final presentation- sanket

8/8/2019 Final Presentation- Sanket

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Presenter: Sanket Kumar Rout

MPO 1st year student

INSTITUTE OF REHABILITATION SCIENCESISIC, VASANTKUNJ ,NEWDELHI


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Alloy is homogenous mixtureof twoor more

met ls or met ls with nonmet ls in p rticular

ratio.

Example : rass :- alloyof copper & zincronze :- alloyof copper & tin

Steel :- alloyof iron & carbon


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MetalAlloys

errous onferrous

Steel Cast iron

Low alloy High alloy

Lowcarbon

Mediumcarbon

Highcarbon stainless

oollainHigh

strength

low alloy

Plain Heat

treatablePlain

Gray

Ductile

malleable

white


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Steel is analloyof iron having carbon contents

of 0.15 to1.5 %

he steeloflow carbon content(0.15%) is nown

as mild steeland high carbon content (1.5%) isnownas hard steel.

Steel is preparedeither from cast ironor from

wrought iron.


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According to carbon content

Deadmild steel- carbon content below 0.15%

ses: thin sheets, welded & soliddrawn tubes

Mild steel- carbon content from 0.15-0.3%

ses : bars & rods, wires, tubes, castings.

Medium carbon steel- carbon content 0.3-0.8%

ses : laminated springs,clutch plates,steel spokes

High carbon steel- 0.8-1.5%

ses : files, taps, hammers, punches, springs


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1.Killed steel:- denoted by symbolK.

Very severelydeoxidised

Noevolutionofgases during solidification

Solidifiedmetal is freeofusual castingdefectslike blow holes, pinholes, porosity, segregation.

It carries avery sound composition

Exhibits uniformity in its properties

Most of the steel havingmore than 0.25% carboncomes under this category


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2.Semi killed steel:- knownas balanced steel

90% of the total steel produced comes under this

category

Degreeofoxidationfalls betweenkilled &rimmed steel

Less levelofuniformity thankilled steel

Most of the structural steel carrying carbon

content between 0.15-0.25% fall in this category This class meet the requirements i.e. having

goodouter surface & no blow holes


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3.Rimmed steel :- Denoted by symbolR.

Partiallydeoxidized

Basic objective is to producea clean surface

carryinglow carbon content Deadmild steel having carbon content below

0.15% is usually rimmed

Widely preferredfor manufacturing process

Havegood surfacefinish


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Basedon thenumber ofalloyingelement other

than iron & carbon

If there is onlyoneadditionalalloyingelement

the steel is knownas athree component steel.Eg: stainless steel iron + carbon + chromium

If there is twoadditionalalloyingelement the

steel is knownas afour component steeland so

on.Eg : Chrome steel iron + carbon + chromium

+ vanadium

Tungsten steel iron + carbon + chromium

+ tungsten


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Alloy steels are classifiedas :

1.Pearlitic steel

2.Austenitic steel

3.Martensitic steel

4. erritic steel

5.Carbidic steel


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1.Structural steels

Inaccordance with indian standard (IS:7598-1974)

these steels are classifiedas:

Low alloy steels: posseses alloyingelements uptoamaximumof5%

Mediumalloy steels: : alloyingelements content

varies from5 to10%

High alloy steels: alloyingelements content ismore than10%


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2.Tool steel : sed inmanufacturingof cutting

tools.

Two commonvarietyofalloy tool steels:-

Low alloy steels: Contain silicon, chromium,manganese, & tungstenas alloyingelements

Capableof retaininga high degreeof hardness

uptoa temp.of2500c

High alloy steels: Contain higher proportions oftungsten, chromium, vanadium

Capableof retaininga high degreeof hardness

uptoa temp.of 6200c

Most commonlyknownas High Speed Steel (HSS).


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The principalalloyingelement, which is largely

responsiblefor the specific properties present in

that typeof steel.

Nickel steel Chromium steel

Manganese steel

Tungsten steel

Cobalt steel Molybdenum steel


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Less than 0.25wt% carbon

Relatively soft and weak but haveoutstanding

ductilityand toughness

nresponsive to heat treatment Machinable

Weldable

Least expensive to produce

Uses :automobile body component, sheets used inpipelines


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Carbon concentration 0.25-0.60wt%

Heat treated & tempered to increase its

mechanical properties

Stronger thanlow carbon steel but at a sacrificeofductility & toughness

High strength

Wear resistance

Uses : Railway wheels, tracks, gears, crank shafts.


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Carbon concentration 0.60-1.4 wt%

Used ina hardened & tempered condition

Hardest & strongest

Least ductile

Uses: tools ,die steel, springs, high strength wires


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Predominant alloyingelement chromium

11wt% chromium

Corrosion resistance

Corrosion resistancemayalso beenhanced bynickel & molybdenum

Uses: Gas turbines, aircraft, heat treatingfurnaces

Ultra high strength stainless steel:

Unusually strong & corrosion resistant

Uses: springknives, pressurevessels


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Meant for themanufactureof cutting tools

These tool can safelyoperateat 2-3 times higher

speed than high carbon steel

Retain their hardness upto 6200C Most commonlyusedform18-4-1HSS.

This steel contains:18% tungsten(W),

4% chromium(Cr), 1% Vanadium(V),

.7% carbon (C) and rest iron. Other high speed steels are : cobalt HSS or super

HSS, MolybdenumHSS


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DENSITY(1000 kg/m3)

Thedensityofamaterial is definedas its mass

per unit volume.

The symbolofdensity is (theGreekletter rho)Density = mass/volume

Carbon steel - 7.85

Alloy steel- 7.85

Stainless steel 7.75- 8.1Tool steel- 7.72 8.0


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Theelastic modulus ofanobject is definedas the

slopeof its stress-strain curve in theelastic

deformation region:

= stress/strain wherelambda () is theelastic

modulus; stress is theforce causing thedeformation

divided by thearea to which theforce is applied; and

strain is the ratioof the change caused by the stress

to theoriginal stateof theobject.

Unit ofelastic modulus is pascel.Carbon steel 190-210

Alloy steel- 190-210

Stainless steel 190-210

Tool steel- 190-210


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Thermalexpansion is the tendencyofmatter to

change involume in response toa change in

temperature.

Thedegreeofexpansiondivided by the changein temperature is called thematerial's

coefficient of thermalexpansionandgenerally

varies with temperature.

Unit of thermalexpansion is Kelvin.

Carbon steel 11-16.6

Alloy steel- 9.0-15.0

Stainless steel 9.0-20.7

Tool steel- 9.4-15.1


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Themelting point ofa solid is the temperature

at which thevapor pressureof the solidand the

liquidareequal. Unit ofmelting point is degree celsius.


Carbon steel - 1425 - 1540

Alloy steel 1415 1432Tool steel - 1400 - 1425


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Thermal conductivity, k, is the propertyofa

material that indicates its ability to conduct

heat.

Thermal conductivity is measured in watts perkelvin per metre (WK1m1)

Carbon steel 24.3-65.2

Alloy steel-26-48.6

Stainless steel 11.2-36.7Tool steel- 19.9-48.3


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The specific heat is theamount of heat per unit

mass required to raise the temperature byone

degreeCelsius.

Q=cmTwhereQ= heat added, c= specific heat,m= mass, T = change in temp

Unit of specific heat is joule/kg-kelvin

Carbon steel 450-2081

Alloy steel- 452-1499Stainless steel 420-500

Tool steel 461 (for T15)


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Electrical resistivity (alsoknownas specific

electrical resistanceor volume resistivity) is a

measureof how stronglyamaterialopposes the

flow ofelectric current.

Alow resistivity indicates amaterial that readily

allows themovement ofelectrical charge.

The SI unit ofelectrical resistivity is theohm

meter [ m].



Stainless steel 75.7-1020


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The tensile strength ofamaterial is the

maximumamount of tensile stress that it can be

subjected to beforefailure.

Tensile strength is definedas a stress, which ismeasuredas force per unit area.

In the SI system, theunit is pascal(Pa)

or,equivalently, newtons per squaremetre(N/m)




Tool steel- 640-2000


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Theyield strength ofamaterial is definedas the

stress at which amaterial begins todeform

plastically.

Units are pounds per square inch (psi)



Stainless steel 207-552Tool steel- 380-440


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Ductility is amechanical property that describes

theextent in which solidmaterials can be

plasticallydeformed without fracture. This is the propertyof themetal byvirtueof

which they can bedrawn into thin wires.


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Malleability is characterized by thematerial's

ability toforma thin sheet by hammeringor

rolling.


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Nickel : improves toughness, tensile strength,

ductilityand corrosion resistance

Chromium : imparts high corrosion resistance,

improves hardenabilityand toughnessCobalt : improves hardness, toughness, tensile

strength, thermal resistanceandmagnetic

properties

Manganese : increases strength and toughness

Silicon : acts as aferrite strengthener and

improves elastic limit

Molybdenum : increases wear resistance, thermal

resistance, hardness.


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Tungsten : increases hardness, toughness, wear

resistance, magnetic reluctance, andability to

retainmechanical properties at high temp

Vanadium : improves tensile strength, elastic limit,ductility, shock resistance

Boron : increases hardenability

Aluminium : usedas deoxidiser, provides growth of

finegrains, high degreeof hardness

Copper : increase strength and corrosion resistivity

Niobiumor Columbium : improves ductility,

decreases hardenability, promotes finegrowth of

grains so increase impact strength.


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SLNO

NAME ALLOYMETAL

PROPERTIES APPLICATION / USES

1. Nickel

Steel3.25% Ni High elasticityand

ductility

Structural

use

2. Invar 35% Ni Low coefficiency of

expansion

Pendulum

andmeter

scale

3. Chrome

steel

Cr 0.8 to

1.0%vanadium

15%

High tensile strength

and resistant tostrain

Gears and

axle springs

4. Cr Steel(Stainless Steel)

Cr (10-15%) Resistant tocorrosionand rusting

Cutleryandutensils

5. Mo steel Mo (0.8-

3.0%)

High tensile

strength, resistant to

shock

Axle, gears

etc


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SL

NO.

NAME ALLOY

METAL

PROPERTIES APPLICATIONS /

USES

6. Platinite Ni (46%) Resemble

platinumappearance

Electric bulbs

and cheapjewellery

7. Manganese

Steel

Mn (12

to13%)

Very hardand

resistant to wear

Jaws of rock

crushers

8. Tungsten

Steel

Cr (5%)

andW

(10-18%)

Retains temper

and hardness at

red heat

High speed tools

9. Vanadium

Steel

V(5-10%) Hardandfavours

retentionofpermanent

magnetism

Permanent

magnets.


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TheTata Ironand SteelCompany, is thefirst ironand steelfactory in Indiafounded by JamshedjiTata,the father of steel industry in india in theyear 1907 at jamshedpur, Bihar.(presently in

jharkhand) Thenext mill is the Indian Ironand Steel

Industryfounded in theyear 1918at Burnpur,West Bengal.

The thirdfactory is at Mysore,the Bhadraibati

Ironand Steelfactory in1959

Continue..


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The public sector steelmillunder thenameof

Hindustan SteelLimited was startedat Rourkela

inOrissafolloed byoneat Bhilai inM.P.and

another at durgapur inWest Bengal.

All these public sector mills or steelfactories are

now under the controlof SteelAuthorityof India

Limited (SAIL).


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FundamentalOfMaterial Science & Engineering

byWilliamDecallester.

Strength ofMaterials byR.S.Khurmi.

ACourse InWorkshop Technology, Vol.1 byB.S.Raghuwanshi.

Basic PrincipleOf Inorganic Chemistry byCotton

AndWilkinson.

Web based search from www.Wiekipedia.com ,www.metalscienceinfo.com.

final presentation- sanket

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