Final Review

Organ Systems

What is the correct anatomical position?

• Standing erect

• Face forward

• Palms forward

Know your directional terms

• Here are a few:– Superior– Inferior– Dorsal– Ventral– Frontal – Ipsilateral– Keep going…..

Organize the following words from smallest to largest.

• Organs, Systems, Cells, Tissues, Organelles

• Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems

What organ system forms the is the outer covering of the body?

• Lymphatic

• Respiratory

• Muscular

• Skeletal

• Integumentary

What organ system is responsible for gas exchange between the blood

and the external environment?• Lymphatic

• Respiratory

• Muscular

• Skeletal

• Integumentary

Which organ system is responsible for movement, posture, generating heat and

stabilizing joints.• Lymphatic

• Respiratory

• Muscular

• Skeletal

• Integumentary

Which system is responsible for the production of blood cells?

• Lymphatic

• Respiratory

• Muscular

• Skeletal

• Integumentary

What system provides an internal framework for the body?

• Lymphatic

• Respiratory

• Muscular

• Skeletal

• Integumentary

Which system is pictured?

• Endocrine/ Exocrine

This system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients,

waste, cell wastes, and hormones via blood.

• Lymphatic• Respiratory• Muscular• Skeletal• Integumentary• Digestive• Cardiovascular

Reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum are found in which

body cavity?• A) Abdominal

• B) Pelvic

• C)Thoracic

• D) Spinal Cavity

Define the following words.• Anterior• Caudal• Inferior• Posterior• Superior• Dorsal• Ventral

The gall bladder, liver, stomach, small and large intestine are found in which body cavity?

• A) Abdominal

• B) Pelvic

• C)Thoracic

• D) Spinal Cavity

The heart, lungs, and diaphragm are found in which body cavity?

• A) Abdominal

• B) Pelvic

• C)Thoracic

• D) Spinal Cavity

This system is responsible for breaking down food to small particles which can be absorbed

by the blood. • Lymphatic• Respiratory• Muscular• Skeletal• Integumentary• Digestive• Cardiovascular• Valence electrons are either transferred or shared in order to obtain 8 electrons in

their outer most shell. (most stable configuration)

Define Metabolism

• The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.

This organelle is responsible for breaking down glucose

molecules to make ATP.• A) Lysosome

• B) Mitochondria

• C) Golgi Apparatus

• D) Nucleus

This structure houses the DNA of the cell, which controls cellular activity.

• A) Lysosome

• B) Mitochondria

• C) Golgi Apparatus

• D) Nucleus

• E) Cytoplasmic Reticulum

This organelle is responsible for digesting and breaking down useless cell structures and foreign bodies that enter

the cell.• A) Lysosome

• B) Mitochondria

• C) Golgi Apparatus

• D) Nucleus

• E) Ribosomes

This is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

• A) Lysosome

• B) Mitochondria

• C) Golgi Apparatus

• D) Nucleus

• E) Ribosomes

What are the two forms of cell transport?

• Active Transport: uses energy (ATP) to move molecules against the concentration gradient or to move large things.

• Passive Transport: uses NO energy to move molecules with the concentration gradient.

What types of Passive transport does the body use?

• Diffusion:

• Osmosis:

• Facilitated Diffusion

• Filtration

What are the Types of Solutions?

• Isotonic Solution: Same tonicity inside and outside the cell. Cell stays the same size.

• Hypertonic Solution: Higher tonicity outside the cell. Cell shrinks.

• Hypotonic Solution: Lower tonicity outside the cell. Cell swells and “POPS”

Hypo/Hyper/Iso Solutions

Two different Cell Divisions

• Meiosis- produces gametes or sex cells. New cells are different from the original cell.

• Mitosis- produces new body cells-like your toes. New cells are identical to original cell.

The 5 stages of the Cell Cycle

• G1: Cell Growth and Metabolism

• S: DNA is copied

• G2: Cell prepares for division.

• Mitosis: Nucleus divides, cell parts separate.

• Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides

FastVersion

The GermanVersion

Mitosis The Basic Steps:

• Prophase: DNA forms chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappears. In Animals spindle fibers form.

• Metaphase: Chromosomes move to the center of the cell- pulled by spindle fibers.

• Anaphase: Chromosomes are separated into chromatids. Spindles shorten pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell.

• Telophase: Nucleus reforms. Chromatids turn back into Chromatin. Spindles disappear.

What are the three basic bonds?

• Hydrogen Bond: H2O– When hydrogen bonds with another atom. Creates a polar

molecule.

• Covalent bond: CO2 When atoms on the same side of the chart (same size) bond. Share electrons.

• Ionic Bonds: When atoms on different sides of the chart (different size) bond. Steal electrons. Create Ions: NaCl = table salt. Make up teeth and bone– Ion: Charged particle either negative or positive.

– Free Radical: electrically charged ion with an unpaired electron in its outer shell.

Chemical Reactions• Synthesis Reaction: two or more atoms, ions,

or molecules combine to form larger molecules: Anabolism

• Decomposition Reaction: a molecule is split apart: Catabolism (Exp: food broken down into ATP)

• Exchange Reaction: both a synthesis and decomposition reaction.

• Reversible Reaction: can reverse if conditions are correct. Chemical Reaction

Demos and Explanations

AnatomyAnd

Chem Rxn.

What are the Two Classes of Compounds

• Organic: Contain C-H bonds, must have covalent bonds.

• Inorganic: Do not contain C-H bonds, may have covalent or ionic bonds.

Why is Water Important

• Capillary Action: climbs tubes, such as blood vessels.

• Surface tension– Adhesive

– Cohesive

Ph Scale• Measured on grams of Hydrogen (H+)

– pH of 1= 0.1g of H+, pH of 2= .01g of H+

• Acid: form hydronium ions (H+)– pH of less than 7 ( 1 to 6.9)

• Base: form hydroxide ions (OH-)– pH of more than 7 (7.1 to 14)

• Acid + Base: salt & water, the solution is neutral with a pH of 7. – NaOH + HCL = H2O + NaCl with a pH of 7

pH Scale

Acid + Base

Antioxidants, What are they?

• Substances that inactivate oxygen-derived free-radicals

• Slows damage from free-radicals

• Examples: Selenium, Zinc, Beta-carotene, Vitamins C and E

AntioxidantsAcai Berry from a type of Palm

Tree in Brazil

What are the 5 Organic Compounds?

• Lipids: very few oxygen's– Saturated fats: All C bonded to H. Lard, and butter.

– Unsaturated fats: C is double bonded to itself. Oil. Better for you if no trans-fats are present.

• Proteins: 50 or more Amino Acids

• Carboydrates: 1:2:1 Ratio. Mono,Di,&Poly saccaraids

• Neulceic Acids: DNA/ RNA

• ATP: energy unit that donates phosphates

Define Tissue

• A group of SIMILAR cells which specialize to form a specific FUNCTION.

• Includes: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

This type of tissue connects body parts, and is the most widely distributed tissue in the

whole body and include bone, cartilage, and blood.

• A) Epithelial

• B) Connective

• C) Muscle

• D) Nervous

This type of tissue is considered the lining, covering, or glandular tissue

of the body.• A) Epithelial

• B) Connective

• C) Muscle

• D) Nervous

This type of connective tissue is commonly called fat, and is used

as an insulator.• A) Adipose

• B) Loose Connective

• C) Bone

• D) Reticular Connective

This type of connective tissue is highly compressible and forms disks between

vertebrate in the spinal column.

• A) Hyaline cartilage

• B) Elastic Cartilage

• C) Fibrocartilage

• D) Adipose

Contrast simple epithelia and stratified Epithelium

• Simple epithelia- one layer of cells– Includes Simple Squamous , Cubodial,

Columnar

• Stratified epithelia- more than one layer of cell

This type of simple epithelia tissue is found in walls of

capillaries, allowing for gas exchange.

• A) Simple Cubodial

• B) Simple Squamous

• C) Simple Columnar

• D) Stratified Squamous

This type of simple epithelial tissue is a single tall layer of cells

often found in the digestive system.

• A) Simple Cubodial

• B) Simple Squamous

• C) Simple Columnar

• D) Stratified Squamous

Skin Quiz 5

.

Protection, Excretion, Temperature Regulation, and Vitamin D synthesis

are all functions of which organ system?

Integumentary System - Skin

Name some accessory Organs of the Skin

• Hair

• Nails

• Oil glands

• Sweat gland

Is skin the same thing as the integumentary system?

• No.

• Skin is a cutaneous membrane

• Integumentary system includes sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails.

• Integument= covering

What is the jobs of the skin?Pg. 95

• Regulates heat loss.• Excretory functions for urea, salts, and

water. • Water Retention• Manufactures proteins• Synthesizes vitamin D• Integrate with the nervous system for touch

sensation

What are the three layers of the skin?

*

• Used for protection

• The root of the nail is embedded in the skin. Grows from the nail matrix. The cells, heavily Keratinized die.

• Extends along the nail bed.

• Lunula – moon shaped beginning of nail Fig4.7 pg. 102 Lun= moon

What are the parts of the nail?

What do the cutaneous glands do?

• Exocrine glands that secrete onto the surface of the skin. Sebaceous & Sweat

• Sebaceous Glands- Produce oil all over the body. Sebum used for softening, water retention, killing bacteria. Increases when testosterone is produced= Oily skin.

• Sweat Glands- helps maintain homeostasis• Eccrine Glands: Cover Body, Contain H2O, Salt,

Vit. C, Wastes, Lactic Acid• Apocrine glands- auxiliary and genital areas. Ducts

empty into hair follicles.

Diseases of the skin: Name them and their problems….

• Contact Dermatitis

• Psoriasis

• Impetigo

• Cold Sores

• Athletes Foot

• Alopecia

• Vitaligo and others…

Name the 3 levels of burns and describe them.

• First Degree- epidermis is burnt (1st layer of skin)

• Second Degree- epidermis and dermis are burnt

• Third Degree- burn goes down to the subcutaneous level. Skin blackens, and nerves are destroyed

Quiz 6 Skeletal System

• .

A bone cell is also called…

• A) osteoblast

• B) osteoclast

• C) osteocyte

• D) osteoporosis

Classification of Bones on the Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape

Slide 5.4cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.1

What are the two types of bone marrow and explain their location

and function.• 1) Red bone marrow- in flat bones in adults

and all bones in babies. Creates red blood cells.

• 2) Yellow bone marrow- in long bones of adults. Stores fats.

Name the different joints of the skeletal system?

• Immovable- sutures of the skull

• Slightly moveable- vertebrae of backbone

• Freely moveable- ball and socket joint of shoulder

Name the foursteps to bone repair.

• 1) Hematoma

• 2) Osteoclast

• 3) Osteoblasts

• 4) Osteocytes

Explain the following bone diseases: Rickets, Osteoporosis,

Rheumatoid Arthritis• Rickets- Vitamin D deficiency leading to the

softening of bone (symptom ex :bow legged ness)• Osteoporosis- Lack of Calcium in the bone,

problems are exaggerated due to lack of vitamins• Rheumatoid Arthritis- Autoimmune disorder,

joints are attacked and bone eventually wears down.

What are the parts of the bone?• Diaphysis

• Epiphysis

• Medullary Cavity

• Periosteum

• PG. 114

Structural Classification of JointsStructural Classification of Joints

Slide 5.45Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fibrous joints

Generally immovable; bones connected by fibrous tissue: sutures

Cartilaginous joints

Immovable or slightly moveable; bones connected by cartilage: spine

Synovial joints

Freely moveable; have joint cavity with synovial fluid: elbow, wrist

Moving Joints

Muscle Unit- Quiz 7

A lack of ATP to the muscles will cause…

• Muscle Failure and Cramping

Skeletal Muscles do all of the following.

• Moves body- primary function

• Produces Body Heat

• Causes fluids to flow through the lymphatic system

Skeletal Muscle

QuizYourself

Name and Describe the muscle movements.

• Flexion- decreases the angles between bones (contracting your bicep)

• Extension- increasing the angles between bones (straightening the arm)

• Dorsoflexion- foot moves up towards leg

• Plantar- Foot points down like ballerina • Cirrcumduction- circular motion

Name the muscle tissues and describe them.

• Cardiac- involuntary muscle of the heart

• Smooth- involuntary muscle used in the digestive system. Also part of the sympathetic nervous system.

• Skeletal- Voluntary muscle. Striated with actin and myosin fibers.

General Stuff You Must Know

• 1) Be able to ID the Muscles of the body and their location (pg 182-184)

• 2) Name and ID the major cavities of the body

• 3) Name and ID the planes of the body

• 4)Name and ID the bones of the body

What is the job of the nervous system?

• Sensory function: Detect changes in and out of the body.

• Motor function: Effect Muscles & glands.

• Integrative function: To connect the Sensory and Motor function. Produces thought.

What are the two major parts of the nervous system and what are

they composed of?• Central nervous system: Brain

and Spinal chord

• Peripheral nervous system: All other nerves

Vs.

2 Major Sub-Parts of the Nervous System

• Somatic Nervous System

– Called Voluntary Nervous System

• Autonomic Nervous System

– Involuntary Nervous System: Pgs. 225-227

– 2 Major Branches

• Sympathetic

• Parasympathetic Parasympathetic

vs. Sympathetic

Nervous System

What is nervous tissue?

• Neurons: or nerve cells. Conduct the impulses.

• Neuroglial cells: nurse cells to neurons. Protect, feed, speed up the signal. There are many different types for many different functions.

What are the parts of a nerve?

• Axon

• Dendrite

• Cell Body

• Nucleus

• Myelin

• Node of Ranvier

How is an action potential reached?

• Change in nerve membrane permeability. Na+ rushes in the nerve is depolarized (loses its charge).

• K+ then rushes out which repolarizes the nerve cell.

• 1/1000 of a second. Both steps together are the action potential.

• Active transport soon reestablishes the resting potential.

Action Potential

Action Potential Explained

What do muscles and nerves have in common?

• All or none response. The nerve impulse is either conducted or not. The intensity of the signal does not change.

What kind of neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft?

• Acetylcholine: Muscles

• Epinephrine/ Adrenaline: Fight or Flight

• Norepinephrine: almost the same as epinephrine but has no effect on the heart.

• Dopamine: brain functions: not working= schizophrenia and Parkinson's

• Seratonin: suppresses pain impulses