• first recorded instance of prosthetic replacement appears in the book of the Vedas, written in Sanskrit in India. This was approximately from 3500 BC – 1800 BC, and was the first “leg prosthesis”

• three-part wood and leather toe dating from between 950 to 710 BC found on a female mummy buried near Luxor, Egypt

• Iron hands used in Rome in the military

• Next major use was during the dark ages when prosthetic were used to increase amputee aesthetics

• Searfarer’s used basic prosthetic hooks and peg legs

• German knight Gotz von Berlichingen famously had a sophisticated iron prosthetic forearm and hand (1501)

• In 1812, the amputee community saw the first prosthetic arm to be operated by the muscles of the opposite shoulder

• American civil war, and World War I stimulated the development of lower limb prosthesis

• Although modern materials and technologies have improved the way that prosthetic limbs look, feel and operate, their main components and functions remain the same

Comparison of Modern Arm to Victorian Era

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How a basic Prosthetic Arm Functions

- Cable operated limbs work by attaching a harness and cable around the opposite shoulder of the damaged arm. - if the amputation is below the elbow, then myoelectric arms are available; sensing, via electrodes, when the muscles in the upper arm contract, causing an artificial hand to open or close. In other words the potentials from voluntarily contracted muscles are sensed from within a person's residual limb and the artificial hand reacts accordingly - this hook and cable prosthetic arm is extremely common; has 3 degrees of freedom of moment

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Average grip strength is 110 lbs If 50 pounds is curled, the biceps

undergo aproximately 450 lbs of force at peak stress

Forces of the Arm

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Average Exercise Workout

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Muscles of The Arm

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Individual muscle moments (Nm) in two degrees of freedom

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you can see different moments on different arm muscles when holding a weight

Prosthetic limbs not comprised of different muscles or individual flexing and extending components to the degree of a human arm

Result is less load bearing capacity/stability

Prosthetic Problem: Weight Lifting

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The beBionic3 prosthetic hand can attain a grip strength of 99 lbs.

Darpa’s Prototype 1 can lift (curl) up to 10 pounds Prosthetic replacements still far away from

emulating same strength

Prosthetic Limits

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Bionic Arm from D.A.R.P.A

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Redirection of sensory nerves allowed the patient to “feel with their hand”

Sensation of pressure, heat and vibrations, could be felt

A prosthetic arm could be built to transmit sensory signals, emulating the sense of touch

Prostheses and Sensory

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D.A.R.P.A. Prototype 1

http://www.youtube.com/v/T6R5bm6qx2E

4 main types of nerves involved with sense of touch: mechanoreceptors, thermo receptors, pain receptors and proprioceptors.

Mechanoreceptors: transmit sensations: pressure and vibrations.

Sense of Touch

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Sense a change in temperature of the skin itself.

2 different types, cold and hot receptors

Thermo receptors are found most densely on the face and ears.

Thermo Receptors

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The three types of pain the receptors transmit: mechanical, thermal, or chemical

Transmit a sharp sensation pain induces a pullback reflex A prolonged sensation is felt thereafter

Pain Receptors

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Keeps track of the relative positions of parts of the body to itself and surroundings

Found in tendons, muscles, and joints Can cause spontaneous contraction or relaxation of a

muscle Key component in muscle memory and injury prevention Detect changes in muscle length and tension

Proprioceptors

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Sense of touch regained through signal transmission

Transmit changes in pressure, temperature and relative distance

Regaining Sense of Touch

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Prosthetic Hand

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http://www.youtube.com/v/X85Lpuczy3E

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Community | danshope.com. Retrieved October 7, 2012, from http://www.danshope.com/news/showarticle.php?article_id=33 2. Artificial Arm, c.1850-1910 | Retronaut. (n.d.). Retronaut. Retrieved October 9, 2012, from http://www.retronaut.co/2010/11/artificial-

arm-c-1850-1910/

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4. Buy Science (High School) Posters UK at Posters.co.uk. (n.d.). Posters.co.uk - Buy Posters, Art Prints and Framed Prints UK. Retrieved October 7, 2012, from http://www.posters.co.uk/Science-%28High-School%29/120258

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8. How To Do Drop Sets . (n.d.). Ectomorph Workout - Helping Skinny Guys Pack on The Mass! . Retrieved October 9, 2012, from http://ectomorphworkout.org/advanced-techniques/how-to-do-drop-sets/

9. Jay's Physio: November 2009. (n.d.). Jay's Physio. Retrieved October 7, 2012, from http://jay-jee.blogspot.ca/2009_11_01_archive.html 10. Proprioception, Muscle Memory and Unwinding . (n.d.). Home Page. Retrieved October 7, 2012, from

http://www.uggen.net/mike/writing/treatment/proprioception.htm 11. Prostheses Prosthetics and Artificial Limbs. (n.d.). Disabled World. Retrieved October 7, 2012, from http://www.disabled-

world.com/assistivedevices/prostheses/ 12. Skin & Sense of Touch | Science Newsletter. (n.d.). Home Science Tools: Microscopes, Chemistry Equipment, Biology Supplies....

Retrieved October 7, 2012, from http://www.hometrainingtools.com/skin-touch/a/1388/ 13. Smith, M. (n.d.). New beBionic hand almost doubles its grip-strength, steered by user's electrical 'skin signals' -- Engadget. Engadget.

Retrieved October 7, 2012, from http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/07/bebionic-3-bionic-hand/ 14. Umbehr, J. (2007, July 5). Bionic Arm Uses Elephant’s Trunk as Design Model.medgadget. Retrieved September 10, 2012, from

medgadget.com/2007/07/bionic_arm_uses _elephants_trunk_as_a_design_model.html

15. Vanderwerker, E. (n.d.). A Brief Review of the History of Amputations and Prostheses. acpoc. Retrieved September 10, 2012, from www.acpoc.org/library/1976_05_015.asp

16. Vibromyography | Sonostics, Inc.. (n.d.). Sonostics, Inc. - Muscle Monitoring for Rehabilitation, Sports & Medicine. Retrieved October 7, 2012, from http://www.sonostics.com/tag/vibromyography/

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