FINAL DEFEAT OF THE FINAL DEFEAT OF THE INDIANSINDIANS

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

INDIAN POLICY : EXPULSION INDIAN POLICY : EXPULSION AND EXTERMINATIONAND EXTERMINATION

CLASH OF TWO CULTURESCLASH OF TWO CULTURESWHITES VIEW INDIANS AS AN WHITES VIEW INDIANS AS AN

OBSTACLE TO BE REMOVED.OBSTACLE TO BE REMOVED.

BY 1830’S INDIANS BY 1830’S INDIANS REMOVEDREMOVED

1831 THE BLACK HAWK WAR1831 THE BLACK HAWK WAR1832 CHEROKEE WIN 1832 CHEROKEE WIN

DECISION IN DECISION IN WORCESTER V WORCESTER V GEORGIA.GEORGIA.

PRES. JACKSON ORDERS PRES. JACKSON ORDERS THEM REMOVED.THEM REMOVED.

THE TRAIL OF TEARS THE TRAIL OF TEARS 18381838

1600O INDIANS FORCED TO 1600O INDIANS FORCED TO MARCH FROM GEORGIA TO MARCH FROM GEORGIA TO OKLAHOMAOKLAHOMA

1500 DIE ALONG THE TRAIL OF 1500 DIE ALONG THE TRAIL OF TEARS.TEARS.

THE FINAL CHAPTERTHE FINAL CHAPTERTHE PLAINS INDIANS RESISTTHE PLAINS INDIANS RESISTGOVERNMENT SETS UP TWO GOVERNMENT SETS UP TWO

MAIN RESERVATIONSMAIN RESERVATIONSOKLAHOMA AND THE BLACK OKLAHOMA AND THE BLACK

HILLSHILLS

THE SAND CREEK THE SAND CREEK MASSACRE 1864MASSACRE 1864

COLORADO AND THE COLORADO AND THE CHEYENNECHEYENNE

““FRIENDLY INDIANS” AND FRIENDLY INDIANS” AND “HOSTILES.”“HOSTILES.”

BLACK KITTLE AT SAND BLACK KITTLE AT SAND CREEKCREEK

COLONEL JOHN COLONEL JOHN CHIVINGTONCHIVINGTON

NOV 29NOV 29THTH 1864 1864SLAUGHTER “FRIENDLY SLAUGHTER “FRIENDLY

INDIANS”INDIANS”CHIVINGTON: “NITS MAKE CHIVINGTON: “NITS MAKE

LICE.”LICE.”

CUSTER AT THE CUSTER AT THE WASHITA 1867WASHITA 1867

CUSTER ATTACK VILLAGE CUSTER ATTACK VILLAGE AND SLAUGHTERS MORE AND SLAUGHTERS MORE CHEYENNECHEYENNE

CLAIMS A GREAT VICTORY.CLAIMS A GREAT VICTORY.BLACK KETTLE IS KILLED.BLACK KETTLE IS KILLED.

CUSTER’S LAST STAND CUSTER’S LAST STAND JUNE 1876JUNE 1876

PROSPECTOR INVADE PROSPECTOR INVADE BLACK HILLS SEEKING BLACK HILLS SEEKING GOLDGOLD

CUSTER & 7CUSTER & 7THTH CAVALRY CAVALRY ARE SENT TO PUNISH ARE SENT TO PUNISH INDIANSINDIANS

CUSTER IS CUSTER IS FRUSTRATED.FRUSTRATED.

MORE… MORE… SCOUT SPOT AN INDIAN SCOUT SPOT AN INDIAN

CAMP, THEY BELIEVE IS CAMP, THEY BELIEVE IS SMALL.SMALL.

CUSTER DOES NOT HAVE HIS CUSTER DOES NOT HAVE HIS FULL FORCE.FULL FORCE.

DIVIDES HIS MEN FOR THREE DIVIDES HIS MEN FOR THREE PRONGED ATTACK.PRONGED ATTACK.

MORE…MORE…CUSTER WITH 264 MEN CUSTER WITH 264 MEN

ATTACK THE ATTACK THE SETTLEMENT.SETTLEMENT.

SURPRISED TO FIND 3000 SURPRISED TO FIND 3000 WARRIORS.WARRIORS.

INDIANS LEAD BY SITTING INDIANS LEAD BY SITTING BULL AND CRAZY HORSE.BULL AND CRAZY HORSE.

MORE…MORE…CUSTER & 7CUSTER & 7THTH WIPED OUT. WIPED OUT.CUSTER’S OFFICERS COURT CUSTER’S OFFICERS COURT

MARSHALED.MARSHALED.THIS WAS REALLY THE THIS WAS REALLY THE

INDIANS LAST STAND.INDIANS LAST STAND.

CHIEF JOSEPH 1877CHIEF JOSEPH 1877NEZ PERCES OF WASHINGTON & NEZ PERCES OF WASHINGTON &

OREGONOREGONJOSEPH TRIES TO LEAD HIS JOSEPH TRIES TO LEAD HIS

PEOPLE TO CANADAPEOPLE TO CANADA1300 MILE TREK1300 MILE TREKSTOPPED 30 MILES FROM STOPPED 30 MILES FROM

BORDER.BORDER.

JOSEPH’S SURRENDERJOSEPH’S SURRENDERHEAR ME MY CHIEFS….HEAR ME MY CHIEFS….

JOSEPH ON PEACEJOSEPH ON PEACEIF THE WHITE MAN WANTS IF THE WHITE MAN WANTS

PEACE…PEACE…

REFORM AND INDIAN POLICYREFORM AND INDIAN POLICY

HELEN HUNT JACKSON HELEN HUNT JACKSON A A CENTURY OF DISHONORCENTURY OF DISHONOR

THE DAWES ACT 1887THE DAWES ACT 1887GOAL TO PROMOTE GOAL TO PROMOTE

ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION

THE WEST THE WEST FRONTIERFRONTIER

AFTER THE CIVIL AFTER THE CIVIL WARWAR

FRONTIERFRONTIER THE THE WESTERN WESTERN

AFTER THE CIVIL WARAFTER THE CIVIL WAR

THE FRONTIER IN 1865THE FRONTIER IN 1865100100THTH MERIDIAN MERIDIANMINNESOTA TO TEXASMINNESOTA TO TEXAS1500 MILES TO THE PACIFIC 1500 MILES TO THE PACIFIC

OCEANOCEANONLY A SMALL SETTLEMENT ONLY A SMALL SETTLEMENT

AT SANTA FE.AT SANTA FE.

MORMONS IN UTAHMORMONS IN UTAHTHE MAIN WHITE THE MAIN WHITE

SETTLEMENT AT SALT LAKE.SETTLEMENT AT SALT LAKE.BRIGHAM YOUNG LED THEM BRIGHAM YOUNG LED THEM

THERE IN THE 1840’STHERE IN THE 1840’SCALLED IT DESERET.CALLED IT DESERET.

THE WEST WAS SETTLED IN THE WEST WAS SETTLED IN 25 YEARS25 YEARS

CENSUS BUREAU IN 1890CENSUS BUREAU IN 1890DECLARE THE FRONTIER DECLARE THE FRONTIER

CLOSED.CLOSED.BY 1912 ALL OF THE WEST BY 1912 ALL OF THE WEST

ORGANIZED INTO STATES.ORGANIZED INTO STATES.

SOME NUMBERS…SOME NUMBERS…BETWEEN 1607 & 1870, 407 BETWEEN 1607 & 1870, 407

MILLION ACRES SETTLED.MILLION ACRES SETTLED.BETWEEN 1870 & 1900, 430 BETWEEN 1870 & 1900, 430

MILLION ACRES SETTLED.MILLION ACRES SETTLED.6 MILLION PEOPLE MOVE 6 MILLION PEOPLE MOVE

WEST BETWEEN 1865 & 1900WEST BETWEEN 1865 & 1900

THERE ARE TWO THERE ARE TWO REGIONS OF THE WESTREGIONS OF THE WEST

1)1)THE GREAT PLAINSTHE GREAT PLAINS FEW FEW TREES & LESS THAN 20 TREES & LESS THAN 20 INCHES OF RAIN PER YEAR.INCHES OF RAIN PER YEAR.

2) 2) THE GREAT BASINTHE GREAT BASIN ROCKIES ROCKIES TO PACIFIC RANGE.TO PACIFIC RANGE.

POOR SOIL & SCARE WATER.POOR SOIL & SCARE WATER.

FRONTIERFRONTIER THE THE WESTERN WESTERN

AFTER THE CIVIL WARAFTER THE CIVIL WAR

DESPITE PROBLEMDESPITE PROBLEMTHESE REGIONS ARE THESE REGIONS ARE

SETTLED BY 1900SETTLED BY 1900NEW INVENTIONS AND NEW NEW INVENTIONS AND NEW

AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES MAKE SETTLEMENT MAKE SETTLEMENT POSSIBLE.POSSIBLE.

TRANSPORTATION IN TRANSPORTATION IN THE WESTTHE WEST

WAGON TRAINS- CALLED WAGON TRAINS- CALLED COMPANIES DRAWN BY OXENCOMPANIES DRAWN BY OXEN

ORGANIZED AS JOINT STOCK ORGANIZED AS JOINT STOCK COMPANIES.COMPANIES.

LEAD BY A MAJOR, BUT LEAD BY A MAJOR, BUT DEMOCRATIC IN NATURE.DEMOCRATIC IN NATURE.

THE STAGECOACHTHE STAGECOACHFOUNDED IN 1850FOUNDED IN 18506 HORSES WITH STATIONS 6 HORSES WITH STATIONS

ALONG THE WAY.ALONG THE WAY.THE THE BUTTERFIELD COMPANYBUTTERFIELD COMPANY

THE MOST FAMOUS.THE MOST FAMOUS.DIFFICULT & DANGEROUS.DIFFICULT & DANGEROUS.

THE PONY EXPRESS THE PONY EXPRESS 18601860

RAPID DELIVER OF MAILRAPID DELIVER OF MAILHIGH ADVENTURE.HIGH ADVENTURE.THE TELEGRAPH MAKES THE THE TELEGRAPH MAKES THE

PONY EXPRESS OBSOLETE.PONY EXPRESS OBSOLETE.

THE TRANSCONTINENTAL THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROADRAILROAD

CONGRESS AUTHORIZES IT IN CONGRESS AUTHORIZES IT IN 1862 -- COMPLETED IN 18691862 -- COMPLETED IN 1869

UNION PACIFIC AND THE UNION PACIFIC AND THE CENTRAL PACIFIC.CENTRAL PACIFIC.

BY 1893 FIVE BY 1893 FIVE TRANSCONTINENTAL TRANSCONTINENTAL OPERATING. OPERATING.

VARIOUS FRONTIERSVARIOUS FRONTIERS1) HUNTER TRAPPERS 1) HUNTER TRAPPERS

BLAZED THE TRAILS.BLAZED THE TRAILS.2) MINER’S FRONTIER 18492) MINER’S FRONTIER 18493) CATTLE FRONTIER 1870’S3) CATTLE FRONTIER 1870’S4) PIONEER FRONTIER 4) PIONEER FRONTIER

(HOMESTEAD ACT 1862)(HOMESTEAD ACT 1862)

MORE…MORE…5) EQUIPPED FARMERS, USED 5) EQUIPPED FARMERS, USED

THE RAILROAD TO SHIP THE RAILROAD TO SHIP STAPLE CROPS (WHEAT & STAPLE CROPS (WHEAT & CORN, ETC.)CORN, ETC.)

A CLOSER LOOK…A CLOSER LOOK…HUNTER TRAPPERS HUNTER TRAPPERS THE MOUNTAIN MENTHE MOUNTAIN MEN – JIM – JIM

BRIDGER, JEREMIAH BRIDGER, JEREMIAH JOHNSON, KIT CARSONJOHNSON, KIT CARSON

SCOUTED & MAPPED THE SCOUTED & MAPPED THE WEST. LED THE WAY.WEST. LED THE WAY.

THE MINING FRONTIERTHE MINING FRONTIERCALIF. GOLD RUSH 1849CALIF. GOLD RUSH 1849BROUGHT 1OO’S OF BROUGHT 1OO’S OF

THOUSANDS WEST.THOUSANDS WEST.ROUTES BY SHIP OR THE ROUTES BY SHIP OR THE

OVERLAND TRAIL.OVERLAND TRAIL.

THE OVERLAND TRAILTHE OVERLAND TRAILSTARTS AT INDEPENDENCE, MO.STARTS AT INDEPENDENCE, MO.CROSSED THE PLAINSCROSSED THE PLAINSUP THE ROCKIESUP THE ROCKIESACROSS THE GREAT PLATEAUACROSS THE GREAT PLATEAUOVER THE SIERRA NEVADA MTS.OVER THE SIERRA NEVADA MTS.FINALLY TO CALIFORNIA.FINALLY TO CALIFORNIA.

EARLY MINERSEARLY MINERSPLACER GOLD FOUND WITH PLACER GOLD FOUND WITH

PICK & SHOVEL & PAN.PICK & SHOVEL & PAN.LATER CAME HARD ROCK LATER CAME HARD ROCK

MINING.MINING.MINING BECAME “BIG MINING BECAME “BIG

BUSINESS.”BUSINESS.”

NEW DISCOVERIESNEW DISCOVERIESNEVADA THE COMSTOCK NEVADA THE COMSTOCK

LODE. LARGEST SILVER & LODE. LARGEST SILVER & GOLD STRIKE.GOLD STRIKE.

COLORADO 1859 “PIKES PEAK COLORADO 1859 “PIKES PEAK OR BUST!”OR BUST!”

MARK TWAIN’S MARK TWAIN’S ROUGHING ITROUGHING IT

MORE…MORE…1857 BLACK HILL OF SO. 1857 BLACK HILL OF SO.

DAKOTA “DEADWOOD GULCH”DAKOTA “DEADWOOD GULCH”WILD BILL HICKOCK & WILD BILL HICKOCK &

CALAMITY JANE.CALAMITY JANE.VIGILANCE COMMITTEESVIGILANCE COMMITTEES

MORE DISCOVERIES…MORE DISCOVERIES…BUTTE, MONTANA SITE OF BUTTE, MONTANA SITE OF

ANACONDA COPPER CORP.ANACONDA COPPER CORP.GUGGENHEIM FAMILY GAINS GUGGENHEIM FAMILY GAINS

MONOPOLY ON COPPER.MONOPOLY ON COPPER.TRIVIA: A GUGGENHEIM DIED TRIVIA: A GUGGENHEIM DIED

WITH THE WITH THE TITANICTITANIC

THE CATTLE FRONTIER THE CATTLE FRONTIER 1870’S1870’S

NEED IN EAST FOR MEATNEED IN EAST FOR MEATWILD CATTLE IN TEXASWILD CATTLE IN TEXASTHE LONG DRIVES. CATTLE AT THE LONG DRIVES. CATTLE AT

THE RAILHEAD WORTH $35 EACH.THE RAILHEAD WORTH $35 EACH.11STST “LONG DRIVE” UP THE SEDALIA “LONG DRIVE” UP THE SEDALIA

TRAIL 260,000 HEADTRAIL 260,000 HEAD

OTHER TRAILSOTHER TRAILSCHISHOLM TO ABILENE, KACHISHOLM TO ABILENE, KATHE WESTERN TRAIL TO DODGE THE WESTERN TRAIL TO DODGE

CITYCITYGOODNIGHT LOVING TRAIL TO GOODNIGHT LOVING TRAIL TO

DENVERDENVERONCE RAILROAD SPREAD DRIVES ONCE RAILROAD SPREAD DRIVES

END.END.

CATTLE RANCHINGCATTLE RANCHINGRANCHES BECOME CATTLE RANCHES BECOME CATTLE

FARMSFARMSRELY ON FEDERAL OPEN RELY ON FEDERAL OPEN

RANGE TO GRAZE CATTLE.RANGE TO GRAZE CATTLE.CATTLEMEN CHALLENGED BY CATTLEMEN CHALLENGED BY

““SOD BUSTERSSOD BUSTERS.”.”

FARMER’S FRONTIERFARMER’S FRONTIERHOMESTEAD ACT 1862HOMESTEAD ACT 1862160 ACRES FREE IF YOU IMPROVE 160 ACRES FREE IF YOU IMPROVE

IT AND LIVE ON IT FOR 5 YEARS.IT AND LIVE ON IT FOR 5 YEARS.WILLIAM GILPIN’S VISION: “THE WILLIAM GILPIN’S VISION: “THE

GT. PLAINS CAN BE A GARDEN.”GT. PLAINS CAN BE A GARDEN.”

PROBLEMSPROBLEMSNO TREES TO BUILD WITH.NO TREES TO BUILD WITH.ANSWER: SOD HOUSE ANSWER: SOD HOUSE

CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONNO FUEL. ANSWER: BURN NO FUEL. ANSWER: BURN

BUFFALO CHIPS.BUFFALO CHIPS.LIMITED WATER: ANSWER: DEEP LIMITED WATER: ANSWER: DEEP

WELLS & WINDMILLS.WELLS & WINDMILLS.

JOSEPH GLIDDEN’S JOSEPH GLIDDEN’S INVENTIONINVENTION

BARBED WIRE (1874) MAKES BARBED WIRE (1874) MAKES FENCING POSSIBLE.FENCING POSSIBLE.

EQUAL TO COTTON GIN IN EQUAL TO COTTON GIN IN IMPACTIMPACT

HOMESTEAD ACT’S HOMESTEAD ACT’S WEAKNESS.WEAKNESS.

ON PLAINS & HIGH DESERT ON PLAINS & HIGH DESERT 160 ACRES IS NOT ENOUGH 160 ACRES IS NOT ENOUGH LAND.LAND.

NEED 640 ACRES.NEED 640 ACRES.1877 DESERT LAND ACT1877 DESERT LAND ACTTHE TERMS OF THE ACT:THE TERMS OF THE ACT:

TERMS…TERMS…$160 DOWN, $1 PER ACRE$160 DOWN, $1 PER ACRETO BE PAID OVER 3 YEARS.TO BE PAID OVER 3 YEARS.FARMER MUST INSTALL FARMER MUST INSTALL

IRRIGATION.IRRIGATION.

OKLAHOMA 1889OKLAHOMA 1889THE LAST LAND RUSH APRIL THE LAST LAND RUSH APRIL

2222NDND , 1889 , 1889BOOMERS AND SOONERSBOOMERS AND SOONERS

CENSUS REPORT 1890CENSUS REPORT 1890DECLARES THE FRONTIER IS DECLARES THE FRONTIER IS

CLOSED.CLOSED.THERE IS NO LONGER A THERE IS NO LONGER A

DISCERNIBLE LINE OF FRONTIER.DISCERNIBLE LINE OF FRONTIER.REPORT INSPIRES REPORT INSPIRES FREDERICK FREDERICK

JACKSON TURNERJACKSON TURNER TO DEVELOP TO DEVELOP THE THE FRONTIER THESIS.FRONTIER THESIS.18931893

Turner Thesis – Closing of the Turner Thesis – Closing of the FrontierFrontier

Frederick Jackson TurnerFrederick Jackson Turner Frontier shaped America by Frontier shaped America by

stimulating individualism, stimulating individualism, nationalism, and democracynationalism, and democracy

Free land had operated as a safety Free land had operated as a safety valve for easterners looking for valve for easterners looking for landland

No more land, no more safety No more land, no more safety valvevalve

Frontier is closedFrontier is closed