fitness and recreation leadership plf 4c team cohesion
TRANSCRIPT
Fitness and Recreation Leadership PLF 4C
Team Cohesion
What is a group?
Defined by the way the group members interact among themselves
Based upon interdependency to achieve a goal
Groups“Groups are those social aggregates that
involve mutual awareness and the potential for interaction” (McGrath)
GROUPS
(Carron)
A collective identity
A sense of shared purposeA clear structure for communication
Group Dynamics
“The social processes operating within the group between individual members.”
SUB GROUPSSmall groups contained within the whole group
GROUP DYNAMIC SOCIOGRAMThe best way ofillustrating the group dynamics ofa team.
TO ACHIEVE COHESION• Break down cliques and sub groups • Separate pairs• Integrate isolates
Team sports rely onunits within the teamWorking closelytogether
What is a Team?
Any group of people who must interact with
each other to accomplish shared objectives
Based on interdependency and common goals
Evolutionary process, constantly developing
Changes due to internal and external factors
Being on a Team
Teams are very powerful entities, and anyone who has had the pleasure of coaching or playing on cohesive ones, whether task or socially cohesive, can attest to the magic that can come from that type of competitive involvement.
Members of a team will do things they never thought they would…good and bad!!
Team Chemistry versus Team Cohesion.
The concept of team chemistry is a nebulous one, and sports psychologists prefer to talk about team cohesion, which can be defined as “the set of forces that act upon members of the team to help them reach a common goal.”
Why do individuals want to be a member of a team?
TEAM CHEMISTRY –TORONTO RAPTORS
What is group cohesion?
A process where the group stays together in
pursuit of a goal and/or needs (Carron, 1999
Defined by the way:– members interact– interdependency– what activity they perform (click for activity demo)
Teamwork must be taught!
”Teamwork is taught. You don’t just lump a group of people together in a room and call them a team and expect them to behave like one”….Pat Summit, Basketball Coach
It’s easy to find great players. What’s hard is getting people to play as a team. That’s the selling job….Chuck Daly, USA Basketball Coach
Team Cohesion Activities
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqssHU6c3k8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_re05XbQd_g
How do team cohesion and team success go together?
High cohesive teams are more successful
Cohesion increases performance by producing higher levels of effort
Some studies have found a negative relationship between cohesion and performance.
E.g. New York Yankees in the 1970s
Why are there inconsistencies?
Differing task demands
Interactive sports require team members to work together.– e.g. football, soccer, hockey, and basketball
Coactive sports require much less, if any.– e.g. baseball, tennis, track & field
Direction of causality
No “I” in Team, but there is a “Me”
Coaches often say there is no "I" in team (although there are the letters for the word "me"!). This saying is predicated on the importance given to team cohesion.
This can be seen as being comprised of two dimensions: task and social cohesion.
Social Cohesion
Social cohesion "reflects the degree to which members of a team like each other and enjoy each other's company"
Is social cohesion necessary for success, with success being defined as being a winning team?
Task Cohesion
The goal of winning or completing a task.
Whatever the social conflicts that may have been present, those teams had talent and exceptionally strong task cohesion.
Group Cohesion“The extent to which a group sticks
together in pursuit of a common goal.”
TASK COHESIONThe way team members work together tosuccessfully completea task, e.g. a football team setsOut to win by adopting attackingTactics at home & away matches
Vital in INTERACTIVE Sports, e.g. hockey
SOCIAL COHESIONThe personal relationships within a group which relieson individuals enjoyingsocial interaction, e.g. strong Bond developed whilst on tour.
Vital in CO-ACTIVE sports, e.g. track and field
Does performance lead to cohesion or does cohesion lead to performance?
With recent hockey studies across a season and female field hockey teams the results indicated that cohesion leads to greater performance.
Is there research on this stuff?
What does research suggest about the relationship of cohesion and performance?
Perhaps not surprisingly, task cohesion is
positively linked with performance, more so than social cohesion.
How does Team Cohesion lead to Team Success?
Player satisfaction Less turn over in the group More influence on member’s behaviour Teams high in cohesion can better resist disruptions Teams that stay together tend to be more cohesive
which leads to improvements in performance More adherence to arriving on time, attend, less
likely to drop out, and high level of belief in one’s ability (self-efficacy).
Key Leadership Factors in Team Cohesion
Leadership style is vital to team cohesion Clear communication Team goals Team members’ roles Enhancing feelings of cohesion Compatibility between coach and athletes
Key Factors to Team Cohesion
What is the task to accomplish Whether it is an individual or team sport Strong desire to be successful (History) Shared experiences of successes Team stability (length of time playing
together)
Factors that help build team chemistry
• Motivation• Respect• Trust• Pride• Good Communication• Defined Roles• Group Norms• Common Goals• Team Identity
7 C’s of Championship Team Building
Common goal Commitment Complementary Roles Clear communication Constructive conflict Cohesion Credible coaching
Would Humans do better without Groups?
Social Loafing
Conformity
De-individualizing
Group thinking
These are the negative aspects of group formation.
Faulty ProcessesCo-ordination Losseso These occur when the ‘operational effectiveness’ of the group cannot be sustained for the whole match.
o Planned strategies/tactics may go wrong due to positional error or bad timing, e.g. pressing in basketball
A co-ordination loss that leads to a breakdown in team work is called
the RINGLEMANN EFFECT. Problems with team co-ordination are more likely to increase as the number of team members increase.
Motivation Losseso This may occur if the task is too difficult.
o Also an individual might suffer loss of motivation causing them to withdraw effort and coast through that part of the game. They hide!
A motivation loss that leads to a reduction in effort is called SOCIAL LOAFING. This is when an individuals efforts go unnoticed or when someone feels like the others on their team are not trying hard enough. People with low SC tend to be loafers.
Stages of group formation.
Leadership Style
Forming Storming Norming Performing
Objective
•Introductions•Set objectives•Communicate: tell•Dealing with distractions
•Resolve conflict•Facilitate relationships•Discuss team progress•Communicate: sell•Promote openness
•Share decision-making responsibilities•Develop team processes•Communicate: consult•Encourage learning
•Coach team members•Delegate responsibility•Communicate: join•Promote self-criticism•Observe and support
Directing High High Low Low
Supporting Low High High Low
Focus •Individual tasks
•Team relationships•Working through differences
•Team processes•Self Development•Self Direction