Final Study guide!

Chapter 1 (pg. 2-29)

1. Survey - May the physical remains of human activity2. In situ – archaeological material is considered to be in situ when it is found in the place where it

was originally deposited3. Methods of remote sensing, including aerial and satellite photography, play a critical role both

discovering sites and in orienting exploration4. Geographical information system (GIS) – software applications that allow spatial data to be

brought together and consolidated5. Intrasite – having to do with contexts within a single site – for example, an analysis comparing

the sizes and contents of different houses to try to determine the social structure of a society6. Intersite – comparisons b/w two or more sites – for example, an analysis comparing the number

of houses between sites in a region7. Catal Hoyuk – well known for spectacular frescoes discovered in earlier excavations

Chapter 2 (30-49)

1. Early states societies are Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China.2. Three-age system – a system developed by Danish antiquarian Christian Jurgensen Thomsen

that catalogues artifacts into relics of three periodsa. The stone age, the bronze age, and the iron age – based on the material of manufacture

3. Thomsen’s stone age into two periodsa. Neolithic (new stone age) – polished stone toolsb. Paleolithic (old stone age) – humans lived with now extinct animals. Includes stone tools

and art objects4. Gordon Childe

a. Two revolutionsi. Neolithic revolution – emergence of settled villages practicing agriculture

ii. Urban revolution – appearance of cities and government5. Star Carr – found by Graham Clark, hunter-gatherer site in Yorkshire, England6. New Archaeology/Processual archaeology – movement by Lewis Bindford – an approach to

archaeology based firmly on scientific method and supported by concerted effort aimed at the development of theory

7. Faunal analysts – study animal bones found on archaeological sites8. Etic – outside perspective9. Emic – inside perspective

Chapter 3 (50-57)

1. Hominoids – superfamily includes human, great apes, and gibbons

2. Aegyptopithecus – earliest ancestors of monkeys, might be ancestral to old world monkeys3. Miocene era – (23-5 mya) explosion in the number of hominoid species4. Jean Baptiste Lamarck – inheritance of acquired characteristic (WRONG); ex. Giraffes have long

necksa. Correct – traits acquired during life are not transmitted genetically to the next

generation

Chapter 3 (58-83)

1. Hominins – include all members of the human lineage after it split with the chimpsa. Tool use, adaptation, and social organizationb. Sahelanthropus tchadensis – 7mya, possible first homininc. Ardipithecus – 4.5 mya, ARDI

2. Radiation (4-2 mya)a. Kentanthropus

i. 3.5 mya -wtfb. Austrilopithecus

i. A. afarensis – LUCY, evidence of bipedalityii. Laetoli footprints – mary leakey

c. Paranthropusi. Robust groupings

ii. Massive molars and muscles for chewing 2.5-1.4 myad. Homo

i. H. habilis – large brains, 2.5-1.6 mya.ii. H. Erectus – 1.9-1.5 mya, East Africa, South Africa and some in Europe

1. H. ergaster?2. First homo species outside of Africa

3. East African rift valley – richest context for the recovery of early hominin archaeological sitesa. Olduvai gorge – Louis and mary leaky

4. Lower Paleolithic – the period when hominins began producing stone toolsa. Oldowan – 1.9-1.15 mya; rounded stone and strikes a series of flakes off one edge; both

flakes and choppers were usedb. Acheulian – 1.7-1.5 mya; h. erectus & h. habilis; bifaces, handaxes, cleavers

5. Hadar – site with the earliest known stone tools, australopithecine, and other important fossils; 2.9-2.3 mya

6. Lokalalei – 2.3 mya, 2000 stone tools7. Early hominins hunter small animals8. Chesowanja – Kenya, 1.4 mya, use of fire9. Dmanisi – the oldest known archaeological site outside of Africa, located in the Republic of

Georgia and dated between 1.7 and 1.8 million years ago; mostly flake tools

Chapter 4 (pg 84-111)

1. The la chapelle fossil was the most complete skeleton of a Neanderthal ever recorded2. Pleistocene – 1.8 mya; glacial and interglacial eras

a. Last two glacial advances are the Illinoian and the Wisconsinb. In the last 700 k years, there have been 8 full glacial cycles

3. Atapuerca – system of caves in north-central Spain4. The earliest date for an Acheulian industry anywhere outside of Africa is at the site of Bose,

China; handaxes have been uncovered5. Gesher Benot Ya’akov, Isreal – acheulian site 780 kya; fire and the cracking of nuts6. Eurasia Acheulian – handaxes and retouches flakes

a. Boxgrove, England – 500 kya, hard and soft hammersb. Clactonian, England – simple flake tools

7. Zhoukoudian – caves in China, 40 h. erectus, 100 k stone tools; 500-300 kya8. Biache-Saint-Vaast – oldest Neanderthal fossil, northern france9. Middle Paleolithic – period in which Neanderthals occupied Europe

a. Prepared-core technology – technique in which the person making the tools carefully shaped the core to control the form of the flakes produced

b. Frinson effect – due to reshaping, the process through which the shape of stone tools changes during their use-life

c. Levallios – prepared-core technology ised during the middle paleolithic that can often be recognized on the basis of tortoise-shaped cores

10. Did Neanderthal hunt?a. La cotte de st. Brelade – remains of 20 mammoths and 5 rhinos that stampeded over a

cliff where butchered by Neanderthalsb. Tools found on most MP sitesc. Meat eaters; 97% of their dietd. Kebara Cave, Israel – 50 kya, use of hearths

11. Neanderthal treatment of the deada. Amud cave, isreal – infant found with upper jaw of a red deerb. Some evidence of cannibalism

12. Neanderthal artworka. None foundb. Possible bone flute

13. Lived in small groups, with lots of activity

Chapter 5 (pg 112-139)

1. Modern humans – homo sapiensa. Large brainb. Globular braincasec. Vertical foreheadd. Reduced brow ridgese. Pronounced chin

f. Smaller teeth2. African sites

a. Herto site – 160-154 kyab. Klasies River mouth and Border Cave – 70-120kyac. African middle stone age

i. 40 kya – earliest modern humansd. Aterian – north African stone tool industry found in central and east africa – points with

pronounced tangse. Sangoan/Lupemban – middle stone age industry found in Central and east Africa, crude

heavy duty toolsf. Howiesons Poort – cresent-shaped implements known as microlithsg. Katanda – democratic republic of congo, bone toolsh. Pinnacle Point – evidence of mollusks were part of the diet as early as 160 kyai. Blombos cave – two pieces of ochre with incised designs 77kya; symbolic behavior?j. Qafzeh Cave – Israel where modern human skeletons were found in a middle paleolithic

contextk. Skhul Cave – Mediterranean coast where modern human skeletons have been found;

this and Qafzeh 120-80 kya3. 40 kya Neanderthals became extinct4. Upper paleolithic – first occupation of Europe by AMH

a. out Africa hypothesis – 40-30 kyab. hybridization – influx of modern humans into Europe; Neanderthals disappeared from

interbreeding with humansc. multiregional hypothesis – continuous gene flow b/w pop, cutting off Neanderthals

5. fossil recorda. pester cu oase cave – jawboneb. abrigo lagar valho – hybrid skeleton?c. Châtelperrionian – france and northern spain; best documented transitional industry 40-

35 kyad. Last Neanderthals – Zafarraya Cave and Vindija Cave

6. Upper Paleolithic – hunter-gatherer societies that lived in Europe 40-26 kyaa. Human burialsb. Triple burial, famousc. Artwork 40-36 kya – lion-headed mand. Venus figurinese. Bone flutesf. Chauvet cave – pictures of animals 38-33kyag. Hunting magic, fertility magic, and shamans and trancesh. Mythogramsi. Body ornamentation – animal beadsj. Evidence of hutsk. Hunters

Chapter 6 (140-167)

1. Debates on human occupation of Australia and the Americas2. H. erectus possibly to Java around 1.8 mya and established in china by 1.6 mya3. Sahul – connected Australia, Tasmania, and new guinea4. Sunda – connected southeast asia5. Wallace line – runs through Wallacea, separates Australia and southeast asia6. H. floreisnsis – 38-18kya tiny hobbit people

a. Used flakes as cores7. Megafauna extinction – hunted by amh8. Aboriginal fire stick farming9. New world

a. Pre-clovis model – ppredates 13 kyai. Meadowcroft rockshelter – 23-15.5 kya stone tools

ii. Monte verde – tip of SA, 15 kya, 1.5 k older than clovis – stone tools, projectile points, traces of meat

b. Clovis first – human occupation around 13.5-12.5 kyai. Use of hearths

ii. Beringia land bridgeiii. Ice-free corridor

c. Early arrival model – more than 30 kyai. 50 kya- oxygen isotope stage 3

d. Solutrean hypothesis – origin of the clovis people was not Siberia but rather wester Europe – not widely accepted

e. All American skeletons are h. sapiensi. Big game hunters

ii. Storage of meat for later consumptioniii. Mass kill sites/butchery

Chapter 7 (168-177)

1. Agriculture2. Neolithic revolution – described by Gordon childe to for transition to agriculture that affected

every aspect of human societya. Technology and community

Chapter 7 pt. 2 (178-201)

1. Fertile crescent – dry summers and winter rains with enough precipitation to support vegetation2. Domestication

a. Natufian – earliest stone buildings, no domestication evidencei. Bladlest called lunates

ii. Younger dryas – “little ice age”

iii. Domesticated or tamed dogsb. Mallaha – small villagesc. Abu hureyra – possible plant remains, domesticated gazelle bonesd. Jericho tower – earliest known large scale piece of architexture in the middle east

3. Plastered skulls – plugged recesses4. Catalhoyuk – late Neolithic, ritual, country of turkey, animal frecoes, shrine or temples?

Chapter 9 (224-245)

1. Sahara desert – human occupation 14.5-4.5 kya2. Nabta playa – Egyptian western desert, pottery and storage3. Pastoral societies10-8 kya4. New guinea

a. Sahul, pigs and sweet potatoes, social hieryarchyb. Human occupation 40 kya, no domestication evidenctc. Polished stone axes, but no pottery

5. Andesa. Humboldt currentb. Guitarro cave – peru, domesticated beansc. Domestication of llamas and alpacasd. 7000 years ago camelidse. Paloma – a preagricultural village site on the coast of peruf. Cotton preceramic – 5.7 kya when sites with monumental architecture flourished on the

coast of perug. El nino – severe reversal of the Humboldt current, began 6kya

Ch. 10 (pp. 256-262)

1. Stongehenge – Salisbury plain, England, early Neolithic and ending in the early bronze agea. Phase 1 – round ditch, wooden postsb. Phase 2 – burials and timber structuresc. Phase 3 – bluestones from wales, six subphases

i. Bluestonesii. Sarsen circle

iii. Arranging and digging holes2. Early bronze age when the avenue was made, might predate Stonehenge3. Durrington walls, series of houses that appear to be part of a village dating to the late Neolithic

Ch. 8 (pp. 202-223)

1. Shell middens – sites built up with large accumulations of discarded shells2. Poverty point – late archaic period, Louisiana, six concentric embankments3. Adena – period of intensive mound building in the ohio river valley; it corresponds to the early

woodland culture

4. Hopewell – intensive mound building in the ohio river valley; correspond to the middle woodland cultures

Chap. 10 (pp. 270-273)

1. Cahokia – monk’s mound – fucking hugea. Grand plaza – series of small clustersb. Feasting

Chazan pp. 246-253

2. Egalitarian societies3. Ranked society4. Stratified societies5. States6. Urban society7. Empires

Chazan Ch. 11 (pp. 280-291)

1. Mesopotamia – along tigris and Euphrates, centered in modern Iraqa. Very fertileb. Uruk period – 4-3.2 kyac. Early dynastic period – series of city statesd. Uruk – oldest known city in the world, located in southern Iraqe. Zigguratf. Bevel-rimmed bowls – grain rations were distributed to workersg. Royal tombs of urh. Cuneiforms i. cylinder sealsj. habuba kebira – uruk colony. Trading post

Chazan Ch. 11 (pp. 292-307)

2. nile valley3. upper and lower Egypt4. namer palette – combination of upper and lower Egypt, signified by hat5. first dynasty – based on hierakonpolis and Abydos in upper Egypt6. ma’at – combines justice and balance7. pyramids

a. giza – cheops, cepheren, and mycerinusb. sphinxc. city-state

Chazan Ch. 12 (pp. 319-323)

1. indus valley2. harappan period – period b/w 2.6 kya and 1.9 kya during which urban centers developed in

indus valleya. Harappab. Mohenjo-daroc. No fancy burials or palaces

Chazan Ch. 13 (pp. 332-359)

1. Olmeca. Teotihuacán

i. Avenue of the deadii. Pyramid of the sun/moon

b. Ciudadelai. Temple of the feathered serpent

ii. Necklaces made of human jaws2. Maya

a. State societies, complex writing systemsb. Pre, classic, post periodsc. Cópan – two large pyramids and ball courtd. Tikal – ball games/warfare & written stair casee. Popol vuh – hero twin myth

3. Aztecsa. Temple mayorb. Impregnated by ball of feathers

Chazan Ch. 14 (360-381)

1. Chavin de huántar – major ceremonial center in the Andean highlands constructed around 800 bc

2. Moche – culture that developed around the pacific coast of peru and that flourishes beginning 2kya

3. Huace del sol4. Huaca de luna – sacrificial victims, various states of dismemberment5. Handled vessels6. Inca empire

a. Chile to equador 12 million people, rules for over a centuryb. Macho pichu