MAT.# 41549929 FLETCHER, FEDERAL INDIAN LAW, 1ST EDITION 10/27/15 MBB

Hornbook Series

Matthew L.M. Fletcher

FEDERAL INDIANLAW

WEST ACADEMIC PUBLISHING’S LAW SCHOOL ADVISORY BOARD

—————

JESSE H. CHOPER Professor of Law and Dean Emeritus,

University of California, Berkeley

JOSHUA DRESSLER Distinguished University Professor, Frank R. Strong Chair in Law

Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University

YALE KAMISAR Professor of Law Emeritus, University of San Diego Professor of Law Emeritus, University of Michigan

MARY KAY KANE Professor of Law, Chancellor and Dean Emeritus,

University of California, Hastings College of the Law

LARRY D. KRAMER President, William and Flora Hewlett Foundation

JONATHAN R. MACEY Professor of Law, Yale Law School

ARTHUR R. MILLER University Professor, New York University

Formerly Bruce Bromley Professor of Law, Harvard University

GRANT S. NELSON Professor of Law, Pepperdine University

Professor of Law Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles

A. BENJAMIN SPENCER Earle K. Shawe Professor of Law,

University of Virginia School of Law

JAMES J. WHITE Robert A. Sullivan Professor of Law Emeritus,

University of Michigan

FEDERAL INDIAN LAW

Matthew L.M. Fletcher Professor of Law & Director of the Indigenous Law & Policy Center

Michigan State University College of Law

HORNBOOK SERIES®

iii

Summary of Contents —————

Page

CHAPTER 1. AMERICAN INDIANS AND FEDERAL INDIAN LAW ...................... 1

CHAPTER 2. THE ORIGINS OF FEDERAL INDIAN LAW ..................................... 21

CHAPTER 3. CENTURIES OF SHIFTING AMERICAN INDIAN LAW AND POLICY ....................................................................................................................... 51

CHAPTER 4. INDIAN PROPERTY INTERESTS ................................................... 117

CHAPTER 5. THE FEDERAL-TRIBAL RELATIONSHIP .................................... 169

CHAPTER 6. TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY AND NATIVE NATION-BUILDING ... 235

CHAPTER 7. INDIAN COUNTRY AND CRIMINAL JURISDICTION ............... 291

CHAPTER 8. TRIBAL AND STATE CONFLICTS OVER CIVIL JURISDICTION ..................................................................................................... 365

CHAPTER 9. INDIAN GAMING ................................................................................. 439

CHAPTER 10. INDIAN RELIGION AND CULTURE ............................................. 463

CHAPTER 11. INDIAN WATER RIGHTS................................................................. 487

CHAPTER 12. FISHING AND HUNTING RIGHTS ............................................... 505

CHAPTER 13. ALASKA NATIVES ............................................................................. 533

CHAPTER 14. NATIVE HAWAIIANS ........................................................................ 545

TABLE OF CASES ................................................................................................................. 553

TABLE OF STATUTES ........................................................................................................... 561

TABLE OF REGULATIONS ..................................................................................................... 567

TABLE OF RULES ................................................................................................................. 569

INDEX .................................................................................................................................. 571

v

Table of Contents —————

Page

CHAPTER 1. AMERICAN INDIANS AND FEDERAL INDIAN LAW ...................... 1 § 1.1 An Introduction to Federal Indian Law ............................................................... 1 § 1.2 Foundational Principles of Federal Indian Law .................................................. 3 § 1.3 Eras of Federal Indian Law .................................................................................. 7 § 1.4 A Demographic Introduction to Indian Country ............................................... 15 § 1.5 A Brief History of American Indian Legal Scholarship .................................... 16

CHAPTER 2. THE ORIGINS OF FEDERAL INDIAN LAW .................................... 21 § 2.1 The Doctrine of Discovery ................................................................................... 21 § 2.2 The Cherokee Cases ............................................................................................. 30 § 2.3 Federal Control over Indian Affairs ................................................................... 37 § 2.4 Canadian First Nations ....................................................................................... 45

CHAPTER 3. CENTURIES OF SHIFTING AMERICAN INDIAN LAW AND POLICY ...................................................................................................................... 51

§ 3.1 The Trade and Intercourse Acts ......................................................................... 51 § 3.2 Indian Removal .................................................................................................... 53 § 3.3 The Reservation System and the Rise of the Federal Bureaucracy ................. 56 § 3.4 The Bureau of Indian Affairs .............................................................................. 66 § 3.5 The End of the Treaty Era .................................................................................. 68 § 3.6 Allotment and Assimilation ................................................................................ 69 § 3.7 The Expansion of Federal Plenary Power .......................................................... 74 § 3.8 Indian Citizenship ............................................................................................... 92 § 3.9 The Indian Reorganization Act ........................................................................... 97 § 3.10 Termination ......................................................................................................... 99 § 3.11 Menominee Tribe v. United States .................................................................... 100 § 3.12 Indian Self-Determination ................................................................................ 103 § 3.13 Morton v. Mancari ............................................................................................. 109 § 3.14 Federal Programs and Self-Determination ...................................................... 112 § 3.15 638 and Self-Governance Contracting: The Contract Support Costs

Cases ................................................................................................................... 114

CHAPTER 4. INDIAN PROPERTY INTERESTS ................................................... 117 § 4.1 Indian Title ........................................................................................................ 117 § 4.2 Recognized or Vested Property Rights ............................................................. 127 § 4.3 Trust Property ................................................................................................... 138 § 4.4 Executive Order Reservation Lands ................................................................ 139 § 4.5 Restricted Fee Lands ......................................................................................... 141 § 4.6 Land Claims ....................................................................................................... 142 § 4.7 Non-Intercourse Act Claims ............................................................................. 151 § 4.8 Historical Barriers to Indian Land Claims ...................................................... 164

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 5. THE FEDERAL-TRIBAL RELATIONSHIP .................................... 169 § 5.1 Federal Recognition of Indian Nations ............................................................ 170 § 5.2 Federal Trust Responsibility ............................................................................ 175 § 5.3 Indian Treaties .................................................................................................. 212 § 5.4 Canons of Construction of Indian Treaties ...................................................... 219 § 5.5 Canons of Statutory Construction .................................................................... 223 § 5.6 The Clear Statement Rule ................................................................................ 226 § 5.7 Treaty Abrogation.............................................................................................. 228 § 5.8 Federal Statutes of General Applicability ....................................................... 229

CHAPTER 6. TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY AND NATIVE NATION-BUILDING ... 235 § 6.1 Introduction to Tribal Sovereignty ................................................................... 235 § 6.2 Customary and Traditional American Indian Law ......................................... 238 § 6.3 Tribal Governments as Sovereigns .................................................................. 239 § 6.4 The Indian Civil Rights Act .............................................................................. 247 § 6.5 The Special Problem of Disenrollment ............................................................. 266 § 6.6 Tribal Sovereign Immunity ............................................................................... 268 § 6.7 Tribal Justice Systems—Origins and History ................................................. 277 § 6.8 Tribal Justice Systems—Modern Development .............................................. 279 § 6.9 Tribal Alternatives to the Adversary System .................................................. 285 § 6.10 The Special Problem of Adjudicating the Rights of Nonmembers ................. 289

CHAPTER 7. INDIAN COUNTRY AND CRIMINAL JURISDICTION ............... 291 § 7.1 “Indian Country” Before the 1948 Codification ............................................... 291 § 7.2 Reservation Boundaries Litigation .................................................................. 294 § 7.3 Secretarial Trust Land Acquisitions ................................................................ 308 § 7.4 Federal Criminal Jurisdiction in Indian Country ........................................... 316 § 7.5 State Criminal Jurisdiction in Indian Country ............................................... 328 § 7.6 Tribal Criminal Jurisdiction ............................................................................. 343

CHAPTER 8. TRIBAL AND STATE CONFLICTS OVER CIVIL JURISDICTION ..................................................................................................... 365

§ 8.1 Tribal Civil Regulatory Jurisdiction ................................................................ 365 § 8.2 Federal Authority Delegated to Indian Tribes ................................................ 371 § 8.3 Indian Country Civil Adjudicatory Jurisdiction .............................................. 373 § 8.4 Enforcement of Tribal Court Judgments and Orders in State and Federal

Courts ................................................................................................................. 399 § 8.5 Tribal Power to Tax ........................................................................................... 402 § 8.6 State Power to Tax in Indian Country ............................................................. 407 § 8.7 Tribal-State Tax Agreements ........................................................................... 419 § 8.8 Jurisdiction over Indian Child Welfare ............................................................ 421

CHAPTER 9. INDIAN GAMING ................................................................................. 439 § 9.1 The Origins of Indian Gaming .......................................................................... 439 § 9.2 California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians ............................................. 441 § 9.3 The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act ................................................................. 443 § 9.4 Class III Gaming Compacts .............................................................................. 445 § 9.5 Class II Bingo..................................................................................................... 454 § 9.6 Gaming on After-Acquired Lands ..................................................................... 455

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

§ 9.7 Tribal Self-Determination ................................................................................. 460

CHAPTER 10. INDIAN RELIGION AND CULTURE ............................................. 463 § 10.1 Indian Cultural Property .................................................................................. 463 § 10.2 American Indian Religious Freedom Act ......................................................... 463 § 10.3 Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association ............................ 464 § 10.4 Employment Division v. Smith ......................................................................... 470 § 10.5 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act ............................ 476 § 10.6 The Eagle Acts ................................................................................................... 478 § 10.7 Indian Cultural Property .................................................................................. 483

CHAPTER 11. INDIAN WATER RIGHTS ................................................................ 487 § 11.1 Winters v. United States .................................................................................... 487 § 11.2 Indian Reserved Water Rights ......................................................................... 490 § 11.3 Jurisdiction ........................................................................................................ 493 § 11.4 Quantification .................................................................................................... 496 § 11.5 Indian Water Rights Settlements ..................................................................... 499 § 11.6 Marketing and Regulating Indian Water ........................................................ 503

CHAPTER 12. FISHING AND HUNTING RIGHTS ............................................... 505 § 12.1 United States v. Washington (Boldt Decision) ................................................. 505 § 12.2 United States v. Michigan (Fox Decision) ........................................................ 511 § 12.3 On-Reservation Hunting and Fishing Regulation .......................................... 516 § 12.4 Off-Reservation Hunting and Fishing Rights .................................................. 520

CHAPTER 13. ALASKA NATIVES ............................................................................. 533 § 13.1 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ............................................................. 533 § 13.2 Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government .................................. 535 § 13.3 John v. United States (Katie John)................................................................... 538 § 13.4 Alaska Native Sovereignty................................................................................ 540 § 13.5 Public Law 280 and Alaska Indian Criminal Jurisdiction ............................. 543

CHAPTER 14. NATIVE HAWAIIANS ........................................................................ 545 § 14.1 A Brief History ................................................................................................... 545 § 14.2 Rice v. Cayetano ................................................................................................. 547 § 14.3 Hawai’i v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs .............................................................. 548 § 14.4 The Future of Native Hawaiian Governance ................................................... 551

TABLE OF CASES ................................................................................................................. 553

TABLE OF STATUTES ........................................................................................................... 561

TABLE OF REGULATIONS ..................................................................................................... 567

TABLE OF RULES ................................................................................................................. 569

INDEX .................................................................................................................................. 571

FEDERAL INDIAN LAW

553

Table of Cases

—————

10.95 Acres of Land in Juneau, United

States v. ................................................ 123 43 Gallons of Whiskey, United States

v. ............................................................. 43 A.G., In re ................................................ 431 A.J.S., In re .............................................. 432 A.M. v. State ............................................ 425 A.N., In re ................................................ 425 A-1 Contractors, Inc. v. Strate ................ 386 AA. v. Needville Independent School

District ............................................. 71, 73 Abbate v. United States .......................... 244 Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Okla.

v. State of Kansas ................................ 188 Acunia v. United States .......................... 327 Adair, United States v. ............................ 496 Adams v. Murphy ............................ 269, 276 Adarand Constructors v. Peña ................ 112 Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl........... 43, 432,

433, 435 Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians v.

Coachella Valley Water District ......... 118 Akiachak Native Community v.

Salazar ................................................. 543 Alaska Pacific Fisheries v. United

States ........................................... 185, 224 Alaska v. Babbitt ..................................... 539 Alaska v. Jewell ............................... 539, 540 Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal

Government ................................. 291, 535 Alberty v. United States.......................... 323 Alcea Band of Tillamooks, United

States v. .................................. 43, 118, 120 Ambro, State v. ........................................ 376 Anderson, United States v. ............... 84, 504 Antelope, United States v. ....... 83, 110, 111,

194, 321 Antoine v. Washington .................. 8, 68, 221 Antoine, United States v. ........................ 483 Arizona Public Service Co. v.

Environmental Protection Agency ...... 372 Arizona v. California ........491, 492, 493, 496 Arizona v. San Carlos Apache Tribe ...... 495,

496, 500 Arrieta, United States v. ......................... 142 Ashcroft v. Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of

Oklahoma ..................................... 454, 455 Atkinson Trading Co., Inc. v. Shirley ..... 406 B.B., Matter of ......................................... 428 Babbitt Ford, Inc. v. Navajo Indian

Tribe ..................................................... 397 Babbitt v. Youpee ............................ 137, 138 Baby Boy L., Matter of Adoption of ....... 431,

432 Baby Child, In re Adoption of ................. 428 Baker v. Carr ........................................... 170

Bank of Hoven (Plains Commerce Bank) v. Long Family Land and Cattle Co. ...... 391, 393, 394

Bank of Oklahoma v. Muscogee (Creek) Nation ................................................... 259

Barnes v. United States ........................... 276 Barona Group of Capitan Grande Band of

Mission Indians v. Duffy .............. 441, 442 Barron v. City of Baltimore ..................... 241 Barta v. Oglala Sioux Tribe ............. 248, 249 Batala, In re ............................................. 264 Bear Lodge Multiple Use Association v.

Babbitt .......................................... 468, 469 Beasley, State v. ....................................... 376 Beecher v. Wetherby .......................... 43, 124 Begay v. Roberts ...................................... 375 Besadny v. Lac Courte Oreilles Band of

Lake Superior Chippewa Indians ....... 128, 525

Bittle v. Bahe ........................................... 274 Bivens v. Six Unknown Named

Agents ................................................... 379 Black v. Employment Division ................ 471 Blackhorse v. Pro-Football, Inc. .............. 485 Board of Commissioners of Jackson County

v. United States .................................... 379 Boerne, City of v. Flores .......................... 472 Bolling v. Sharpe ...................................... 322 Bonnichsen v. United States ........... 109, 477 Bowen v. Roy ............................................ 467 Brendale v. Confederated Bands and Tribes

of Yakima Indian Nation ..... 369, 370, 384 Brendale v. Confederated Tribes and Bands

of Yakima Indian Nation ............. 185, 195 Bruce, United States v. ............ 324, 325, 326 Bryan v. Itasca County ......... 6, 18, 338, 340,

439 Buchanan, State v. ................................... 532 Buehl, Matter of Adoption of ................... 400 Bugenig v. Hoopa Valley Tribe ....... 289, 290,

372 Burlington Northern R.R. Co. v. Red

Wolf ............................................... 382, 387 Buster v. Wright ...................... 369, 402, 403 Buttz v. Northern Pacific Railroad

Co. ......................................................... 124 C&L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band

Potawatomi, Indian Tribe of Oklahoma ............................. 272, 273, 274

California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians ............ 14, 107, 185, 270, 342, 441

Candelaria, United States v. .......... 175, 179, 183

Carcieri v. Salazar ........... 310, 311, 312, 313 Carmen, Petition of .................................... 83

554 TABLE OF CASES

Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc., United States v. ........................................................... 164

Cayuga Indian Nation v. Cuomo .............. 44 Cayuga Indian Nation v. Pataki ............. 162 Cayuga Indian Nation v. Seneca

County .................................................. 418 Celestine, United States v. ..................... 293 Central Machinery Co. v. Arizona Tax

Commission .................................. 413, 414 Chadick v. Duncan .................................. 269 Charles Mix, County of v. Dept. of

Interior ................................................. 310 Cherokee Intermarriage Cases ............... 266 Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v.

Leavitt .................................................. 114 Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v.

Norton .................................................. 172 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ....... 4, 8, 30, 78,

176, 236, 328 Cherokee Nation v. Hitchcock ............ 43, 87 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources

Defense Council ................................... 225 Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe v.

Andrus .......................................... 243, 244 Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe v.

Kempthorne ......................................... 226 Chief Seattle Properties, Inc. v. Kitsap

County .................................................. 348 Chilkat Indian Village v. Johnson .......... 484 Chippewa Indians of Minnesota v. United

States ........................................... 128, 144 Chisholm v. Georgia ................................ 361 Choate v. Trapp ............................... 129, 224 Choctaw Nation v. United States .......... 134,

184, 221, 223 Choctaw Nation, United States v. .......... 184 Chosa, People v. ....................................... 512 Chrichton v. Shelton ............................... 297 Citizens Against Casino Gambling in Erie

County v. Chauduri ............................. 142 Citizens Against Casino Gambling in Erie

County v. Hogen .................................. 141 Citizens Exposing Truth About Casinos v.

Kempthorne ................................. 314, 458 Citizens for Safer Communities v.

Norton .................................................. 457 Clapox, United States v. ............. 84, 85, 464 Clark v. Smith ......................................... 124 Cobell v. Kempthorne ...................... 207, 212 Cobell v. Norton ......................... 11, 203, 205 Cobell v. Salazar .............................. 208, 209 Colliflower v. Garland ............................. 249 Colorado River Indian Tribes v. Water

Wheel Camp Recreation Area, Inc. ..... 396 Colorado River Water Conservation District

v. United States ........................... 493, 494 Colville Confederated Tribes v.

Walton .................................. 498, 499, 504 Commitment of Beaulieu, In re .............. 376 Confederated Bands and Tribes of Yakima

Indian Nation v. State of Washington .......................................... 337

Confederated Bands of Ute Indians v. United States ........................................ 143

Confederated Tribes and Bands of Yakima Indian Nation v. Whiteside .................. 384

Cook, United States v. ............................. 131 Cooper v. Aaron ........................................ 523 Cotton Petroleum Corp. v. New

Mexico ................. 15, 43, 84, 364, 415, 446 Cotton Petroleum Corp. v. State ............. 416 Court of Claims in Three Affiliated Tribes

of the Fort Berthold Reservation v. United States ........................................ 148

Covelo Indian Community v. Watt .... 11, 167 Cramer v. United States .................. 118, 153 Crampton v. Election Board .................... 266 Craven v. Cobell ............................... 208, 209 Creek Nation, United States v. ...... 119, 128,

129, 143, 148 Crow Dog, Ex parte .... 75, 76, 77, 78, 86, 292 Cruz, United States v. ............................. 325 Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., United States

v. ...................................................... 44, 363 Cypress v. Jumper ................................... 461 Dakota, United States v. ......................... 440 Dann, United States v. ............ 144, 149, 150 Davis v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa

Indians .................................................. 383 Dawavendewa v. Salt River Project

Agricultural Improvement and Power District .................................................. 112

DeCoteau v. District Court ........ 10, 184, 291 Deere v. St. Lawrence River Power

Co. ......................................................... 153 Delaware Tribal Business Committee v.

Weeks ............................................ 110, 180 Delaware Tribe of Indians v. Cherokee

Nation of Oklahoma ............................. 172 Delgamuukw v. British Columbia ....... 47, 50 Department of Game v. Puyallup Tribe

(Puyallup II) ................. 516, 517, 528, 530 Department of Interior v. South

Dakota .................................................. 310 Diamond Gaming Enterprises, Inc. v.

Reno .............................................. 444, 455 Dick v. United States ............................... 532 Dion, United States v. ........ 18, 228, 479, 480 Dodge v. Nakai ................................. 252, 283 Doe v. Dollar General Corp. .................... 397 Doe v. Kamehameha Schools ................... 548 Doherty, United States v. .......................... 84 Dolgencorp, Inc. v. Mississippi Band of

Choctaw Indians ................................... 397 Donnelly v. United States ................ 293, 297 Draper v. United States ................... 319, 320 Dry Creek Lodge v. Arapahoe and Shoshone

Tribes ............................................ 258, 259 Dupree v. Cheyenne River Housing

Authority .............................................. 262 Duro v. Reina ................. 7, 14, 344, 361, 389 EEOC v. Peabody Western Coal .............. 112 El Paso Natural Gas Co. v. Neztsosie ..... 382 Elk v. Wilkins ......................... 93, 95, 96, 104

TABLE OF CASES 555

Elliott v. White Mountain Apache Tribal Court .................................................... 383

Elser v. Gill Net Number One ........ 296, 356 Empire Healthchoice Assurance, Inc. v.

McVeigh ............................................... 381 Employment Division v. Smith ....... 470, 471 Enas, United States v. ............................ 361 Engelhorn, United States v. .................... 327 Ewert v. Bluejacket ................. 159, 161, 162 EXC v. Jensen.................................. 263, 264 Farris, United States v. ........................... 440 Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora

Indian Nation ................183, 229, 237, 306 Feezor v. Babbitt ..................................... 266 Felicia v. United States ........................... 355 Felix v. Patrick ........................ 159, 160, 161 Fellows v. Blacksmith ............................. 153 Fields v. Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian

Community .......................................... 259 Finch v. United States ............................ 135 Finch, United States v. ........... 133, 134, 135 Firecrow, State ex rel. v. District

Court .................................................... 374 Fisher v. District Court .......... 110, 185, 369,

423 Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer ................................ 446 Five Gambling Devices, United States

v. ........................................................... 328 Fletcher v. Peck ..................28, 29, 36, 41, 42 Fluent v. Salamanca Indian Lease

Authority .............................................. 183 Flute, United States v. .............................. 84 Forness, United States v. ........................ 329 Forty-eight Pounds of Rising Star Tea,

United States v. ................................... 297 Friday, United States .............................. 483 Ft. Berthold Reservation v. United

States ............................................... 59, 60 Gallaher, United States v. ...................... 354 General Adjudication of All Rights to Use

Water in the Big Horn River System, In re ................................................... 497, 498

General Adjudication of All Rights to Use Water in the Gila River Sys. & Source, In re .............................................. 499, 503

Georgia v. Tassels ...................................... 31 Gibson v. Babbitt ..................................... 483 Gillispie v. Oklahoma .............................. 415 Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente

Uniao Do Vegetal ................................. 472 Goudy v. Meath ....................................... 409 Grand Canyon Skywalk Development, LLC

v. ‘Sa’ Nyu Wa, Inc. .............................. 383 Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and

Chippewa Indians v. Director., Mich. Dep’t of Natural Res. ........................... 514

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians v. United States Attorney for the Western District of Michigan ........................................ 66, 457

Green v. Mansour .................................... 446 Guerin v. The Queen ................................. 47

Gun South, Inc. v. Brady ......................... 472 Hagen v. Utah .................................. 305, 306 Haile v. Saunooke .................................... 276 Harjo v. Pro-Football, Inc. ....................... 485 Harrell, In re ............................................ 431 Harris v. Young ........................................ 375 Harvey v. Hopi Tribe, .............................. 264 Hawai’i v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs ..... 548,

549 Haynes v. United States .......................... 226 Heckman v. United States ....................... 179 Heff, In re ................................................. 294 High Elk v. Veit ....................................... 262 Hobbie v. Unemployment Appeals

Commission of Florida ......................... 467 Hodel v. Irving ................................... 43, 137 Hogan v. Kaltag Tribal Council ............... 542 Holden v. Joy .............................................. 43 Holliday, United States v. ....................... 170 Holt State Bank, United States v.... 134, 368 Hoopa Valley Tribal Council v. Jones ..... 343 Hopi Tribe v. City of Flagstaff ................. 473 Hualapai Indians of Arizona, United States

ex rel. v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad .... 123, 124, 127, 153

Hutto, United States v. ............................ 162 Hynes v. Grimes Packing Co. .......... 120, 122 Idaho v. United States ..................... 136, 137 Indians of Ft. Berthold Indian Reservation

v. United States .................... 57, 58, 59, 60 Iowa Mutual Insurance Co. v.

LaPlante ............... 185, 200, 201, 229, 381 James Joseph Morrison Consultants, Inc. v.

Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians .................................................. 276

Jealous of Him, State ex rel. v. Mills ...... 375 Jeffredo v. Macarro .................................. 261 Jicarilla Apache Nation, United States

v. ............................................ 181, 182, 212 Jim v. CIT Financial Services Corp. ....... 400 Joe v. Marcum .......................................... 375 John v. Baker ................................... 184, 540 John v. United States ...................... 539, 540 John, United States v. ............................. 139 Johnson v. Chilkat Indian Village

(Chilkat I) ............................................. 484 Johnson v. Gila River Indian

Community ........................................... 259 Johnson v. M’Intosh .......... 2, 4, 6, 8, 22, 123,

328 Johnson v. Navajo Nation ........................ 274 Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy

Tribe v. Morton ............................. 157, 183 Jondreau, People v. .................................. 512 Jones v. Meehan ............................... 129, 221 Joseph, United States v. ...................... 85, 86 JS, In re .................................................... 425 Kagama, United States v. ....... 4, 37, 78, 179,

241, 321, 446, 537 Kalantari Spirit Mountain Gaming,

Inc. ........................................................ 274 Kaltag Tribal Council v. Jackson ............ 542

556 TABLE OF CASES

Kansas Indians, In re ...................... 160, 408 Karuk Tribe v. Ammon ............................. 79 Keeble v. United States ................... 320, 321 Kelsey v. Pope .......................................... 399 Kenaitze Indian Tribe v. Alaska ............. 539 Kennerly v. District Court of the Ninth

Judicial District of Montana ....... 337, 339 Kenyon, Ex parte ..............346, 347, 349, 355 Kerr-McGee Corp. v. Navajo Tribe of

Indians ................................. 185, 402, 405 Keweenaw Bay Indian Community v.

Kleine ................................................... 276 Keys, United States v. ....................... 84, 324 Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas v.

Texas .................................................... 454 King, United States v. ............................. 270 Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing

Technologies, Inc. ........................ 271, 273 Klamath and Moadoc Indians, United

States v. .........................123, 127, 128, 152 Kobogum v. Jackson Iron Co................... 401 Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior

Chippewa Indians v. Voigt .......... 128, 525 Land Acquisitions: Appeals of Land

Acquisition Decisions ........................... 316 Lane v. Pueblo of Santa Rosa ................. 129 Langley v. Ryder .......................................... 6 LaPier v. McCormick ............................... 194 Lara, United States v. ............. 4, 37, 68, 343 Lawrence, United States v. ............. 324, 349 LeBlanc, People v. ................................... 512 Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber

Co. ......................................................... 361 Leech Lake Citizens Community v. Leech

Lake Band of Chippewa Indians ......... 276 Leland, Township of v. Grand Traverse

Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians ................................................. 514

Lewis v. Norton ............................... 266, 267 Lewis v. White Mountain Apache

Tribe ..................................................... 261 Lincoln v. Vigil......................................... 113 Littell v. Nakai ........................................ 399 Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa

Indians, In re ....................................... 282 Littlewolf v. Lujan ................................... 180 Lomayaoma, United States v. ................... 84 Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock .....4, 10, 43, 179, 301 Long, United States v. ............................. 361 Lower Brule Sioux Tribe v. State of South

Dakota .................................................. 128 Lummi Tribe, United States v. ............... 510 Lundquist, United States v. .................... 483 Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery

Protective Association ......... 465, 466, 467 Mackey v. Coxe ........................................ 400 Madison County v. Oneida Indian

Nation ................................................... 418 Madison v. Alaska Dept. of Fish &

Game .................................................... 539 Maggi, United States v. ........................... 325 Maho v. Hopi Tribe .................................. 264

Manning v. Abeita.................................... 286 Mares, United States v. ....................... 85, 86 Marsh v. Brooks ......................................... 43 Martin v. Waddell’s Lessee ...................... 124 Martinez v. Santa Clara Pueblo ..... 257, 258,

266 Martinez v. Southern Ute Tribe .............. 248 Marty Indian School Board v. State of

South Dakota ........................................ 190 Masayesva v. Zah ..................................... 171 Mashantucket Pequot Tribe v.

McGuigan ............................................. 441 Mashpee Tribe v. New Seabury Corp..... 154,

183 Mashpee Tribe v. Town of Mashpee ........ 158 Mashpee Tribe v. Watt ............................ 183 Mashunkashey v. Mashunkashey ............. 43 Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of

Pottawatomi Indians v. Patchak ........ 314, 315

Mattz v. Arnett ......................... 296, 297, 298 Maxwell v. City of San Diego .................. 276 Mayfield, In re .......................................... 355 Mazurie, United States v. ................ 371, 372 McBratney, United States v. ........... 319, 332 McClanahan v. State Tax Commission of

Arizona .................................. 5, 6, 215, 410 McDowell v. State .................................... 539 McGowan, United States v. ............. 292, 293 McNabb for McNabb v. Bower ................. 187 McPherson v. Little River Band of Ottawa

Indians Enrollment Commission ......... 268 Means v. District Court of Chinle Judicial

District .......................................... 281, 363 Means v. Navajo Nation .......................... 363 Menominee Tribe v. United States ........ 100,

101, 102, 103, 362 Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe .......... 185,

224, 229, 382, 384 Mescalero Apache Tribe v. Jones ....... 6, 309,

375 Metlakatla Indian Community v.

Egan .............................................. 534, 535 Miami Nation of Indians of Indiana, Inc. v.

Dept. of Interior .................................... 170 Michigan Gambling Opposition v.

Kempthorne .......................... 314, 315, 458 Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian

Community .......... 6, 7, 106, 226, 272, 401, 448, 460

Michigan v. Environmental Protection Agency ................................................... 372

Michigan, United States v. ... 55, 60, 61, 178, 511, 514, 515

Miller v. United States .................... 122, 123 Miller v. Wright........................................ 420 Milwaukee v. Illinois................................ 378 Miner Electric, Inc. v. Muscogee (Creek)

Nation ................................................... 259 Minnesota v. Hitchcock .................... 123, 179 Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa

Indians .......................................... 221, 530

TABLE OF CASES 557

Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield ............................................... 428

Missouri v. Holland ........................... 43, 362 Mitchel v. United States ........................... 43 Mitchell v. United States ........................ 195 Mitchell, United States v. ...... 181, 195, 196,

197, 198 Moe v. Confederated Salish and Kootenai

Tribes of the Flathead Reservation ... 110, 111, 411

Mohegan Tribe v. State of Connecticut .... 44 Montana Catholic Missions v. Missoula

County .................................................. 369 Montana v. Blackfeet Tribe of

Indians ................................. 224, 225, 407 Montana v. United States .... 7, 14, 133, 358,

367, 385, 389 Montana, State of, United States v. ...... 135,

136, 367 Montoya v. Bolack ..................................... 97 Moore v. Nelson ....................................... 261 Morris v. Hitchcock ......................... 369, 403 Morris v. Tanner ...................................... 363 Morton v. Mancari ...... 45, 109, 180, 322, 548 Morton v. Ruiz ................................. 113, 187 Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph

Co. v. Pueblo of Santa Ana .................... 18 Muckleshoot Tribe, United States v. ...... 510 Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank ......... 262 Muscogee (Creek) Nation v. Hodel ......... 225 Muwekma Ohlone Tribe v. Salazar ....... 172,

178 N.J., In re ................................................. 432 Narragansett Indian Tribe v. National

Indian Gaming Commission ................ 458 National Farmers Union Insurance

Companies v. Crow Tribe of Indians ................................. 185, 377, 378

National League of Cities v. Usery ........... 44 Native American Church of New York v.

United States ....................................... 470 Native American Church of North America

v. Navajo Tribal Council ...... 184, 185, 242 Native Village of Eyak v. Blank ..... 118, 126 Native Village of Stevens v. Alaska

Management & Planning .................... 541 Native Village of Tanana, State v. .......... 542 Native Village of Venetie I.R.A. Council v.

State of Alaska ............................. 536, 541 Navajo Nation v. Hodel ........................... 187 Navajo Nation v. United States .............. 203 Navajo Nation v. United States Forest

Service ...........................473, 474, 475, 476 Navajo Nation, United States v. ..... 203, 210 Negonsott v. Samuels .......................... 83, 85 Nevada v. Hicks ....... 376, 378, 382, 388, 389,

390, 397 Nevada v. United States ......... 210, 211, 212 Nevada, State of v. Hicks ........................ 388 New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe .... 6,

185, 370, 518

New Rider v. Board of Education of Independent School District No. 1, Pawnee County ..................................... 189

New York Indians, In re .......................... 408 New York v. Seneca Nation ..................... 167 Nez v. Bradley .......................................... 263 Nice, United States v. ...................... 294, 317 Ninigret Development Corp. v.

Narragansett Indian Wetuomuck Housing Authority ................................ 383

Nisqually Indian Tribe v. Gregoire ......... 420 NLRB v. Little River Band of Ottawa

Indians Tribal Government ......... 231, 232 NLRB v. Pueblo of San Juan ........... 184, 230 Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective

Association v. Peterson ........................ 466 Northwestern Bands of Shoshone Indians v.

United States .................................. 43, 144 Office of Hawaiian Affairs v. Housing and

Community Development Corp. of Hawaii ................................................... 549

Oglala Sioux Tribe v. Van Hunnik ......... 298, 423, 436

Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Chickasaw Nation ........................................... 417, 422

Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band of Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma ......................... 6, 139, 243, 417

Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Sac and Fox Nation ....................................................... 6

Oliphant v. Schlie ............................ 346, 347 Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe ..... 6, 7,

11, 14, 192, 245, 343, 346, 380 Omaha Tribe of Indians v. Peters ........... 338 Oneida County, N.Y. v. Oneida Indian

Nation of New York State .................... 224 Oneida County, N.Y. v. Oneida Indian

Nation of New York State (Oneida II) ..... 44, 154, 155, 156, 161, 379, 390, 446

Oneida Indian Nation of New York State v. County of Oneida .................................. 162

Oneida Indian Nation of New York State v. New York ................................................ 42

Oneida Indian Nation of New York State v. Oneida County, N.Y. ............ 153, 154, 155

Oneida Indian Nation of New York State v. Oneida County, New York (Oneida I) ...................................... 152, 153

Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin v. Wisconsin .............................................. 441

Onondaga Nation v. New York ........ 162, 163 Onondaga Nation v. Thacher .................. 483 Oregon v. United States .......................... 496 Organized Village of Kake v. Egan ......... 535 Orr Water Ditch Co., United States v. .... 210 Osborne, United States v. .................... 95, 98 Otoe and Missouria Tribe of Indians v.

United States ................................ 144, 146 Parks v. Ross ............................................ 268 Parravano v. Babbitt.................................. 79 Patchak v. Jewell ..................................... 316

558 TABLE OF CASES

Pele Defense Fund v. Paty ...................... 550 Pelican, United States v. ................. 292, 293 Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co. ..... 446, 458,

459 Pero, Ex parte .......................................... 323 Peterson, State ex rel. v. District

Court ............................................ 374, 375 Peterson, United States v. ...................... 128 Peyote Way Church of God, Inc. v.

Smith .................................................... 470 Pink, State v. ........................................... 376 Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family

Land and Cattle Co., Inc. ........... 378, 391, 394, 395, 396, 397

Poodry v. Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians ......................................... 184, 259

Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe v. Hjert .... 358 Powers of Indian Tribes .......................... 403 Prentiss, United States v. ......................... 84 Pro-Football, Inc. v. Blackhorse .............. 485 Public Access Shoreline Hawaii (PASH) v.

Hawai’i County Planning Commission .......................................... 551

Pueblo of Jemez v. United States ........... 127 Puget Sound Gillnetters Assn. v. District

Court .................................................... 520 Puget Sound Gillnetters Assn. v.

Moos ............................................. 520, 522 Puyallup Tribe v. Department of Game of

Washington (Puyallup I) ............. 516, 517 Puyallup Tribe, Inc. v. Department of Game

of Washington (Puyallup III) ..... 269, 275, 516, 518

Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of Indians v. Morton .................................. 210, 211, 501

Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of Indians v. State of Nevada, Dept. of Wildlife ....... 210

Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe v. Burwell ................................................. 226

Quinault Allottee Assn. v. United States ................................................... 195

Ramah Navajo Chapter v. Lujan ............ 226 Ramah Navajo School Board v. Bureau of

Revenue of New Mexico ............... 186, 415 Ramsey, United States v. ........................ 293 Red Bird v. United States ....................... 184 Red Fox v. Hettich ................................... 398 Red Wolf and Bull Tail, Estates of v.

Burlington N. R.R. Co.......................... 387 Redding Rancheria v. Jewell................... 226 Reich v. Mashantucket Sand &

Gravel ................................................... 230 Rice v. Cayetano ...................... 111, 112, 547 Rice v. Rehner .......................................... 372 Richie, United States v.............................. 86 Rincon Band of Luiseño Mission Indians of

the Rincon Reservation v. Schwarzenegger ................... 447, 452, 453

Robinson v. Salazar ................................. 170 Rodney, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A.

v. Revenue Div. of the Dep’t of Taxation of N.M. .................................................. 416

Roff v. Burney .................................. 184, 266 Rogers, United States v. .................... 43, 323 Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. Kneip ......... 301, 302 Roseville, City of v. Norton ...................... 457 Rush Creek Solutions, Inc. v. Ute Mountain

Ute Tribe ............................................... 274 Sage v. Lodge Grass School District........ 377 Sage v. Sicangu Oyate Ho, Inc. ............... 374 Salamanca, City of v. United States ....... 329 Salazar v. Ramah Navajo Chapter ......... 114,

115 Sam v. Colville Confederated Tribes ....... 263 Sam v. United States ............................... 354 Samish Indian Nation v. United

States .................................................... 171 Sampson v. Andrus .................................... 71 San Manuel Indian Bingo and Casino v.

NLRB .................................................... 230 Sanapaw, State v. ............................ 101, 102 Sanders v. Lyon .......................................... 65 Sandoval, United States v. ..... 85, 86, 87, 93,

170, 292 Santa Ana Indian Pueblo, United States for

and on behalf of v. University of New Mexico ................................................... 183

Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez ........... 7, 14, 227, 253, 378

Santa Rosa Band of Indians v. Kings County .......................................... 338, 339

Santee Sioux Tribe of Neb., United States v. ............................................ 444, 454, 455

Santistevan, United States v. .................... 86 Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians

v. Engler ....................................... 450, 452 Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians

v. State of Michigan ............................. 451 Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians

v. United States ............................ 226, 458 Save the Peaks Coalition v. United States

Forest Service ....................................... 473 Schaghticoke Tribal Nation v.

Kempthorne .......................................... 172 Scott v. Stanford......................................... 92 Seminole Nation v. United States .......... 143,

144, 198 Seminole Tribe of Florida v.

Butterworth .................................. 441, 442 Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida ........ 44,

237, 276, 446, 454 Seminole Tribe of Florida v.

Stranburg ............................................. 419 Seneca Constitutional Rights Organization

v. George ............................................... 276 Seneca Nation of Indians v. United

States .................................................... 183 Seneca Nation of Indians v. United States

Dept. of Health and Human Services ................................................. 226

Seneca Nation v. State ............................. 167 Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma v.

National Indian Gaming Commission .......................... 444, 454, 455

TABLE OF CASES 559

Settler v. Lameer ..................................... 399 Seymour v. Superintendent of Washington

State Penitentiary ......................... 10, 294 Sheffer v. Buffalo Run Casino......... 274, 277 Shenandoah v. Halbritter ....................... 261 Shenandoah v. U.S. Dept. of Interior ..... 261 Sheppard v. Sheppard ............................. 400 Sherbert v. Verner ................................... 472 Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation .............. 15 Sherrill, City of v. Oneida Indian Nation of

New York ......................159, 163, 183, 390 Shinnecock Indian Nation v. State of New

York ...................................................... 162 Shoshone Tribe of Indians of Wind River

Reservation in Wyoming v. United States ............ 128, 129, 130, 131, 143, 497

Shoshone Tribe of Indians of Wind River Reservation in Wyoming, United States v. ........................................... 131, 132, 179

Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation v. Shalala ......................... 226

Simmons v. Eagle Seelatsee ..................... 45 Sims v. Stuart .......................................... 163 Sioux Nation of Indians v. United

States ................................................... 148 Sioux Nation of Indians, United States

v. ..........................................4, 91, 146, 181 Sioux Nation v. United States ................ 148 Sioux Tribe of Indians v. United

States ........................................... 139, 140 Smart v. State Farm Ins. Co. .................. 230 Smith v. Babbitt ...................................... 266 Smith v. Employment Division ............... 471 Smith v. Hopland Band of Pomo

Indians ..........................274, 283, 285, 287 Smith v. Salish Kootenai College ........... 397 Soaring Eagle Casino and Resort v.

NLRB............................................ 232, 233 Soderburg v. Pokagon Band of Potawatomi

Indians Tribal Council ......................... 237 Sohappy v. Smith .................................... 505 Solem v. Bartlett ............................... 71, 302 Sosseur, United States v. ........ 327, 328, 439 South Carolina v. Baker .......................... 415 South Carolina v. Catawba Indian

Tribe ....................................................... 18 South Dakota v. Bourland .............. 371, 385 South Dakota v. Yankton Sioux

Tribe ............................................. 307, 308 South Dakota, State of v. Dept. of

Interior ......................................... 309, 310 Southern Pacific Transp. Co., United States

v. ........................................................... 128 Spokane Tribe of Indians v.

Washington .......................................... 454 Spokane Tribe of Indians, United States

v. ................................................... 445, 454 Sprint Communications, Inc. v.

Jacobs ................................................... 401 Spurr v. Tribal Council ................... 264, 266 Squire v. Capoeman ................................ 221 St. Cloud v. Leapley .................................. 94

St. Cloud v. United States ....................... 194 Standing Bear, United States ex rel. v.

Crook ................................................. 93, 94 Stephens v. Cherokee Nation ............ 87, 184 Stock West Corp. v. Taylor ...................... 383 Stock West, Inc. v. Confederated Tribes of

the Colville Reservation ....................... 398 Stockbridge-Munsee Community v. State of

New York .............................................. 162 Strate v. A-1 Contractors, Inc......... 382, 383,

385, 386, 387, 389, 395, 406 Sunderland v. United States ....................... 4 Swim v. Bergland ..................................... 128 Sytmiest, United States v. ....................... 326 Talton v. Mayes ................ 106, 184, 240, 343 Taxpayers of Michigan Against Casinos v.

Norton ........................................... 314, 452 Teague v. Bad River Band of Lake Superior

Tribe of Chippewa Indians........... 401, 402 Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States ...... 22,

34, 43, 121, 534 Temoak Band of Western Shoshone Indians

v. United States .................................... 150 Testan, United States v. .................. 253, 270 Texas v. United States ............................. 454 The Siren .................................................. 418 Thebo v. Choctaw Tribe of Indians ......... 269 Thomas v. Gay ................................... 87, 369 Thomas, United States v. ........................ 292 Thorpe v. Borough of Jim Thorpe .... 109, 478 Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold

Reservation v. Wold Engineering ......... 18, 185

Tiger v. Western Investment Co. ................ 4 Tonasket v. Sargent ......................... 420, 434 Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma v.

Richards ................................................ 183 Truckee-Carson Irrigation District, United

States v. ................................................ 211 Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British Columbia ..... 50 Tsosie v. United States ............................ 178 Tsosie, United States v. ........................... 327 Tulee v. Washington ........................ 222, 516 Twin Cities Chippewa Tribal Council v.

Minnesota Chippewa Tribe .................. 276 Two Shields v. Wilkinson .......................... 57 United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co.,

United States v. .................................... 269 United States’ Supplemental Complaint,

United States v. Michigan ................... 515 Upper Skagit Indian Tribe v. State of

Washington ........................................... 510 Utah & Northern Railway Co. v.

Fisher .................................................... 373 Vann v. Kempthorne ................................ 276 Varela, United States v. ............................ 86 Wadena, United States v. ........................ 194 Walker v. Tex. Div., Sons of Confederate

Veterans, Inc. ....................................... 485 Ward v. Race Horse.................................. 531 Warren Trading Post v. Arizona State Tax

Commission .......................................... 409

560 TABLE OF CASES

Wasden, State ex rel. v. Native Wholesale Supply Co. ............................................ 375

Washington State Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel Assn. v. Tollefson ....... 520, 522

Washington v. Confederated Bands and Tribes of the Yakima Indian Nation .... 18, 37, 110, 337

Washington v. Confederated Tribes of Colville Indian Reservation ........ 177, 178, 186, 369

Washington v. Washington State Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel Ass’n ..............................110, 111, 178, 508

Washington, United States v. .......... 16, 128, 178, 505, 508, 509, 510, 511, 517, 520

Waskey v. Hammer ................................. 162 Water Wheel Camp Recreational Area, Inc.

v. LaRance ............................ 396, 397, 398 Weaselhead, United States v. ................. 361 Wetsit v. Stafne ....................................... 354 Wheeler, United States v. ........ 14, 176, 244,

246, 343, 370 White Mountain Apache Tribe v.

Bracker ......................................... 197, 413 White Mountain Apache Tribe, United

States v. ................................ 181, 198, 199 White Mountain Apache, United States v.

Navajo Nation (Navajo I) ........... 200, 201, 202, 203

White v. Califano ..................................... 187 White v. Pueblo of San Juan ................... 259 White, United States v. ................... 480, 481 Wilgus, United States v. ......................... 483 Williams v. Babbitt.......................... 112, 226 Williams v. Lee ........ 2, 6, 100, 215, 245, 254,

277, 369, 408, 439 Williams v. United States ....................... 327 Wilson v. Block ........................................ 473 Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe ............... 183 Winans, United States v. .....6, 216, 489, 516 Winer v. Penny Enterprises, Inc. ............ 374 Winters v. United States ........ 222, 487, 488,

490, 532 Wisconsin Potawatomies v. Houston ..... 421,

423, 427 Wisconsin v. Stockbridge-Munsee

Community ............................................ 11 Wisconsin v. Yoder .................................. 472 Wolf v. Hitchcock ................70, 87, 88, 90, 91 Wood v. Milyard ...................................... 401 Woody, People v. ...................................... 470 Worcester v. Georgia .......... 4, 5, 8, 9, 30, 54,

175, 236, 328, 395, 439 Works v. Fallon Paiute-Shoshone

Tribes ................................................... 390 Wounded Head v. Tribal Council of Oglala

Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation .......................................... 243

Wyoming v. United States .............. 497, 498

Yakima, County of v. Confederated Bands and Tribes of the Yakima Indian Nation ................................................... 408

Yakima, County of v. Yakima Indian Nation ..................................................... 11

Yankton Sioux Tribe of Indians v. United States .................................................... 129

Young, Ex parte ............................... 253, 275 Zepeda, United States v. .......... 324, 325, 326

561

Table of Statutes

—————

U.S. Const. Art. I ....................................... 95 U.S. Const. Art. I, § 2, ¶ 3 ......................... 92 U.S. Const. Art. I, § 3, cl. 3 ...................... 109 U.S. Const. Art. I, § 8, cl. 3 .............. 3, 43, 84 U.S. Const. Art. II, § 2, para. 2 ............... 212 U.S. Const. Art. III, § 2 ....................... 32, 34 U.S. Const. Art. III, § 2, para. 1 ................ 30 U.S. Const. Art. IV, § 1 .................... 399, 448 U.S. Const. Art. VI, cl. 2 .......................... 212 U.S. Const. Amend. 1 .............................. 243 U.S. Const. Amend. 5 .......120, 121, 180, 240 U.S. Const. Amend. 11 .................... 361, 446 U.S. Const. Amend. 14 .................... 248, 446 U.S. Const. Amend. 14, § 2........................ 95 U.S. Const. Amend. 15 ............................ 548 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(2) .................................. 309 5 U.S.C. § 702 .......................................... 315 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) ................................. 172 8 U.S.C. § 1401 .......................................... 96 8 U.S.C. § 1401(b) ...................................... 11 15 U.S.C. §§ 175 et seq. ........................... 328 16 U.S.C. §§ 460bbb et seq. ..................... 468 16 U.S.C. §§ 470 et seq. ........................... 469 16 U.S.C. § 470a(d)(6)(A)–(B) .................. 469 16 U.S.C. § 470f ....................................... 469 16 U.S.C. § 668 ................................ 478, 480 16 U.S.C. § 668(a) .................................... 228 16 U.S.C. § 668a .............................. 228, 478 16 U.S.C. §§ 3101 et seq. ......................... 538 16 U.S.C. § 3114 ...................................... 538 16 U.S.C. § 3115(d) .................................. 539 16 U.S.C. § 3371 ...................................... 519 18 U.S.C. § 13 .................................. 326, 332 18 U.S.C. § 668a ...................................... 481 18 U.S.C. § 1151 ...................4, 139, 291, 537 18 U.S.C. § 1151(b) .................................. 537 18 U.S.C. § 1151(c) .................................. 537 18 U.S.C. § 1152 ...............3, 21, 52, 183, 194 18 U.S.C. § 1153 ........... 44, 69, 139, 194, 321 18 U.S.C. § 1162 ........................ 13, 330, 540 18 U.S.C. § 1164 ...................................... 355 18 U.S.C. § 1165 .............................. 133, 519 18 U.S.C. § 2265 ...................................... 400 18 U.S.C. § 3243 ...................................... 329 25 U.S.C. § 2 .......................................... 4, 37 25 U.S.C. § 9 ................................................ 4 25 U.S.C. § 13 .................................. 113, 190 25 U.S.C. §§ 70 et seq. ..................... 118, 144 25 U.S.C. § 70(a) ...................................... 149 25 U.S.C. § 70a ........................................ 144 25 U.S.C. § 70k ........................................ 146 25 U.S.C. § 70n ................................ 145, 149 25 U.S.C. § 70r ......................................... 145 25 U.S.C. § 70u ........................................ 145 25 U.S.C. § 70v ........................................ 146 25 U.S.C. § 71 ................. 8, 68, 215, 362, 488

25 U.S.C. § 81 ........................................... 443 25 U.S.C. § 81(d)(2) .................................. 273 25 U.S.C. § 175 ......................................... 168 25 U.S.C. § 177 .............. 3, 21, 154, 183, 312,

379, 390 25 U.S.C. § 194 ......................................... 155 25 U.S.C. § 232 ......................................... 329 25 U.S.C. § 233 ......................................... 329 25 U.S.C. §§ 261 et seq. ............................. 53 25 U.S.C. §§ 261–264 ............................... 415 25 U.S.C. §§ 261–265 ............... 3, 21, 52, 183 25 U.S.C. § 283 ........................................... 73 25 U.S.C. § 331 ................................. 140, 142 25 U.S.C. §§ 331 et seq. ....... 10, 69, 195, 534 25 U.S.C. § 378 ........................................... 71 25 U.S.C. §§ 396 et seq. ........................... 416 25 U.S.C. § 396a ....................................... 200 25 U.S.C. §§ 396a et seq. ......................... 224 25 U.S.C. §§ 396b–396g ........................... 407 25 U.S.C. § 397 ......................................... 407 25 U.S.C. § 398 ................................. 224, 407 25 U.S.C. §§ 405–407 ............................... 414 25 U.S.C. §§ 406–407 ....................... 195, 197 25 U.S.C. § 406(a) .................................... 197 25 U.S.C. §§ 450 et seq. ........... 186, 187, 413 25 U.S.C. § 450a ............................... 114, 186 25 U.S.C. §§ 450a et seq. ........................... 45 25 U.S.C. § 450a(a) .......................... 180, 182 25 U.S.C. § 450a(b) .......................... 180, 182 25 U.S.C. § 450f ........................................ 189 25 U.S.C. § 450f(a)(1) ............................... 114 25 U.S.C. § 450j–1(a)(2) ........................... 114 25 U.S.C. § 458aa ..................................... 114 25 U.S.C. § 458ff(b) .................................. 180 25 U.S.C. §§ 461 et seq. ........ 12, 97, 98, 171,

413, 540 25 U.S.C. § 462 ........................................... 98 25 U.S.C. § 463 ........................................... 98 25 U.S.C. § 465 .... 12, 98, 139, 183, 308, 411,

456, 543 25 U.S.C. § 466 ......................................... 197 25 U.S.C. § 467 ................................... 57, 308 25 U.S.C. §§ 472 et seq. ............................. 98 25 U.S.C. § 476 ..... 12, 98, 171, 256, 373, 535 25 U.S.C. § 476(a)(1) ................................ 180 25 U.S.C. § 476(a)(2) ................................ 174 25 U.S.C. § 476(d) .................................... 174 25 U.S.C. § 477 ................................... 12, 106 25 U.S.C. § 479 ................................. 243, 310 25 U.S.C. § 479a(2) .................................. 540 25 U.S.C. §§ 631 et seq. ........................... 203 25 U.S.C. §§ 891 et seq. ........................... 101 25 U.S.C. §§ 903 et seq. ........................... 104 25 U.S.C. §§ 903–903f ........................ 13, 362 25 U.S.C. § 1151(b) .................................. 141

562 TABLE OF STATUTES

25 U.S.C. §§ 1301 et seq. .... 13, 45, 106, 247, 350

25 U.S.C. § 1300l ............................. 173, 457 25 U.S.C. §§ 1300f et seq. ........................ 173 25 U.S.C. §§ 1300j et seq. ........................ 173 25 U.S.C. §§ 1300k et seq ........................ 173 25 U.S.C. § 1301(2) .......................... 343, 360 25 U.S.C. § 1302(a) .................. 227, 248, 350 25 U.S.C. § 1302(a)(7)(B) ......................... 248 25 U.S.C. § 1302(a)(7)(B)–(C) .................. 343 25 U.S.C. § 1302(b) .......................... 248, 343 25 U.S.C. § 1303 ...................... 227, 254, 351 25 U.S.C. § 1304 ...................................... 343 25 U.S.C. § 1321 ...................................... 343 25 U.S.C. § 1322(a) .................................. 336 25 U.S.C. § 1323 ...................................... 336 25 U.S.C. § 1326 ...................................... 336 25 U.S.C. § 1326 ...................................... 337 25 U.S.C. § 1330l ..................................... 457 25 U.S.C. § 1360 ...................................... 340 25 U.S.C. § 1360(a) .................................. 340 25 U.S.C. § 1360(c) .................................. 340 25 U.S.C. §§ 1451 et seq. ....14, 105, 187, 413 25 U.S.C. §§ 1601 et seq. ................. 108, 191 25 U.S.C. §§ 1701 et seq. ......... 157, 310, 458 25 U.S.C. § 1708(a) .................................. 157 25 U.S.C. §§ 1721 et seq. ......................... 157 25 U.S.C. § 1721(1) .................................. 157 25 U.S.C. § 1724 ...................................... 157 25 U.S.C. § 1725(a) .................................. 157 25 U.S.C. § 1727 ...................................... 157 25 U.S.C. §§ 1751 et seq. ......................... 158 25 U.S.C. §§ 1771 et seq. ......................... 158 25 U.S.C. § 1771c ..................................... 158 25 U.S.C. § 1771d .................................... 158 25 U.S.C. § 1771e..................................... 158 25 U.S.C. § 1771f ..................................... 158 25 U.S.C. § 1774 ...................................... 458 25 U.S.C. §§ 1774 et seq. ......... 141, 158, 458 25 U.S.C. § 1774f ..................................... 141 25 U.S.C. §§ 1775 et seq. ......................... 158 25 U.S.C. §§ 1801 et seq. ......................... 108 25 U.S.C. §§ 1901 et seq. .... 14, 45, 105, 298,

542 25 U.S.C. §§ 1901–1963 ........................... 421 25 U.S.C. § 1901(2)–(3) ............................ 182 25 U.S.C. § 1901(3) .................................. 427 25 U.S.C. § 1901(4)–(5) ............................ 421 25 U.S.C. § 1901(5) .................................. 428 25 U.S.C. § 1911(a) .................................. 423 25 U.S.C. § 1911(b) .......................... 423, 542 25 U.S.C. § 1911(c) .................................. 423 25 U.S.C. § 1911(d) .................................. 400 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a) .......................... 423, 430 25 U.S.C. § 1912(b) .................................. 423 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d) .................................. 435 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f) ................................... 434 25 U.S.C. § 1913(a) .................................. 433 25 U.S.C. § 1915 ...................................... 432 25 U.S.C. § 1915(a) .................................. 435 25 U.S.C. § 1915(b) .................................. 423 25 U.S.C. § 1918 ...................................... 542

25 U.S.C. § 2206 ....................................... 137 25 U.S.C. § 2207 ....................................... 400 25 U.S.C. § 2401 ....................................... 187 25 U.S.C. § 2701 ....................................... 441 25 U.S.C. §§ 2701 et seq. .... 14, 15, 105, 187,

270 25 U.S.C. § 2701(5) .................................. 454 25 U.S.C. § 2702(1) .................................. 454 25 U.S.C. § 2702(3) .................................. 444 25 U.S.C. § 2703(7)(A).............................. 443 25 U.S.C. § 2703(7)(A)(i) .......................... 454 25 U.S.C. § 2703(7)(B).............................. 444 25 U.S.C. § 2703(7)(B)(ii) ......................... 454 25 U.S.C. § 2703(8) .................................. 444 25 U.S.C. § 2704 ....................................... 444 25 U.S.C. § 2710(a) .......................... 443, 448 25 U.S.C. § 2710(b) .......................... 445, 448 25 U.S.C. § 2710(b)(1) .............................. 454 25 U.S.C. § 2710(b)(1)(A) ......................... 456 25 U.S.C. § 2710(b)(2) .............................. 444 25 U.S.C. § 2710(b)(2)(B) ......................... 460 25 U.S.C. § 2710(c)(1)............................... 444 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d) .......................... 270, 461 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(1) .............................. 445 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(1)(B) ......................... 444 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(1)(C) ......................... 444 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(3)(A) ......................... 445 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(3)(C) ......................... 444 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(4) .............................. 445 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(7)(3)(B) ..................... 448 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(7)(A) ......................... 445 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(7)(A)(ii) ............ 227, 460 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(7)(B)(iii) ................... 454 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(7)(B)(iv) .................... 453 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(7)(B)(v) ..................... 453 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(7)(B)(vi) .................... 453 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(7)(B)(vii)................... 453 25 U.S.C. § 2719(a) .................................. 455 25 U.S.C. § 2719(a)(1) .............................. 455 25 U.S.C. § 2719(a)(2)(B) ......................... 455 25 U.S.C. § 2719(b) .................................. 455 25 U.S.C. § 2719(b)(1)(A) ......................... 459 25 U.S.C. § 2719(b)(1)(B) ......................... 456 25 U.S.C. § 2719(b)(1)(B)(i) ...................... 458 25 U.S.C. § 2719(b)(1)(B)(iii) ... 456, 457, 458 25 U.S.C. §§ 3001 et seq. ................. 108, 476 25 U.S.C. § 3001(9) .................................. 477 25 U.S.C. § 3002 ....................................... 476 25 U.S.C. § 3003 ....................................... 476 25 U.S.C. § 3005 ............................... 109, 476 25 U.S.C. § 3006 ....................................... 476 25 U.S.C. § 3010 ....................................... 182 25 U.S.C. § 3106 ....................................... 400 25 U.S.C. § 3120 ....................................... 180 25 U.S.C. § 3302(7) .................................. 191 25 U.S.C. § 3601(1)–(7) ............................ 187 25 U.S.C. § 3742 ....................................... 180 25 U.S.C. § 4041(1)–(3) ............................ 180 25 U.S.C. §§ 4101 et seq. ................... 45, 191 25 U.S.C. § 4101(2)–(4) ............................ 182 25 U.S.C. § 4101(3)–(4) ............................ 180 25 U.S.C. § 4101(6)–(7) ............................ 187

TABLE OF STATUTES 563

25 U.S.C. § 4145a .................................... 114 25 U.S.C. § 4791a–1 ................................ 170 26 U.S.C. § 7871 ........................ 14, 105, 187 28 U.S.C. § 1331 .............................. 152, 153 28 U.S.C. § 1332 ...................................... 229 28 U.S.C. § 1345 ...................................... 494 28 U.S.C. § 1360 ...............330, 335, 495, 540 28 U.S.C. § 1360(a) .................................... 13 28 U.S.C. § 1360(c) .......................... 338, 341 28 U.S.C. § 1362 ...................... 152, 153, 496 28 U.S.C. § 1362 ...................................... 152 28 U.S.C. § 1505 ...................................... 181 28 U.S.C. § 1604 ...................................... 271 28 U.S.C. § 1605 ...................................... 271 28 U.S.C. § 1607 ...................................... 271 28 U.S.C. § 1738 ...................................... 400 28 U.S.C. § 1738A .................................... 400 28 U.S.C. § 1738B .................................... 400 28 U.S.C. § 2409a ............................ 309, 310 28 U.S.C. § 2409a(a) ................................ 315 28 U.S.C. § 2409a(d) ................................ 315 28 U.S.C. § 2415 ...................... 155, 167, 168 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a) .................................. 167 28 U.S.C. § 2415(b) .................................. 167 29 U.S.C. §§ 151 et seq. ........................... 230 30 U.S.C. §§ 1201 et seq. ......................... 203 42 U.S.C. § 1996 .............................. 108, 463 42 U.S.C. § 1996a .................................... 472 42 U.S.C. § 2011 ...................................... 382 42 U.S.C. § 7601(d)(2)(B) ......................... 372 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000bb et seq. ..... 472, 474, 482 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000cc et seq. ...................... 472 43 U.S.C. § 150 ........................................ 141 43 U.S.C. § 666 ........................................ 493 43 U.S.C. § 666(a) .................................... 493 43 U.S.C. §§ 1601 et seq. ................. 533, 536 43 U.S.C. § 1601(b) .................................. 537 43 U.S.C. § 1613(h)(5) ............................. 226 43 U.S.C. § 1618(b) .................................. 536 50 U.S.C. App. §§ 501–597b .................... 434 52 U.S.C. § 2000bb(b) .............................. 472 70 U.S.C. § 70a ........................................ 145 Pub. L. 56–331, April 30, 1900, 31 Stat.

141 ........................................................ 546 Pub. L. 67–85, Nov. 21, 1921, 42 Stat.

208 ........................................................ 190 Pub. L. 74–332, Aug. 26, 1935, 49 Stat.

801 ........................................................ 120 Pub. L. 79–726, August 13, 1946, 60 Stat.

1049 ...................................................... 144 Pub. L. 81–437, § 7, 63 Stat. 1026 ............ 61 Pub. L. 83–280, Aug. 15, 1953, 67 Stat.

588 .................................330, 335, 540, 543 Pub. L. 83–280, § 4, Aug. 15, 1953, 67 Stat.

588 ........................................................ 335 Pub. L. 83–280, § 7, Aug. 15, 1953, 67 Stat.

589 ........................................................ 337 Pub. L. 83–568, § 1, 68 Stat. 674 ............ 191 Pub. L. 85–508, July 7, 1958, 72 Stat.

339 ........................................................ 534 Pub. L. 85–615, Aug. 8, 1958, 72 Stat.

545 ................................................ 335, 540

Pub. L. 86–3, Mar. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 4.................................................... 546

Pub. L. 86–392, Mar. 16, 1960, 74 Stat. 8..................................................... 198, 199

Pub. L. 89–665, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 915 ......................................................... 469

Pub. L. 90–284, Title II, § 201, Apr. 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 77 ..................... 13, 106, 247

Pub. L. 90–284, Title IV, §§ 401(a), 402(a), April 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 77 ................... 336

Pub. L. 90–284, Title IV, § 403(a), April 11, 1968, 82 Stat. 77 ................................... 336

Pub. L. 92–203, Dec. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 688 ................................ 533, 536, 540

Pub. L. 93–197, Dec. 22, 1973, 87 Stat. 770 ................................................ 104

Pub. L. 93–262, § 2, Apr. 12, 1974, 88 Stat. 77 .................................... 14, 105, 187

Pub. L. 93–638, Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2203 ............................... 114, 186, 189, 226

Pub. L. 94–437, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1400 ............................................... 108, 191

Pub. L. 95–243, March 13, 1978, 92 Stat. 153 ......................................................... 146

Pub. L. 95–341, Aug. 11, 1978, 92 Stat. 469 ......................................................... 108

Pub. L. 95–375, Sept. 18, 1978, 92 Stat. 712 ......................................................... 173

Pub. L. 95–395, Sept. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 813 ................................................. 157, 458

Pub. L. 95–471, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1325 ....................................................... 108

Pub. L. 95–608, Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3069 ............................................... 108, 542

Pub. L. 95–608, § 2, 92 Stat. 3069 ..... 14, 105 Pub. L. 96–420, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat.

1785 ....................................................... 157 Pub. L. 96–487, Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat.

2374 ....................................................... 538 Pub. L. 97–459, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat.

2515 ....................................................... 137 Pub. L. 97–473, Title II, § 202(a), 96 Stat.

2608 ......................................... 14, 105, 187 Pub. L. 98–134, Oct. 18, 1983, 97 Stat.

851 ......................................................... 158 Pub. L. 98–425, Sept. 28, 1984, 98 Stat.

1619 ....................................................... 466 Pub. L. 98–608, Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat.

3173 ....................................................... 138 Pub. L. 99–570, Title IV, § 4217, Oct. 27,

1986, 100 Stat. 3207–146 ..................... 248 Pub. L. 100–95, Aug. 18, 1987, 101 Stat.

704 ......................................................... 158 Pub. L. 100–472, Title I, § 209, Oct. 5, 1988,

102 Stat. 2285 ....................................... 114 Pub. L. 100–497, Oct. 17, 1988, 102 Stat.

2467 ................................... 14, 15, 105, 187 Pub. L. 100–585, Nov. 3, 1988, 102 Stat.

2973 ....................................................... 503 Pub. L. 101–503, Nov. 3, 1990, 104 Stat.

1292 ............................................... 158, 458

564 TABLE OF STATUTES

Pub. L. 101–601, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3048 .............................................. 108, 476

Pub. L. 101–612, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3209 ...................................................... 468

Pub. L. 101–618, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3289 ...................................................... 501

Pub. L. 103–141, Nov. 16, 1993, 107 Stat. 1488 .............................................. 472, 482

Pub. L. 103–150, Nov. 23, 1993, 107 Stat. 1513 .............................................. 547, 549

Pub. L. 103–176, Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2004 ...................................................... 194

Pub. L. 103–323, Sept. 21, 1994, 108 Stat. 2152 ...................................................... 173

Pub. L. 103–324, Sept. 21, 1994, 108 Stat. 2156 .............................................. 173, 282

Pub. L. 103–344, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3125 ...................................................... 472

Pub. L. 103–377, Oct. 19, 1994, 108 Stat. 3501 ...................................................... 158

Pub. L. 103–434, Title II, Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4533 ............................................. 457

Pub. L. 103–434, § 202, Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4533 ............................................. 173

Pub. L. 103–454, § 103(3), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4791 ............................................. 170

Pub. L. 104–330, Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4017 ...................................................... 191

Pub. L. 105–143, 111 Stat. 2652 ............. 459 Pub. L. 106–554, Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat.

2763 ...................................................... 503 Pub. L. 108–360, Dec. 10, 2004, 118 Stat.

3479 ...................................................... 502 Pub. L. 108–437, 118 Stat. 2623 ............... 61 Pub. L. 108–447, Title X, Dec. 8, 2004, 108

Stat. 3431 ............................................. 501 Pub. L. 109–133, Dec. 20, 2005, 119 Stat.

2573 ...................................................... 142 Pub. L. 111–2, 123 Stat. 5 ....................... 361 Pub. L. 111–211, § 201, July 29, 2010, 124

Stat. 2258 ............................................. 194 Pub. L. 111–211, § 202(a), July 29, 2010,

124 Stat. 2258 ...................................... 182 Pub. L. 111–211, § 221, 124 Stat. 2258,

2271–72 ................................................ 343 Pub. L. 111–211, Title II, § 234(a), July 29,

2010, 124 Stat. 2279 ............................ 248 Pub. L. 111–291, Dec. 8, 2010, 124 Stat.

3064 ...................................................... 207 Pub. L. 113–179, Sept. 26, 2014, 128

Stat.1913 .............................................. 316 Pub. L. 113–275, Dec. 18, 2014, 127 Stat.

2988 ...................................................... 544 1 Stat. 137 .................................... 21, 52, 194 1 Stat. 329 .......................................... 52, 317 1 Stat. 469 .......................................... 52, 317 1 Stat. 743 .......................................... 52, 317 2 Stat. 39 .................................................. 318 2 Stat. 139 ............................................ 21, 52 2 Stat. 140 ................................................ 318 3 Stat. 383 ................................................ 318 4 Stat. 411 .......................................... 53, 215

4 Stat. 412 .................................................. 53 4 Stat. 564 .................................................. 66 4 Stat. 729 ............................ 21, 52, 194, 353 4 Stat. 735 .................................................. 67 7 Stat. 13 ............................ 41, 192, 213, 214 7 Stat. 15 .......................................... 152, 177 7 Stat. 18 ...................... 30, 43, 192, 214, 316 7 Stat. 21 .......................................... 192, 316 7 Stat. 24 .................................. 177, 192, 316 7 Stat. 26 .................................................. 192 7 Stat. 28 .................................................. 316 7 Stat. 35 .................................................. 316 7 Stat. 39 .................................................... 30 7 Stat. 40 .................................................. 350 7 Stat. 49 .......................................... 177, 192 7 Stat. 84 .................................................. 192 7 Stat. 112 ................................................ 177 7 Stat. 153 ................................................ 177 7 Stat. 224 ................................................ 192 7 Stat. 244 ................................................ 192 7 Stat. 247 ................................................ 193 7 Stat. 252 ................................................ 193 7 Stat. 266 ................................................ 177 7 Stat. 309 ................................................ 191 7 Stat. 327 ................................................ 191 7 Stat. 333 .................................. 54, 351, 366 7 Stat. 478 .................................................. 54 7 Stat. 491 .......................................... 61, 511 7 Stat. 536 ................................ 525, 526, 530 7 Stat. 550 ........................................ 177, 191 7 Stat. 591 ........................................ 525, 526 9 Stat. 395 .................................................. 67 9 Stat. 821 ................................................ 188 9 Stat. 822 ................................................ 465 9 Stat. 844 ................................................ 188 9 Stat. 974 ................................................ 246 10 Stat. 270 .............................................. 354 10 Stat. 979 .............................................. 177 10 Stat. 1013 ............................................ 178 10 Stat. 1027 ............................................ 357 10 Stat. 1064 ............................................ 101 10 Stat. 1074 ............................................ 191 10 Stat. 1109 .................................... 525, 529 10 Stat. 1132 ............................................ 505 10 Stat. 1165 .................................... 530, 531 11 Stat. 611 ...................................... 221, 357 11 Stat. 612 .............................................. 184 11 Stat. 621 ........................................ 61, 409 11 Stat. 657 .............................................. 178 11 Stat. 743 .............................................. 480 11 Stat. 749 ................ 57, 133, 135, 177, 367 12 Stat. 927 .............. 346, 348, 357, 505, 506 12 Stat. 939 .............................. 188, 190, 505 12 Stat. 951 .............................. 216, 369, 505 12 Stat. 957 .............................................. 501 12 Stat. 971 .............................................. 505 12 Stat. 997 .............................................. 191 12 Stat. 1163 ............................................ 178 14 Stat. 27 .................................................. 93 14 Stat. 687 .............................................. 191 14 Stat. 803 .............................................. 184 15 Stat. 539 .............................................. 533

TABLE OF STATUTES 565

15 Stat. 581 ........................................ 88, 190 15 Stat. 619 ...................................... 213, 319 15 Stat. 635 ................. 76, 147, 193, 214, 319 15 Stat. 649 ............... 133, 136, 193, 213, 367 15 Stat. 655 .............................................. 213 15 Stat. 667 .............................. 193, 213, 246 15 Stat. 668 ...................................... 215, 222 15 Stat. 673 ...................................... 129, 497 15 Stat. 693 .............................................. 213 16 Stat. 544 .............................................. 215 16 Stat. 566 ................................ 68, 362, 488 16 Stat. 707 .............................................. 190 16 Stat. 727 .............................................. 213 18 Stat. 685 .............................................. 129 19 Stat. 176 .............................................. 147 23 Stat. 24 ........................................ 123, 533 23 Stat. 385 ...........................44, 79, 292, 354 24 Stat. 388 .......................................... 10, 69 24 Stat. 635 .............................................. 355 25 Stat. 81 ................................................ 355 25 Stat. 113 .............................................. 488 25 Stat. 385 ................................................ 69 26 Stat. 795 .............................................. 407 26 Stat. 1032 .............................................. 59 26 Stat. 1195 ............................................ 534 30 Stat. 495 ...................................... 223, 224 31 Stat. 321 .............................................. 123 33 Stat. 1078 ............................................ 346 34 Stat. 148 .............................................. 223 34 Stat. 182 .............................................. 408 34 Stat. 197 .............................................. 533 36 Stat. 455 ................................................ 59 36 Stat. 855 .............................................. 197 37 Stat. 631 ................................................ 60 41 Stat. 34 ................................................ 141 41 Stat. 738 .............................................. 140 42 Stat. 108 .............................................. 546 42 Stat. 1187 ............................................ 198 43 Stat. 244 .............................. 224, 407, 416 43 Stat. 253 .......................................... 11, 96 44 Stat. 629 .............................................. 533 44 Stat. 1349 ............................................ 130 48 Stat. 984 .................................. 12, 97, 540 52 Stat. 347 .............................................. 200 60 Stat. 229 .............................................. 329 60 Stat. 1049 ............................................ 118 62 Stat. 1161 ............................................ 329 63 Stat. 705 .............................................. 329 64 Stat. 46 ................................................ 203 64 Stat. 1135 ............................................ 328 66 Stat. 560 .............................................. 493 67 Stat. B122 ............................................. 99 67 Stat. 588 ........................................ 13, 336 88 Stat. 77 ................................................ 413 88 Stat. 2203 ............................................ 413 91 Stat. 523 .............................................. 203 104 Stat. 1292 .......................................... 141 111 Stat. 2652 .......................................... 272 114 Stat. 46 .............................................. 273 Exec. Order No. 13007 .................... 108, 464 Exec. Order No. 13096 ............................ 108 Cal. Gov’t Code § 98005........................... 452

Haw. Const. Art. XII, § 7 ......................... 551 Haw. Const. Art. XII, § 5 ......................... 547 Haw. Rev. Stat. § 10–13.5 ........................ 547 Haw. Rev. Stat. § 10–2............................. 547 Mich. Ct. Rule 2.615(C) ........................... 401

567

Table of Regulations

—————

Regulations 25 C.F.R. Part 54 ..................................... 171 25 C.F.R. Part 83 ............................. 171, 456 25 C.F.R. Part 120a ................................. 309 25 C.F.R. Part 141 ................................... 414 25 C.F.R. Part 151 ................................... 309 25 C.F.R. § 151.12.................................... 309 25 C.F.R. § 151.12(b) ............................... 314 25 C.F.R. § 151.12(d) ............................... 316 25 C.F.R. Part 162 ..................................... 53 25 C.F.R. § 162.017 .................................. 418 25 C.F.R. Part 163 ................................... 197 25 C.F.R. § 211.2...................................... 202 25 C.F.R. § 211.15(c) (1985) .................... 203 25 C.F.R. § 283.10(a) ............................... 448 25 C.F.R. Part 291 ................................... 454 25 C.F.R. Part 292 ................................... 456 25 C.F.R. §§ 292.7–292.12 ....................... 456 25 C.F.R. § 292.10(a) ............................... 456 25 C.F.R. § 292.10(b) ............................... 456 25 C.F.R. § 292.10(c) ................................ 456 25 C.F.R. § 502.4...................................... 444 25 C.F.R. § 502.7(c) .................................. 455 36 C.F.R. Part 242 ........................... 539, 540 43 C.F.R. § 10.11(c)(1) ............................. 478 50 C.F.R. Part 100 ........................... 539, 540 37 Fed. Reg. 7353 .................................... 349 45 Fed. Reg. 18322 .................................... 66 45 Fed. Reg. 62034 .................................. 309 57 Fed. Reg. 22940 .................................. 539 57 Fed. Reg. 22942 .................................. 539 59 Fed. Reg. 9280 .................................... 171 59 Fed. Reg. 9283 .................................... 171 61 Fed. Reg. 26771 .................................. 108 77 Fed. Reg. 72440 .................................... 53 80 Fed. Reg. 10146 .......................... 423, 436 80 Fed. Reg. 10150 .................................. 424

569

Table of Rules

—————

F.R.C.P. 23(b)(1)(A) ................................. 207 F.R.C.P. 23(b)(2) ...................................... 207 F.R.C.P. 23(b)(3) ...................................... 207 F.R.C.P. 23(e) ........................................... 209

571

Index

References are to Pages

—————

ALASKA NATIVE CLAIMS SETTLEMENT ACT

Generally, 533–35 Alaska Native corporations, 535, 536, 540 Alaska Native regional corporations, 535, 537,

540 Alaska Native tribal and village governments,

535, 536 Indian country, 537, 544 Indian Law and Order Commission, 544 Internal tribal sovereignty, 541 Land acquisition, 15–16, 535, 536 Revocation of reservations, 541, 544 Tax immunity, 535, 536 Trust relationship, 537

ALASKA NATIVES Generally, 533–44 Alaska statehood disclaimer, 534 Allotment, 533–34, 544 Cultural property, 483, 484 Criminal jurisdiction, 342, 543–44 Doctrine of Discovery, 125 Eligibility for federal services, 113 Federal recognition, 170 Indian child welfare jurisdiction, 536–37 Indian country, 535–37, 544 Inherent sovereignty, 184–85, 537, 540–43 Land holdings, 15, 535 Property rights, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 534 Public Law, 280 335, 342, 543–44 Russia, 121, 125, 533 Subsistence rights, 126, 534–35, 538–40 Takings, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126 Timber, 122 Traditional justice, 543 Trust land, 543 Trust responsibility, 187, 537 Violence against Women Act, 544

ALLOTMENT Generally, 9–11, 69–74 Alaska Natives, 533, 534, 537, 544 Assimilation policy, 11, 64, 69, 70, 206 Checkerboard jurisdiction, 10, 71, 294, 342, 348,

367, 384 Citizenship, 11 Competence, 71, 408 Discriminatory, fraudulent, or incompetent

allotment practices, 59, 60, 64, 70, 80, 89, 161, 195, 306

Dispossession of Indian lands, 10, 12, 59, 64, 70, 97

Executive order reservation allotment, 140 Federal leasing and control of allotments, 11, 71,

195, 196, 197, 200–01 Fractionated heirships, 10–11, 71, 137–38, 204 Indian country, 291, 292, 293, 300

Legislative allotment, 10, 59, 70, 87, 88, 89, 140, 195, 196, 293, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 305, 306, 307, 348, 367

Native Hawaiians, 546 Non-Indian allotment, 89 Prohibition of further allotment in the Indian

Reorganization Act, 12, 97, 98, 309 Process, 9–10, 70, 297 Reservation boundaries, 297–99, 301–08 Surplus lands, 9, 59, 70, 295, 297, 299, 301, 302,

304, 306, 307, 369 Takings, 91 Taxation of allotments, 224, 408, 409 Treaty abrogation, 88 Treaty allotment, 9, 64, 88, 214, 409, 498 Tribal consent, 89, 91, 305, 306, 307 Trust accounts, 61, 89, 203–09 Trust allotments, 15, 203–04, 298, 300 Trust breach, 195, 196, 198, 203–09 Trust period, 10, 70, 71, 195, 224, 294, 299, 308,

409 Trust responsibility, 180, 294

AMERICAN INDIAN RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ACT

Generally, 463–64 Enforcement, 464 Federal agency interference with Indian religious

freedom, 463 Peyote amendment, 472 Sacred sites, 108

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, 5, 38, 39, 42, 44, 51, 190, 447

ASSIMILATION Generally, 11, 69–74 Agriculture, 11, 72, 147 Allotment, 11 Boarding Schools, 11, 69, 72, 73, 74 Citizenship, 11 Education, 69, 71–74, 97, 107 Indian Civil Rights Act, 13, 100 Individual property ownership, 11, 105 Inherent tribal sovereignty, 205, 233, 312 Religion, 11, 72, 73 Termination, 13, 338, 341 Use of criminal prosecution, 72, 73–74, 79 Use of tribal courts, 85

BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS (BIA) Generally, 66–67 Apology, 67 Approval of tribal constitutions, 284 Approval of tribal contracts, 440 Approval of tribal laws, 519 Assimilative efforts, 74, 506 Boarding schools, 72, 74, 189, 199, 348 Certificates of degree of Indian blood, 324

572 INDEX

Chevron deference, 419 Congressional appropriations, 5, 191 Congressional reports, 86 Control over reservation resources, 67, 414 Corruption, abuse, and incompetence, 67, 72, 165,

250, 464 Courts of Indian Offenses (CFR Courts), 464 Federal acknowledgement of Indian tribes, 172,

173, 175, 284 Fractionated heirships, 138 Historical documents, 165 Indian children, 421, 425, 436 Indian education, 73, 74 Indian gaming, 440 Indian preference in employment, 98, 109–12 Internal tribal governance, 75, 196 General assistance to Indians, 113, 191, 338 Law and order codes, 464 Law enforcement, 250, 362, 464 Loan guarantees, 391, 394, 440 Objections to Indian Reorganization Act, 98 Origins, 66–67 Religion, 464 Reservation superintendence, 133, 196, 299, 304,

414, 519 Self-determination and self-governance compacts,

98, 114–15 Statistical information about Indian country, 15 Tribal courts, 278 Trust funds, 67 Trust land, 205, 316, 507 Trust relationship, 45, 61, 67, 109–12 Urban relocation program, 438

CANADIAN FIRST NATIONS Generally, 45–50 Aboriginal title, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 Assimilation, 46 British Proclamation of 1763, 45, 46 Constitution Act of 1867, 45 Constitution Act of 1982, 46, 50 Consultation, 50 England, 40 Indian Act of 1876, 46 Indian status, 46 Indian White Paper, 46 Oral history, 48, 49 Land claims, 47–50 Reserves, 46 Treaty rights, 47, 48

CANONS OF STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION Generally, 223–26 Ambiguous terms, 223, 301, 313, 340, 408 Basis in trust relationship, 224 Chevron deference, 225–26 Clear statement rule, 341, 407 Disregard by courts, 306, 307, 308 Liberal interpretation, 341 Tax immunities, 341, 407–08

CANONS OF TREATY CONSTRUCTION Generally, 219–23 Ambiguous terms, 102, 220 Clear statement rule, 156, 220

Construed as Indians understood, 220, 221, 222, 529

Disregard by courts, 306, 307 International law basis, 221 Liberal interpretation, 135, 219, 220, 524 Origins, 220, 221 Reformation of treaty terms, 145 Surrounding circumstances and history, 220, 222 Unambiguous terms, 524 Unequal bargaining power, 220, 222

CIVIL JURISDICTION, FEDERAL Diversity jurisdiction, 229 Equitable defenses, 163 Federal common law, 377 Indian Civil Rights Act, 270 Indian Civil Rights Act—habeas, 259, 260 Indian Claims Commission Act, 118, 144–46,

149–51 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 445, 453, 459 Internal tribal affairs, 243, 244, 245, 252, 255,

266, 267, 268, 461 Judicial review, 91 Jurisdictional acts, 118, 119, 120, 130, 140, 142–

44, 146–49 Jurisdictional act (1966), 152, 153 Jurisdiction stripping, 316 Political questions, 91 Subject matter jurisdiction, 27, 127, 152, 166, 205 Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction, 27 Supreme Court original jurisdiction, 32, 34, 492 Treaty rights, 509, 510 Tribal exhaustion doctrine, 229 Water rights, 493–96 Well pleaded complaint rule, 153

CIVIL JURISDICTION—STATE Alaska, 533, 534, 540–42 Checkerboard reservations, 3, 10, 71, 159, 294,

342 Concurrent jurisdiction, 337, 343, 401–02, 519,

541, 542 Congressional authorization, 157, 158, 329, 330 “Court of competent jurisdiction”, 273, 274 Disclaimed jurisdiction, 497, 534 Doctrine of Discovery, 29 Enforcement of tribal court orders and

judgments, 399–401 Indian child welfare, 422, 423, 541 Indian gaming, 459 Indian lands, 518, 519, 534 Intergovernmental agreements, 164, 402, 419–20 Personal jurisdiction, 375–76, 518 Public Law 280, 13, 100, 102, 104, 278, 332, 334,

335, 338–42, 401–02, 533, 540, 541, 542 Retrocession, 336 State court jurisdiction, 6, 100, 110, 152, 185,

266, 269, 273, 274, 277, 373–74 Subject matter jurisdiction, 375–76 Treaty rights, 102, 269, 518, 520, 521 Tribal sovereign immunity, 269, 273, 274 Water rights, 493–96

CIVIL JURISDICTION – TRIBAL Generally, 365–402 Adjudicatory, 385–97

INDEX 573

Allotments, 300 Application of the federal Constitution to tribal

courts, 378, 379 Checkerboard reservations, 3, 10, 71, 159, 294,

342 Concurrent jurisdiction, 337, 343, 401–02, 519,

541, 542 Cultural property, 484 Delegated federal authority, 371–72 Exclusive jurisdiction, 6, 100, 110, 185, 215, 223,

243, 244, 245, 266, 267, 277, 278, 300, 373–74, 423, 427, 519

Extra-territorial jurisdiction, 397–99 History, 365–67, 380 Indian child welfare, 157, 298, 300, 374, 421, 423,

427–30, 541 Indian Civil Rights Act, 106, 247–59, 262–66 Indian country, 291, 299 Indian gaming, 459 Indian lands, 299, 368, 382, 384, 388–91 Inherent tribal authority, 370, 410 Intergovernmental agreements, 164, 402, 419–20 Internal affairs, 110, 215, 223, 243, 244, 245, 266,

267, 268 Leasing, 418 Legislative and Regulatory, 137, 138, 365–72,

418 Membership-based jurisdiction, 399 Non-Indian lands, 368, 369, 370, 371, 384 Nonmembers, generally, 289–90, 365–72, 376–77,

383–98 Nonmembers, Montana exceptions, 14, 369, 370,

383–97 Nonmembers, Montana general rule, 14, 135,

233, 371, 383–97 Personal jurisdiction, 397–400 Public Law 280 reservations, 13, 100, 401–02,

440 Section 1983 civil rights actions, 388–91 Self-government, 370, 374 Sovereign immunity, state, 389 Sovereign immunity, tribal, 266, 268, 274, 275 State officials, 388–91 State rights of way, 385 Suits against tribal members, 373–74 Taxation, 404, 418 Treaties, 184, 215, 223, 277–78, 368, 410 Tribal courts, 282, 283, 286 Tribal exhaustion doctrine, generally, 229, 289,

377–83 Tribal exhaustion doctrine, exceptions, 381, 382,

383, 387 Uncertainty, 14, 106, 370

CLEAR STATEMENT RULE Generally, 6–7, 226–27 Federal statutes of general applicability, 230,

231, 232, 233 Inherent Tribal Sovereignty, 4, 7, 78, 101, 226,

227, 229, 231, 233, 243, 253, 253, 542 Reservation Boundaries, 156, 226, 295, 298, 300,

303, 304, 306 Sovereign Immunity, 7, 226, 227, 253, 270 Taxation, 224, 226, 341, 402, 407, 408 Treaty Abrogation, 100, 102, 136, 226, 228, 480–

82, 532

CRIMINAL JURISDICTION—FEDERAL Generally, 316–28 Allotments, 300 Assimilative Crimes Act, 326–28 Bad men clauses, 319 Basis in wardship of Indians, 77, 82 Checkerboard reservation, 296, 342 Clear statement rule, 78 Congressional plenary power, 83 Disclaimers of federal jurisdiction, 77, 331 Indian country, 139, 291–294, 296 Indian Country Crimes Act (General Crimes Act),

76, 193, 194, 246, 317–20 Indian on Indian crime, 76, 77, 241, 246, 319,

320, 322 Indian status, 323–26 Liquor, 294 Major Crimes Act, 78, 82, 179, 194, 241, 292,

320–26, 354, 355 Political status, 322 Public Law 280 disclaimer, 100 Tribal Law and Order Act, 194, 343 Trade and Intercourse Acts, 317, 354 Trust relationship, 82, 194, 241

CRIMINAL JURISDICTION—STATE Generally, 328–43 Bad men clauses, 319 Checkerboard reservation, 296, 342 Congressional authorization, 157, 158, 329, 330 Disclaimed jurisdiction, 319, 335, 534 Indian country, 295, 296, 298, 302 Intergovernmental agreements, 164 Non-Indian on non-Indian crime, 319 Partial jurisdiction, 336, 337, 338 Public Law 280, 13, 100, 104, 278, 289, 330–43,

348, 440, 540, 543–44 Retrocession, 336, 349 Treaty era, 303

CRIMINAL JURISDICTION—TRIBAL Generally, 343–64 Bad men clauses, 193, 281, 319 Concurrent jurisdiction, 355, 401–02 Duro Fix, 281, 343, 359–64 Exclusive, 316 Extra-territorial, 347 Federal divestiture, 343 History, 348–58 Inherent authority, 246, 247, 281, 346, 348, 358–

64 Members, 240, 241 Non-Indians, 6, 246, 346–58 Nonmember Indians, 281, 358–64 Public Law 280 reservations, 401–02 Sentencing, 286–89, 343, 347 Treaties, 184, 192, 193, 241, 278, 281, 292, 303,

316, 319, 346, 348, 350, 351, 352, 356, 357, 362

Tribal Law and Order Act, 194

CUSTOMARY AND TRADITIONAL AMERICAN INDIAN LAW

Generally, 238–39 Banishment, 260 Courts of Indian Offenses (CFR Courts), 279

574 INDEX

Criminal punishment, 76, 77, 78, 79, 192, 247, 249–50, 251, 263, 350, 352

Cultural property, 484 Domestic relations, 401 Drug courts, 286–88 Due process, 263 Fundamental fairness, 264 Hunting and fishing, 510, 516 Indian child welfare, 426, 437 Indian Civil Rights Act, 262–66 Internal tribal affairs, 254 Land use, 126, 551 Peacemaking, 286–89 Public Law 280, 332, 334–35 Right to counsel, 251, 252 Sovereign immunity, 237, 271 Speech rights, 252 Treaties, 129, 192 Tribal common law, 263, 265, 279–81, 282, 283 Tribal elections, 265–66 Tribal forums, 255, 258, 262–66, 282, 283 Tribal leadership, 129 Tribal membership, 258, 266–68

DELEGATION OF FEDERAL AUTHORITY Generally, 371–72 Duro Fix, 360–64 Environmental laws, 372 Executive branch, 4, 37, 52, 206 Liquor, 52, 371–72 Nondelegation doctrine, 309, 310 States, 4 Tribal civil jurisdiction, 368, 372 Tribal criminal jurisdiction, 357, 359, 360

DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY Generally, 21–29 Alaska Natives, 125 Extinguishment of Indian title, 22, 24 Federal preemption right, 21, 23, 24, 29, 33, 35,

81 Legal fiction, 24–25 Right of occupancy, 24 Russia, 125 State jurisdiction, 29

EAGLE ACTS Generally, 478–83 Eagle deaths, 479, 482 Indian permits, 228, 478, 482–83 Religious significance, 480, 482–83 Treaty abrogation, 228, 229, 478–82

ELEVENTH AMENDMENT, 446–47, 451, 453

ENGLAND American Revolution, 51 British colonial policy, 26, 38, 51 British Proclamation of 1763, 22, 24, 25, 27, 45,

51 British Proclamation of 1763, generally, 37–39 Canadian First Nations, generally, 45–50 Declaration of Independence, 237 Doctrine of Discovery, 26, 178 Duty of protection, 176 English common law, 27, 237 Indian commercial market, 366

Indian land ownership, 23, 24, 25, 40, 92, 124, 213

Military alliances with Indian nations, 8, 40, 41, 42, 56, 178, 213

Tribal sovereignty, 236, 240 War of 1812, 8, 56, 178, 215, 512

EQUAL FOOTING DOCTRINE, 32, 319, 320, 531, 532

FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE JURISDICTION Alaska Natives, 121, 126, 534, 538 Allotment, 71, 300, 301, 409 Acquisition of Indian lands, 22, 25 Criminal jurisdiction, 76, 77, 193, 194, 278, 319,

321, 323, 327 Delegations to Indian nations, 371–72 Executive order reservations, 139, 141 Extinguish Indian title, 29 Federal court jurisdiction, 494 Fourteenth Amendment, 92, 93 Hunting and fishing, 534, 538 Indian child welfare, 430 Indian citizenship, 96 Indian Civil Rights Act, 257–66, 364 Indian Commerce Clause, 3 Indian gaming, 107 Indian land claims, 142, 158 Indian lands, 85, 86, 201, 246, 295, 320, 537 Indian preference, 110 Indians, 86, 92, 93, 201 Indian tribes, 32 Indian tribes, “now under Federal jurisdiction”,

310–14 Minerals, 141, 224, 407 Native Hawaiians, 548 Oil and gas, 224 Swamp lands, 64 State jurisdiction in Indian country, 495 Takings, 4, 127, 141 Taxation, 413 Timber, 414 Treaty abrogation, 4 Treaty Power, 26, 82 Trespass, 86 Tribal courts, 382 Tribal sovereignty, 4, 185, 247, 371 Trust responsibility, 196, 197, 198, 322, 414 Water rights, 494, 495

FEDERAL PLENARY POWER Generally, 4–5, 43–45, 75–91 Abrogation of treaties, 10, 70, 87 Exclusive, 4, 5–6, 8, 22, 26, 42, 43, 44, 51, 75, 81,

83, 91, 92, 153, 192, 231, 300, 363 Clear statement rule, 7, 226, 227, 231, 243, 254 Congress, 44, 83, 87, 90, 92, 98, 119, 148, 181,

194, 227, 231, 241, 243, 245, 254, 273, 360, 440

Criminal jurisdiction, 76, 83, 84, 247, 343, 360 End of treaty era, 362–63 English rule, 22 Executive branch, 37 Federal recognition, 5, 85 Guardianship, 90, 91, 178 Internal tribal sovereignty, 75, 82, 358, 395, 403

INDEX 575

Indian Commerce Clause, 43, 362, 364 Limitations, 43, 75, 119 Marshall Trilogy, 75 Political questions, 90, 179 Preconstitutional powers, 363 Property Clause, 43, 362 Sovereign immunity, 273 Treaty Power, 43, 362 Trust Responsibility, 4–5, 148, 199 War Power, 43

FEDERAL RECOGNITION OR ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF INDIAN NATIONS

Generally, 170–75

FEDERAL SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY, 91, 181, 237, 309, 314–15, 493, 495

FEDERAL STATUTES OF GENERAL APPLICABILITY

Generally, 229–33 Federal diversity jurisdiction statute, 229 Federal eminent domain statutes, 229 Federal labor and employment laws, 229–33

FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT, 111, 112, 547–48

FIFTH AMENDMENT Abrogation of treaty rights, 4, 102 Application to Indian nations, 240–42, 248 Due Process Clause, 102, 180, 240, 248 Equal protection component, 109, 321, 322, 326 Executive order reservations, 139 Indian Land Consolidation Act, 137–38 Indian title, 22, 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126 Takings and Just Compensation Clause, 91, 102,

119, 120, 121, 126, 127–38, 148, 180 Vested Indian property rights, 91, 102, 119, 121,

128, 129, 131, 143, 148, 181, 238

FISHING AND HUNTING RIGHTS Aboriginal rights, 118, 126 Alaska, 534, 535, 538–40 Criminal jurisdiction, 178, 296, 356, 399 Off-reservation, 178, 210–11, 216–17, 399, 501,

505–15, 520–32 On-reservation, 101, 133–35, 137, 185, 216–17,

228, 269, 296, 367–69, 383–84, 498, 499, 516–20

State regulation, 101, 102, 133, 134, 269, 296, 383–84, 505–15

Treaty rights, 60, 97, 101, 102, 135, 136, 216–19, 269, 367–69, 480, 501, 505–20, 520–32

Tribal regulation, 134, 185, 367–69, 383–84, 399 Water rights, 210–11, 498, 499

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT Application to Indian nations, 379 Congressional power, 446 Due Process Clause, 298, 436 Equal Protection Clause, 110, 242, 248, 249, 522 Indians Not Taxed Clause, 80, 92–93, 95, 96

INDIAN CHILD WELFARE ACT Generally, 421–38 Active efforts to prevent the breakup of an Indian

family, 423, 424, 435

Adoption, 360, 421–22, 427–30, 432–35 Alaska, 541–43 Burden of proof, 423–24 Bureau of Indian Affairs guidelines, 423, 425,

436–37 Congressional intent, 422–23 Constitutionality, 45 Domicile, 423, 427–30 Due process protections, 108, 422, 436 Existing Indian family “exception”, 431–32, 436–

37 Foster care, 360, 423 Full faith and credit, 400 Indian family, 435 Notice to Indian nations, 108, 430–31 Placement preferences, 423, 435 Qualified expert witnesses, 424 State court jurisdiction, 14, 105, 108, 298, 421,

422, 427–30 Termination of parental rights, 423 Tribal court jurisdiction, 14, 105, 108, 422, 423,

427–30 Tribal intervention right, 108 Trust relationship, 182, 187

INDIAN CITIZENSHIP Generally, 92–97 Allotment, 88 Habeas writ, 94 Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, 11, 92 Indians Not Taxed Clause, 92, 96 State citizenship, 96–97 Voting rights, 92, 95–97

INDIAN CIVIL RIGHTS ACT Generally, 106, 247–66 Assimilative purposes, 100 Banishment, 252, 259–61 Bill of attainder, 248, 252 Constitutionality, 45 Criminal procedure rights, 248, 249, 250 Criminal sentencing, 248, 250, 343, 347 Customary and traditional law, 251, 252, 254,

255–58, 263 Due process, 258, 262–66, 389 Duro fix, 360 Enforcement in federal forums, 249, 253–55 Enforcement in tribal forums, 251, 253–55, 378 Equal protection clause, 255 Establishment clause, 248 Freedom of speech, 248, 252, 258 Habeas writ, 254, 259–61, 377 Handbook of Federal Indian Law, 247 Impact on tribal culture, 251 “Indian Bill of Rights”, 227, 247–48 Property rights, 258–59 Religious freedom, 248 Right to counsel, 248, 251 Right to jury, 248 Sex discrimination, 255–58 Tribal consent to Public Law 280 jurisdiction, 13,

104 Tribal court jurisprudence, 262–66, 390 Tribal membership, 253–58, 259–61 Tribal sovereign immunity, 227, 253, 259, 270,

390

576 INDEX

INDIAN CLAIMS COMMISSION ACT Generally, 144–51 Judgments, 174, 459 Lawyers, 166 Origins, 118, 119, 142

INDIAN COMMERCE CLAUSE Congressional authority, 3, 5, 43, 111, 362, 364 Criminal jurisdiction, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 362 Eleventh Amendment, 443, 446–47 Marshall Trilogy, 3, 8 State authority, 5, 8, 44 Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790–1834), 3, 5, 51

INDIAN COUNTRY Codification, 291–94 Criminal jurisdiction, 10, 13, 14, 53, 75, 76, 78,

82, 83, 84, 193, 241, 246, 292, 316–364 Federal superintendence, 292–94, 536–38 Jurisdictional history, 299, 302, 305 Liquor, 371–72 Pueblo lands, 85 Public Law 280 jurisdiction in Alaska, 541, 542,

543, 544 Reservation boundaries litigation, 294–308, 532 Restricted fee lands, 141 Set aside, 292–94, 536–38 State jurisdiction, 6, 8, 15, 375–76, 389, 410, 411,

413, 417 Trust lands, 139, 308–16 Trust responsibility, 192, 194

INDIAN EDUCATION Generally, 71–74 Assimilation, 11, 69, 71–74, 78, 97, 188–89 Expansion of federal programs, 103, 107–08 Treaties, 62, 72, 132, 188, 190, 191 Tribal self-determination, 189–90, 360 Trust responsibility, 182, 188–90

INDIAN GAMING Origins, 106–07, 439–41 Federal support, 107, 440, 443 Gaming revenues, 172, 342, 439 Governmental character, 230, 233 Impact on tribal membership, 266 Intergovernmental agreements, 164 State regulation, 440–43 Tribal regulation, 328

INDIAN GAMING REGULATORY ACT Generally, 443–62 After-Acquired Lands, 455–60 Class I games, 443–44 Class II bingo, 444, 454–55 Class III games, 444 Class III gaming compacts, 444, 445–47 Class III good faith negotiations, 445–47 Congressional intent, 226 Enforcement, by states, 272 National Indian Gaming Commission, 444–45 Per capita payments, 266 Regulation, 444 Revenue sharing, 447–53 Secretarial procedures, 453–54 Sovereign immunity, 226, 227, 270, 272 Tribal self-determination, 460–62

Trust land acquisition, 314 Violations, 272

INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE, 3, 61, 107, 108, 113, 114, 187, 190–91, 325, 470

INDIAN PREFERENCE, 98, 109–12

INDIAN REMOVAL Generally, 8–9, 53–56 Administrative enforcement, 528–31 Indian Removal Act, 9, 53, 215 Military enforcement, 54–55, 199 Treaties, 53–55, 62, 191, 213, 215, 351, 366, 528,

530

INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT Generally, 97–99 Alaska Native village governments, 535, 536, 540 Congressional intent, 201, 410–11, 413 Definition of “Indian”, 311 End of allotment, 98 Impact on traditional governments, 98

“INDIAN NEW DEAL”, 12, 97 Indian preference, 98 Meriam Report, 97 Rejection of the Act, 404, 405 Secretarial elections, 98 Timber, 197

TRIBAL CONSENT, 98, 99, 180 Tribal constitutions, 98–99, 174, 256, 355, 404 Tribal corporations (Section 17 corporations),

106, 413 Trust land acquisitions, 308–09, 456, 543

INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION AND EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE ACT

Chevron deference, 226 Congressional intent, 189, 413 Contract Support Costs, 114–15 Federal programs, 112–13 Self-Governance Contracts, 114–15 638 Contracts, 114–15 Tribal sovereign immunity, 270 Trust responsibility, 182, 186

INFRINGEMENT Generally, 373–74, 408–11 Legal incidence of state tax, 417 Taxes, 408–11, 413, 417 Tribal governance, 254, 277, 278, 373–74

INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENTS, 3, 164, 402, 419–20

LAND CLAIMS SETTLEMENT ACTS Generally, 156–59 Lands acquired, 141, 458, 459 State jurisdiction, 312

LEGAL CAPACITY Habeas, 94 To sue, 2, 152, 164–66 Testify, 2

MARSHALL TRILOGY Generally, 21–37

INDEX 577

Canons of construction, 220 Clear statement rule, 237 Plenary power, 3–4, 75, 328 State authority, 277, 328 Tribal sovereignty, 236, 239

NATIVE AMERICAN GRAVES PROTECTION AND REPATRIATION ACT, 108–09, 182

Generally, 476–78

NATIVE HAWAIIANS Generally, 545–551 Customary and traditional law, 551 Elections, 111–12, 547 Governance, 551 History, 545–47 Land rights, 546–47 Political relationship with the United States,

111–12, 547–48 Trust funds, 111, 547 Trust relationship with the United States, 182,

463, 548–50

NONINTERCOURSE ACT (25 U.S.C. § 477) Generally, 151–64 Congressional intent, 183 Equitable defenses, 155–56, 159–64 Federal common law, 155 Federal court jurisdiction, 153 Indian nations with standing, 158 Preemption, 154, 155 Remedies, 155 Restriction on alienation, 141, 142 Violations, 152, 154, 155, 157, 312

PREEMPTION OF STATE LAW Generally, 411–417 Criminal jurisdiction, 347 Hunting and fishing, 519 Indian civil rights, 378 Indian gaming, 442 Indian trader statutes, 411 Tribal leasing, 418–19 Tribal sovereignty, 410 Water regulations, 504

PROPERTY Generally, 117–42 Executive order reservations and property, 57,

58, 137, 139–41, 143, 144, 170, 199, 293, 294, 296, 297, 305, 416, 518, 527–30

Indian title, 21–29, 33, 117–27, 132, 153, 156, 216, 291, 292, 293, 505

Recognized or vested title, 127–38 Restricted fee, 141–42 Trust land, 15, 137, 139, 180, 183, 185, 205, 208,

232, 233, 270, 306, 308–16, 329, 337, 340, 385, 396, 397, 405, 406, 415, 418, 456, 459, 537, 547

PROPERTY AND TERRITORY CLAUSE, 43, 81, 362

PUBLIC LAW 280 Generally, 330–43, 543–44 Civil jurisdiction, 344

Civil-regulatory/criminal-prohibitory analysis, 338–42

Criminal jurisdiction, 344, 543–44 Concurrent jurisdiction, 40–102, 542 Congressional intent, 343–44 Indian gaming, 440–43 Legislative history, 330–34 Mandatory states, 540 Partial assumption of jurisdiction, 337–38, 348,

376 Permissive states, 289, 336, 373, 375 Retrocession, 342, 343 State taxation, 338–42 Tribal courts, 278, 289, 541, 542 Treaty rights, 100–03 Tribal consent (post-1968), 13, 100, 104, 254, 345 Tribal consent (pre-1968), 13, 100, 278, 344 Water rights, 495

RESERVATIONS Generally, 56–66 Hunting and fishing regulation, 516–20 Reservation boundaries litigation, 294–308

SACRED SITES, 108, 289–90, 463, 464–70

SUPREMACY CLAUSE, 4, 34, 35, 40, 212, 220, 517, 522

TAXATION Indian Tribal Government Tax Status Act of

1982, 14, 105, 107, 187 Intergovernmental agreements, 419–20 State taxes, 5–6, 10, 15, 70, 95, 102, 139, 141,

159, 162, 164, 172, 183, 185–86, 216, 224–25, 258, 270, 275,-76, 309–10, 335, 338–42, 407–19, 445, 447, 450, 452, 535

Tribal tax base, 106, 448 Tribal taxes, 185, 229, 248, 402–07, 536–37

TERMINATION Generally, 99–103

TRADE AND INTERCOURSE ACTS (1790–1834)

Generally, 53–55 Criminal jurisdiction, 52, 53, 193, 194, 246, 317,

318, 328 Federal plenary and exclusive power, 21, 36, 81 Federal Indian policy, 8, 40, 51–53 Indian Commerce Clause implementation, 3, 5,

35, 51–52 Liquor, 52 Trade, 21 Treaty Power implementation, 7, 52

TREATIES Generally, 68–69 Abrogation, 100–03, 228–29 Canons of Construction, 219–23

TREATY POWER, 3, 5, 33, 363, 364 Act of 1871, 69

TRIBAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS Generally, 277–90 Criminal jurisdiction, 187 Federal support, 254, 255, 373–74

578 INDEX

Tribal alternative dispute resolution, 285–89 Tribal courts, 277–85 Tribal governance, 247, 540

TRUST RELATIONSHIP Generally, 175–212 Federal conflicts of interest, 150 General Trust Relationship, 91, 109, 113, 181–94,

211 Structure of the Constitution, 3 Trust Breaches, 194–212

TRIBAL SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY Generally, 268–77 Clear statement rule, 226, 253, 270, 272–73, 341 Commercial activity, 230, 271–72 Congress, 14, 227 Federal Indian policy, 185 Governmental activity, 259, 266 Origins, 268–69 State law, 6, 138, 159, 183, 224, 243, 270, 335,

417–18, 518 Tax agreements, 420 Tribal law, 237, 390 Tribal official immunity, 269, 271, 275–76 Waivers, 273–75

TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY Generally, 1, 235–290 Clear statement rule, 4, 226, 227, 230 Congressional regulation of tribal sovereignty,

362 Divestiture, 6, 230, 231, 380 Domestic relations, 14, 253, 300, 427 Indian lands, 382, 519 Inherent, 4, 6–7, 14, 22, 185, 186, 187, 192, 229,

231–233, 241–46, 277–79, 282, 283, 316, 343, 346, 347, 358, 360–61, 364, 365–72, 382, 384, 396, 404, 443, 541, 542

Internal affairs, 14, 34, 43, 69, 77–78, 82, 112, 169, 174, 178, 179, 185, 213, 215, 220, 223, 231, 237, 242, 244–46, 249, 252–54, 259–60, 267, 278, 368, 372–73, 380, 395, 397, 399–400

Membership, 14, 253–61, 266–68 Public safety, 192, 316, 343 Taxation, 402–07

WATER RIGHTS Generally, 487–504 Aboriginal title, 118 Federal conflicts of interest, 210–11 Indian Reserved Water Rights, 490–93 Jurisdiction, 493–96 Marketing, 503–04 Quantification, 496–99 Res judicata, 211 Settlements, 499–503 Trust responsibility, 210