with a stack height meeting MOEF Guidelines
or 1 m above the tallest structure in the project area for proper
dispersion of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
Internal roads will be concreted / asphalted to reduce dust emissions
Speed restriction will be followed within the project and speed
breakers will be provided at entry and exit points
Gas management system in secured landfill will be provided
Green belt will be provided along the internal roads and plant
boundary
Odour Control Dilution of odourant by odour counteraction or neutralize by spraying
Ecosorb (organic and biodegradable chemical) around odour
generation areas at regular intervals.
Covering the landfill area under operation daily with layer of earth,
clay or a similar material
Covering by using heavy duty hessian, plastics and foams odour can
be minimized.
Gas
Management
To minimize the gas generation in the landfill, the organic based
waste will be diverted to incineration to the maximum extent possible
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Page 10-11
To manage the gas generated a venting system with flaring
arrangement will be provided, if the gas generation is more it will be
directed to canteen
Water Quality
Mitigation
Measures
The leachate generated from landfill will be collected into leachate
collection wells.
The leachate collected will be sprayed back into landfill for dust
suppression, stabilization of hazardous waste, etc. the excess if any
will be disposed into spray drier of the incinerator.
The domestic wastewater will be collected and treated in septic
tank/soak pit or portable STP and reused for greenbelt
The effluent from floor washings, workshop etc., will be collected,
treated in O&G trap, settling tank and recycle back for dust
suppression, etc.,
The waste water from bio-medical sections will collected, disinfected
and after necessary treatment reused for dust suppression on landfill
area
Noise Mitigation
Measures
Acoustic Enclosure will be provided for all the high noise generating
equipment’s. All the design/installation precautions as specified by
the manufacturers with respect to noise control are strictly adhered
to major noise generating sources are insulated adequately by
providing suitable enclosures other than the regular maintenance of
the various equipment, ear plugs are provided to the personnel close
to the noise generating units. All the openings like covers, partitions
are designed properly.
Solid Waste
Mitigation
Measures
The ash coming from incineration plant area will be used as daily
cover in secured landfill
The sludge generated in the leachate pond/ solar pond will be sent to
secured land fill
Occupational
Health & Safety
Periodic health checkup for early detection and control of
communicable Diseases
Will provide preventive measures for potential fire hazards with
requisite fire detection, firefighting facilities and adequate water
storage, etc.
Provide regular training for workers in their respective fields
10.9 Cost Estimate of the Project
A detailed cost estimate of the proposed project is about Rs.35 Crores.
CHAPTER 11
DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Page 11-1
Chapter 11
Disclosure of consultants
11.1. Ramky Group
Ramky group, founded in the year 1994, today spans into a specialist multi-disciplinary
organization focused in areas of civil, environmental & waste management infrastructure with
specific emphasis on ‘Public Private Partnership’ Projects. The corporate office of the group is
located at Hyderabad and the regional offices are located at Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad,
Bangalore, Chennai, Bhopal and Kolkata. The major companies of the group are 1) Ramky
Infrastructure Ltd, 2) Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd, 3) Ramky Estates & Farms Pvt. Ltd. and 4)
Smilax Laboratories Ltd.
11.2. Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited
Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited ( A subsidiary of Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited) is the
consulting arm of the Ramky Enviro group provides vital function of effectively providing the
backward linkage to the project implementation function in the form of concepts, strategies,
structuring, planning and designing infrastructure projects. Ramky is a multi and cross
disciplinary team of professionals, offering solutions at each cycle of a project. The consultancy
services offered by the RESPL are given below.
11.2.1. Consultancy Services
Facilitating in obtaining environmental clearances from MOEF, New Delhi and SEAC’s
from various states
Obtaining Consent for Establishment & Consent for Operation from state pollution
Control Boards Preparing of Environmental Impact Assessment Reports.
Environmental Audits to help industries to recycle and reuse resources and plan for low
polluting technologies.
Risk Assessment Studies for hazardous chemical storage & Process in order to devise
viable onsite and offsite emergency plans.
Identification and evaluation of hazardous Waste disposal sites.
Preparation of detailed project reports of MSW, HWMP, BMW.
Environmental management systems, training, documentation and implementation as
per ISO: 14001:1996 Standards.
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Page 11-2
Characterization and quantification of biomedical waste, municipal solid waste and
design of disposal facilities.
Environmental management strategies to mitigate adverse impacts arising out of
developmental activities.
Effluent treatment plant design after thorough review of process, reaction mass balance
and treatability studies of effluents.
Post project Monitoring network design.
Consultancy Services for setting up environmental laboratories.
Design of Sewage treatment plants.
Design of Waste treatment plants.
Health and socio- economic surveys.
Resettlement and rehabilitation plans.
Systems development for ISO:9000, OSHAS:18000, NABL, ISO:17025 standards.
11.2.2. Laboratory services
Analysis of air samples for ambient air quality and those collected from industrial
sources for both routine and industry specific pollutants.
Water and wastewater analysis for important parameters as for standard methods,
including pesticides and poly hydro carbons.
Solid and hazardous waste analysis including TCPL tests.
Monitoring of noise levels at source and in ambient air.
Development of new methods and quality assurances of results obtained.
Design and set up of laboratories.
11.2.3. Training services
Monitoring of environmental parameters – air, water, noise, soil etc.
Environmental impact assessments
Effluent treatment plant operations and maintenance
Sewage treatment plant operations and maintenance
ISO 9000&14000, OHSAS 18000 awareness, documentations, internal auditors
Establishment environmental laboratories
Pollution control in industries
Biomedical waste management
Integrated Common Hazardous Waste TSDF at PWMP, Dera Bassi, Punjab
M/s Ramky Enviro Services Private Limited Page 11-3
11.2.4. Field Services
Site selection and suitability studies for setting up of Industries.
Ambient air quality monitoring for all pollutants.
Noise level monitoring.
Meteorological data collection as per CPCB norms.
Stack emission monitoring for all pollutants and assessment of efficiency of control
equipment.
Water, wastewater and soil sample collection.
Assessment of efficiency of ETP and analyzing critical parameters of field.
Flora and fauna assessment through sectorial studies and damage assessment due to
development projects.
Damage assessment studies in case of oil well blowouts, major industrial accidents, etc.
11.2.5. Treatment Plant Services
Water treatment plants-design, construction, operation and maintenance.
Efficiency studies of effluent treatment plants.
Design, construction, operation and maintenance of ETP.
Upgradation/modification of ETP.
Sewage treatment plants-design, construction, operation and maintenance along with
mechanical equipment erection.
Supply of mechanical equipment.
11.2.6. Solid Waste Management Services
Industrial Waste Management
Hazardous Waste Management
Municipal Solid Waste Management
Biomedical Solid Waste Management
Annexure 1
Annexure 2
Annexure 2
A3.1
Trend analysis of base level quality before the existing facilities came into
existence, present scenario
1. Air Quality
As suggested by the committee members a comparison matrix was prepared by drawing
graphical representation of air quality around the proposed site with present scenario &
previous environmental baseline scenario.
Sampling locations are different in both monitoring durations. The graphical representations
were made for parameters like PM10, PM 2.5, NOx, SO2.
The observations made regarding PM10, PM2.5 are as follows:
The air quality during earlier baseline study was monitored in SPM and was found to
be within the standard. The air quality for the present scenario was monitored and
the PM10, PM2.5 levels were found to be within the standards
The concentrations observed were in the range of SO2 5.7 to 10.5 mg/m3 for previous
whereas the range SO2 of 10.9 to 18.8 mg/m3 for present scenario.
The concentrations observed were in the range of NOX 18.7 to 29.2 mg/m3 for previous
whereas the range NOx of 18.8 to 25.6 mg/m3 for present scenario.
The comparative graphical representations are given in the Figure 1.
Figure 1 Comparison of Air parameters- PM10, PM2.5, NOx and SO2
Annexure 2
A3.2
2. Noise
With reference to noise baseline values, the noise levels during the previous monitoring are
in the range of 44 to 74 to 49.5 to 59.1 during the present monitoring the noise values are
fairly in the same range.
The comparative graphical representations are given in the below figures…
Figure 2 Comparison of Noise levels
3. Ground Water
During previous project baseline monitoring only 5 ground water sampling locations were
identified whereas in present project around 10 Ground water samples were identified and
samples were analysed for physico chemical characteristics.
Upon observation the concentrations of TDS, total Hardness, chloride, iron, fluoride, zinc in
both the baseline monitoring found marginal variation,
Annexure 2
A3.3
Figure 3 Comparison of ground water parameters – TDS, Total Hardness, Chloride
Figure 4 Comparison of ground water parameters – Fluoride, iron, zinc
Annexure 2
A3.4
4. Surface Water Quality
With reference to surface water three samples (Ghaggar river upstream, downstream and
pond) was identified whereas during the present project baseline monitoring two samples
were collected (Ghaggar river upstream and downstream) and analysed for physico chemical
parameter.
The variation of concentrations during previous and present baseline monitoring values are
given in the following graphs
Figure 5 Comparison of Surface water parameters – Turbidity, TSS, Chlorides, Sulphates
Figure 6 Comparison of Surface water parameters – Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness.
Annexure 2
A3.5
5. Soil
Total 5 soil location samples were identified and analysed during the previous project baseline
monitoring whereas for the present baseline monitoring around 10 soil location samples were
identified and analysed for magnesium, available Potassium, available Phosphorus. The soil
characteristics analysed were found to be highly variable and the same is represented in the
graphs shown below.
Figure 5 Comparison of Soil Quality – Magnesium in mg/kg, Available Potassium, Available
Phosphorus in kg/ha
Annexure 3
Annexure – 3
Ground water quality analysis of the Piezometer wells installed in and around the TSDF.
Annexure – 3
Annexure – 3
Annexure 4
Annexure 5
Action Plan and Reply – Public Hearing
S. No Name of the person Questions/ query / statements of the person
Reply / clarification given by the company/ panel member
Action Plan
1 Sh. Surmukh Singh,
Sarpanch Vill. Khehri,
Tehsil Dera Bassi,
Distt. S.A.S. Nagar
(Mohali)
He said that whenever such new
plants come up they have a
positive & a negative aspect
attached to them.
He also said that whatever has
been promised in the
presentations should also be
fulfilled.
The CSR activities should not be
limited to the local village i.e.
Nimbuan but should also be
carried out in other nearby
villages.
To safeguard the environment the
company can adopt a village,
plant trees there and carry out
other environment protection
related activities.
The company should ensure that
there is no waste spillage outside
the TSDF premises.
Preference can be given to local
people for job opportunities.
Sh. Charandev Singh Mann, ADC,
stated that all are very valid
submissions & the same shall be
taken into consideration and he
shall ensure the same is done by
the company.
Sh. Sandeep Himalayan, Project
Head, Punjab Waste Management
Project stated that some of the
activities are already being
undertaken by the company.
Sh. Charandev Singh Mann, ADC
suggested that whenever such CSR
activities are undertaken with the
approval of the District
Administration since the
administration is more aware of
local requirements & then such
funds can be diverted towards
more needy areas which can be
identified by discussing with the
village panchayat.
After discussion with village panchayat, CSR activities will also be carried out in other needy villages.
An area of 6.2 acres which is 30% of total area is developed as green belt with native and odour controlling species as per CPCB guidelines.
Along the boundary a 10m wide green belt with three rows plantation shall be developed.
All along the road on both side avenue trees will be grown at the rate of 400 per every km of road at a distance 5 m.
The storage and handling of hazardous waste within the facility shall be followed as per the Hazardous and Other wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules 2016.
All the hazardous waste transportation vehicle shall be as per CPCB guidelines to avoid
S. No Name of the person Questions/ query / statements of the person
Reply / clarification given by the company/ panel member
Action Plan
There should be some special
quota.
Rather than doing one time
activities of “Chabeel” it is better
to provide for permanent
solutions like providing a water
purifier.
any spillage during transportation.
Employment will be provided to the local unemployed people as per their educational qualification.
2 Sh. Kamal Raj Kumar, Vill. Sundran, Tehsil Dera Bassi, Distt. S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali)
He said that whenever such new plants come up they have a positive & a negative aspect attached to them.
He did not have any objection to the Project coming up in the area but he had a few following suggestions :-
The company can provide for widows by giving them jobs or pension.
Company can establish playgrounds for children in the nearby villages.
Company can establish a drug rehabilitation centre in the nearby area.
Company can provide funds for upgrading schools by providing books, pencils etc.
Sh. Charandev Singh Mann, ADC, expressed that with the increase in population & development in a given area such disposal facilities have become very important. Just because there is waste disposal activity going on in a particular area it does not mean that it will harm the environment in the area or affect the people. In fact these environmentally sound waste disposal facilities ensure that no harm is caused to the environment.
Employment will be provided to the local unemployed people as per their educational qualification.
PMWP shall conduct Entrepreneurship Development Program to improve skills of locals.
An amount of Rs. 20 Lakhs has been allocated as budget for a period of 2 years. After the 2 year period, an amount of 2% of the annual profit shall be allocated for CSR activities like, development of schools, health immunization camps, health check-up, development or renovation of park and playgrounds.
S. No Name of the person Questions/ query / statements of the person
Reply / clarification given by the company/ panel member
Action Plan
3 Sh. Ranbir Singh, Village Shyampur, Tehsil Panchkula, Distt. Panchkula
He wanted to know the effect on the air quality from the emission to be generated from the incinerator.
Dr. B. Chakradhar explained that the incinerator has a scrubbing system to ensure that no harmful pollutants will escape into the atmosphere. The waste water generated from scrubber will be treated in the plant and the waste residue from it will be disposed in the landfill.
An amount of Rs. 1 Crore is allocated as capital cost for EMP. An amount of Rs. 10 lakhs shall be allocated for recurring cost for operation and maintenance of air pollution control system, effluent/leachate treatment plant etc.
As per CPCB/MOEFCC guidelines PWMP proposed 30m height for the Incinerator Stack.
Continuous online monitoring system shall be installed in stack and connected to State PCB/CPCB website.